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616:(AMS) dating; samples collected at a depth of 353 cm, were dated between 580 BCE and the 1st century CE. The graffiti marks on the artifacts obtained from the excavation site were said to be similar to the Indus Valley script by the excavators. Bisnupriya Basak questioned whether the sherds actually came from the same level that was dated to the 6th century BCE. Some of the marks might have been made during the pottery-making process. Archaeologist E. Harsha Vardhan commented that “we cannot state scientifically that the Tamil-Brahmi script belongs to the sixth century BC” on the basis of this report.
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499:. Various archaeological residues were found when plowing the land around the site. A survey was conducted for the study, which found that this ancient settlement was less than two and a half meters below the ground level. The area currently being excavated is spread over 80 acres with a 3.5 km radius. The ancient towns of Kondagai and Manalur are also part of this region.
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755:. Based on these marks, and one Keezhadi findings of the fourth phase which was dated to 580 BCE, R. Sivanantham and M. Seran argue that the date of the earliest attestation of Tamil-Brahmi can be pushed back to the 6th century BCE, a few centuries older than Dhamma Lipi (Prakrit in the Brahmi Script) of
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Ornaments have been found including sponges, marble, agate beads, green, yellow and blue glass beads. The findings also include elephant tusks, copper ointment and sheets of wire. Rare artifacts including iron edged corners, gold ornaments,stylus, terracotta stamps, diaphragm tiles, firefly toys have
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The fourth phase of the excavation was conducted between 2017 and 2018, bringing out 5,820 artifacts. This phase was conducted by the Tamil Nadu
Archaeology Department while the first three phases were conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India. Six carbon samples collected from the fourth phase
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from this excavation site for confirmation in 2017. The results that came in July 2017 confirmed that the samples were from about 2,200 years ago (3rd century BCE). Radiocarbon dating of samples obtained from the fourth phase of excavation revealed that one of the artifacts was from 6th century BCE.
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Ancient earthenware and ring wells have been found. Archaeologist
Velappan said that this proves the ancient tradition of Tamils indicating that they used these wells in river shores and ponds for water. Brick buildings are considered rare in ancient times but a large number of brick buildings have
624:
In June 2019, the Tamil Nadu
Archaeology Department began the fifth phase of the excavation led by Dr R Sivanantham. This phase was completed in four to five months in which 15 trenches was planned to be dug. In the 5th stage of excavation, Sangam-era bricks and more than 700 objects were found and
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The second phase began on 2 January 2016. Various documents, including medical jars, antique kitchen wells, and factory and government seals, were found. At the end of the second phase, more than six thousand artifacts were found. It was confirmed that these artifacts were 2,200 years old when they
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as the 6th century samples, and
University of Calcutta archaeologist Bishnupriya Basak said that "This unfortunately is not clear from the report and is very crucial," adding that the issues of "layer, period and absolute dates" needed clarity. Dravidian University archaeologist E. Harsha Vardhan
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Ceramic types like Black-and-Red ware, Black ware, Black
Polished ware and Red ware were found. Analysis of the Black-and-Red ware pottery revealed that the reason for its black colour is due to the use of carbon material and hematite was used for the red colour. Pottery was fired in kilns at the
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The third phase of the excavation was conducted under the chairmanship of Sri
Ramanan of the Archaeological Survey of India from January 2017. The work ended on 30 September 2017. In the third phase, 16 digging sites were selected, taking up a total area of 400 square meters, which is 80 acres of
834:
The Union
Ministry also clarified that it had no intention to stop or delay the excavations at Keezhadi. It also explained that there was a delay in allocation of funds for the third season of excavation, because the ministry had not received the report for the work done in the past two years on
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dynasty's city called "Perumanalur", the pioneer of literature. The use of fired brick, the size of the building complex, an array of pots placed in such a way that it must have been used either as a lamp or for painting, and other findings suggest that the settlement is of a more civilized
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The ASI clarified that the transfer was ordered in accordance with the organization's policy, which mandates that the maximum tenure of an SA in a particular circle is only for two years. K Amarnath
Ramakrishna had completed more than three years at the Excavation Branch VI, located in
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circle. This caused a controversy in Tamil Nadu, leading to allegations that the ASI had deliberately transferred the SA to stall the project. K. Amarnath
Ramakrishna stated that he wanted to complete the excavation work at Keezhadi, and challenged his transfer order before the
516:-based radiocarbon dating laboratory. The laboratory dated the samples to be about 2,300 – 2600 years old (from 3rd century BCE). In 2018, six carbon samples collected from the fourth phase of excavation were sent to Beta Analytic in the United States for
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Keeladi was initially chosen by
Amarnath Ramakrishnan and his team at ASI in a search along the banks of Vaigai for the most promising site for a river bank civilization near Madurai and was chosen because of many nearby mounds.
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The ASI normally conducts excavations at a major archaeological site for five seasons (years). In 2016–17, after the conclusion of the second season at Keezhadi, the ASI transferred the Superintending Archaeologist (SA)
715:. It is noteworthy that such products have been discovered. Furthermore, black and red parchment fragments and white-colored black, red papillae and reddish-pitted pieces have also been unearthed. There are
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time. Once the report was submitted, the ministry immediately cleared the funds for the third season of excavations at Keezhadi. The reports of the first two years of research will be released as a book.
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circle. K Amarnath Ramakrishna was not the only officer to be transferred; 26 other officers had been transferred all over India. Moreover, the newly appointed SA P S Sriraman was a native of Tamil Nadu.
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where the river meets the sea. During the study, 293 sites, including Keezhadi, were identified to have archaeological residues. The first three phases of excavation at Keezhadi were conducted by the
2100:"கீழடி அகழ்வாராய்ச்சி பணிகள் 5 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு நீடிக்கும்.. ரூ.40 லட்சம் நிதி ஒதுக்கீடு- மத்திய அமைச்சர் | Keezhadi excavation continues 5 yrs : Minister Mahesh Sharma - Tamil Oneindia"
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Other sites near Keeladi was jointly brought together with Keeladi as the main site. The Keeladi Cluster includes, Keeladi, Agaram, Manalur, Konthagai (a burial site) and Pasiapuram.
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Almost 48 square pits have been cut and various structures and artifacts have been found, including frosts, brick walls, roof tiles, pottery, mimic accessories, skeletal tools, iron
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759:, which is stated to be dated from 268 BC to 232 BC. These claims have been challenged. It is not clear whether the potsherds containing inscriptions were found in the same
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script were discovered at the site. Some of these artifacts have inscribed graffiti marks, similar to graffiti marks which some believe to have evolved from the
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agenda, and wanted to stop the Keezhadi project because the excavations at the site provided an "undeniable evidence of a secular culture in South India".
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479:. Epigraphist V. Vedachalam, who served as a domain expert for the excavation, dated the excavated remains between 6th century BCE and 3rd century BCE.
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826:, under which the Keezhadi site has been excavated. So, the ASI decided to replace him with P S Sriraman, who had earlier served as a Deputy SA in the
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In 2017, some Tamil academics, including V Arasu (the former head of the Department of Tamil Literature at the University of Madras), alleged that the
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797:-led central government had made deliberate attempts to stall the excavations at Keezhadi. Arasu claimed that the BJP government had a
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Recent Radiometric Dates and Their Implications in Understanding the Early Writing System and Early Historic Archaeology of Tamil Nadu
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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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said that a single report was not enough to "state scientifically that the Tamil-Brahmi script belongs to the sixth century BC”.
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these have been sent for testing. As of 2020, the preliminary report of the fifth phase of excavations was nearing completion.
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Initially, this site was estimated to be from the period between 5th century BCE and 3rd century CE. Two samples were sent for
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An archaeological survey was first conducted in 2013, by Archaeological Survey of India, in the vicinity of the
1425:"Findings from Keeladi excavation site have a clear message for modern cities: Cherish your water, or perish"
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engraved on the potteries that mention the names of individuals like 'Aathan', 'Uthiran' and 'Thiesan'.
1946:"தலைநகராக இருந்த கீழடி அழிந்தது எப்படி? - புத்தக காட்சியில் தொல்லியல் ஆய்வாளர் தெரிவித்த புதிய தகவல்"
520:(AMS) dating. It was found that one sample collected at a depth of 353 cm goes back to 580 BCE.
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1237:"Sangam-era site at Keezhadi is as complex as Indus Valley, proof of a glorious Tamil civilisation"
496:
1691:"திருப்புவனம் அருகே கீழடி பள்ளிச்சந்தை புதூரில் சங்ககால மக்களின் சுடுமண் உறைகிணறுகள் கண்டெடுப்பு"
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1387:"Tamil Nadu: Artefacts dated to 580 BCE hint at script continuity from Indus Valley Civilisation"
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Sixth phase of excavation along with simultaneous excavation in neighbouring villages (Manalur,
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1491:"Tamil Nadu CM launches seventh phase of Keeladi excavations | Chennai News - Times of India"
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1569:"Tamil Nadu CM launches eighth phase of Keeladi excavation | Chennai News - Times of India"
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started the first phase of the excavation in the area near the Vaigai river in Keezhadi.
1833:"Major discovery in Tamil Nadu's Keezhadi: A possible link to Indus Valley Civilisation"
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temperature to 1100°c to produce the typical Black-and-Red ware pottery. The rouletted,
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2003:"Keezhadi dig delayed as it reveals secular culture says academic, TN minister denies"
1275:"Keezhadi civilisation had advanced town planning, suggests fifth phase of excavation"
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1924:"சங்க காலத்திலேயே வெளிநாடுகளோடு வர்த்தகம்: வணிகப் பெருவழிப் பாதையில் அமைந்த நகரம்"
1717:"சங்க காலத்திலேயே வெளிநாடுகளோடு வர்த்தகம்: வணிகப் பெருவழிப் பாதையில் அமைந்த நகரம்"
1645:"சங்க காலத்திலேயே வெளிநாடுகளோடு வர்த்தகம்: வணிகப் பெருவழிப் பாதையில் அமைந்த நகரம்"
1516:"7th phase excavation at Keeladi draws to a close | Madurai News - Times of India"
1879:"Carbon dating proves Adichanallur relics from Tamil Nadu are from 905 to 696 BC"
1185:"In 'Rebuttal' to ASI, Tamil Nadu Dig Claims Proof Sangam Era Older Than Thought"
1065:
The Routledge Handbook of Hindu Temples: Materiality, Social History and Practice
487:
The excavation was first started in Pallisanthai Thidal which is in the north of
2040:"Centre not for stopping excavation at Keezhadi: Tourism Minister Mahesh Sharma"
843:
The following photographs were taken at the excavation site on 11 October 2016.
1969:"Keeladi: Unearthing the 'Vaigai Valley' Civilisation of Sangam era Tamil Nadu"
992:"Keeladi: Unearthing the 'Vaigai Valley' Civilisation of Sangam era Tamil Nadu"
1406:"5th phase of Keeladi excavation brings out 2 walls made of Sangam-era bricks"
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The seventh phase was launched on February 13 and began on February 19, 2021.
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of excavation at Keezhadi were sent to Beta Analytic, Miami, Florida, USA for
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300:
1980:
1741:
Keeladi : An Urban Settlement of Sangam Age on the banks of river Vaigai
949:"Keezhadi excavations: Sangam era older than previously thought, finds study"
336:
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1894:"Experts Question Dates of Script in Tamil Nadu's Keeladi Excavation Report"
1361:"Experts Question Dates of Script in Tamil Nadu's Keeladi Excavation Report"
927:
917:
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711:-type ceramics brought by merchants demonstrate business connections during
634:
1647:[Associated with Overseas Trade: Traderoute within City Pandyas].
2082:"Keeladi excavation will be completed in five years, Union minister says"
1344:"Keeladi - An Urban Settlement of Sangam Age on the bank of Vaigai River"
1222:"Keeladi - An Urban Settlement of Sangam Age on the bank of Vaigai River"
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1051:. Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies. pp. 57–86.
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2064:"Transfer of Keezhadi excavation site archaeologist final, says ASI"
1791:"2200 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முந்தைய பழங்கால நகரம் மதுரை அருகே கண்டுபிடிப்பு!"
1768:"2200 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முந்தைய பழங்கால நகரம் மதுரை அருகே கண்டுபிடிப்பு!"
1158:"2200 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முந்தைய பழங்கால நகரம் மதுரை அருகே கண்டுபிடிப்பு!"
1090:"2200 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முந்தைய பழங்கால நகரம் மதுரை அருகே கண்டுபிடிப்பு!"
966:
512:
In 2017, the ASI sent two samples from Keezhadi to Beta Analytic, a
1664:
Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute
1113:"அகழ்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்டது: பாண்டிய-ரோம வணிகத் தொடர்பு (ஆங்கிலத்தில்)"
735:
In the fourth phase of excavations at Keezhadi, 72 potsherds with
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1598:"உயிரூட்டம் கொண்ட சிற்றூரின் கீழே புதையுண்ட நகரம் (ஆங்கிலத்தில்)"
1747:. Department of Archaeology Government of Tamil Nadu. p. 61
1462:"Chief Minister inaugurates sixth phase of Keezhadi excavations"
1814:"New study connects Tamil Nadu with Indus Valley civilisation"
673:
123:
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On February 11, 2022, the eighth phase of excavations began.
577:
In June 2015, an Archaeological Survey of India group led by
2018:"Centre stopped Keezhadi dig due to place's secular culture"
1136:"Carbon dating confirms Keezhadi site is from Sangam era"
447:
settlement site, where excavation are carried out by the
1256:"Keezhadi excavation: what was found and what they mean"
1831:
Anna Isaac and Nikhita Venugopal (19 September 2019).
1442:
T.K. Rohit and B. Jothi Ramalingam (13 October 2019).
1204:"Carbon dating confirms T.N. site is from Sangam era"
680:
letter-etched plates. This place is considered to be
560:
Archaeological remains from Keezhadi excavation site.
2075:
2073:
1738:
Dr. Sivanantham, R.; Seran, M. (18 September 2019).
1662:
Pande, B. M. (1966). "Ring wells in ancient India".
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population than was previously suspected during the
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Archaeological remains from fifth phase excavation.
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1542:"Archaeological excavations in TN come to a close"
544:while the phases after that were conducted by the
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2031:
1710:
1708:
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1336:
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1314:
264:
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1294:"கீழடியில் மூன்றாம் கட்ட ஆய்வுப் பணி துவக்கம்!"
1591:
1589:
1476:"Sixth phase of excavation at Keeladi begins"
1355:
1353:
8:
773:been found as well, along with other tools.
205:
1444:"Excavations in Keeladi yields its secrets"
1323:"Fifth phase of Keeladi excavations begins"
1034:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 547.
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1621:"Harappa-like site surfaces in Tamil Nadu"
1183:Kavitha Muralidharan (20 September 2019).
453:Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology
211:
204:
1385:Sruthisagar Yamunan (20 September 2019).
947:Dennis S. Jesudasan (20 September 2019).
648:It came to an end on September 20, 2021.
637:, and Agaram) began on 19 February 2020.
471:. The settlement lies on the bank of the
191:Learn how and when to remove this message
173:Learn how and when to remove this message
112:Learn how and when to remove this message
2001:Priyanka Thirumurthy (7 November 2017).
491:, about a kilometer east of the town of
455:. This site is located near the town of
27:Archaeological site in Tamil Nadu, India
939:
845:
1689:சுப.ஜனநாயகச்செல்வம் (14 August 2015).
1567:Padmini Sivarajah (11 February 2022).
1489:Padmini Sivarajah (13 February 2021).
1007:"Uncovered: Pandyas-Romans trade link"
731:Tamil-Brahmi script and graffiti marks
1948:. The Hindu (Tamil). 8 September 2015
1922:சுப. ஜனநாயகச்செல்வம் (26 July 2015).
1865:"Keezhadi -- A goldmine of artefacts"
1715:சுப. ஜனநாயகச்செல்வம் (26 July 2015).
1619:Johnbosco, Arockiaraj (29 May 2016).
967:"Keeladi | Department Of Archaeology"
7:
1892:Charuch, Sukanya (17 October 2019).
1851:"Keezhadi charcoal and Tamil Brahmi"
1202:Dennis S. Jesudasan (28 July 2017).
1134:Dennis S. Jesudasan (28 July 2017).
2080:Padmini Sivarajah (28 April 2017).
1273:Staff, T. N. M. (23 October 2019).
1254:The Hindu Net Desk (13 June 2017).
1235:Sruthisagar Yamunan (11 May 2017).
668:Brick wall found in the excavation.
2144:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu
1423:Mridula Ramesh (14 October 2019).
1404:Padmini Sivarajah (28 June 2019).
1321:Padmini Sivarajah (13 June 2019).
25:
1967:Annamalai, S. (2 November 2019).
1633:from the original on 29 May 2016.
1031:Megaliths of the World - VOLUME 1
546:Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department
421:Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department
45:This article has multiple issues.
2164:Archaeological cultures in India
2038:Rajasekaran RK (29 April 2017).
1596:ஏ. ஸ்ரீகுமார் (19 August 2015).
923:Adichanallur archaeological site
902:
893:
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875:
866:
857:
848:
467:, about 12 km southeast of
272:Keezhadi excavation site (India)
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256:
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128:
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34:
1867:. indianexpress. 1 August 2021.
1068:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd.
816:Central Administrative Tribunal
53:or discuss these issues on the
1812:MC Rajan (20 September 2019).
1346:. The Wire. 19 September 2019.
1292:தெ, பாலமுருகன் (27 May 2017).
1224:. The Wire. 19 September 2019.
1111:எஸ். அண்ணாமலை (18 June 2015).
542:Archaeological Survey of India
524:Background and status of study
449:Archaeological Survey of India
417:Archaeological Survey of India
150:Large amount of Tamil-sources.
1:
1062:Taylor & Francis (2021).
614:Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
552:Phases of Keezhadi excavation
518:Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
217:Excavation blocks at Keezhadi
2016:M T Saju (2 November 2017).
1853:. asiaville. 2 October 2019.
1789:ப.சூரியராஜ் (16 June 2015).
1766:ப.சூரியராஜ் (16 June 2015).
475:and it reflects the ancient
1092:. vikatan.com. 16 June 2015
148:. The specific problem is:
2185:
2154:Prehistoric sites in India
1005:Annamalai (18 June 2015).
693:Ring wells and brick walls
364:32.37 ha (80.0 acres)
288:Vaigai valley civilization
144:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
1651:(in Tamil). 26 July 2015.
768:Ornaments and antiquities
749:Indus Valley civilization
222:
210:
337:9.8630727°N 78.1820931°E
311:Thiruppuvanam, Sivaganga
206:Keezhadi excavation site
807:K. Amarnath Ramakrishna
538:Ramanathapuram district
244:Shown within Tamil Nadu
84:Some of this article's
18:Keeladi excavation site
795:Bharatiya Janata Party
727:
669:
569:
561:
247:Show map of Tamil Nadu
1115:. தி இந்து (ஆங்கிலம்)
725:
667:
579:Amarnath Ramakrishnan
567:
559:
477:culture of Tamil Nadu
397:Excavation dates
342:9.8630727; 78.1820931
285:Alternative name
1028:Luc LAPORTE (2022).
761:archaeological layer
408:Amarnath Ramakrishna
155:improve this article
1719:. The Hindu (Tamil)
1693:. The Hindu (Tamil)
1548:. 30 September 2021
1522:. 20 September 2021
497:Sivagangai district
333: /
207:
2149:Ancient Tamil Nadu
2139:Sivaganga district
2086:The Times of India
2044:New Indian Express
2022:The Times of India
2005:. The News Minute.
1926:. தி இந்து (தமிழ்)
1626:The Times of India
1573:The Times of India
1520:The Times of India
1495:The Times of India
1410:The Times of India
1327:The Times of India
728:
670:
592:radiocarbon dating
570:
562:
461:Sivaganga district
427:Public access
2062:Rajasekaran R K.
1075:978-1-000-78581-4
971:www.tnarch.gov.in
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377:580 BCE – 200 BCE
275:Show map of India
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146:quality standards
137:This article may
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2011:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1972:
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1952:12 September
1950:. Retrieved
1940:
1930:12 September
1928:. Retrieved
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
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1797:12 September
1795:. Retrieved
1784:
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1772:. Retrieved
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1751:18 September
1749:. Retrieved
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1723:12 September
1721:. Retrieved
1697:12 September
1695:. Retrieved
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1604:12 September
1602:. Retrieved
1576:. Retrieved
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1550:. Retrieved
1545:
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1524:. Retrieved
1519:
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1498:. Retrieved
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1368:. Retrieved
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1301:. Retrieved
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1166:. Retrieved
1162:vikatan.com/
1161:
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1140:. Retrieved
1129:
1119:12 September
1117:. Retrieved
1106:
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1094:. Retrieved
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1013:12 September
1011:. Retrieved
1000:
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970:
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753:Tamil-Brahmi
741:Indus script
737:Tamil-Brahmi
734:
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698:been found.
696:
678:Tamil-Brahmi
671:
655:
652:Eighth Phase
647:
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632:
623:
610:
607:Fourth phase
601:
588:
585:Second phase
576:
527:
506:
486:
473:Vaigai River
440:
436:
435:
400:2015–present
202:
187:
169:
160:
153:Please help
149:
138:
108:
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61:
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47:Please help
44:
1986:17 February
1670:: 207–219.
1600:. The Hindu
1578:17 February
1552:17 February
1526:17 February
1500:17 February
1009:. The Hindu
789:Controversy
717:Tamil words
629:Sixth phase
620:Fifth phase
598:Third phase
573:First phase
532:river from
340: /
316:Coordinates
163:August 2024
157:if you can.
89:may not be
2133:Categories
2105:15 October
1303:15 October
1168:15 October
934:References
465:Tamil Nadu
413:Management
392:Site notes
356:Settlement
328:78°10′56″E
301:Tamil Nadu
50:improve it
1981:0971-751X
1973:The Hindu
1649:The Hindu
1448:The Hindu
1429:Firstpost
1391:Scroll.in
1260:The Hindu
1241:Scroll.in
1208:The Hindu
976:12 August
953:The Hindu
928:Kodumanal
918:Arikamedu
824:Bengaluru
635:Kondhagai
325:9°51′47″N
56:talk page
2124:Keezhadi
1907:12 April
1676:42930851
1631:Archived
1365:The Wire
1189:The Wire
912:See also
811:Guwahati
799:Hindutva
709:arretine
660:Findings
493:Keezhadi
483:Location
457:Keezhadi
451:and the
437:Keezhadi
382:Cultures
297:Keezhadi
293:Location
139:require
102:May 2022
91:reliable
1142:28 July
839:Gallery
828:Jodhpur
809:to its
747:of the
745:scripts
726:Pottery
702:Pottery
682:Pandyan
489:Manalur
469:Madurai
443:, is a
441:Keeladi
374:Founded
369:History
303:, India
141:cleanup
1979:
1674:
1072:
676:, and
603:land.
530:Vaigai
308:Region
1745:(PDF)
1672:JSTOR
1370:2 May
514:Miami
439:, or
2107:2023
1988:2022
1977:ISSN
1954:2015
1932:2015
1909:2020
1799:2015
1776:2015
1753:2019
1725:2015
1699:2015
1606:2015
1580:2022
1554:2022
1528:2022
1502:2022
1372:2022
1305:2023
1170:2023
1144:2017
1121:2015
1098:2015
1070:ISBN
1015:2015
978:2021
751:and
361:Area
353:Type
674:Vel
536:to
495:in
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430:Yes
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170:(
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