279:. This law firm involved the planning of legal action that would challenge the segregation laws. In 1944, she found a job through a family friend at the American Public Health Association analyzing research about nurses, which she hated. She stayed at that job for one year but was grossly overqualified for the position, which she found embarrassing. She then obtained a position at the United States Armed Forces Institute as a research psychologist but she still felt pigeonholed. In 1945 she was able to get a better job working for the United States Armed Forces Institute as a research psychologist; but, as World War II ended they did not feel the need to employ her anymore. She was fired in 1946. Later that year, Phipps Clark got a job in New York at the Riverdale Children's Association where she saw potential to perform meaningful work. Founded by Quakers in 1836 as the Colored Orphan Asylum, in 1944, just two years before Dr. Clark arrived, the then 108 year old institution had changed its name. At Riverdale, she conducted psychological tests and counseled young, homeless Black people. While there, she saw first hand how insufficient psychological services were for minority children. Many of the children were being called mentally retarded by the state but Clark tested them and found they had IQs above then accepted levels for such claims. She saw society's segregation as the cause for gang warfare, poverty, and low academic performance of minorities. This was a "kick start" to her life's work and led to her most significant contributions in the field of developmental psychology.
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coloring test was administered to 160 African
American children between the ages of five and seven years old. The children were given a piece of coloring paper with a leaf, an apple, an orange, a mouse, a boy and a girl on it. They were all given a box of crayons and asked to first color the mouse to make sure they had a basic understanding of the relationship between color and object. If they pass, they were then asked to color a boy if they were a boy and a girl if they were a girl. They were told to color the boy or girl the color that they are. They were then told to color the opposite sex the color that they want that sex to be. The Clarks categorized the responses into reality responses (accurately colored their skin color), fantasy responses (very different from their skin color), and irrelevant responses (used bizarre colors like purple or green). The Clarks examined the reality and fantasy responses to conclude that children typically color themselves noticeably lighter than their actual color, while the phantasy responses reflect children trying through wishful thinking to escape their situation. Although 88% of the children did draw themselves brown or black, they oftentimes drew themselves a lighter shade than the mouse. Children that were older generally were more accurate at determining how dark they should be. When asked to color the picture of the child that was the opposite sex, 52% put either white or an irrelevant color.
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and 50 five-year-old children in the study. Each participant was shown a set of pictures that included a white boy, a black boy, a lion, a dog, a clown, and a hen. The participants were asked to point to the drawing that represented who or what they were asked about. An example of this procedure would be a Black boy being asked to point to his cousin or brother. The results showed that the group tended to choose the drawing with a black child over the white child but as age increased, there was still some increase in the ratio of those identifying with black over white. Their finding indicated that a great amount of self-conscious development and racial identity happens between ages three and fours years old. Once past four years old, this identification with the Black boy plateaus. This plateau may imply that the picture study is not sensitive enough for children over four. It also suggests that maybe five-year-old children have reached a self-awareness and now see themselves in an intrinsic way and are less capable of external representations.
204:. Even though Phipps Clark grew up during the Depression and a time of racism and segregation, she had a privileged childhood. Her father's occupation and income allowed them to live a middle-class lifestyle and even got them into some White-only parts of town. Phipps Clark, however, still attended segregated elementary and secondary schools, graduating from Pine Bluff's Langston High School in 1934 at only 16 years old. This upbringing gave her a unique perspective on how society treated White and Black people differently. This realization contributed to her future research of racial identity in Black children. Despite the small number of opportunities for Black students to pursue higher education, Phipps Clark was offered several scholarships for college. Phipps Clark received scholarship offers from two of the most prestigious Black universities at that time, Fisk University in Tennessee and Howard University in Washington D.C.
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studies about self-identification in young children and suggested that she conduct similar research with her nursery school children. Her master's thesis was entitled "The
Development of Consciousness of Self in Negro Pre-School Children." This thesis was the basis from what would later become the Clarks' famous doll study on racial preference. Her husband Kenneth was fascinated by her thesis research and after her graduation they worked together on the research. They developed new and improved versions of the color and doll tests used in her thesis for a proposal to further the research. In 1939 they received a three-year Rosenwald Fellowship for their research that allowed them to publish three articles on the subject and also permitted Phipps Clark to pursue a doctoral degree at Columbia University.
765:"ample" psychological support to the Kansas case. The Brown decision quotes that, "segregation of white and colored children in public schools has detrimental effect upon the colored children" and this sense of inferiority "affects the motivation of a child to learn." The evidence provided by Clark helped end segregation in the public school systems. Regarding Brown, this question of psychological and psychic harm fit into a very particular historical window that allowed it to have formal traction in the first place. It was not until a few decades prior (with the coming of Boas and other cultural anthropologists) that cultural and social-science research—and the questions that they invoked—would even be consulted by the courts and therefore able to influence decisions.
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segregation, injured the Negro child’s self-image." In an alternative interpretation of the Clark doll experiments, Robin
Bernstein has recently argued that the children's rejection of the black dolls could be understood not as victimization or an expression of internalized racism but instead as resistance against violent play involving black dolls, which was a common practice when the Clarks conducted their tests. Historian Daryl Scott also critiqued the logic of the Doll Study, because contemporary studies suggest that black children with greater contact with whites experience more psychological distress. The Clark Doll Study was influential scientific evidence for the Brown v. Board decision, but a few academics questioned the study.
563:(HARYOU), an organization devoted to developing educational and job opportunities. With HARYOU, Clark conducted an extensive sociological study of Harlem. He measured IQ scores, crime frequency, age frequency of the population, drop-out rates, church and school locations, quality of housing, family incomes, drugs, STD rates, homicides, and a number of other areas. It recruited educational experts to help to reorganize Harlem schools, create preschool classes, tutor older students after school, and job opportunities for youth who dropped out. The Johnson administration earmarked more than $ 100 million for the organization. When it was placed under the administration of a pet project of
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asked questions inquiring as to which one is the doll they would play with, which one is the nice doll, which one looks bad, which one has the nicer color, etc. The experiment showed a clear preference for the white doll among all children in the study. One of the conclusions from the study is that a Black child by the age of five is aware that to be "colored in
American society is a mark of inferior status." This study was titled, "Emotional Factors in Racial Identification and Preference in Negro Children," and was not created with public policy or the Supreme Court in mind, lending credibility to its objectiveness. The study was published only in the
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552:, Clark expressed his doubts about the efficacy of certain busing programs in desegregating the public schools. Clark also felt very discouraged by the lack of social welfare organizations to address race and poverty issues. Clark argued that a new approach had to be developed to involve poor blacks, in order to gain the political and economic power needed to solve their problems. Clark called his new approach "internal colonialism", with hope that the Kennedy-Johnson administration's
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secretary at his law office. At the time, Houston was a popular civil rights lawyer and Mamie was privileged to see lawyers such as
Thurgood Marshall come into the office to work on important cases. She admits that she did not think anything could be done about segregation and racial oppression until after this experience. Believing in a tangible end to segregation inspired Phipps Clark's future studies, the results of which would help lawyers, such as Houston and Marshall, to win the
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racial biases in education and the intersection of education and varying theories and practices around social psychology. The psychological work they did led them to the conclusion that the problems of minority children are "neither purely psychiatric, purely social, nor purely environmental, but psychosocial." Northside was the first center that offered psychological services to minority families around Harlem.
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nice child" or "who has the skin color most adults like" and choose between the cartoon people arranged in order of lightest to darkest skin. The results were interpreted as indicating "white bias," meaning that children (mostly white, but also "black children as a whole have some bias") continue to associate positive attributes with lighter skin tones, and negative attributes with darker skin tones.
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together". She went on to say that "when an unusual and unique person pursues a dream and realizes that dream and directs that dream, people are drawn not only to the idea of the dream, but to the uniqueness of the person themselves." Her vision of social, economic, and psychological advancement of
African-American children resonates far beyond the era of integration.
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by his own teachers and friends, "he would be more likely to develop pride in himself as a Negro, which I think we would all like to see him do – to develop his own potential, his sense of duty…" and
Garrett even claimed that they would "prefer to remain as a Negro group" instead of mixing and facing hostility, animosity, and inferiority. Garrett and his colleague
811:. Despite the many changes in some parts of society, Davis found the same results as did the Drs. Clark in their study of the late 1930s and early 1940s. In the original experiments, the majority of the children chose the white dolls. When Davis repeated the experiment 15 out of 21 children also chose the white dolls over the black doll.
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Garrett argued that no tests could adequately gauge a student’s attitudes toward segregation, and that the Clarks’ tests in
Virginia were biased and had too small of a sample size. Garrett advocated in his Virginia school board testimony that if a negro child had access to equal facilities surrounded
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During the summer of 1941, after Clark was already asked to teach a summer session at City
College of New York, the Dean of Hampton Institute in Virginia asked Clark to start a department of psychology there. In 1942 Kenneth Clark would become the first African-American tenured, full professor at the
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Clark is not as famous as her husband. It has been noted that she adhered to feminine expectations of the time and often took care to "remain in the shadows of her husband's limelight". She often presented as shy. It should also be noted, that Phipps Clark's tendency to remain in her husband's shadow
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This research was an investigation of early level of conscious racial identity in Black preschool children. The study included 150 Black children from segregated, nursery schools in
Washington, D.C. with 50% of the participants being girls and 50% boys. There were 50 three-year-old, 50 four-year-old,
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After Phipps Clark graduated, she struggled being a psychologist as an African-American woman living in New York. She found it difficult to get a job; she lost some opportunities to less qualified White men and women. In the summer of 1939, Mamie took one of her first jobs as a secretary in the legal
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While working on her master's degree, Phipps Clark became increasingly interested in developmental psychology. The inspiration for her thesis came from working at an all Black nursery school. She contacted psychologists Ruth and Gene Horowitz for advice. At the time they were conducting psychological
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Clark used HARYOU to press for changes to the educational system to help improve black children's performance. While he at first supported decentralization of city schools, after a decade of experience, Clark believed that this option had not been able to make an appreciable difference and described
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Mamie remained the director of the Northside Center for 33 years. Upon her retirement, Dora Johnson, a staff member at Northside, captured the importance of Mamie Clark to Northside. "Mamie Clark embodied the center. In a very real way, it was her views, philosophy, and her soul that held the center
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recreated the doll study in 2010 with cartoons of five children, each with different shades of skin color. The experiment was designed by Margaret Beale Spencer, a child psychologist and University of Chicago professor. Children were asked to answer the same doll test questions, such as "who is the
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allowed her to work part-time in the psychology department where she expanded her knowledge about psychology. During her senior year in 1937 Kenneth, another mentee of Sumner's, and Mamie Clark got married; they had to elope because her mother did not want her to get married before she graduated. A
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Phipps Clark did not limit her contributions to her Northside work. She was a very involved member of the community. She was on the boards of directors for several community organizations, along with being involved with the Youth Opportunities Unlimited Project and the initiation of the Head Start
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versus those in integrated schools in New York. The doll experiment involved a child being presented with two dolls. Both of these dolls were completely identical except for the skin and hair color. One doll was white with yellow hair, while the other was brown with black hair. The child was then
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journal further questioned the Brown decision, claiming the only reference to science in the entire decision is in footnote 11. Garrett and George argue that the Court overlooked the "mental difference" between races, and that Clark’s evidence was invalid and misleading because "integration, not
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The Clark's goal was to match or surpass for poor African Americans, the mental health services then available for other children. Northside provided a homelike environment for poor Black children that provided pediatric and psychological help. It served as a location for initial experiments on
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In the fall of 1938 Mamie Clark went to graduate school at Howard University to get a master's degree in psychology and while she was enrolled her father would send her an allowance of fifty dollars a month. The summer following her undergraduate graduation Mamie worked for Charles Houston as a
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The Supreme Court declared that separate but equal in education was unconstitutional because it resulted in African American children having "a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community." The Doll Study is cited in the 11th footnote of the Brown decision to provide updated and
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decision. Mamie and Kenneth did this experiment in order to investigate the development of racial identity in African American children and examine how a negro child’s color and "their sense of their own race and status" influenced "their judgment about themselves" and their "self esteem." The
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During her time at Columbia, Mamie was the only black student pursuing a doctorate in psychology and she had a faculty adviser, Dr. Henry Garrett, who believed in segregation. Despite their differences in beliefs, Phipps Clark was able to complete her dissertation, "Changes in Primary Mental
542:(AJC) and Topeka Jewish Community Relations Bureau, hired Clark to present his work on the effects of segregation on children. After the Brown v. Board of Education case, Clark was still dissatisfied by the lack of progress in school desegregation in New York City. In a 1964 interview with
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before appearing before the Court. These findings exposed internalized racism in African-American children, self-hatred that was more acute among children attending segregated schools. This research also paved the way for an increase in psychological research into areas of self-esteem and
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2003 – American Psychological Foundation establishes the Kenneth B. and Mamie P. Clark Fund, to support "research and demonstration activities that promote the understanding of the relationship between self-identity and academic achievement with an emphasis on children in grade levels
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Together in 1946 the Clarks created the Northside Center for Child Development, originally called the Northside Testing and Consultation Center. They started in a one-room basement apartment of the Dunbar Houses on 158th Street (Manhattan). Two years later in 1948, Northside moved to
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This work suggests that by its very nature, segregation harms children and, by extension, society at large, a suggestion that was exploited in several legal battles. The Clarks testified as expert witnesses in several school desegregation cases, including
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and Phipps Clark was a psychological consultant doing testing at the Riverdale Children's Association. Kenneth Bancroft Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark approached social service agencies in New York City urging them to expand their programs to provide
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The Kenneth B. and Mamie P. Clark Fund was established in 2003 to honor the Clarks and to perpetuate their work as pioneers in understanding the psychological underpinnings of race relations and in addressing social issues such as segregation and
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Garrett, Henry E.; George, Wesley C.; Commoner, Barry; Brode, Robert B.; Byerly, T. C.; Coale, Ansley J.; Edsall, John T.; Frank, Lawrence K.; Mead, Margaret; Roberts, Walter Orr; Wolfle, Dael (1964). "Science and the Race Problem".
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2017 – Columbia University Department of Psychology established the Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth B. Clark Distinguished Lecture Award, which recognizes "extraordinary contributions of a senior scholar in the area of race and
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Phipps Clark's work provided key contributions to the fields of developmental psychology and the psychology of race by shedding light on the impact of racial discrimination. She made lasting contributions at the
319:. In 1974, Northside moved to Schomburg Plaza. As of 2023, Northside continues to serve Harlem children and their families from its center at the intersection of E. 108th Street and Park Avenue, New York.
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200:. Her father also supplemented his income as a manager at a nearby vacation resort. Her mother helped him in his practice and encouraged both their children in education. Her brother became a
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515:. Clark also managed to start a psychology department at Hampton Institute in 1942 and taught a few courses within the department. In 1966 he was the first African American appointed to the
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Kenneth and Mamie Clark decided to try to improve social services for troubled youth in Harlem as there were virtually no mental-health services in the community. Kenneth Clark was then an
834:. The Clarks were happily married for forty-five years, until Mamie's death. Kate Clark Harris directed the Northside Center for Child Development for four years after her mother's death.
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Together, the Clarks devoted their entire lives to improving the mental health of Black people. For her contributions, Phipps Clark received a Candace Award for Humanitarianism from the
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was disappearing such that his elementary school was predominantly black. Clark noted that he first "became aware of color" when he was taught by a black teacher, who happened to be
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occurred in the backdrop of blatant sexism and racism in the psychological field and it is believed that the extent of her contributions was significantly downplayed.
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Program. She also volunteered in the psychiatric clinic of the Domestic Relations Court while she was completing her doctorate at Columbia and went on to teach at
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Benjamin, L. T., Jr. & Crouse, E. M. (2002). The American Psychological Association's response to Brown v. Board of Education: The case of Kenneth B. Clark.
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Clark, Kenneth; Clark, Mamie (1939). "The development of consciousness of self and the emergence of racial identification in Negro preschool children".
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would address problems of increasing social isolation, economic dependence and declining municipal services for many African Americans (Freeman, 2008).
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in 1950 because of concerns about failing public schools in the city. Kenneth Clark said: "My children have only one life and I could not risk that."
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and the Public Health Association. Her unrelenting research on the identity and self-esteem of Black people expanded work on identity development.
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Guinier, Lani (2004-06-01). "From Racial Liberalism to Racial Literacy: Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Divergence Dilemma".
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Clark retired from City College in 1975, but remained an active advocate for integration throughout his life, serving on the board of the
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Clark, Kenneth B.; Clark, Mamie P. (Summer 1950). "Emotional Factors in Racial Identification and Preference in Negro Children".
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O’Connell, Agnes N., and Nancy Felipe Russo, eds. Models of Achievement: Reflections of Eminent Women in Psychology. New York:
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592:). The Commission called Clark among the first experts to testify on urban issues. In 1973, Clark testified in the trial of
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While studying psychology for his doctorate at Columbia, Clark did research in support of the study of race relations by
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Little, Monroe H.; Hampton, Henry (December 1986). "Eyes on the Prize: The American Civil Rights Struggle, 1954–1965".
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Lal, Shafali (January 2002). "Giving children security: Mamie Phipps Clark and the racialization of child psychology".
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2272:"Penn Professor Dorothy E. Roberts, winner of the Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth B. Clark Distinguished Lecture Award"
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in 1896. In a 9–0 decision for Brown, the Court decided that segregation based on race in public schools violates the
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Katz, Elizabeth D. (June 2020), "'Racial and Religious Democracy': Identity and Equality in Midcentury Courts",
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The Development of Consciousness of Self and the Emergence of Racial Identification in Negro Preschool Children.
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Goldberg, Steven; Ancheta, Angelo N. (2005-10-01). "Scientific Evidence and Equal Protection of the Law".
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at LC Authorities with 2 records (see 'Clark, Mamie Katherine (Phipps)', previous page of browse report)
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https://s7.goeshow.com/cbcf/annual/2020/documents/CBCF_ALC_-_Phoenix_Awards_Dinner_Past_Winners.pdf
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Phipps Clark retired in 1979 and died of lung cancer on August 11, 1983, at 66 years old.
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1681:'Smithsonian: The Lost Tapes' (February 28, 2018). "Studio", on the Smithsonian Channel
1201:
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1978:
593:
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429:
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4395:
4385:
2317:
Abbott, Shirley. "Mamie Phipps Clark, a Hot Springs Woman Who ‘overcame the odds.’"
1720:
Clark, Kenneth; Mamie Clark (1950). "The Negro child in the American social order".
5259:
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3161:
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2750:
2618:
1065:"Kenneth and Mamie Clark Doll – Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site"
724:
460:
421:
312:
84:
1411:
2371:
Barbara A. Chernow and George A. Vallasi, ed. (1993). "Clark, Kenneth Bancroft".
2033:
868:(NAACP) for his contributions to promoting integration and better race relations.
463:. During his years at Howard University, he worked under the influence of mentor
5323:
5219:
4951:
4927:
4847:
4285:
4075:
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2905:
2166:
1889:
903:
1983 – Mamie Phipps Clark receives a Candace Award for Humanitarianism from the
417:
292:
159:
570:
in 1964, the two men clashed over appointment of a director and its direction.
87:
who as a married team conducted research among children and were active in the
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3437:
2595:
2154:
1577:"Executive Director David A. Harris – AJC: Global Jewish Advocacy Legacy Site"
1384:
Markowitz, G., & Rosner, D. (1996). In Children, power and race (pp 246).
1330:
1280:
1129:
Guthrie, R. (1990). "Mamie Phipps Clark". In O'Connell, A.; Russo, N. (eds.).
1052:
839:
802:
405:
221:
188:
The oldest of three children, two girls and one boy, Mamie Phipps was born in
2073:
Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights,
2041:
1962:
1867:
4255:
4040:
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1104:
486:
409:
193:
2352:
Tussman, Joseph, ed. The Supreme Court on Racial Discrimination. New York:
2057:
1288:
3639:
967:""Clark, Kenneth Bancroft." Psychologists and Their Theories for Students"
448:. Clark graduated from high school in 1931 (Jones & Pettigrew, 2005).
228:. They later had two children together, Katie Miriam and Hilton Bancroft.
5211:
4406:
3969:
3964:
3924:
2482:
1365:"Featured Psychologists: Mamie Phipps Clark, PhD, and Kenneth Clark, PhD"
843:
report in the 1970s noted that the Clarks, who supported integration and
1970:
1917:
826:
The Clarks had two children: a son Hilton and daughter Kate. During the
471:
fraternity. After earning his master's degree, Sumner directed Clark to
2452:
2107:
2049:
1875:
1779:
1741:
1461:
Mamie Phipps Clark: Developmental psychologist, starting from strengths
526:
Much of Clark's work came as a response to his involvement in the 1954
201:
140:
1834:
1799:, American Psychological Association. Undated. Accessed 29 March 2010.
1463:. Portraits of Pioneers in Developmental Psychology. pp. 261–276.
1346:
2331:. Vol. 20. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 128–137.
1954:
483:
459:, where he first studied political science with professors including
433:
397:
300:
2099:
1859:
1771:
1733:
2478:
887:
872:
773:
Not everyone accepted the Doll tests as valid scientific studies.
740:
671:
The coloring test was another experiment that was involved in the
240:
2462:
3984:
2472:
2245:
Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences
1918:"U.S. Reports: Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)"
111:
4410:
3410:
2511:
743:
to end the precedent of legal segregation when conditions are "
588:
appointed the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (
254:
Abilities with Age." In 1943, Mamie Phipps Clark was the first
224:(1938). Both Kenneth and Mamie went on for additional study at
2499:
Interview with Dr. Kenneth Clark; Interview with Kenneth Clark
2129:
814:
805:
recreated the doll study and documented it in a film entitled
99:(HARYOU). Kenneth Clark was also an educator and professor at
18:
3406:
1503:
Richard Severo, "Kenneth Clark, Who Fought Segregation, Dies"
91:. They founded the Northside Center for Child Development in
2125:"Study: White and black children biased toward lighter skin"
1810:"Racial identification and preference among negro children."
1552:
2359:
Warren, Wini. Black Women Scientists in the United States.
2220:
100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia
1793:"Segregation Ruled Unequal, and Therefore Unconstitutional"
604:
866:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
727:
wrote a brief whose purpose was to supply evidence in the
498:. In 1940, Clark was the first African American to earn a
343:
One of Phipps Clark's early, published studies was titled
134:(1954). The Clarks' work contributed to the ruling of the
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
1224:
Even the Rat was White: A Historical View of Psychology
1194:"Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark: Segregation & Self-esteem"
684:
The Clarks' doll experiments grew out of Mamie Clark's
2445:, Oral History Research Office at Columbia University.
2325:
Markowitz, Gerald (1970–1980). "Clark, Mamie Phipps".
1632:
Robert Penn Warren's Who Speaks for the Negro? Archive
519:
and the first African American to be president of the
303:
opened that way. So we decided to open it ourselves."
2076:(New York: New York University Press, 2011), 235–242.
1715:
1713:
1711:
1237:
1235:
1233:
5401:
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
1347:"New York Public Library Archives & Manuscripts"
780:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
4298:
4005:
3915:
3827:
3647:
3472:
3255:
3094:
2933:
2772:
2611:
2546:
2437:
Oral History Research Office at Columbia University
1827:
Prejudice: How It Develops and How It Can Be Undone
925:1994 – 102nd annual meeting of APA, 40 years after
32:It has been suggested that this article should be
2158:
1454:
1452:
784:one of the five court cases that combined to form
110:They were known for their 1940s experiments using
879:Silver Medal, for the significance of their work.
530:US Supreme Court desegregation decision. Lawyers
245:Kenneth and Mamie Clark with their children, 1958
83:(April 18, 1917 – August 11, 1983) were American
1498:
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1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
2149:
2147:
1602:"National Policy – AJC: Global Jewish Advocacy"
1423:
1421:
1089:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. pp. 193–195.
192:, to Harold and Katie Phipps. Her father was a
1808:Clark, Kenneth B. and Clark, Mamie P. (1947).
1626:Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities.
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1021:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
4422:
3422:
2523:
2193:"Past Phoenix Award Honorees (1996 – 2018)".
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
8:
5371:Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
1167:Psychology's Feminist Voices Digital Archive
5351:Activists for African-American civil rights
1890:"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1)"
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1187:
1185:
1183:
717:, which was later combined into the famous
4429:
4415:
4407:
3429:
3415:
3407:
2530:
2516:
2508:
2301:The Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power
1473:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1047:. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.
1016:"Mamie Katherine Phipps Clark (1917–1983)"
426:International Ladies Garment Workers Union
315:, on the sixth floor of what was then the
2451:(archived 2014-04-29) interviewed on the
1243:"Kenneth B. Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark"
1045:Kenneth B. Clark and the Problem of Power
893:1975 – Kenneth B. Clarks was awarded the
475:to work with another influential mentor,
16:African-American married psychologist duo
5416:20th-century African-American scientists
1816:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
1654:"Ruchell Magee: The Defense Never Rests"
660:King, Malcolm, Baldwin: Three Interviews
559:Clark in 1962 was among the founders of
502:in psychology from Columbia University.
128:(1952), one of five cases combined into
2503:American Archive of Public Broadcasting
2222:. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books.
1553:"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka"
958:
882:1970 – Kenneth B. Clark was awarded an
5406:20th-century American women scientists
1466:
1039:
1037:
731:case underlining the damaging effects
538:, with resources and funding from the
5356:American women civil rights activists
2469:, with 44 library catalog records
2119:
2117:
1943:The American Journal of Legal History
1912:
1910:
1753:
1751:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
905:National Coalition of 100 Black Women
370:National Coalition of 100 Black Women
7:
1367:. American Psychological Association
1087:A brief history of modern psychology
828:Columbia University protests of 1968
561:Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited
359:United States Armed Forces Institute
114:to study children's attitudes about
97:Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited
5411:20th-century American psychologists
2433:Notable New Yorkers – Kenneth Clark
1428:McNeill, Leila (October 26, 2017).
936:named Kenneth Clark on his list of
871:1966 – Columbia University awarded
103:, and first Black president of the
2540:American Psychological Association
2328:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1525:. Simon and Schuster. p. 93.
1222:Guthrie, Robert (March 28, 2003).
860:1961 – Kenneth Clark received the
735:had on African-American children.
636:The Negro and the American Promise
521:American Psychological Association
275:office of African-American lawyer
105:American Psychological Association
79:(July 24, 1914 – May 1, 2005) and
14:
5381:People from Hot Springs, Arkansas
2443:Notable New Yorkers – Mamie Clark
1345:Quinter, Janice (December 1991).
739:was a test case supported by the
598:Marin County Civic Center attacks
5396:City College of New York faculty
3638:
2486:
2479:Works by Kenneth and Mamie Clark
1692:"Eyes on the Prize Interviews I"
1509:2 May 2005, accessed 20 Jan 2009
579:race riots in the summer of 1967
574:the experiment as a "disaster".
23:
2241:"Kenneth and Mamie Clark Award"
1848:The Journal of American History
1388:: University Press of Virginia.
1162:"Profile of Mamie Phipps Clark"
605:New York Civil Rights Coalition
517:New York State Board of Regents
479:(Jones & Pettigrew, 2005).
5346:African-American psychologists
1760:The Journal of Negro Education
1722:The Journal of Negro Education
1652:Close, Alexandra (June 1973).
1085:Benjamin, Ludy T. Jr. (2007).
938:100 Greatest African Americans
642:A Relevant War Against Poverty
388:Kenneth Clark was born in the
1:
3734:Industrial and organizational
1814:Readings in Social Psychology
1412:10.1080/00224545.1939.9713394
457:historically black university
442:George Washington High School
3975:Human factors and ergonomics
2423:Resources in other libraries
2218:Asante, Molefi Kete (2002).
2034:10.1126/science.143.3609.913
1400:Journal of Social Psychology
1067:. U.S. National Park Service
612:Hastings-on-Hudson, New York
238:Supreme Court case in 1954.
138:in which it determined that
4476:William Stanley Braithwaite
2485:(public domain audiobooks)
2314:, New York: Harper and Row.
2088:Journal of American History
927:Brown v. Board of Education
747:," established by the case
729:Brown v. Board of Education
723:(1954). In 1954, Clark and
720:Brown v. Board of Education
673:Brown v. Board of Education
528:Brown v. Board of Education
428:. Kenneth Clark arrived in
404:. Miriam Clark worked as a
235:Brown v. Board of Education
211:year later, she earned her
164:Brown v. Board of Education
131:Brown v. Board of Education
5432:
2270:Department of Psychology.
1519:Kaufman, Jonathan (1995).
899:Congressional Black Caucus
703:Journal of Negro Education
176:
118:. The Clarks testified as
4445:
4361:
3664:Applied behavior analysis
3636:
3444:
2418:Resources in your library
2379:Columbia University Press
2347:Columbia University Press
2161:How We Got Here: The '70s
1281:10.1037/0003-066X.57.1.20
1133:. Westport, Connecticut:
1053:10.1080/00313220802377362
890:) by Columbia University.
832:university administration
549:Who Speaks for the Negro?
540:American Jewish Committee
5366:Howard University alumni
5116:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.
4732:Charles Hamilton Houston
4516:George Washington Carver
3365:Jessica Henderson Daniel
2365:Indiana University Press
2247:. University of Illinois
1825:Dweck, Carol S. (2009).
1628:"Kenneth Bancroft Clark"
624:Prejudice and Your Child
614:in May 2005. He was 90.
513:City College of New York
384:Early life and education
297:psychological evaluation
288:City College of New York
277:Charles Hamilton Houston
101:City College of New York
3940:Behavioral neuroscience
3504:Behavioral neuroscience
3329:Suzanne Bennett Johnson
2941:Robert Richardson Sears
2786:Harry Levi Hollingworth
2673:Walter Bowers Pillsbury
2578:George Stuart Fullerton
2409:Kenneth and Mamie Clark
2354:Oxford University Press
2276:psychology.columbia.edu
1992:Henry, Garrett (1952).
1829:. Switzerland: Karger.
1812:In E. L. Hartley (Ed.)
1043:Freeman, Damon (2008).
895:William L. Dawson Award
755:equal protection clause
568:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
432:as ethnic diversity of
5361:Forensic psychologists
5172:Constance Baker Motley
5052:Frederick D. Patterson
4788:Martin Luther King Jr.
4716:Channing Heggie Tobias
4604:William T. B. Williams
4580:Richard Berry Harrison
4564:Mordecai Wyatt Johnson
3990:Psychology of religion
3930:Behavioral engineering
3867:Human subject research
3523:Cognitive neuroscience
3489:Affective neuroscience
3049:George Armitage Miller
2739:Margaret Floy Washburn
2655:Henry Rutgers Marshall
2463:Kenneth Bancroft Clark
2312:Even the rat was white
2165:. New York, New York:
1557:Jewish Women's Archive
1459:Rutherford, A (2011).
1245:. Columbia University.
1226:(2 ed.). Pearson.
877:Nicholas Murray Butler
793:’s 1964 letter to the
769:Response to Doll tests
246:
77:Kenneth Bancroft Clark
5132:Myrlie Evers-Williams
4888:Clarence Mitchell Jr.
4740:Mabel Keaton Staupers
4500:Charles Sidney Gilpin
4366:Wiktionary definition
3902:Self-report inventory
3897:Quantitative research
2374:Columbia Encyclopedia
2207:American Psychologist
1604:. AJC. Archived from
1579:. AJC. Archived from
1269:American Psychologist
438:Hubert Thomas Delaney
244:
190:Hot Springs, Arkansas
95:and the organization
89:Civil Rights Movement
38:into articles titled
5236:Frankie Muse Freeman
5000:Benjamin Elijah Mays
4628:Walter Francis White
4532:James Weldon Johnson
4508:Mary Burnett Talbert
3892:Qualitative research
3847:Behavior epigenetics
3371:Rosie Phillips Davis
3102:Wilbert J. McKeachie
2882:John Edward Anderson
2822:Louis Leon Thurstone
2816:Walter Richard Miles
2810:Walter Samuel Hunter
2733:Shepherd Ivory Franz
2667:Charles Hubbard Judd
2649:James Rowland Angell
2572:James McKeen Cattell
2560:George Trumbull Ladd
2457:The Ten O'Clock News
1435:Smithsonian Magazine
919:1986 – Presidential
845:desegregation busing
596:for his role in the
465:Francis Cecil Sumner
461:Ralph Johnson Bunche
394:United Fruit Company
4764:Theodore K. Lawless
4612:Mary McLeod Bethune
4556:Charles W. Chesnutt
4452:Ernest Everett Just
4371:Wiktionary category
3935:Behavioral genetics
3907:Statistical surveys
3764:Occupational health
3499:Behavioral genetics
3323:Melba J. T. Vasquez
3192:Charles Spielberger
3150:Janet Taylor Spence
2959:Orval Hobart Mowrer
2953:Laurance F. Shaffer
2834:Albert Poffenberger
2697:Robert S. Woodworth
2643:Mary Whiton Calkins
2467:Library of Congress
2026:1964Sci...143..913G
1994:"Garrett Testimony"
1922:Library of Congress
1507:The New York Times,
1315:Stanford Law Review
1131:Women in psychology
1014:Butler, Stephen N.
911:Four Freedoms Award
801:In 2005, filmmaker
495:An American Dilemma
473:Columbia University
284:assistant professor
264:Columbia University
262:in psychology from
226:Columbia University
198:British West Indies
5386:People from Harlem
5276:Nathaniel R. Jones
5140:Earl G. Graves Sr.
5108:John Hope Franklin
4708:Percy Lavon Julian
4668:A. Philip Randolph
4588:Robert Russa Moton
4343:Schools of thought
4246:Richard E. Nisbett
4126:Donald T. Campbell
3804:Sport and exercise
3317:Carol D. Goodheart
3085:Donald T. Campbell
2876:Calvin Perry Stone
2864:Leonard Carmichael
2763:I. Madison Bentley
2721:John Wallace Baird
2661:George M. Stratton
2631:William Lowe Bryan
2584:James Mark Baldwin
2538:Presidents of the
2473:Mamie Phipps Clark
2310:Guthrie, R. 1976.
1797:Psychology Matters
1192:Koesterer, Marie.
934:Molefi Kete Asante
884:honorary doctorate
849:Westchester County
750:Plessy v. Ferguson
745:separate but equal
733:racial segregation
693:segregated schools
648:A Possible Reality
544:Robert Penn Warren
412:, where she later
333:Yeshiva University
317:New Lincoln School
247:
196:, a native of the
179:Mamie Phipps Clark
173:Mamie Phipps Clark
145:racial segregation
136:U.S. Supreme Court
81:Mamie Phipps Clark
47:Mamie Phipps Clark
5333:
5332:
5316:Cato T. Laurencin
4700:Thurgood Marshall
4676:William H. Hastie
4540:Carter G. Woodson
4404:
4403:
4381:Wikimedia Commons
4308:Counseling topics
4271:Ronald C. Kessler
4261:Shelley E. Taylor
4186:Lawrence Kohlberg
4161:Stanley Schachter
3960:Consumer behavior
3842:Archival research
3610:Psycholinguistics
3494:Affective science
3404:
3403:
3383:Jennifer F. Kelly
3353:Susan H. McDaniel
3335:Donald N. Bersoff
3263:Norine G. Johnson
3246:Patrick H. DeLeon
3216:Robert J. Resnick
3174:Raymond D. Fowler
3168:Bonnie Strickland
3120:Nicholas Cummings
3114:M. Brewster Smith
3013:Charles E. Osgood
2894:Edwin Ray Guthrie
2727:Walter Dill Scott
2495:Eyes on the Prize
2449:Dr. Kenneth Clark
2404:Library resources
2388:978-0-395-62438-8
2338:978-0-684-10114-9
2321:47 (2006): 15–22.
2180:978-0-465-04195-4
2070:Robin Bernstein,
2020:(3609): 913–915.
1835:10.1159/000242351
1696:digital.wustl.edu
1351:NY Public Library
1321:, Rochester, NY,
1096:978-1-4051-3205-3
915:Freedom of Speech
855:Legacy and honors
714:Briggs v. Elliott
667:The Coloring Test
590:Kerner Commission
453:Howard University
390:Panama Canal Zone
125:Briggs v. Elliott
74:
73:
53:Clark experiments
5423:
5326:
5318:
5310:
5302:
5294:
5286:
5278:
5270:
5262:
5254:
5246:
5238:
5230:
5222:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5190:
5182:
5180:Robert L. Carter
5174:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5118:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5018:
5010:
5002:
4994:
4986:
4978:
4966:
4958:
4946:
4938:
4930:
4922:
4914:
4906:
4898:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4842:
4834:
4832:Robert C. Weaver
4826:
4824:Kenneth B. Clark
4818:
4810:
4802:
4800:Little Rock Nine
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4758:
4756:Paul R. Williams
4750:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4710:
4702:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4662:
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4638:
4630:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4492:W. E. B. Du Bois
4486:
4484:Archibald Grimké
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4408:
4338:Research methods
4281:Richard Davidson
4276:Joseph E. LeDoux
4151:George A. Miller
4141:David McClelland
4136:Herbert A. Simon
4036:Edward Thorndike
3857:Content analysis
3642:
3615:Psychophysiology
3431:
3424:
3417:
3408:
3389:Frank C. Worrell
3287:Ronald F. Levant
3281:Diane F. Halpern
3275:Robert Sternberg
3198:Jack Wiggins Jr.
3180:Joseph Matarazzo
3126:Florence Denmark
3108:Theodore H. Blau
3061:Kenneth B. Clark
2971:Theodore Newcomb
2947:J. McVicker Hunt
2846:Edward C. Tolman
2804:Herbert Langfeld
2691:Howard C. Warren
2685:Edward Thorndike
2590:Hugo Münsterberg
2532:
2525:
2518:
2509:
2501:", 1985-11-04,
2490:
2489:
2392:
2377:(5th ed.).
2342:
2305:Harper & Row
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2237:
2231:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2164:
2151:
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2141:
2139:
2138:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2083:
2077:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1998:Internet Archive
1989:
1983:
1982:
1955:10.2307/30039559
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1843:
1837:
1823:
1817:
1806:
1800:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1717:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1688:
1682:
1679:
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1598:
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1549:
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1516:
1510:
1500:
1479:
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1472:
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1456:
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1442:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1310:
1293:
1292:
1264:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1200:. Archived from
1189:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1154:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1109:
1108:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1055:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1011:
982:
981:
979:
977:
971:encyclopedia.com
963:
921:Medal of Liberty
913:in the category
791:Wesley C. George
786:Brown v. Board).
775:Henry E. Garrett
680:Doll experiments
536:Robert L. Carter
258:women to earn a
256:African-American
153:unconstitutional
149:public education
120:expert witnesses
69:
66:
41:Kenneth B. Clark
27:
26:
19:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5376:Married couples
5336:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5321:
5313:
5305:
5300:Patrick Gaspard
5297:
5289:
5281:
5273:
5265:
5257:
5249:
5244:Harry Belafonte
5241:
5233:
5225:
5217:
5209:
5201:
5193:
5185:
5177:
5169:
5161:
5153:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5073:
5065:
5057:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5021:
5013:
5005:
4997:
4989:
4981:
4969:
4961:
4949:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4893:
4885:
4880:Sammy Davis Jr.
4877:
4869:
4864:John H. Johnson
4861:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4816:Langston Hughes
4813:
4805:
4793:
4785:
4780:Jackie Robinson
4777:
4769:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4729:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4684:Charles R. Drew
4681:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4652:Louis T. Wright
4649:
4644:Marian Anderson
4641:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4593:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4553:
4548:Anthony Overton
4545:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4457:
4449:
4441:
4435:
4405:
4400:
4357:
4333:Psychotherapies
4294:
4251:Martin Seligman
4216:Daniel Kahneman
4156:Richard Lazarus
4106:Raymond Cattell
4010:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3911:
3823:
3650:
3643:
3634:
3595:Neuropsychology
3475:
3468:
3440:
3435:
3405:
3400:
3377:Sandra Shullman
3269:Philip Zimbardo
3251:
3234:Martin Seligman
3204:Frank H. Farley
3090:
3037:Gardner Lindzey
2989:Wolfgang Köhler
2965:E. Lowell Kelly
2929:
2870:Herbert Woodrow
2828:Joseph Peterson
2768:
2757:G. Stanley Hall
2607:
2554:G. Stanley Hall
2542:
2536:
2487:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2381:. p. 569.
2370:
2339:
2324:
2295:
2293:Further reading
2290:
2289:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2250:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2136:
2134:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2100:10.2307/3659616
2085:
2084:
2080:
2069:
2065:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1860:10.2307/1903124
1845:
1844:
1840:
1824:
1820:
1807:
1803:
1791:
1787:
1772:10.2307/2966491
1757:
1756:
1749:
1734:10.2307/2966491
1719:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1685:
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1666:
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1584:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1522:Broken Alliance
1518:
1517:
1513:
1501:
1482:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1386:Charlottesville
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1312:
1311:
1296:
1266:
1265:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1156:
1155:
1142:
1135:Greenwood Press
1128:
1127:
1112:
1097:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1042:
1035:
1026:
1024:
1013:
1012:
985:
975:
973:
965:
964:
960:
955:
857:
824:
771:
686:master's degree
682:
669:
654:Pathos of Power
620:
508:
469:Kappa Alpha Psi
451:Clark attended
446:Upper Manhattan
386:
381:
354:
341:
272:
217:magna cum laude
186:
181:
175:
70:
64:
61:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5429:
5427:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5338:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5319:
5311:
5303:
5295:
5287:
5279:
5271:
5268:Sidney Poitier
5263:
5255:
5247:
5239:
5231:
5223:
5215:
5207:
5199:
5191:
5183:
5175:
5167:
5159:
5151:
5143:
5135:
5127:
5119:
5111:
5103:
5095:
5092:Dorothy Height
5087:
5084:Barbara Jordan
5079:
5071:
5068:Douglas Wilder
5063:
5055:
5047:
5039:
5036:Benjamin Hooks
5031:
5019:
5011:
5003:
4995:
4987:
4979:
4967:
4959:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4896:Jacob Lawrence
4891:
4883:
4875:
4867:
4859:
4856:Leontyne Price
4851:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4808:Duke Ellington
4803:
4791:
4783:
4775:
4772:Carl J. Murphy
4767:
4759:
4751:
4748:Harry T. Moore
4743:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4711:
4703:
4695:
4687:
4679:
4671:
4663:
4660:Richard Wright
4655:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4623:
4615:
4607:
4599:
4591:
4583:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4468:Harry Burleigh
4463:
4455:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4438:Spingarn Medal
4436:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4411:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:Roy Baumeister
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4226:Michael Posner
4223:
4218:
4213:
4211:Elliot Aronson
4208:
4206:Walter Mischel
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4171:Albert Bandura
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4146:Leon Festinger
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4116:Neal E. Miller
4113:
4111:Abraham Maslow
4108:
4103:
4098:
4096:Ernest Hilgard
4093:
4091:Donald O. Hebb
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4071:J. P. Guilford
4068:
4066:Gordon Allport
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4046:John B. Watson
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3837:Animal testing
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Cross-cultural
3537:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3359:Antonio Puente
3356:
3350:
3347:Barry S. Anton
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3305:Alan E. Kazdin
3302:
3296:
3293:Gerald Koocher
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3222:Dorothy Cantor
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3186:Stanley Graham
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3156:Robert Perloff
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3132:John J. Conger
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3079:Albert Bandura
3076:
3073:Leona E. Tyler
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3043:Abraham Maslow
3040:
3034:
3031:Nicholas Hobbs
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
3001:Neal E. Miller
2998:
2995:Donald O. Hebb
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2924:J. P. Guilford
2921:
2918:Ernest Hilgard
2915:
2912:Donald Marquis
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2888:Gardner Murphy
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2858:Gordon Allport
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2780:Harvey A. Carr
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2703:John B. Watson
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2625:Edmund Sanford
2622:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2602:Joseph Jastrow
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2491:
2476:
2470:
2460:
2446:
2440:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:External links
2396:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2368:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2337:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2262:
2232:
2211:
2198:
2186:
2179:
2143:
2113:
2078:
2063:
2003:
1984:
1933:
1906:
1881:
1838:
1818:
1801:
1785:
1747:
1728:(3): 341–350.
1707:
1683:
1674:
1644:
1618:
1593:
1568:
1544:
1531:
1511:
1480:
1448:
1417:
1406:(4): 591–599.
1390:
1377:
1356:
1337:
1294:
1248:
1229:
1214:
1179:
1158:Rutherford, A.
1140:
1110:
1095:
1077:
1056:
1033:
983:
957:
956:
954:
951:
950:
949:
945:
941:
930:
923:
917:
907:
901:
891:
880:
869:
862:Spingarn Medal
856:
853:
823:
820:
808:A Girl Like Me
770:
767:
759:14th Amendment
737:Brown v. Board
707:self-concept.
697:Washington, DC
681:
678:
668:
665:
664:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
633:
627:
619:
616:
610:Clark died in
586:Lyndon Johnson
583:U.S. President
554:War on Poverty
532:Jack Greenberg
507:
504:
477:Otto Klineberg
385:
382:
380:
377:
353:
350:
340:
339:Published work
337:
311:, across from
271:
268:
208:Francis Sumner
185:
182:
177:Main article:
174:
171:
72:
71:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5428:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
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5389:
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5377:
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5364:
5362:
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5357:
5354:
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5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5325:
5320:
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5312:
5309:
5304:
5301:
5296:
5293:
5288:
5285:
5280:
5277:
5272:
5269:
5264:
5261:
5256:
5253:
5252:Jessye Norman
5248:
5245:
5240:
5237:
5232:
5229:
5224:
5221:
5216:
5213:
5208:
5205:
5200:
5197:
5192:
5189:
5184:
5181:
5176:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5160:
5157:
5156:Vernon Jordan
5152:
5149:
5148:Oprah Winfrey
5144:
5141:
5136:
5133:
5128:
5125:
5120:
5117:
5112:
5109:
5104:
5101:
5096:
5093:
5088:
5085:
5080:
5077:
5072:
5069:
5064:
5061:
5060:Jesse Jackson
5056:
5053:
5048:
5045:
5040:
5037:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5017:
5012:
5009:
5004:
5001:
4996:
4993:
4992:Coleman Young
4988:
4985:
4984:Rayford Logan
4980:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4965:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4945:
4940:
4937:
4932:
4929:
4924:
4921:
4916:
4913:
4908:
4905:
4904:Leon Sullivan
4900:
4897:
4892:
4889:
4884:
4881:
4876:
4873:
4872:Edward Brooke
4868:
4865:
4860:
4857:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4841:
4836:
4833:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4817:
4812:
4809:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4773:
4768:
4765:
4760:
4757:
4752:
4749:
4744:
4741:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4725:
4720:
4717:
4712:
4709:
4704:
4701:
4696:
4693:
4688:
4685:
4680:
4677:
4672:
4669:
4664:
4661:
4656:
4653:
4648:
4645:
4640:
4637:
4632:
4629:
4624:
4621:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4597:
4592:
4589:
4584:
4581:
4576:
4573:
4572:Henry A. Hunt
4568:
4565:
4560:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4544:
4541:
4536:
4533:
4528:
4525:
4520:
4517:
4512:
4509:
4504:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4472:
4469:
4464:
4461:
4460:Charles Young
4456:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:Psychologists
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:Organizations
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:John Anderson
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:Ulric Neisser
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:Endel Tulving
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:Robert Zajonc
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4121:Jerome Bruner
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:B. F. Skinner
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:Clark L. Hull
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4031:Sigmund Freud
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4021:William James
4019:
4017:
4016:Wilhelm Wundt
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:Psychologists
4004:
3996:
3995:Psychometrics
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:Consciousness
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Psychophysics
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3829:Methodologies
3826:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Psychotherapy
3787:
3785:
3784:Psychometrics
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3641:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:Developmental
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3341:Nadine Kaslow
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3311:James H. Bray
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3240:Richard Suinn
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3228:Norman Abeles
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3210:Ronald E. Fox
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3138:William Bevan
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3067:Anne Anastasi
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3025:Jerome Bruner
3023:
3020:
3019:Quinn McNemar
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3007:Paul E. Meehl
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2900:Henry Garrett
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:John Dashiell
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2840:Clark L. Hull
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2745:Knight Dunlap
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2715:Robert Yerkes
2713:
2710:
2709:Raymond Dodge
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:Carl Seashore
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2637:William James
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2566:William James
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2484:
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2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:1-57392-963-8
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
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2148:
2144:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:(1): 92–118.
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
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2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
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1968:
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1956:
1952:
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1937:
1934:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
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1891:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1873:
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1832:
1828:
1822:
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1811:
1805:
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1786:
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1777:
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1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
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1723:
1716:
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1712:
1708:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1608:on 2016-01-07
1607:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1583:on 2015-12-08
1582:
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1572:
1569:
1558:
1554:
1548:
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1534:
1532:9780684800967
1528:
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1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
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1401:
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1378:
1366:
1360:
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1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1204:on 2003-12-13
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
984:
972:
968:
962:
959:
952:
946:
942:
939:
935:
931:
928:
924:
922:
918:
916:
912:
908:
906:
902:
900:
896:
892:
889:
885:
881:
878:
874:
870:
867:
863:
859:
858:
854:
852:
850:
846:
842:
841:
835:
833:
829:
821:
819:
816:
812:
810:
809:
804:
799:
796:
792:
787:
783:
781:
776:
768:
766:
762:
760:
756:
752:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
716:
715:
708:
705:
704:
698:
694:
690:
687:
679:
677:
674:
666:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
621:
617:
615:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
595:
594:Ruchell Magee
591:
587:
584:
580:
575:
571:
569:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
550:
546:for the book
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
505:
503:
501:
497:
496:
491:
490:Gunnar Myrdal
488:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:New York City
427:
423:
420:and became a
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:New York City
399:
395:
391:
383:
379:Kenneth Clark
378:
376:
373:
371:
366:
362:
360:
351:
349:
346:
338:
336:
334:
328:
324:
320:
318:
314:
310:
304:
302:
298:
294:
289:
285:
280:
278:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
251:
243:
239:
237:
236:
229:
227:
223:
219:
218:
214:
209:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
183:
180:
172:
170:
168:
165:
162:wrote in the
161:
158:
157:Chief Justice
154:
150:
146:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
126:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:psychologists
82:
78:
68:
59:
55:
54:
49:
48:
43:
42:
37:
36:
30:
21:
20:
5307:
5292:Willie Brown
5283:
5260:Quincy Jones
5228:Cicely Tyson
5204:John Conyers
5100:Maya Angelou
5076:Colin Powell
5044:Percy Sutton
5015:
4972:Andrew Young
4963:
4935:
4920:Wilson Riles
4912:Gordon Parks
4840:Medgar Evers
4724:Ralph Bunche
4692:Paul Robeson
4635:
4524:Roland Hayes
4241:Larry Squire
4236:Bruce McEwen
4231:Amos Tversky
4201:Jerome Kagan
4191:Noam Chomsky
4131:Hans Eysenck
4101:Harry Harlow
4081:Erik Erikson
3980:Intelligence
3877:Neuroimaging
3620:Quantitative
3585:Mathematical
3580:Intelligence
3570:Experimental
3565:Evolutionary
3555:Differential
3464:Psychologist
3395:Thema Bryant
3299:Sharon Brehm
3256:2001–present
3162:Logan Wright
3055:George Albee
2983:Harry Harlow
2977:Lee Cronbach
2798:Karl Lashley
2792:Edwin Boring
2751:Lewis Terman
2619:Josiah Royce
2408:
2373:
2326:
2318:
2311:
2303:(New York:
2300:
2299:Clark, K.B.
2279:. Retrieved
2275:
2265:
2256:
2249:. Retrieved
2244:
2235:
2219:
2214:
2209:, 57, 38–50.
2206:
2201:
2189:
2160:
2135:. Retrieved
2128:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1987:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:
1897:. Retrieved
1893:
1884:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1826:
1821:
1813:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1763:
1759:
1725:
1721:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:
1686:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1660:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:
1621:
1610:. Retrieved
1606:the original
1596:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1571:
1560:. Retrieved
1556:
1547:
1536:. Retrieved
1521:
1514:
1506:
1460:
1439:. Retrieved
1433:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1359:
1350:
1340:
1318:
1314:
1275:(1): 20–28.
1272:
1268:
1223:
1217:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:the original
1197:
1171:. Retrieved
1165:
1130:
1086:
1080:
1069:. Retrieved
1059:
1044:
1025:. Retrieved
1019:
974:. Retrieved
970:
961:
926:
914:
838:
836:
825:
813:
806:
800:
794:
785:
778:
772:
763:
748:
736:
728:
725:Isidor Chein
718:
712:
709:
701:
683:
672:
670:
659:
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647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
609:
602:
576:
572:
558:
547:
525:
509:
493:
492:, who wrote
481:
450:
422:shop steward
387:
374:
367:
363:
355:
344:
342:
329:
325:
321:
313:Central Park
309:110th Street
305:
281:
273:
252:
248:
233:
230:
215:
206:
187:
163:
139:
129:
123:
109:
80:
76:
75:
62:
51:
45:
39:
33:
5324:Jim Clyburn
5220:Julian Bond
5188:Oliver Hill
5024:Tom Bradley
4952:Alvin Ailey
4928:Damon Keith
4848:Roy Wilkins
4796:Daisy Bates
4313:Disciplines
4286:Susan Fiske
4176:Roger Brown
4076:Carl Rogers
4061:Jean Piaget
4026:Ivan Pavlov
3882:Observation
3862:Experiments
3809:Suicidology
3704:Educational
3659:Anomalistic
3630:Theoretical
3605:Personality
3535:Comparative
3518:Cognitivism
3509:Behaviorism
2906:Carl Rogers
2361:Bloomington
2167:Basic Books
2155:Frum, David
1667:January 23,
1637:10 December
1198:Webster.edu
976:22 November
847:, moved to
630:Dark Ghetto
565:Congressman
293:social work
160:Earl Warren
5340:Categories
5196:Ben Carson
5164:John Lewis
5124:Carl Rowan
5028:Bill Cosby
5008:Lena Horne
4976:Rosa Parks
4956:Alex Haley
4944:Hank Aaron
4596:Max Yergan
4376:Wikisource
4221:Paul Ekman
4056:Kurt Lewin
3950:Competence
3872:Interviews
3852:Case study
3729:Humanistic
3709:Ergonomics
3694:Counseling
3669:Assessment
3651:psychology
3600:Perception
3560:Ecological
3476:psychology
3454:Philosophy
3438:Psychology
3144:Max Siegel
2596:John Dewey
2319:The Record
2281:2017-04-01
2258:injustice.
2169:. p.
2137:2020-04-29
1949:(4): 448.
1927:2020-04-29
1854:(3): 837.
1766:(3): 341.
1701:2020-04-29
1612:2015-12-01
1587:2015-12-01
1562:2015-12-01
1538:2015-12-01
1441:2 December
1371:2015-12-01
1331:HeinOnline
1208:2015-02-19
1173:2015-12-01
1071:2021-03-01
1027:2015-12-01
953:References
875:Clark the
840:60 Minutes
803:Kiri Davis
577:Following
406:seamstress
222:psychology
184:Early life
65:April 2022
4620:John Hope
4396:Wikibooks
4386:Wikiquote
4256:Ed Diener
4041:Carl Jung
3945:Cognition
3774:Political
3684:Community
3514:Cognitive
3095:1976–2000
2934:1951–1975
2773:1926–1950
2612:1901–1925
2547:1892–1900
2042:0036-8075
1979:140729862
1963:0002-9319
1899:April 21,
1868:0021-8723
1469:cite book
948:justice".
487:economist
414:organized
410:sweatshop
372:in 1983.
5308:no award
5284:no award
5212:Ruby Dee
5016:no award
4964:no award
4936:no award
4798:and the
4636:no award
4391:Wikinews
4348:Timeline
3970:Feelings
3965:Emotions
3925:Behavior
3916:Concepts
3794:Religion
3779:Positive
3769:Pastoral
3754:Military
3719:Forensic
3714:Feminist
3699:Critical
3689:Consumer
3679:Coaching
3674:Clinical
3649:Applied
3545:Cultural
3484:Abnormal
2483:LibriVox
2307:, 1965).
2157:(2000).
2058:17743917
1971:30039559
1661:Ramparts
1289:11885299
1105:62282274
424:for the
5391:Zonians
4440:winners
4323:Outline
3819:Traffic
3814:Systems
3749:Medical
3575:Gestalt
3449:History
2459:in 1988
2455:series
2453:WGBH-TV
2367:, 1999.
2356:, 1963.
2349:, 1983.
2251:2 April
2108:3659616
2050:1712818
2022:Bibcode
2014:Science
1876:1903124
1780:2966491
1742:2966491
1663:: 21–24
1327:3441367
1160:(ed.).
932:2002 –
909:1985 –
864:of the
795:Science
757:of the
484:Swedish
286:at the
202:dentist
167:opinion
141:de jure
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5322:2022:
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5306:2020:
5298:2019:
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3625:Social
3528:Social
3474:Basic
3459:Portal
3397:(2023)
3391:(2022)
3385:(2021)
3379:(2020)
3373:(2019)
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506:Career
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398:Harlem
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4300:Lists
3759:Music
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3590:Moral
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1975:S2CID
1967:JSTOR
1872:JSTOR
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1738:JSTOR
1657:(PDF)
944:K-8".
888:LL.D.
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