290:. This law firm involved the planning of legal action that would challenge the segregation laws. In 1944, she found a job through a family friend at the American Public Health Association analyzing research about nurses, which she hated. She stayed at that job for one year but was grossly overqualified for the position, which she found embarrassing. She then obtained a position at the United States Armed Forces Institute as a research psychologist but she still felt pigeonholed. In 1945 she was able to get a better job working for the United States Armed Forces Institute as a research psychologist; but, as World War II ended they did not feel the need to employ her anymore. She was fired in 1946. Later that year, Phipps Clark got a job in New York at the Riverdale Children's Association where she saw potential to perform meaningful work. Founded by Quakers in 1836 as the Colored Orphan Asylum, in 1944, just two years before Dr. Clark arrived, the then 108 year old institution had changed its name. At Riverdale, she conducted psychological tests and counseled young, homeless Black people. While there, she saw first hand how insufficient psychological services were for minority children. Many of the children were being called mentally retarded by the state but Clark tested them and found they had IQs above then accepted levels for such claims. She saw society's segregation as the cause for gang warfare, poverty, and low academic performance of minorities. This was a "kick start" to her life's work and led to her most significant contributions in the field of developmental psychology.
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coloring test was administered to 160 African
American children between the ages of five and seven years old. The children were given a piece of coloring paper with a leaf, an apple, an orange, a mouse, a boy and a girl on it. They were all given a box of crayons and asked to first color the mouse to make sure they had a basic understanding of the relationship between color and object. If they pass, they were then asked to color a boy if they were a boy and a girl if they were a girl. They were told to color the boy or girl the color that they are. They were then told to color the opposite sex the color that they want that sex to be. The Clarks categorized the responses into reality responses (accurately colored their skin color), fantasy responses (very different from their skin color), and irrelevant responses (used bizarre colors like purple or green). The Clarks examined the reality and fantasy responses to conclude that children typically color themselves noticeably lighter than their actual color, while the phantasy responses reflect children trying through wishful thinking to escape their situation. Although 88% of the children did draw themselves brown or black, they oftentimes drew themselves a lighter shade than the mouse. Children that were older generally were more accurate at determining how dark they should be. When asked to color the picture of the child that was the opposite sex, 52% put either white or an irrelevant color.
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and 50 five-year-old children in the study. Each participant was shown a set of pictures that included a white boy, a black boy, a lion, a dog, a clown, and a hen. The participants were asked to point to the drawing that represented who or what they were asked about. An example of this procedure would be a Black boy being asked to point to his cousin or brother. The results showed that the group tended to choose the drawing with a black child over the white child but as age increased, there was still some increase in the ratio of those identifying with black over white. Their finding indicated that a great amount of self-conscious development and racial identity happens between ages three and fours years old. Once past four years old, this identification with the Black boy plateaus. This plateau may imply that the picture study is not sensitive enough for children over four. It also suggests that maybe five-year-old children have reached a self-awareness and now see themselves in an intrinsic way and are less capable of external representations.
215:. Even though Phipps Clark grew up during the Depression and a time of racism and segregation, she had a privileged childhood. Her father's occupation and income allowed them to live a middle-class lifestyle and even got them into some White-only parts of town. Phipps Clark, however, still attended segregated elementary and secondary schools, graduating from Pine Bluff's Langston High School in 1934 at only 16 years old. This upbringing gave her a unique perspective on how society treated White and Black people differently. This realization contributed to her future research of racial identity in Black children. Despite the small number of opportunities for Black students to pursue higher education, Phipps Clark was offered several scholarships for college. Phipps Clark received scholarship offers from two of the most prestigious Black universities at that time, Fisk University in Tennessee and Howard University in Washington D.C.
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studies about self-identification in young children and suggested that she conduct similar research with her nursery school children. Her master's thesis was entitled "The
Development of Consciousness of Self in Negro Pre-School Children." This thesis was the basis from what would later become the Clarks' famous doll study on racial preference. Her husband Kenneth was fascinated by her thesis research and after her graduation they worked together on the research. They developed new and improved versions of the color and doll tests used in her thesis for a proposal to further the research. In 1939 they received a three-year Rosenwald Fellowship for their research that allowed them to publish three articles on the subject and also permitted Phipps Clark to pursue a doctoral degree at Columbia University.
776:"ample" psychological support to the Kansas case. The Brown decision quotes that, "segregation of white and colored children in public schools has detrimental effect upon the colored children" and this sense of inferiority "affects the motivation of a child to learn." The evidence provided by Clark helped end segregation in the public school systems. Regarding Brown, this question of psychological and psychic harm fit into a very particular historical window that allowed it to have formal traction in the first place. It was not until a few decades prior (with the coming of Boas and other cultural anthropologists) that cultural and social-science research—and the questions that they invoked—would even be consulted by the courts and therefore able to influence decisions.
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segregation, injured the Negro child’s self-image." In an alternative interpretation of the Clark doll experiments, Robin
Bernstein has recently argued that the children's rejection of the black dolls could be understood not as victimization or an expression of internalized racism but instead as resistance against violent play involving black dolls, which was a common practice when the Clarks conducted their tests. Historian Daryl Scott also critiqued the logic of the Doll Study, because contemporary studies suggest that black children with greater contact with whites experience more psychological distress. The Clark Doll Study was influential scientific evidence for the Brown v. Board decision, but a few academics questioned the study.
574:(HARYOU), an organization devoted to developing educational and job opportunities. With HARYOU, Clark conducted an extensive sociological study of Harlem. He measured IQ scores, crime frequency, age frequency of the population, drop-out rates, church and school locations, quality of housing, family incomes, drugs, STD rates, homicides, and a number of other areas. It recruited educational experts to help to reorganize Harlem schools, create preschool classes, tutor older students after school, and job opportunities for youth who dropped out. The Johnson administration earmarked more than $ 100 million for the organization. When it was placed under the administration of a pet project of
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asked questions inquiring as to which one is the doll they would play with, which one is the nice doll, which one looks bad, which one has the nicer color, etc. The experiment showed a clear preference for the white doll among all children in the study. One of the conclusions from the study is that a Black child by the age of five is aware that to be "colored in
American society is a mark of inferior status." This study was titled, "Emotional Factors in Racial Identification and Preference in Negro Children," and was not created with public policy or the Supreme Court in mind, lending credibility to its objectiveness. The study was published only in the
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563:, Clark expressed his doubts about the efficacy of certain busing programs in desegregating the public schools. Clark also felt very discouraged by the lack of social welfare organizations to address race and poverty issues. Clark argued that a new approach had to be developed to involve poor blacks, in order to gain the political and economic power needed to solve their problems. Clark called his new approach "internal colonialism", with hope that the Kennedy-Johnson administration's
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secretary at his law office. At the time, Houston was a popular civil rights lawyer and Mamie was privileged to see lawyers such as
Thurgood Marshall come into the office to work on important cases. She admits that she did not think anything could be done about segregation and racial oppression until after this experience. Believing in a tangible end to segregation inspired Phipps Clark's future studies, the results of which would help lawyers, such as Houston and Marshall, to win the
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racial biases in education and the intersection of education and varying theories and practices around social psychology. The psychological work they did led them to the conclusion that the problems of minority children are "neither purely psychiatric, purely social, nor purely environmental, but psychosocial." Northside was the first center that offered psychological services to minority families around Harlem.
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nice child" or "who has the skin color most adults like" and choose between the cartoon people arranged in order of lightest to darkest skin. The results were interpreted as indicating "white bias," meaning that children (mostly white, but also "black children as a whole have some bias") continue to associate positive attributes with lighter skin tones, and negative attributes with darker skin tones.
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together". She went on to say that "when an unusual and unique person pursues a dream and realizes that dream and directs that dream, people are drawn not only to the idea of the dream, but to the uniqueness of the person themselves." Her vision of social, economic, and psychological advancement of
African-American children resonates far beyond the era of integration.
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by his own teachers and friends, "he would be more likely to develop pride in himself as a Negro, which I think we would all like to see him do – to develop his own potential, his sense of duty…" and
Garrett even claimed that they would "prefer to remain as a Negro group" instead of mixing and facing hostility, animosity, and inferiority. Garrett and his colleague
822:. Despite the many changes in some parts of society, Davis found the same results as did the Drs. Clark in their study of the late 1930s and early 1940s. In the original experiments, the majority of the children chose the white dolls. When Davis repeated the experiment 15 out of 21 children also chose the white dolls over the black doll.
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Garrett argued that no tests could adequately gauge a student’s attitudes toward segregation, and that the Clarks’ tests in
Virginia were biased and had too small of a sample size. Garrett advocated in his Virginia school board testimony that if a negro child had access to equal facilities surrounded
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During the summer of 1941, after Clark was already asked to teach a summer session at City
College of New York, the Dean of Hampton Institute in Virginia asked Clark to start a department of psychology there. In 1942 Kenneth Clark would become the first African-American tenured, full professor at the
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Clark is not as famous as her husband. It has been noted that she adhered to feminine expectations of the time and often took care to "remain in the shadows of her husband's limelight". She often presented as shy. It should also be noted, that Phipps Clark's tendency to remain in her husband's shadow
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This research was an investigation of early level of conscious racial identity in Black preschool children. The study included 150 Black children from segregated, nursery schools in
Washington, D.C. with 50% of the participants being girls and 50% boys. There were 50 three-year-old, 50 four-year-old,
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After Phipps Clark graduated, she struggled being a psychologist as an African-American woman living in New York. She found it difficult to get a job; she lost some opportunities to less qualified White men and women. In the summer of 1939, Mamie took one of her first jobs as a secretary in the legal
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While working on her master's degree, Phipps Clark became increasingly interested in developmental psychology. The inspiration for her thesis came from working at an all Black nursery school. She contacted psychologists Ruth and Gene Horowitz for advice. At the time they were conducting psychological
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Clark used HARYOU to press for changes to the educational system to help improve black children's performance. While he at first supported decentralization of city schools, after a decade of experience, Clark believed that this option had not been able to make an appreciable difference and described
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Mamie remained the director of the Northside Center for 33 years. Upon her retirement, Dora Johnson, a staff member at Northside, captured the importance of Mamie Clark to Northside. "Mamie Clark embodied the center. In a very real way, it was her views, philosophy, and her soul that held the center
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recreated the doll study in 2010 with cartoons of five children, each with different shades of skin color. The experiment was designed by Margaret Beale Spencer, a child psychologist and University of Chicago professor. Children were asked to answer the same doll test questions, such as "who is the
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allowed her to work part-time in the psychology department where she expanded her knowledge about psychology. During her senior year in 1937 Kenneth, another mentee of Sumner's, and Mamie Clark got married; they had to elope because her mother did not want her to get married before she graduated. A
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Phipps Clark did not limit her contributions to her Northside work. She was a very involved member of the community. She was on the boards of directors for several community organizations, along with being involved with the Youth Opportunities Unlimited Project and the initiation of the Head Start
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versus those in integrated schools in New York. The doll experiment involved a child being presented with two dolls. Both of these dolls were completely identical except for the skin and hair color. One doll was white with yellow hair, while the other was brown with black hair. The child was then
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journal further questioned the Brown decision, claiming the only reference to science in the entire decision is in footnote 11. Garrett and George argue that the Court overlooked the "mental difference" between races, and that Clark’s evidence was invalid and misleading because "integration, not
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The Clark's goal was to match or surpass for poor African Americans, the mental health services then available for other children. Northside provided a homelike environment for poor Black children that provided pediatric and psychological help. It served as a location for initial experiments on
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In the fall of 1938 Mamie Clark went to graduate school at Howard University to get a master's degree in psychology and while she was enrolled her father would send her an allowance of fifty dollars a month. The summer following her undergraduate graduation Mamie worked for Charles Houston as a
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The Supreme Court declared that separate but equal in education was unconstitutional because it resulted in African American children having "a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community." The Doll Study is cited in the 11th footnote of the Brown decision to provide updated and
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decision. Mamie and Kenneth did this experiment in order to investigate the development of racial identity in African American children and examine how a negro child’s color and "their sense of their own race and status" influenced "their judgment about themselves" and their "self esteem." The
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During her time at Columbia, Mamie was the only black student pursuing a doctorate in psychology and she had a faculty adviser, Dr. Henry Garrett, who believed in segregation. Despite their differences in beliefs, Phipps Clark was able to complete her dissertation, "Changes in Primary Mental
553:(AJC) and Topeka Jewish Community Relations Bureau, hired Clark to present his work on the effects of segregation on children. After the Brown v. Board of Education case, Clark was still dissatisfied by the lack of progress in school desegregation in New York City. In a 1964 interview with
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before appearing before the Court. These findings exposed internalized racism in African-American children, self-hatred that was more acute among children attending segregated schools. This research also paved the way for an increase in psychological research into areas of self-esteem and
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2003 – American Psychological Foundation establishes the Kenneth B. and Mamie P. Clark Fund, to support "research and demonstration activities that promote the understanding of the relationship between self-identity and academic achievement with an emphasis on children in grade levels
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Together in 1946 the Clarks created the Northside Center for Child Development, originally called the Northside Testing and Consultation Center. They started in a one-room basement apartment of the Dunbar Houses on 158th Street (Manhattan). Two years later in 1948, Northside moved to
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This work suggests that by its very nature, segregation harms children and, by extension, society at large, a suggestion that was exploited in several legal battles. The Clarks testified as expert witnesses in several school desegregation cases, including
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and Phipps Clark was a psychological consultant doing testing at the Riverdale Children's Association. Kenneth Bancroft Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark approached social service agencies in New York City urging them to expand their programs to provide
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The Kenneth B. and Mamie P. Clark Fund was established in 2003 to honor the Clarks and to perpetuate their work as pioneers in understanding the psychological underpinnings of race relations and in addressing social issues such as segregation and
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Garrett, Henry E.; George, Wesley C.; Commoner, Barry; Brode, Robert B.; Byerly, T. C.; Coale, Ansley J.; Edsall, John T.; Frank, Lawrence K.; Mead, Margaret; Roberts, Walter Orr; Wolfle, Dael (1964). "Science and the Race Problem".
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2017 – Columbia University Department of Psychology established the Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth B. Clark Distinguished Lecture Award, which recognizes "extraordinary contributions of a senior scholar in the area of race and
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Phipps Clark's work provided key contributions to the fields of developmental psychology and the psychology of race by shedding light on the impact of racial discrimination. She made lasting contributions at the
330:. In 1974, Northside moved to Schomburg Plaza. As of 2023, Northside continues to serve Harlem children and their families from its center at the intersection of E. 108th Street and Park Avenue, New York.
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211:. Her father also supplemented his income as a manager at a nearby vacation resort. Her mother helped him in his practice and encouraged both their children in education. Her brother became a
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526:. Clark also managed to start a psychology department at Hampton Institute in 1942 and taught a few courses within the department. In 1966 he was the first African American appointed to the
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Kenneth and Mamie Clark decided to try to improve social services for troubled youth in Harlem as there were virtually no mental-health services in the community. Kenneth Clark was then an
845:. The Clarks were happily married for forty-five years, until Mamie's death. Kate Clark Harris directed the Northside Center for Child Development for four years after her mother's death.
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Together, the Clarks devoted their entire lives to improving the mental health of Black people. For her contributions, Phipps Clark received a Candace Award for Humanitarianism from the
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was disappearing such that his elementary school was predominantly black. Clark noted that he first "became aware of color" when he was taught by a black teacher, who happened to be
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occurred in the backdrop of blatant sexism and racism in the psychological field and it is believed that the extent of her contributions was significantly downplayed.
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Program. She also volunteered in the psychiatric clinic of the Domestic Relations Court while she was completing her doctorate at Columbia and went on to teach at
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Benjamin, L. T., Jr. & Crouse, E. M. (2002). The American Psychological Association's response to Brown v. Board of Education: The case of Kenneth B. Clark.
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Clark, Kenneth; Clark, Mamie (1939). "The development of consciousness of self and the emergence of racial identification in Negro preschool children".
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would address problems of increasing social isolation, economic dependence and declining municipal services for many African Americans (Freeman, 2008).
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in 1950 because of concerns about failing public schools in the city. Kenneth Clark said: "My children have only one life and I could not risk that."
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and the Public Health Association. Her unrelenting research on the identity and self-esteem of Black people expanded work on identity development.
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Guinier, Lani (2004-06-01). "From Racial Liberalism to Racial Literacy: Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Divergence Dilemma".
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Clark retired from City College in 1975, but remained an active advocate for integration throughout his life, serving on the board of the
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Clark, Kenneth B.; Clark, Mamie P. (Summer 1950). "Emotional Factors in Racial Identification and Preference in Negro Children".
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O’Connell, Agnes N., and Nancy Felipe Russo, eds. Models of Achievement: Reflections of Eminent Women in Psychology. New York:
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603:). The Commission called Clark among the first experts to testify on urban issues. In 1973, Clark testified in the trial of
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While studying psychology for his doctorate at Columbia, Clark did research in support of the study of race relations by
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Little, Monroe H.; Hampton, Henry (December 1986). "Eyes on the Prize: The American Civil Rights Struggle, 1954–1965".
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Lal, Shafali (January 2002). "Giving children security: Mamie Phipps Clark and the racialization of child psychology".
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2283:"Penn Professor Dorothy E. Roberts, winner of the Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth B. Clark Distinguished Lecture Award"
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in 1896. In a 9–0 decision for Brown, the Court decided that segregation based on race in public schools violates the
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Katz, Elizabeth D. (June 2020), "'Racial and Religious Democracy': Identity and Equality in Midcentury Courts",
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The Development of Consciousness of Self and the Emergence of Racial Identification in Negro Preschool Children.
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Goldberg, Steven; Ancheta, Angelo N. (2005-10-01). "Scientific Evidence and Equal Protection of the Law".
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at LC Authorities with 2 records (see 'Clark, Mamie Katherine (Phipps)', previous page of browse report)
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Phipps Clark retired in 1979 and died of lung cancer on August 11, 1983, at 66 years old.
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to Arthur Bancroft Clark and Miriam Hanson Clark. His father worked as an agent for the
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1692:'Smithsonian: The Lost Tapes' (February 28, 2018). "Studio", on the Smithsonian Channel
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2328:
Abbott, Shirley. "Mamie Phipps Clark, a Hot Springs Woman Who ‘overcame the odds.’"
1731:
Clark, Kenneth; Mamie Clark (1950). "The Negro child in the American social order".
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1076:"Kenneth and Mamie Clark Doll – Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site"
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323:
95:
1422:
2382:
Barbara A. Chernow and George A. Vallasi, ed. (1993). "Clark, Kenneth Bancroft".
2044:
879:(NAACP) for his contributions to promoting integration and better race relations.
474:. During his years at Howard University, he worked under the influence of mentor
5334:
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914:
1983 – Mamie Phipps Clark receives a Candace Award for Humanitarianism from the
428:
303:
170:
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in 1964, the two men clashed over appointment of a director and its direction.
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who as a married team conducted research among children and were active in the
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2606:
2165:
1588:"Executive Director David A. Harris – AJC: Global Jewish Advocacy Legacy Site"
1395:
Markowitz, G., & Rosner, D. (1996). In Children, power and race (pp 246).
1341:
1291:
1140:
Guthrie, R. (1990). "Mamie Phipps Clark". In O'Connell, A.; Russo, N. (eds.).
1063:
850:
813:
416:
232:
199:
The oldest of three children, two girls and one boy, Mamie Phipps was born in
2084:
Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights,
2052:
1973:
1878:
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4051:
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1115:
497:
420:
204:
2363:
Tussman, Joseph, ed. The Supreme Court on Racial Discrimination. New York:
2068:
1299:
3650:
978:""Clark, Kenneth Bancroft." Psychologists and Their Theories for Students"
459:. Clark graduated from high school in 1931 (Jones & Pettigrew, 2005).
239:. They later had two children together, Katie Miriam and Hilton Bancroft.
5222:
4417:
3980:
3975:
3935:
2493:
1376:"Featured Psychologists: Mamie Phipps Clark, PhD, and Kenneth Clark, PhD"
854:
report in the 1970s noted that the Clarks, who supported integration and
1981:
1928:
837:
The Clarks had two children: a son Hilton and daughter Kate. During the
482:
fraternity. After earning his master's degree, Sumner directed Clark to
2463:
2118:
2060:
1886:
1790:
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1472:
Mamie Phipps Clark: Developmental psychologist, starting from strengths
537:
Much of Clark's work came as a response to his involvement in the 1954
212:
151:
1845:
1810:, American Psychological Association. Undated. Accessed 29 March 2010.
1474:. Portraits of Pioneers in Developmental Psychology. pp. 261–276.
1357:
2342:. Vol. 20. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 128–137.
1965:
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470:, where he first studied political science with professors including
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1870:
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883:
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Not everyone accepted the Doll tests as valid scientific studies.
751:
682:
The coloring test was another experiment that was involved in the
251:
2473:
3995:
2483:
2256:
Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences
1929:"U.S. Reports: Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)"
122:
4421:
3421:
2522:
754:
to end the precedent of legal segregation when conditions are "
599:
appointed the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (
265:
Abilities with Age." In 1943, Mamie Phipps Clark was the first
235:(1938). Both Kenneth and Mamie went on for additional study at
2510:
Interview with Dr. Kenneth Clark; Interview with Kenneth Clark
2140:
825:
816:
recreated the doll study and documented it in a film entitled
110:(HARYOU). Kenneth Clark was also an educator and professor at
29:
3417:
1514:
Richard Severo, "Kenneth Clark, Who Fought Segregation, Dies"
102:. They founded the Northside Center for Child Development in
2136:"Study: White and black children biased toward lighter skin"
1821:"Racial identification and preference among negro children."
1563:
2370:
Warren, Wini. Black Women Scientists in the United States.
2231:
100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia
1804:"Segregation Ruled Unequal, and Therefore Unconstitutional"
615:
877:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
738:
wrote a brief whose purpose was to supply evidence in the
509:. In 1940, Clark was the first African American to earn a
354:
One of Phipps Clark's early, published studies was titled
145:(1954). The Clarks' work contributed to the ruling of the
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1002:
1000:
998:
1235:
Even the Rat was White: A Historical View of Psychology
1205:"Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark: Segregation & Self-esteem"
695:
The Clarks' doll experiments grew out of Mamie Clark's
2456:, Oral History Research Office at Columbia University.
2336:
Markowitz, Gerald (1970–1980). "Clark, Mamie Phipps".
1643:
Robert Penn Warren's Who Speaks for the Negro? Archive
530:
and the first African American to be president of the
314:
opened that way. So we decided to open it ourselves."
2087:(New York: New York University Press, 2011), 235–242.
1726:
1724:
1722:
1248:
1246:
1244:
5412:
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
1358:"New York Public Library Archives & Manuscripts"
791:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
4309:
4016:
3926:
3838:
3658:
3483:
3266:
3105:
2944:
2783:
2622:
2557:
2448:
Oral History Research Office at Columbia University
1838:
Prejudice: How It Develops and How It Can Be Undone
936:1994 – 102nd annual meeting of APA, 40 years after
43:It has been suggested that this article should be
2169:
1465:
1463:
795:one of the five court cases that combined to form
121:They were known for their 1940s experiments using
890:Silver Medal, for the significance of their work.
541:US Supreme Court desegregation decision. Lawyers
256:Kenneth and Mamie Clark with their children, 1958
94:(April 18, 1917 – August 11, 1983) were American
1509:
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1499:
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2160:
2158:
1613:"National Policy – AJC: Global Jewish Advocacy"
1434:
1432:
1100:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. pp. 193–195.
203:, to Harold and Katie Phipps. Her father was a
1819:Clark, Kenneth B. and Clark, Mamie P. (1947).
1637:Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities.
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1032:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
4433:
3433:
2534:
2204:"Past Phoenix Award Honorees (1996 – 2018)".
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
8:
5382:Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
1178:Psychology's Feminist Voices Digital Archive
5362:Activists for African-American civil rights
1901:"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1)"
1273:
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1265:
1263:
1198:
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728:, which was later combined into the famous
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3418:
2541:
2527:
2519:
2312:The Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power
1484:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1058:. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.
1027:"Mamie Katherine Phipps Clark (1917–1983)"
437:International Ladies Garment Workers Union
326:, on the sixth floor of what was then the
2462:(archived 2014-04-29) interviewed on the
1254:"Kenneth B. Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark"
1056:Kenneth B. Clark and the Problem of Power
904:1975 – Kenneth B. Clarks was awarded the
486:to work with another influential mentor,
27:African-American married psychologist duo
5427:20th-century African-American scientists
1827:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
1665:"Ruchell Magee: The Defense Never Rests"
671:King, Malcolm, Baldwin: Three Interviews
570:Clark in 1962 was among the founders of
513:in psychology from Columbia University.
139:(1952), one of five cases combined into
2514:American Archive of Public Broadcasting
2233:. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books.
1564:"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka"
969:
893:1970 – Kenneth B. Clark was awarded an
5417:20th-century American women scientists
1477:
1050:
1048:
742:case underlining the damaging effects
549:, with resources and funding from the
5367:American women civil rights activists
2480:, with 44 library catalog records
2130:
2128:
1954:The American Journal of Legal History
1923:
1921:
1764:
1762:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
916:National Coalition of 100 Black Women
381:National Coalition of 100 Black Women
7:
1378:. American Psychological Association
1098:A brief history of modern psychology
839:Columbia University protests of 1968
572:Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited
370:United States Armed Forces Institute
125:to study children's attitudes about
108:Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited
5422:20th-century American psychologists
2444:Notable New Yorkers – Kenneth Clark
1439:McNeill, Leila (October 26, 2017).
947:named Kenneth Clark on his list of
882:1966 – Columbia University awarded
114:, and first Black president of the
2551:American Psychological Association
2339:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1536:. Simon and Schuster. p. 93.
1233:Guthrie, Robert (March 28, 2003).
871:1961 – Kenneth Clark received the
746:had on African-American children.
647:The Negro and the American Promise
532:American Psychological Association
286:office of African-American lawyer
116:American Psychological Association
90:(July 24, 1914 – May 1, 2005) and
25:
5392:People from Hot Springs, Arkansas
2454:Notable New Yorkers – Mamie Clark
1356:Quinter, Janice (December 1991).
750:was a test case supported by the
609:Marin County Civic Center attacks
5407:City College of New York faculty
3649:
2497:
2490:Works by Kenneth and Mamie Clark
1703:"Eyes on the Prize Interviews I"
1520:2 May 2005, accessed 20 Jan 2009
590:race riots in the summer of 1967
585:the experiment as a "disaster".
34:
2252:"Kenneth and Mamie Clark Award"
1859:The Journal of American History
1399:: University Press of Virginia.
1173:"Profile of Mamie Phipps Clark"
616:New York Civil Rights Coalition
528:New York State Board of Regents
490:(Jones & Pettigrew, 2005).
5357:African-American psychologists
1771:The Journal of Negro Education
1733:The Journal of Negro Education
1663:Close, Alexandra (June 1973).
1096:Benjamin, Ludy T. Jr. (2007).
949:100 Greatest African Americans
653:A Relevant War Against Poverty
399:Kenneth Clark was born in the
1:
3745:Industrial and organizational
1825:Readings in Social Psychology
1423:10.1080/00224545.1939.9713394
468:historically black university
453:George Washington High School
3986:Human factors and ergonomics
2434:Resources in other libraries
2229:Asante, Molefi Kete (2002).
2045:10.1126/science.143.3609.913
1411:Journal of Social Psychology
1078:. U.S. National Park Service
623:Hastings-on-Hudson, New York
249:Supreme Court case in 1954.
149:in which it determined that
18:Kenneth Clark (psychologist)
4487:William Stanley Braithwaite
2496:(public domain audiobooks)
2325:, New York: Harper and Row.
2099:Journal of American History
938:Brown v. Board of Education
758:," established by the case
740:Brown v. Board of Education
734:(1954). In 1954, Clark and
731:Brown v. Board of Education
684:Brown v. Board of Education
539:Brown v. Board of Education
439:. Kenneth Clark arrived in
415:. Miriam Clark worked as a
246:Brown v. Board of Education
222:year later, she earned her
175:Brown v. Board of Education
142:Brown v. Board of Education
5443:
2281:Department of Psychology.
1530:Kaufman, Jonathan (1995).
910:Congressional Black Caucus
714:Journal of Negro Education
187:
129:. The Clarks testified as
4456:
4372:
3675:Applied behavior analysis
3647:
3455:
2429:Resources in your library
2390:Columbia University Press
2358:Columbia University Press
2172:How We Got Here: The '70s
1292:10.1037/0003-066X.57.1.20
1144:. Westport, Connecticut:
1064:10.1080/00313220802377362
901:) by Columbia University.
843:university administration
560:Who Speaks for the Negro?
551:American Jewish Committee
5377:Howard University alumni
5127:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.
4743:Charles Hamilton Houston
4527:George Washington Carver
3376:Jessica Henderson Daniel
2376:Indiana University Press
2258:. University of Illinois
1836:Dweck, Carol S. (2009).
1639:"Kenneth Bancroft Clark"
635:Prejudice and Your Child
625:in May 2005. He was 90.
524:City College of New York
395:Early life and education
308:psychological evaluation
299:City College of New York
288:Charles Hamilton Houston
112:City College of New York
3951:Behavioral neuroscience
3515:Behavioral neuroscience
3340:Suzanne Bennett Johnson
2952:Robert Richardson Sears
2797:Harry Levi Hollingworth
2684:Walter Bowers Pillsbury
2589:George Stuart Fullerton
2420:Kenneth and Mamie Clark
2365:Oxford University Press
2287:psychology.columbia.edu
2003:Henry, Garrett (1952).
1840:. Switzerland: Karger.
1823:In E. L. Hartley (Ed.)
1054:Freeman, Damon (2008).
906:William L. Dawson Award
766:equal protection clause
579:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
443:as ethnic diversity of
5372:Forensic psychologists
5183:Constance Baker Motley
5063:Frederick D. Patterson
4799:Martin Luther King Jr.
4727:Channing Heggie Tobias
4615:William T. B. Williams
4591:Richard Berry Harrison
4575:Mordecai Wyatt Johnson
4001:Psychology of religion
3941:Behavioral engineering
3878:Human subject research
3534:Cognitive neuroscience
3500:Affective neuroscience
3060:George Armitage Miller
2750:Margaret Floy Washburn
2666:Henry Rutgers Marshall
2474:Kenneth Bancroft Clark
2323:Even the rat was white
2176:. New York, New York:
1568:Jewish Women's Archive
1470:Rutherford, A (2011).
1256:. Columbia University.
1237:(2 ed.). Pearson.
888:Nicholas Murray Butler
804:’s 1964 letter to the
780:Response to Doll tests
257:
88:Kenneth Bancroft Clark
5143:Myrlie Evers-Williams
4899:Clarence Mitchell Jr.
4751:Mabel Keaton Staupers
4511:Charles Sidney Gilpin
4377:Wiktionary definition
3913:Self-report inventory
3908:Quantitative research
2385:Columbia Encyclopedia
2218:American Psychologist
1615:. AJC. Archived from
1590:. AJC. Archived from
1280:American Psychologist
449:Hubert Thomas Delaney
255:
201:Hot Springs, Arkansas
106:and the organization
100:Civil Rights Movement
49:into articles titled
5247:Frankie Muse Freeman
5011:Benjamin Elijah Mays
4639:Walter Francis White
4543:James Weldon Johnson
4519:Mary Burnett Talbert
3903:Qualitative research
3858:Behavior epigenetics
3382:Rosie Phillips Davis
3113:Wilbert J. McKeachie
2893:John Edward Anderson
2833:Louis Leon Thurstone
2827:Walter Richard Miles
2821:Walter Samuel Hunter
2744:Shepherd Ivory Franz
2678:Charles Hubbard Judd
2660:James Rowland Angell
2583:James McKeen Cattell
2571:George Trumbull Ladd
2468:The Ten O'Clock News
1446:Smithsonian Magazine
930:1986 – Presidential
856:desegregation busing
607:for his role in the
476:Francis Cecil Sumner
472:Ralph Johnson Bunche
405:United Fruit Company
4775:Theodore K. Lawless
4623:Mary McLeod Bethune
4567:Charles W. Chesnutt
4463:Ernest Everett Just
4382:Wiktionary category
3946:Behavioral genetics
3918:Statistical surveys
3775:Occupational health
3510:Behavioral genetics
3334:Melba J. T. Vasquez
3203:Charles Spielberger
3161:Janet Taylor Spence
2970:Orval Hobart Mowrer
2964:Laurance F. Shaffer
2845:Albert Poffenberger
2708:Robert S. Woodworth
2654:Mary Whiton Calkins
2478:Library of Congress
2037:1964Sci...143..913G
2005:"Garrett Testimony"
1933:Library of Congress
1518:The New York Times,
1326:Stanford Law Review
1142:Women in psychology
1025:Butler, Stephen N.
922:Four Freedoms Award
812:In 2005, filmmaker
506:An American Dilemma
484:Columbia University
295:assistant professor
275:Columbia University
273:in psychology from
237:Columbia University
209:British West Indies
5397:People from Harlem
5287:Nathaniel R. Jones
5151:Earl G. Graves Sr.
5119:John Hope Franklin
4719:Percy Lavon Julian
4679:A. Philip Randolph
4599:Robert Russa Moton
4354:Schools of thought
4257:Richard E. Nisbett
4137:Donald T. Campbell
3815:Sport and exercise
3328:Carol D. Goodheart
3096:Donald T. Campbell
2887:Calvin Perry Stone
2875:Leonard Carmichael
2774:I. Madison Bentley
2732:John Wallace Baird
2672:George M. Stratton
2642:William Lowe Bryan
2595:James Mark Baldwin
2549:Presidents of the
2484:Mamie Phipps Clark
2321:Guthrie, R. 1976.
1808:Psychology Matters
1203:Koesterer, Marie.
945:Molefi Kete Asante
895:honorary doctorate
860:Westchester County
761:Plessy v. Ferguson
756:separate but equal
744:racial segregation
704:segregated schools
659:A Possible Reality
555:Robert Penn Warren
423:, where she later
344:Yeshiva University
328:New Lincoln School
258:
207:, a native of the
190:Mamie Phipps Clark
184:Mamie Phipps Clark
156:racial segregation
147:U.S. Supreme Court
92:Mamie Phipps Clark
58:Mamie Phipps Clark
5344:
5343:
5327:Cato T. Laurencin
4711:Thurgood Marshall
4687:William H. Hastie
4551:Carter G. Woodson
4415:
4414:
4392:Wikimedia Commons
4319:Counseling topics
4282:Ronald C. Kessler
4272:Shelley E. Taylor
4197:Lawrence Kohlberg
4172:Stanley Schachter
3971:Consumer behavior
3853:Archival research
3621:Psycholinguistics
3505:Affective science
3415:
3414:
3394:Jennifer F. Kelly
3364:Susan H. McDaniel
3346:Donald N. Bersoff
3274:Norine G. Johnson
3257:Patrick H. DeLeon
3227:Robert J. Resnick
3185:Raymond D. Fowler
3179:Bonnie Strickland
3131:Nicholas Cummings
3125:M. Brewster Smith
3024:Charles E. Osgood
2905:Edwin Ray Guthrie
2738:Walter Dill Scott
2506:Eyes on the Prize
2460:Dr. Kenneth Clark
2415:Library resources
2399:978-0-395-62438-8
2349:978-0-684-10114-9
2332:47 (2006): 15–22.
2191:978-0-465-04195-4
2081:Robin Bernstein,
2031:(3609): 913–915.
1846:10.1159/000242351
1707:digital.wustl.edu
1362:NY Public Library
1332:, Rochester, NY,
1107:978-1-4051-3205-3
926:Freedom of Speech
866:Legacy and honors
725:Briggs v. Elliott
678:The Coloring Test
601:Kerner Commission
464:Howard University
401:Panama Canal Zone
136:Briggs v. Elliott
85:
84:
64:Clark experiments
16:(Redirected from
5434:
5337:
5329:
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5297:
5289:
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5273:
5265:
5257:
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5217:
5209:
5201:
5193:
5191:Robert L. Carter
5185:
5177:
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5153:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5089:
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5005:
4997:
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4957:
4949:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4893:
4885:
4877:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4843:Robert C. Weaver
4837:
4835:Kenneth B. Clark
4829:
4821:
4813:
4811:Little Rock Nine
4801:
4793:
4785:
4777:
4769:
4767:Paul R. Williams
4761:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4729:
4721:
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4585:
4577:
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4553:
4545:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4503:W. E. B. Du Bois
4497:
4495:Archibald Grimké
4489:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4419:
4349:Research methods
4292:Richard Davidson
4287:Joseph E. LeDoux
4162:George A. Miller
4152:David McClelland
4147:Herbert A. Simon
4047:Edward Thorndike
3868:Content analysis
3653:
3626:Psychophysiology
3442:
3435:
3428:
3419:
3400:Frank C. Worrell
3298:Ronald F. Levant
3292:Diane F. Halpern
3286:Robert Sternberg
3209:Jack Wiggins Jr.
3191:Joseph Matarazzo
3137:Florence Denmark
3119:Theodore H. Blau
3072:Kenneth B. Clark
2982:Theodore Newcomb
2958:J. McVicker Hunt
2857:Edward C. Tolman
2815:Herbert Langfeld
2702:Howard C. Warren
2696:Edward Thorndike
2601:Hugo Münsterberg
2543:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2512:", 1985-11-04,
2501:
2500:
2403:
2388:(5th ed.).
2353:
2316:Harper & Row
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2248:
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2227:
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2094:
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2019:
2013:
2012:
2009:Internet Archive
2000:
1994:
1993:
1966:10.2307/30039559
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1854:
1848:
1834:
1828:
1817:
1811:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1728:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1527:
1521:
1511:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1321:
1304:
1303:
1275:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1211:. Archived from
1200:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1165:
1150:
1149:
1137:
1120:
1119:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1072:
1066:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1022:
993:
992:
990:
988:
982:encyclopedia.com
974:
932:Medal of Liberty
924:in the category
802:Wesley C. George
797:Brown v. Board).
786:Henry E. Garrett
691:Doll experiments
547:Robert L. Carter
269:women to earn a
267:African-American
164:unconstitutional
160:public education
131:expert witnesses
80:
77:
52:Kenneth B. Clark
38:
37:
30:
21:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5387:Married couples
5347:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5332:
5324:
5316:
5311:Patrick Gaspard
5308:
5300:
5292:
5284:
5276:
5268:
5260:
5255:Harry Belafonte
5252:
5244:
5236:
5228:
5220:
5212:
5204:
5196:
5188:
5180:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5124:
5116:
5108:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5076:
5068:
5060:
5052:
5044:
5032:
5024:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4992:
4980:
4972:
4960:
4952:
4944:
4936:
4928:
4920:
4912:
4904:
4896:
4891:Sammy Davis Jr.
4888:
4880:
4875:John H. Johnson
4872:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4840:
4832:
4827:Langston Hughes
4824:
4816:
4804:
4796:
4791:Jackie Robinson
4788:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4708:
4700:
4695:Charles R. Drew
4692:
4684:
4676:
4668:
4663:Louis T. Wright
4660:
4655:Marian Anderson
4652:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4620:
4612:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4580:
4572:
4564:
4559:Anthony Overton
4556:
4548:
4540:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4446:
4416:
4411:
4368:
4344:Psychotherapies
4305:
4262:Martin Seligman
4227:Daniel Kahneman
4167:Richard Lazarus
4117:Raymond Cattell
4021:
4012:
4011:
4010:
3922:
3834:
3661:
3654:
3645:
3606:Neuropsychology
3486:
3479:
3451:
3446:
3416:
3411:
3388:Sandra Shullman
3280:Philip Zimbardo
3262:
3245:Martin Seligman
3215:Frank H. Farley
3101:
3048:Gardner Lindzey
3000:Wolfgang Köhler
2976:E. Lowell Kelly
2940:
2881:Herbert Woodrow
2839:Joseph Peterson
2779:
2768:G. Stanley Hall
2618:
2565:G. Stanley Hall
2553:
2547:
2498:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2392:. p. 569.
2381:
2350:
2335:
2306:
2304:Further reading
2301:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2111:10.2307/3659616
2096:
2095:
2091:
2080:
2076:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1871:10.2307/1903124
1856:
1855:
1851:
1835:
1831:
1818:
1814:
1802:
1798:
1783:10.2307/2966491
1768:
1767:
1760:
1745:10.2307/2966491
1730:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1533:Broken Alliance
1529:
1528:
1524:
1512:
1493:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1397:Charlottesville
1394:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1323:
1322:
1307:
1277:
1276:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1167:
1166:
1153:
1146:Greenwood Press
1139:
1138:
1123:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1053:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1024:
1023:
996:
986:
984:
976:
975:
971:
966:
868:
835:
782:
697:master's degree
693:
680:
665:Pathos of Power
631:
519:
480:Kappa Alpha Psi
462:Clark attended
457:Upper Manhattan
397:
392:
365:
352:
283:
228:magna cum laude
197:
192:
186:
81:
75:
72:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5440:
5438:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5349:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5330:
5322:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5290:
5282:
5279:Sidney Poitier
5274:
5266:
5258:
5250:
5242:
5234:
5226:
5218:
5210:
5202:
5194:
5186:
5178:
5170:
5162:
5154:
5146:
5138:
5130:
5122:
5114:
5106:
5103:Dorothy Height
5098:
5095:Barbara Jordan
5090:
5082:
5079:Douglas Wilder
5074:
5066:
5058:
5050:
5047:Benjamin Hooks
5042:
5030:
5022:
5014:
5006:
4998:
4990:
4978:
4970:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4907:Jacob Lawrence
4902:
4894:
4886:
4878:
4870:
4867:Leontyne Price
4862:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4819:Duke Ellington
4814:
4802:
4794:
4786:
4783:Carl J. Murphy
4778:
4770:
4762:
4759:Harry T. Moore
4754:
4746:
4738:
4730:
4722:
4714:
4706:
4698:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4671:Richard Wright
4666:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4490:
4482:
4479:Harry Burleigh
4474:
4466:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4449:Spingarn Medal
4447:
4445:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4422:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:Roy Baumeister
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4237:Michael Posner
4234:
4229:
4224:
4222:Elliot Aronson
4219:
4217:Walter Mischel
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4182:Albert Bandura
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4157:Leon Festinger
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4127:Neal E. Miller
4124:
4122:Abraham Maslow
4119:
4114:
4109:
4107:Ernest Hilgard
4104:
4102:Donald O. Hebb
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:J. P. Guilford
4079:
4077:Gordon Allport
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4057:John B. Watson
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3848:Animal testing
3844:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3656:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3551:Cross-cultural
3548:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3370:Antonio Puente
3367:
3361:
3358:Barry S. Anton
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3316:Alan E. Kazdin
3313:
3307:
3304:Gerald Koocher
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3233:Dorothy Cantor
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3197:Stanley Graham
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3167:Robert Perloff
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3143:John J. Conger
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3090:Albert Bandura
3087:
3084:Leona E. Tyler
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3054:Abraham Maslow
3051:
3045:
3042:Nicholas Hobbs
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3012:Neal E. Miller
3009:
3006:Donald O. Hebb
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2935:J. P. Guilford
2932:
2929:Ernest Hilgard
2926:
2923:Donald Marquis
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2899:Gardner Murphy
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2869:Gordon Allport
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2791:Harvey A. Carr
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2714:John B. Watson
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2636:Edmund Sanford
2633:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2613:Joseph Jastrow
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2502:
2487:
2481:
2471:
2457:
2451:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:External links
2407:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2379:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2348:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2273:
2243:
2222:
2209:
2197:
2190:
2154:
2124:
2089:
2074:
2014:
1995:
1944:
1917:
1892:
1849:
1829:
1812:
1796:
1758:
1739:(3): 341–350.
1718:
1694:
1685:
1655:
1629:
1604:
1579:
1555:
1542:
1522:
1491:
1459:
1428:
1417:(4): 591–599.
1401:
1388:
1367:
1348:
1305:
1259:
1240:
1225:
1190:
1169:Rutherford, A.
1151:
1121:
1106:
1088:
1067:
1044:
994:
968:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
956:
952:
941:
934:
928:
918:
912:
902:
891:
880:
873:Spingarn Medal
867:
864:
834:
831:
819:A Girl Like Me
781:
778:
770:14th Amendment
748:Brown v. Board
718:self-concept.
708:Washington, DC
692:
689:
679:
676:
675:
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
630:
627:
621:Clark died in
597:Lyndon Johnson
594:U.S. President
565:War on Poverty
543:Jack Greenberg
518:
515:
488:Otto Klineberg
396:
393:
391:
388:
364:
361:
351:
350:Published work
348:
322:, across from
282:
279:
219:Francis Sumner
196:
193:
188:Main article:
185:
182:
83:
82:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5439:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5336:
5331:
5328:
5323:
5320:
5315:
5312:
5307:
5304:
5299:
5296:
5291:
5288:
5283:
5280:
5275:
5272:
5267:
5264:
5263:Jessye Norman
5259:
5256:
5251:
5248:
5243:
5240:
5235:
5232:
5227:
5224:
5219:
5216:
5211:
5208:
5203:
5200:
5195:
5192:
5187:
5184:
5179:
5176:
5171:
5168:
5167:Vernon Jordan
5163:
5160:
5159:Oprah Winfrey
5155:
5152:
5147:
5144:
5139:
5136:
5131:
5128:
5123:
5120:
5115:
5112:
5107:
5104:
5099:
5096:
5091:
5088:
5083:
5080:
5075:
5072:
5071:Jesse Jackson
5067:
5064:
5059:
5056:
5051:
5048:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5028:
5023:
5020:
5015:
5012:
5007:
5004:
5003:Coleman Young
4999:
4996:
4995:Rayford Logan
4991:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4976:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4956:
4951:
4948:
4943:
4940:
4935:
4932:
4927:
4924:
4919:
4916:
4915:Leon Sullivan
4911:
4908:
4903:
4900:
4895:
4892:
4887:
4884:
4883:Edward Brooke
4879:
4876:
4871:
4868:
4863:
4860:
4855:
4852:
4847:
4844:
4839:
4836:
4831:
4828:
4823:
4820:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4800:
4795:
4792:
4787:
4784:
4779:
4776:
4771:
4768:
4763:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4747:
4744:
4739:
4736:
4731:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4715:
4712:
4707:
4704:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4688:
4683:
4680:
4675:
4672:
4667:
4664:
4659:
4656:
4651:
4648:
4643:
4640:
4635:
4632:
4627:
4624:
4619:
4616:
4611:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4592:
4587:
4584:
4583:Henry A. Hunt
4579:
4576:
4571:
4568:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4544:
4539:
4536:
4531:
4528:
4523:
4520:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4504:
4499:
4496:
4491:
4488:
4483:
4480:
4475:
4472:
4471:Charles Young
4467:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4450:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:Psychologists
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:Organizations
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:John Anderson
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4207:Ulric Neisser
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4192:Endel Tulving
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4177:Robert Zajonc
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:Jerome Bruner
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:B. F. Skinner
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:Clark L. Hull
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4042:Sigmund Freud
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4032:William James
4030:
4028:
4027:Wilhelm Wundt
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:Psychologists
4015:
4007:
4006:Psychometrics
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:Consciousness
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:Psychophysics
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3840:Methodologies
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:Psychotherapy
3798:
3796:
3795:Psychometrics
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3652:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:Developmental
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3352:Nadine Kaslow
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3322:James H. Bray
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3251:Richard Suinn
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3239:Norman Abeles
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3221:Ronald E. Fox
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3149:William Bevan
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:Anne Anastasi
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3036:Jerome Bruner
3034:
3031:
3030:Quinn McNemar
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:Paul E. Meehl
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2911:Henry Garrett
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:John Dashiell
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2851:Clark L. Hull
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2756:Knight Dunlap
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:Robert Yerkes
2724:
2721:
2720:Raymond Dodge
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:Carl Seashore
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2648:William James
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:William James
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2239:1-57392-963-8
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2105:(1): 92–118.
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1843:
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1833:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1619:on 2016-01-07
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1594:on 2015-12-08
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1545:
1543:9780684800967
1539:
1535:
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1526:
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1442:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
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1377:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1215:on 2003-12-13
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
983:
979:
973:
970:
963:
957:
953:
950:
946:
942:
939:
935:
933:
929:
927:
923:
919:
917:
913:
911:
907:
903:
900:
896:
892:
889:
885:
881:
878:
874:
870:
869:
865:
863:
861:
857:
853:
852:
846:
844:
840:
832:
830:
827:
823:
821:
820:
815:
810:
807:
803:
798:
794:
792:
787:
779:
777:
773:
771:
767:
763:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:
727:
726:
719:
716:
715:
709:
705:
701:
698:
690:
688:
685:
677:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
632:
628:
626:
624:
619:
617:
612:
610:
606:
605:Ruchell Magee
602:
598:
595:
591:
586:
582:
580:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
561:
557:for the book
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
516:
514:
512:
508:
507:
502:
501:Gunnar Myrdal
499:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:New York City
438:
434:
431:and became a
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:New York City
410:
406:
402:
394:
390:Kenneth Clark
389:
387:
384:
382:
377:
373:
371:
362:
360:
357:
349:
347:
345:
339:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
315:
313:
309:
305:
300:
296:
291:
289:
280:
278:
276:
272:
268:
262:
254:
250:
248:
247:
240:
238:
234:
230:
229:
225:
220:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
194:
191:
183:
181:
179:
176:
173:wrote in the
172:
169:
168:Chief Justice
165:
161:
157:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
137:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:psychologists
93:
89:
79:
70:
66:
65:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
47:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5318:
5303:Willie Brown
5294:
5271:Quincy Jones
5239:Cicely Tyson
5215:John Conyers
5111:Maya Angelou
5087:Colin Powell
5055:Percy Sutton
5026:
4983:Andrew Young
4974:
4946:
4931:Wilson Riles
4923:Gordon Parks
4851:Medgar Evers
4735:Ralph Bunche
4703:Paul Robeson
4646:
4535:Roland Hayes
4252:Larry Squire
4247:Bruce McEwen
4242:Amos Tversky
4212:Jerome Kagan
4202:Noam Chomsky
4142:Hans Eysenck
4112:Harry Harlow
4092:Erik Erikson
3991:Intelligence
3888:Neuroimaging
3631:Quantitative
3596:Mathematical
3591:Intelligence
3581:Experimental
3576:Evolutionary
3566:Differential
3475:Psychologist
3406:Thema Bryant
3310:Sharon Brehm
3267:2001–present
3173:Logan Wright
3066:George Albee
2994:Harry Harlow
2988:Lee Cronbach
2809:Karl Lashley
2803:Edwin Boring
2762:Lewis Terman
2630:Josiah Royce
2419:
2384:
2337:
2329:
2322:
2314:(New York:
2311:
2310:Clark, K.B.
2290:. Retrieved
2286:
2276:
2267:
2260:. Retrieved
2255:
2246:
2230:
2225:
2220:, 57, 38–50.
2217:
2212:
2200:
2171:
2146:. Retrieved
2139:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2008:
1998:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:
1908:. Retrieved
1904:
1895:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1774:
1770:
1736:
1732:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1671:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:
1632:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:the original
1607:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:the original
1582:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:
1558:
1547:. Retrieved
1532:
1525:
1517:
1471:
1450:. Retrieved
1444:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1391:
1380:. Retrieved
1370:
1361:
1351:
1329:
1325:
1286:(1): 20–28.
1283:
1279:
1234:
1228:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:the original
1208:
1182:. Retrieved
1176:
1141:
1097:
1091:
1080:. Retrieved
1070:
1055:
1036:. Retrieved
1030:
985:. Retrieved
981:
972:
937:
925:
849:
847:
836:
824:
817:
811:
805:
796:
789:
783:
774:
759:
747:
739:
736:Isidor Chein
729:
723:
720:
712:
694:
683:
681:
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
620:
613:
587:
583:
569:
558:
536:
520:
504:
503:, who wrote
492:
461:
433:shop steward
398:
385:
378:
374:
366:
355:
353:
340:
336:
332:
324:Central Park
320:110th Street
316:
292:
284:
263:
259:
244:
241:
226:
217:
198:
174:
150:
140:
134:
120:
91:
87:
86:
73:
62:
56:
50:
44:
5335:Jim Clyburn
5231:Julian Bond
5199:Oliver Hill
5035:Tom Bradley
4963:Alvin Ailey
4939:Damon Keith
4859:Roy Wilkins
4807:Daisy Bates
4324:Disciplines
4297:Susan Fiske
4187:Roger Brown
4087:Carl Rogers
4072:Jean Piaget
4037:Ivan Pavlov
3893:Observation
3873:Experiments
3820:Suicidology
3715:Educational
3670:Anomalistic
3641:Theoretical
3616:Personality
3546:Comparative
3529:Cognitivism
3520:Behaviorism
2917:Carl Rogers
2372:Bloomington
2178:Basic Books
2166:Frum, David
1678:January 23,
1648:10 December
1209:Webster.edu
987:22 November
858:, moved to
641:Dark Ghetto
576:Congressman
304:social work
171:Earl Warren
5351:Categories
5207:Ben Carson
5175:John Lewis
5135:Carl Rowan
5039:Bill Cosby
5019:Lena Horne
4987:Rosa Parks
4967:Alex Haley
4955:Hank Aaron
4607:Max Yergan
4387:Wikisource
4232:Paul Ekman
4067:Kurt Lewin
3961:Competence
3883:Interviews
3863:Case study
3740:Humanistic
3720:Ergonomics
3705:Counseling
3680:Assessment
3662:psychology
3611:Perception
3571:Ecological
3487:psychology
3465:Philosophy
3449:Psychology
3155:Max Siegel
2607:John Dewey
2330:The Record
2292:2017-04-01
2269:injustice.
2180:. p.
2148:2020-04-29
1960:(4): 448.
1938:2020-04-29
1865:(3): 837.
1777:(3): 341.
1712:2020-04-29
1623:2015-12-01
1598:2015-12-01
1573:2015-12-01
1549:2015-12-01
1452:2 December
1382:2015-12-01
1342:HeinOnline
1219:2015-02-19
1184:2015-12-01
1082:2021-03-01
1038:2015-12-01
964:References
886:Clark the
851:60 Minutes
814:Kiri Davis
588:Following
417:seamstress
233:psychology
195:Early life
76:April 2022
4631:John Hope
4407:Wikibooks
4397:Wikiquote
4267:Ed Diener
4052:Carl Jung
3956:Cognition
3785:Political
3695:Community
3525:Cognitive
3106:1976–2000
2945:1951–1975
2784:1926–1950
2623:1901–1925
2558:1892–1900
2053:0036-8075
1990:140729862
1974:0002-9319
1910:April 21,
1879:0021-8723
1480:cite book
959:justice".
498:economist
425:organized
421:sweatshop
383:in 1983.
5319:no award
5295:no award
5223:Ruby Dee
5027:no award
4975:no award
4947:no award
4809:and the
4647:no award
4402:Wikinews
4359:Timeline
3981:Feelings
3976:Emotions
3936:Behavior
3927:Concepts
3805:Religion
3790:Positive
3780:Pastoral
3765:Military
3730:Forensic
3725:Feminist
3710:Critical
3700:Consumer
3690:Coaching
3685:Clinical
3660:Applied
3556:Cultural
3495:Abnormal
2494:LibriVox
2318:, 1965).
2168:(2000).
2069:17743917
1982:30039559
1672:Ramparts
1300:11885299
1116:62282274
435:for the
5402:Zonians
4451:winners
4334:Outline
3830:Traffic
3825:Systems
3760:Medical
3586:Gestalt
3460:History
2470:in 1988
2466:series
2464:WGBH-TV
2378:, 1999.
2367:, 1963.
2360:, 1983.
2262:2 April
2119:3659616
2061:1712818
2033:Bibcode
2025:Science
1887:1903124
1791:2966491
1753:2966491
1674:: 21–24
1338:3441367
1171:(ed.).
943:2002 –
920:1985 –
875:of the
806:Science
768:of the
495:Swedish
297:at the
213:dentist
178:opinion
152:de jure
69:discuss
5333:2022:
5325:2021:
5317:2020:
5309:2019:
5301:2018:
5293:2017:
5285:2016:
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4364:Topics
3810:School
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3636:Social
3539:Social
3485:Basic
3470:Portal
3408:(2023)
3402:(2022)
3396:(2021)
3390:(2020)
3384:(2019)
3378:(2018)
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700:thesis
673:(1985)
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643:(1965)
637:(1955)
517:Career
445:Harlem
409:Harlem
363:Legacy
312:clinic
281:Career
205:doctor
104:Harlem
4311:Lists
3770:Music
3755:Media
3750:Legal
3601:Moral
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1986:S2CID
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1883:JSTOR
1787:JSTOR
1749:JSTOR
1668:(PDF)
955:K-8".
899:LL.D.
752:NAACP
629:Books
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429:union
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