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of a law of the U. S. can as is now contended, belong rightfully to a single State, as one of the parties to the
Constitution; the State not ceasing to avow its adherence to the Constitution. A plainer contradiction in terms, or a more fatal inlet to anarchy, cannot be imagined." Madison explained that when the Virginia Legislature passed the Virginia Resolution, the "interposition" it contemplated was "a concurring and cooperating interposition of the States, not that of a single State. ... he Legislature expressly disclaimed the idea that a declaration of a State, that a law of the U. S. was unconstitutional, had the effect of annulling the law." Madison went on to argue that the purpose of the Virginia Resolution had been to elicit cooperation by the other states in seeking change through means provided in the Constitution, such as an amendment.
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for special purposes, delegated to that government certain definite powers, reserving, each state to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self-government; and that whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force; that to this compact each state acceded as a state, and is an integral party, its co-States forming, as to itself, the other party; that this government, created by this compact, was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself, since that would have made its discretion, and not the
Constitution, the measure of its powers; but that, as in all other cases of compact among powers having no common judge, each party has an equal right to judge for itself, as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress.
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being true as a general principle, and one of the amendments to the
Constitution having also declared, that "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people," therefore the act of Congress, passed on the 14th day of July, 1798, and intitled "An Act in addition to the act intitled An Act for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States," as also the act passed by them on theâday of June, 1798, intitled "An Act to punish frauds committed on the bank of the United States," (and all their other acts which assume to create, define, or punish crimes, other than those so enumerated in the Constitution,) are altogether void, and of no force whatsoever.
602:", which had been deleted from Jefferson's draft of the 1798 Resolutions, resolving: "That the several states who formed , being sovereign and independent, have the unquestionable right to judge of its infraction; and, That a nullification, by those sovereignties, of all unauthorized acts done under color of that instrument, is the rightful remedy." The 1799 Resolutions did not assert that Kentucky would unilaterally refuse to enforce the Alien and Sedition Acts. Rather, the 1799 Resolutions declared that Kentucky "will bow to the laws of the Union" but would continue "to oppose in a constitutional manner" the Alien and Sedition Acts. The 1799 Resolutions concluded by stating that Kentucky was entering its "solemn protest" against those Acts.
773:, as much as a direct and palpable usurpation. The sovereignty reserved to the states, was reserved to protect the citizens from acts of violence by the United States, as well as for purposes of domestic regulation. We spurn the idea that the free, sovereign and independent State of Massachusetts is reduced to a mere municipal corporation, without power to protect its people, and to defend them from oppression, from whatever quarter it comes. Whenever the national compact is violated, and the citizens of this State are oppressed by cruel and unauthorized laws, this Legislature is bound to interpose its power, and wrest from the oppressor its victim.
695:, a document written by Madison to respond to criticism of the Virginia Resolution by other states. The Report of 1800 reviewed and affirmed each part of the Virginia Resolution, affirming that the states have the right to declare that a federal action is unconstitutional. The Report went on to assert that a declaration of unconstitutionality by a state would be an expression of opinion, without legal effect. The purpose of such a declaration, said Madison, was to mobilize public opinion and to elicit cooperation from other states. Madison indicated that the power to make binding constitutional determinations remained in the federal courts:
672:, That the legislature of New Hampshire unequivocally express a firm resolution to maintain and defend the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of this state, against every aggression, either foreign or domestic, and that they will support the government of the United States in all measures warranted by the former. That the state legislatures are not the proper tribunals to determine the constitutionality of the laws of the general government; that the duty of such decision is properly and exclusively confided to the judicial department.
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609:" by the states. The Resolution stated that when the national government acts beyond the scope of the Constitution, the states "have the right, and are in duty bound, to interpose, for arresting the progress of the evil, and for maintaining, within their respective limits, the authorities, rights and liberties, appertaining to them". The Virginia Resolution did not indicate what form this "interposition" might take or what effect it would have. The Virginia Resolutions appealed to the other states for agreement and cooperation.
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the resolutions struck a line of argument potentially as dangerous to the Union as were the odious laws to the freedom with which it was identified. One hysteria tended to produce another. A crisis of freedom threatened to become a crisis of Union. The latter was deferred in 1798â1800, but it would return, and when it did the principles
Jefferson had invoked against the Alien and Sedition Laws would sustain delusions of state sovereignty fully as violent as the Federalist delusions he had combated.
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revolution and blood." Historian Ron
Chernow says of this "he wasn't calling for peaceful protests or civil disobedience: he was calling for outright rebellion, if needed, against the federal government of which he was vice president." Jefferson "thus set forth a radical doctrine of states' rights that effectively undermined the constitution." Chernow argues that neither Jefferson nor Madison sensed that they had sponsored measures as inimical as the Alien and Sedition Acts themselves. Historian
931:, the Supreme Court affirmed the decision of a federal district court that rejected interposition. The district court stated: "The conclusion is clear that interposition is not a constitutional doctrine. If taken seriously, it is illegal defiance of constitutional authority. Otherwise, 'it amounted to no more than a protest, an escape valve through which the legislators blew off steam to relieve their tensions.' ... However solemn or spirited, interposition resolutions have no legal efficacy."
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relation to the rights of the parties to the constitutional compact, from which the judicial, as well as the other departments, hold their delegated trusts. On any other hypothesis, the delegation of judicial power would annul the authority delegating it; and the concurrence of this department with the others in usurped powers, might subvert forever, and beyond the possible reach of any rightful remedy, the very
Constitution which all were instituted to preserve.
1088:, Library of Congress, December 1834. See Powell, "The Principles of '98: An Essay in Historical Retrieval", 80 Virginia Law Review at 718 (the Virginia resolutions "did not in fact license any legally significant action by an individual state. The authority of the states over the Constitution and its interpretation was collective and could be exercised only in concert through the electoral process or by a quasi-revolutionary act of the people themselves").
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affirmed the resolutions. At least six states responded to the
Resolutions by taking the position that the constitutionality of acts of Congress is a question for the federal courts, not the state legislatures. For example, Vermont's resolution stated: "It belongs not to state legislatures to decide on the constitutionality of laws made by the general government; this power being exclusively vested in the judiciary courts of the Union." In
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of opinion, unaccompanied with any other effect than what they may produce on opinion, by exciting reflection. The expositions of the judiciary, on the other hand, are carried into immediate effect by force. The former may lead to a change in the legislative expression of the general will; possibly to a change in the opinion of the judiciary; the latter enforces the general will, whilst that will and that opinion continue unchanged.
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authorized by the grants enumerated in that compact; and that, in case of a deliberate, palpable, and dangerous exercise of other powers, not granted by the said compact, the states, who are parties thereto, have the right, and are in duty bound, to interpose, for arresting the progress of the evil, and for maintaining, within their respective limits, the authorities, rights and liberties, appertaining to them.
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442:". Adherents argued that the states could judge the constitutionality of federal government laws and decrees. The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 argued that each individual state has the power to declare that federal laws are unconstitutional and void. The Kentucky Resolution of 1799 added that when the states determine that a law is unconstitutional,
595:" of unconstitutional laws, that language did not appear in the final form of those Resolutions. Rather than purporting to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts, the 1798 Resolutions called on the other states to join Kentucky "in declaring these acts void and of no force" and "in requesting their repeal at the next session of Congress".
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recipe for disunion". George
Washington was so appalled by them that he told Patrick Henry that if "systematically and pertinaciously pursued", they would "dissolve the union or produce coercion". The influence of Jefferson's doctrine of states' rights reverberated right up to the Civil War and beyond. Future president
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with every principle on which it was founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed." He also denied the right to secede: "The
Constitution ... forms a government not a league. ... To say that any State may at pleasure secede from the Union is to say that the United States is not a nation."
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acts of other branches of the federal government, but cannot takeover the ultimate decision-making power from the states which are the "sovereign parties" in the
Constitutional compact. According to Madison states could override not only the Congressional acts, but also the decisions of the Supreme Court:
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void. Rather, Madison explained that "interposition" involved a collective action of the states, not a refusal by an individual state to enforce federal law, and that the deletion of the words "void, and of no force or effect" was intended to make clear that no individual state could nullify federal law.
665:, newspapers treated them as military threats and replied with foreshadowings of civil war. "We think it highly probable that Virginia and Kentucky will be sadly disappointed in their infernal plan of exciting insurrections and tumults," proclaimed one. The state legislature's unanimous reply was blunt:
521:" or agreement among the states. Therefore, the federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it. If the federal government assumed such powers, its acts could be declared unconstitutional by the states. So, states could decide the constitutionality of laws passed by
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argued "Their nullification effort, if others had picked it up, would have been a greater threat to freedom than the misguided laws, which were soon rendered feckless by ridicule and electoral pressure". The theoretical damage of the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions was "deep and lasting, and was a
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James Madison also opposed South Carolina's position on nullification. Madison argued that he had never intended his Virginia Resolution to suggest that each individual state had the power to nullify an act of Congress. Madison wrote: "But it follows, from no view of the subject, that a nullification
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That the several states composing the United States of America are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government; but that, by compact, under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States, and of amendments thereto, they constituted a general government
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However, in the same document Madison explicitly argued that the states retain the ultimate power to decide about the constitutionality of the federal laws, in "extreme cases" such as the Alien and Sedition Act. The Supreme Court can decide in the last resort only in those cases which pertain to the
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It has been said, that it belongs to the judiciary of the United States, and not the state legislatures, to declare the meaning of the Federal Constitution. ... he declarations of , whether affirming or denying the constitutionality of measures of the Federal Government ... are expressions
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That the Constitution of the United States, having delegated to Congress a power to punish treason, counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States, piracies, and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations, and no other crimes, whatsoever; and it
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issued a proclamation against the doctrine of nullification, stating: "I consider ... the power to annul a law of the United States, assumed by one State, incompatible with the existence of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent
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Jefferson's draft said: "where powers are assumed which have not been delegated, a nullification of the act is the rightful remedy: that every State has a natural right in cases not within the compact, (casus non fĹderis) to nullify of their own authority all assumptions of power by others within
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Called forth by oppressive legislation of the national government, notably the Alien and Sedition Laws, they represented a vigorous defense of the principles of freedom and self-government under the United States Constitution. But since the defense involved an appeal to principles of state rights,
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Numerous scholars (including Koch and Ammon) have noted that Madison had the words "void, and of no force or effect" excised from the Virginia Resolutions before adoption. Madison later explained that he did this because an individual state does not have the right to declare a federal law null and
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A key provision of the Kentucky Resolutions was Resolution 2, which denied Congress more than a few penal powers by arguing that Congress had no authority to punish crimes other than those specifically named in the Constitution. The Alien and Sedition Acts were asserted to be unconstitutional, and
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The resolutions were submitted to the other states for approval, but with no success. Seven states formally responded to Kentucky and Virginia by rejecting the Resolutions and three other states passed resolutions expressing disapproval, with the other four states taking no action. No other state
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That this Assembly doth explicitly and peremptorily declare, that it views the powers of the federal government as resulting from the compact to which the states are parties, as limited by the plain sense and intention of the instrument constituting that compact, as no further valid than they are
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argued that the Kentucky resolution might have gotten Jefferson impeached for treason, had his actions become known at the time. In writing the Kentucky Resolutions, Jefferson warned that, "unless arrested at the threshold", the Alien and Sedition Acts would "necessarily drive these states into
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However true, therefore, it may be, that the judicial department is, in all questions submitted to it by the forms of the Constitution, to decide in the last resort, this resort must necessarily be deemed the last in relation to the authorities of the other departments of the government; not in
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The resolution supposes that dangerous powers, not delegated, may not only be usurped and executed by the other departments, but that the judicial department, also, may exercise or sanction dangerous powers beyond the grant of the Constitution; and, consequently, that the ultimate right of the
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The Kentucky Resolutions of 1799, while claiming the right of nullification, did not assert that individual states could exercise that right. Rather, nullification was described as an action to be taken by "the several states" who formed the Constitution. The Kentucky Resolutions thus ended up
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Madison then argued that a state, after declaring a federal law unconstitutional, could take action by communicating with other states, attempting to enlist their support, petitioning Congress to repeal the law in question, introducing amendments to the Constitution in Congress, or calling a
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See Powell, "The Principles of '98: An Essay in Historical Retrieval", 80 Virginia Law Review at 719-720 & n.123 ("when the Resolutions of 1799 declared that 'nullification' was 'the rightful remedy' for federal overreaching, the legislature carefully ascribed this remedy to the states
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and asserted that the states have the right to determine whether actions of the federal government exceed constitutional limits. The Virginia Resolution introduced the idea that the states may "interpose" when the federal government acts unconstitutionally, in their opinion:
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679:, then building up the army, suggested sending it into Virginia, on some "obvious pretext". Measures would be taken, Hamilton hinted to an ally in Congress, "to act upon the laws and put Virginia to the Test of resistance". At the Virginia General Assembly, delegate
1278:. The other states taking the position that the constitutionality of federal laws is a question for the federal courts, not the states, were New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania. The Governor of Delaware also took this position.
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The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 stated that acts of the national government beyond the scope of its constitutional powers are "unauthoritative, void, and of no force". While Jefferson's draft of the 1798 Resolutions had claimed that each state has a right of
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in 1814 that issued a statement asserting the right of interposition. But the statement did not attempt to nullify federal law. Rather, it made an appeal to Congress to provide for the defense of New England and proposed several constitutional amendments.
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parties to the Constitution, to judge whether the compact has been dangerously violated, must extend to violations by one delegated authority as well as by anotherâby the judiciary as well as by the executive, or the legislature.
920:, federal law was controlling and the states did not have the power to evade the application of federal law. The Court specifically rejected the contention that Arkansas' legislature and governor had the power to nullify the
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passed the first resolution on November 16, 1798, and the second on December 3, 1799. Jefferson wrote the 1798 Resolutions. The author of the 1799 Resolutions is not known with certainty. Both resolutions were stewarded by
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collectively, thus equating its position with that of Madison and the Virginia Resolutions. ... The Resolutions implicitly conceded that the state's individual means of resisting the Acts were political in nature.").
758:. However, none of these states actually passed a resolution nullifying the Embargo Act. Instead, they challenged it in court, appealed to Congress for its repeal, and proposed several constitutional amendments.
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concluded that "unconstitutional" included "void, and of no force or effect", and that Madison's textual change did not affect the meaning. Madison himself strongly denied this reading of the Resolution.
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The Resolutions joined the foundational beliefs of Jefferson's party and were used as party documents in the 1800 election. As they had been shepherded to passage in the Virginia House of Delegates by
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Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey passed resolutions that disapproved the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, but these states did not transmit formal responses to Kentucky and Virginia.
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based on the authority of states to stand up to laws deemed by those states to be unconstitutional. Rhode Island justified its position on the embargo act based on the explicit language of
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by the states as a constitutional basis for resisting federal government action. A number of southern states, including Arkansas, Louisiana, Virginia, and Florida, subsequently passed
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led anti-slavery activists to quote the Resolutions to support their calls on Northern states to nullify what they considered unconstitutional enforcement of the law.
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The Address of the Minority in the Virginia Legislature to the People of that State, Containing a Vindication of the Constitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Laws
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Gutzman, Kevin., "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Reconsidered: 'An Appeal to the _Real Laws_ of Our Country,'" Journal of Southern History 66 (2000), 473â96.
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were unconstitutional as meaning that they had "no force or effect" in Virginiaâthat is, that they were void. Future Virginia Governor and U.S. Secretary of War
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Bird, Wendell. "Reassessing Responses to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: New Evidence from the Tennessee and Georgia Resolutions and from Other States,"
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also rejected the compact theory saying the Constitution was a binding contract among the states and no contract can be changed unilaterally by one party.
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The seven states that transmitted formal rejections were Delaware, Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Vermont. See
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that if "systematically and pertinaciously pursued", they would "dissolve the union or produce coercion". Their influence reverberated right up to the
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The Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 were written to respond to the states who had rejected the 1798 Resolutions. The 1799 Resolutions used the term "
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Koch, Adrienne; Harry Ammon (1948). "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: An Episode in Jefferson's and Madison's Defense of Civil Liberties".
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This article is about the 1798/99 resolutions against the Alien and Sedition Acts. For the 1765 resolves against the Stamp Act, see
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Gutzman, Kevin, "A Troublesome Legacy: James Madison and the 'Principles of '98,'" Journal of the Early Republic 15 (1995), 569â89.
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1806:. Publisher: The First Amendment Encyclopedia presented by the John Seigenthaler Chair of Excellence in First Amendment Studies.
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in several nineteenth century cases, undermining the basis for the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions. In cases such as
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on August 28, 2023. The source provides a short history of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798.
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and had been controversial since their passage, eliciting disapproval from ten state legislatures.
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of the Constitution. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 were written secretly by
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Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States
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Reclaiming the American Revolution: the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and their Legacy
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3652:
3571:
3528:
3461:
3341:
3246:
3179:
3037:
2622:
2587:
2577:
2384:
2300:
2137:
1692:
1650:
1426:
1177:
1115:
913:
892:
888:
755:
739:
662:
649:
633:
606:
466:
447:
432:
390:
289:
51:
1626:
1314:
Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution
1261:
Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution
1198:
Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution
4037:
2335:
1352:
1319:. Vol. 4 (expanded 2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp. 538â539.
1266:. Vol. 4 (expanded 2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp. 538â539.
1203:. Vol. 4 (expanded 2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp. 538â539.
952:
747:
1253:
535:
therefore void, because they dealt with crimes not mentioned in the Constitution:
3451:
3157:
3133:
2906:
2607:
2416:
1491:"Obituary: James J. Kilpatrick / Conservative columnist sparred on '60 Minutes'"
1072:
1020:
957:
762:
743:
735:
458:
446:
by the states is the proper remedy. The Virginia Resolutions of 1798 refer to "
3190:
3172:
2889:
2372:
1791:
1427:"President Jackson's Proclamation Regarding Nullification, December 10, 1832"
1414:
1365:
2341:
640:
The long-term importance of the Resolutions lies not in their attack on the
1355:
1986. A History of Greenbrier County. Greenbrier Historical Society, p. 222
1152:
Monitoring American Federalism: The History of State Legislative Resistance
386:
1159:
2930:
2399:
1671:(2). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 145â176.
1307:"Answers of the Several State Legislatures: State of New Hampshire"
405:
401:
2473:
Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society
1684:
1033:
1283:"Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions"
1228:"Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions"
453:
The Resolutions were produced primarily as campaign material for the
1676:
1415:
The General Court of Massachusetts on the Embargo, February 22, 1814
1305:
1148:"The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and Madison's Report of 1800"
2025:
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 1777 draft and 1786 passage
1819:
1254:"Answers of the Several State Legislatures: State of Vermont"
1047:"The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 | The Papers of Thomas Jefferson"
385:
375:
908:, the Supreme Court unanimously rejected Arkansas' effort to use
3215:
400:
were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799 in which the
3219:
1823:
1577:
Chernow, Ron. "Alexander Hamilton". 2004. p586. Penguin Press.
1252:
992:
Chernow, Ron. "Alexander Hamilton". 2004. p587. Penguin Press.
927:
In a similar case arising from Louisiana's interposition act,
438:
The principles stated in the resolutions became known as the "
2861:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
2709:
Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression
1628:
The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800
1604:
Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
1006:
Knott. "Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth". p48
899:
laws in an effort to prevent integration of their schools.
1397:
1395:
806:
two federal tariff laws. South Carolina asserted that the
691:
In January 1800, the Virginia General Assembly passed the
1975:
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
1034:"The Principles of '98: An Essay in Historical Retrieval"
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
617:
proposing joint action, as did the Virginia Resolution.
16:
1798/99 resolutions against the Alien and Sedition Acts
1609:. American Historical Review. pp. 45â63, 225â244.
1073:
Jefferson's draft of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798
576:
who was falsely believed to have been their author.
3978:
3908:
3717:
3684:
1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election
3676:
3645:
3619:
3542:
3420:
3315:
3000:
2869:
2662:
2631:
2486:
2425:
2351:
2229:
2076:
2067:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
2056:
1949:
544:The Virginia Resolution of 1798 also relied on the
3353:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
1625:
1792:James Madison, Report on the Virginia Resolutions
1555:Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography
408:legislatures took the position that the federal
3557:Co-author, George Washington's Farewell Address
3402:Constitution drafting and ratification timeline
1962:A Summary View of the Rights of British America
1154:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 91â128,
944:
767:
697:
667:
493:opposing them. Years later, the passage of the
1697:Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration
1036:, 80 Virginia Law Review 689, 705 n.54 (1994).
3231:
1835:
355:
8:
3808:James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation
2521:Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence
26:
1002:
1000:
998:
624:, they became part of the heritage of the "
473:and beyond. In the years leading up to the
3813:James Madison Freedom of Information Award
3238:
3224:
3216:
2613:Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)
2010:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
1842:
1828:
1820:
1366:http://www.constitution.org/rf/vr_1799.htm
362:
348:
25:
2839:Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar
2799:Washington and Jefferson National Forests
2724:Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service
1804:Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798
481:, with states' rights proponents such as
2466:The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth
1787:Text of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1799
1744:Text of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798
916:. The Supreme Court held that under the
455:1800 United States presidential election
2759:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
1017:Unconstitutionality of the Fugitive Act
974:
3281:United States House of Representatives
2719:Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
2556:Jefferson and the Library of Congress
2531:Founding Fathers of the United States
2091:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
1405:, Library of Congress, December 1834.
1136:, Library of Congress, December 1834.
465:was so appalled by them that he told
334:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
7:
3327:Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution
2992:Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings
1749:Text of Virginia Resolutions of 1798
1536:, 188 F. Supp. 916 (E.D. La. 1960),
505:The resolutions opposed the federal
3305:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention
1939:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention
1877:Vice President of the United States
1534:Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board
1522:Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board
929:Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board
509:, which extended the powers of the
3769:James Madison Memorial High School
3663:Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace
2319:A Manual of Parliamentary Practice
525:. Kentucky's Resolution 1 stated:
244:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
100:End of slavery in British colonies
14:
4072:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
3606:Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
3562:Supervised the Louisiana Purchase
3552:Co-founder, American Whig Society
3347:Constitution of the United States
2313:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
1586:Wills, Gary. "James Madison". p49
398:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
233:The Impending Crisis of the South
75:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
4045:
4044:
3704:U.S. presidential election, 1808
3509:State of the Union Address (1810
3504:Second Bank of the United States
3199:
3198:
2844:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
1888:United States Secretary of State
1466:, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819)
587:passed it on December 24, 1798.
4097:Federalism in the United States
3737:James Madison Memorial Building
2849:250th Anniversary silver dollar
2249:Founder, University of Virginia
1452:, 14 U.S. (1 Wheat.) 304 (1816)
831:The Supreme Court rejected the
3957:American Philosophical Society
3534:Federal judiciary appointments
3337:1787 Constitutional Convention
3262:President of the United States
2789:Thomas Jefferson School of Law
2595:Separation of church and state
2504:American Philosophical Society
2441:Notes on the State of Virginia
2434:The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
1866:President of the United States
1665:The William and Mary Quarterly
1600:Anderson, Frank Maloy (1899).
1480:, 74 U.S. (7 Wall.) 700 (1869)
1280:Anderson, Frank Maloy (1899).
1225:Anderson, Frank Maloy (1899).
1:
3385:Virginia Ratifying Convention
3289:Congress of the Confederation
2749:University of Virginia statue
2583:JeffersonâHemings controversy
2221:Federal judicial appointments
1908:Congress of the Confederation
1615:Journal of the Early Republic
1051:jeffersonpapers.princeton.edu
935:Importance of the Resolutions
501:Provisions of the Resolutions
3390:United States Bill of Rights
2454:European journey memorandums
2194:State of the Union Addresses
2123:Dunbar and Hunter Expedition
1634:Oxford University Press, USA
1146:Fritz, Christian G. (2023),
1107:Taylor, Jeff (July 1, 2010)
730:Influence of the Resolutions
208:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall
170:Secession of Southern states
3632:The Papers of James Madison
3627:Pacificus-Helvidius Debates
3584:Democratic-Republican Party
3297:Virginia House of Delegates
3062:Cornelia Jefferson Randolph
2794:Thomas Jefferson University
2764:Thomas Jefferson Foundation
2271:Democratic-Republican Party
2189:West Point Military Academy
1981:Declaration of Independence
1931:Second Continental Congress
1557:. Oxford University Press.
872:Brown v. Board of Education
705:constitutional convention.
203:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy
47:End of Atlantic slave trade
4128:
2101:Lewis and Clark Expedition
1288:American Historical Review
1234:American Historical Review
1032:See Powell, H. Jefferson,
800:Ordinance of Nullification
559:History of the Resolutions
495:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
477:, the resolutions divided
290:Recapture of Anthony Burns
160:1860 presidential election
135:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
18:
4102:United States resolutions
4025:
3658:James Madison and slavery
3567:Anti-Administration party
3482:Seven Buildings residence
3332:1786 Annapolis Convention
3253:
3167:
3092:Frederick Madison Roberts
3014:Martha Jefferson Randolph
2934:(1997 documentary series)
2694:Thomas Jefferson Building
2266:Anti-Administration party
2003:All men are created equal
1857:
1718:Watkins, William (2004).
1624:; Eric McKitrick (1994).
1449:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
1403:"Notes, On Nullification"
1380:. Press-pubs.uchicago.edu
1134:"Notes, On Nullification"
1121:The American Conservative
1086:"Notes, On Nullification"
838:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
750:threatened to ignore the
656:Responses of other states
585:Virginia General Assembly
569:Kentucky General Assembly
239:OberlinâWellington Rescue
214:American Slavery As It Is
3749:James Madison University
2987:Wine bottles controversy
2779:Jefferson City, Missouri
2244:Franco-American alliance
1802:Dow, Douglas C. (2009):
1777:(also to Kentucky), and
786:The Nullification Crisis
579:James Madison wrote the
262:Trial of Reuben Crandall
175:Peace Conference of 1861
150:Caning of Charles Sumner
3950:Cognitive Madisonianism
3823:James Madison Institute
3273:U.S. Secretary of State
3160:(2nd great-grandfather)
3104:Jane Randolph Jefferson
3056:Ellen Randolph Coolidge
2638:Presidential elections
2541:Jefferson and education
2526:Committee of the States
2017:Consent of the governed
1896:U.S. Minister to France
1495:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1114:September 11, 2012, at
951:Jefferson's biographer
642:Alien and Sedition Acts
630:Alien and Sedition Acts
622:John Taylor of Caroline
563:There were two sets of
513:. They argued that the
507:Alien and Sedition Acts
410:Alien and Sedition Acts
155:LincolnâDouglas debates
4050:Category:James Madison
3921:American Enlightenment
3299:(1776â1779, 1784â1786)
2942:(2002 animated series)
2774:Monticello Association
2499:American Enlightenment
2460:Indian removal letters
2417:White House Colonnades
2412:Virginia State Capitol
2390:University of Virginia
2276:Jeffersonian democracy
2172:Native American policy
2042:Land Ordinance of 1785
2037:Land Ordinance of 1784
1722:. Palgrave Macmillan.
949:
775:
702:
674:
556:
542:
532:
479:Jeffersonian democrats
393:
383:
303:Virginia v. John Brown
296:Dred Scott v. Sandford
198:Nat Turner's Rebellion
3781:Madison Square Garden
3754:James Madison College
3653:Early life and career
3467:Burning of Washington
3362:The Federalist Papers
3086:T. Jefferson Coolidge
3082:(great-granddaughter)
3074:John Wayles Jefferson
2819:JeffersonâJackson Day
2754:David d'Angers statue
2551:Jefferson and slavery
2536:Historical reputation
2239:Early life and career
1971:(initial draft; 1775)
1969:Olive Branch Petition
1524:, 364 U.S. 500 (1960)
1463:McCulloch v. Maryland
1160:10.1017/9781009325608
844:McCulloch v. Maryland
551:
537:
527:
389:
379:
329:Battle of Fort Sumter
284:Prigg v. Pennsylvania
165:Crittenden Compromise
4082:1799 in American law
4077:1798 in American law
3916:Age of Enlightenment
3866:A More Perfect Union
3828:James Madison Museum
3499:Era of Good Feelings
3445:Battle of Tippecanoe
3110:Lucy Jefferson Lewis
3020:Mary Jefferson Eppes
2494:Age of Enlightenment
2128:Red River Expedition
1919:Governor of Virginia
1769:(also to Kentucky),
885:Richmond News Leader
861:School desegregation
792:nullification crisis
565:Kentucky Resolutions
475:Nullification Crisis
268:Commonwealth v. Aves
125:Nashville Convention
115:MexicanâAmerican War
85:Nullification crisis
3963:The American Museum
3818:James Madison Award
3803:U.S. postage stamps
3601:Library of Congress
3435:Second inauguration
3154:(great-grandfather)
2856:U.S. postage stamps
2824:Currency depictions
2804:Peaks and mountains
2734:Karl Bitter statues
2704:Jefferson Territory
2601:The American Museum
2509:American Revolution
2160:Non-Intercourse Act
2143:Embargo Act of 1807
2047:Northwest Ordinance
2030:Freedom of religion
1540:364 U.S. 500 (1960)
1512:, 358 U.S. 1 (1958)
1071:their limits." See
883:, an editor of the
881:James J. Kilpatrick
771:right of resistance
752:Embargo Act of 1807
581:Virginia Resolution
422:strict construction
140:KansasâNebraska Act
80:Missouri Compromise
70:Northwest Ordinance
35:
4031:â Thomas Jefferson
3927:Marbury v. Madison
3764:James Madison Park
3759:Madison, Wisconsin
3589:First Party System
3577:Compromise of 1790
3494:Second Barbary War
3430:First inauguration
3368:written by Madison
3116:Randolph Jefferson
3050:George W. Randolph
3044:Thomas J. Randolph
2955:Jefferson's Garden
2915:Jefferson in Paris
2679:Jefferson Memorial
2306:Compromise of 1790
2281:First Party System
2183:Marbury v. Madison
2106:Corps of Discovery
2096:Louisiana Purchase
1617:35#4 (Winter 2015)
1497:. August 17, 2010.
1339:February 2, 1799,
827:The compact theory
687:The Report of 1800
677:Alexander Hamilton
511:federal government
394:
384:
130:Compromise of 1850
33:American Civil War
4059:
4058:
3998:James Madison Sr.
3900:(2020 miniseries)
3472:The Octagon House
3213:
3212:
3080:Sarah N. Randolph
2983:(2020 miniseries)
2950:(2008 miniseries)
2784:Jefferson College
2744:Louisville statue
2714:Jefferson Lecture
2167:First Barbary War
2116:Empire of Liberty
2058:French Revolution
1987:Committee of Five
1954:the United States
1729:978-1-4039-6303-1
1710:978-1-56852-501-3
1643:978-0-19-509381-0
1564:978-0-19-501909-4
1551:Peterson, Merrill
1429:. Yale Law School
1343:vol 22 pp 452â53.
1290:: 45â63, 225â244.
1237:: 45â63, 225â244.
1169:978-1-009-32560-8
574:John Breckinridge
487:Principles of '98
463:George Washington
440:Principles of '98
372:
371:
221:Uncle Tom's Cabin
28:Events leading to
21:Virginia Resolves
4119:
4107:Thomas Jefferson
4048:
4047:
3970:Virginia dynasty
3945:Madisonian model
3934:National Gazette
3858:Magnificent Doll
3412:Founding Fathers
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3265:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3202:
3201:
3152:William Randolph
3094:(great-grandson)
3088:(great-grandson)
3008:Martha Jefferson
2923:Thomas Jefferson
2829:Jefferson nickel
2814:Other placenames
2739:Hempstead statue
2618:Virginia dynasty
2572:National Gazette
2261:Ratification Day
1997:physical history
1942:
1934:
1922:
1911:
1899:
1891:
1880:
1869:
1851:Thomas Jefferson
1844:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1733:
1714:
1688:
1647:
1631:
1610:
1608:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1547:
1541:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1487:
1481:
1473:
1467:
1459:
1453:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1423:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1374:
1368:
1364:Report of 1800,
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1309:
1302:Elliot, Jonathan
1298:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1265:
1256:
1249:Elliot, Jonathan
1245:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1202:
1192:Elliot, Jonathan
1187:
1181:
1180:
1143:
1137:
1132:Madison, James,
1130:
1124:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1084:Madison, James,
1082:
1076:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1043:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1013:
1007:
1004:
993:
990:
940:Merrill Peterson
918:Supremacy Clause
794:" of 1828â1833,
435:, respectively.
429:Thomas Jefferson
414:unconstitutional
381:Thomas Jefferson
364:
357:
350:
323:Star of the West
180:Corwin Amendment
145:Ostend Manifesto
110:Texas annexation
105:Texas Revolution
36:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4021:
4016:Ambrose Madison
4010:William Madison
4004:Eleanor Madison
3992:John Payne Todd
3974:
3904:
3720:popular culture
3719:
3713:
3672:
3641:
3637:Founders Online
3615:
3544:
3538:
3477:Treaty of Ghent
3416:
3318:
3317:"Father of the
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3268:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3214:
3209:
3180:James Madison â
3163:
3098:Peter Jefferson
3064:(granddaughter)
3058:(granddaughter)
3032:Madison Hemings
3026:Harriet Hemings
2996:
2872:
2865:
2834:Two-dollar bill
2699:Jefferson River
2664:
2658:
2627:
2566:Pet mockingbird
2546:Religious views
2482:
2478:Founders Online
2421:
2354:
2347:
2232:accomplishments
2231:
2225:
2177:Burr conspiracy
2138:Cumberland Road
2133:Pike Expedition
2072:
2052:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1925:
1914:
1902:
1894:
1883:
1872:
1861:
1853:
1848:
1740:
1730:
1717:
1711:
1701:Alfred A. Knopf
1691:
1677:10.2307/1917453
1662:
1644:
1622:Elkins, Stanley
1620:
1599:
1596:
1594:Further reading
1591:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1509:Cooper v. Aaron
1506:
1502:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1409:
1401:Madison, James
1400:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1341:Hamilton Papers
1338:
1334:
1327:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1279:
1274:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1170:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1027:
1014:
1010:
1005:
996:
991:
976:
971:
937:
905:Cooper v. Aaron
902:In the case of
863:
855:Abraham Lincoln
829:
788:
732:
689:
658:
626:Old Republicans
561:
503:
485:supporting the
483:John C. Calhoun
368:
339:
338:
317:
309:
308:
257:
249:
248:
227:Bleeding Kansas
193:
185:
184:
65:
57:
56:
42:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4125:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4092:1799 documents
4089:
4087:1798 documents
4084:
4079:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4041:
4038:James Monroe â
4034:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3986:Dolley Madison
3982:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3942:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3894:
3878:
3874:Liberty's Kids
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3798:Madison Street
3795:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3776:Madison Square
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3620:Other writings
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3611:Report of 1800
3608:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3581:
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3545:accomplisments
3540:
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3496:
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3464:
3459:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3440:Tecumseh's War
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3407:Tariff of 1789
3404:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3395:27th amendment
3387:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3358:
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3344:
3334:
3329:
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3277:
3266:
3254:
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3250:
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3235:
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3220:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3146:Isham Randolph
3143:
3142:(grand-nephew)
3140:Dabney S. Carr
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
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3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3004:
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2998:
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2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2939:Liberty's Kids
2935:
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2919:
2911:
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2909:
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2894:
2886:
2877:
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2867:
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2836:
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2816:
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2809:Jefferson Rock
2806:
2801:
2796:
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2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
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2696:
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2684:Mount Rushmore
2681:
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2568:
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2561:Jefferson Pier
2558:
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2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
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2516:
2506:
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2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2427:
2426:Other writings
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2405:Jefferson Hall
2402:
2397:
2387:
2382:
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2380:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2348:
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2345:
2338:
2333:
2331:Jefferson disk
2328:
2326:American Creed
2323:
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2298:
2290:
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2044:
2039:
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2032:
2022:
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2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1935:
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1900:
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1839:
1832:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1746:
1739:
1738:External links
1736:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1715:
1709:
1693:Koch, Adrienne
1689:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:Gutzman, Kevin
1648:
1642:
1618:
1611:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1563:
1542:
1526:
1514:
1500:
1482:
1477:Texas v. White
1468:
1454:
1440:
1418:
1407:
1391:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1332:
1325:
1293:
1272:
1240:
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1168:
1138:
1125:
1109:States' Fights
1100:
1090:
1077:
1063:
1038:
1025:
1008:
994:
973:
972:
970:
967:
963:James Garfield
936:
933:
862:
859:
850:Texas v. White
833:compact theory
828:
825:
816:Andrew Jackson
812:Tariff of 1832
808:Tariff of 1828
802:purporting to
796:South Carolina
787:
784:
731:
728:
724:
723:
718:
717:
715:
693:Report of 1800
688:
685:
657:
654:
560:
557:
546:compact theory
502:
499:
491:Andrew Jackson
489:and President
426:Vice President
418:states' rights
370:
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344:
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137:
132:
127:
122:
120:Wilmot Proviso
117:
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107:
102:
97:
95:Tariff of 1828
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
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49:
43:
40:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4124:
4113:
4112:James Madison
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
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4080:
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4067:
4052:
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4039:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4018:(grandfather)
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3983:
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3966:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3955:
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3943:
3941:
3940:Paul Jennings
3938:
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3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3899:
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3892:
3888:
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3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:(2002 series)
3875:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3851:James Madison
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3835:James Madison
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Mount Madison
3791:
3789:
3788:Madison River
3786:
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3774:
3770:
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3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3594:republicanism
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3572:Residence Act
3570:
3568:
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3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
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3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Henry letters
3460:
3458:
3455:
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3438:
3436:
3433:
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3369:
3366:
3365:
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3359:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Virginia Plan
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3319:Constitution"
3314:
3306:
3302:
3298:
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3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
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3267:
3263:
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3256:
3255:
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3248:
3247:James Madison
3241:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
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3218:
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3196:
3195:
3192:
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3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
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3170:
3169:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3148:(grandfather)
3147:
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3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
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3087:
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3068:Francis Eppes
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
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3038:Eston Hemings
3036:
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3027:
3024:
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2769:Jefferson Lab
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2630:
2624:
2623:Ward republic
2621:
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2616:
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2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2588:Betty Hemings
2586:
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2578:Sally Hemings
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2385:Poplar Forest
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2369:
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2363:Barboursville
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2320:
2316:
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2307:
2304:
2303:
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2301:Residence Act
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:republicanism
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1776:
1775:New Hampshire
1772:
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1763:Massachusetts
1760:
1756:
1753:Answers from
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1354:
1353:Rice, Otis K.
1349:
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1328:
1326:0-8337-1038-9
1322:
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1273:0-8337-1038-9
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3187:â John Adams
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2882:The Patriots
2880:
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1431:. Retrieved
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1382:. Retrieved
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3868:(1989 film)
3861:(1946 film)
3543:Other noted
3452:War of 1812
3291:(1781â1783)
3283:(1789â1797)
3275:(1801â1809)
3264:(1809â1817)
3158:Henry Soane
3134:Dabney Carr
3128:Samuel Carr
2958:(2015 play)
2926:(1997 film)
2918:(1995 film)
2885:(1946 play)
2608:Tufton Farm
2395:The Rotunda
2230:Other noted
2065:Co-author,
1933:(1775â1776)
1921:(1779â1781)
1910:(1783â1784)
1898:(1785â1789)
1890:(1790â1793)
1879:(1797â1801)
1868:(1801â1809)
1771:Connecticut
1021:Byron Paine
958:Garry Wills
763:War of 1812
744:Connecticut
736:New England
459:Ron Chernow
4066:Categories
3898:Washington
3718:Legacy and
3668:Montpelier
3422:Presidency
3122:Peter Carr
3076:(grandson)
3070:(grandson)
3052:(grandson)
3046:(grandson)
3028:(daughter)
3022:(daughter)
3016:(daughter)
2980:Washington
2947:John Adams
2890:Ben and Me
2873:depictions
2663:Legacy and
2373:Monticello
2368:Farmington
2149:Chesapeake
2086:Transition
2078:Presidency
969:References
924:decision.
879:decision.
798:passed an
779:convention
4012:(brother)
3994:(stepson)
3732:Memorials
3677:Elections
3118:(brother)
2972:2020 film
2907:1972 film
2666:memorials
2632:Elections
2469:(c. 1819)
2342:Megalonyx
1304:(1907) .
1251:(1907) .
1194:(1907) .
1178:255537670
471:Civil War
64:Political
4006:(mother)
4000:(father)
3965:magazine
3882:Hamilton
3204:Category
3136:(nephew)
3130:(nephew)
3124:(nephew)
3112:(sister)
3106:(mother)
3100:(father)
2962:Hamilton
2931:Liberty!
2871:Cultural
2689:Birthday
2603:magazine
2514:patriots
2400:The Lawn
2111:timeline
1992:authored
1950:Founding
1927:Delegate
1904:Delegate
1808:Archived
1767:New York
1755:Delaware
1695:(1950).
1553:(1975).
1112:Archived
869:decided
810:and the
670:Resolved
523:Congress
406:Virginia
402:Kentucky
316:Military
256:Judicial
90:Gag rule
41:Economic
3909:Related
3887:musical
3843:Madison
3529:Cabinet
3487:results
3457:origins
2729:Statues
2487:Related
2378:gardens
2254:history
2216:Cabinet
2153:Leopard
1983:(1776)
1929:to the
1906:to the
1779:Vermont
1685:1917453
1433:May 11,
1023:(1854).
804:nullify
519:compact
517:was a "
276:Amistad
3988:(wife)
3979:Family
3742:statue
3378:No. 51
3373:No. 10
3307:(1776)
3010:(wife)
3001:Family
2456:(1787)
2450:(1786)
2444:(1785)
2322:(1801)
2297:(1790)
2155:affair
2069:(1789)
2049:(1787)
1977:(1775)
1965:(1774)
1941:(1776)
1799:(1799)
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847:, and
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567:. The
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192:Social
3833:USRC
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3034:(son)
1681:JSTOR
1538:aff'd
1174:S2CID
1019:, by
922:Brown
877:Brown
3891:film
3849:USS
3841:USS
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3699:1794
3694:1792
3689:1790
3646:Life
3519:1815
3514:1814
2897:1776
2652:1804
2647:1800
2642:1796
2209:1805
2204:1802
2199:1801
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1638:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1435:2009
1386:2012
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1015:See
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