269:
interviewing local school lunch administrators to discuss cost-effective options that gave them more flexibility in meal planning. In his testimony before the
Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education on September 17, 1981, FNS Administrator G. William Hoagland described the ongoing frustration expressed by local school lunch administrators in having to adhere to strict guidelines in what foods to serve. "This is not a homogeneous nation. It is a compendium of likes and tastes", he said. Hoagland stated that the resulting proposed regulations reflected the opinions and needs communicated by local school districts.
22:
369:
quantities served while still contributing to a student's daily RDA intake. The FNS detailed minimum quantity requirements to receive federal reimbursement—schools could still serve larger portions. In addition, under the FNS' offer versus serve proposal, while children would be offered full-size portions of all five meal items, high school students could choose to take only three. Children would also have the option to request tasting-size portions of each meal component instead of full portions. Under the proposal, minimum quantities of the following food components were reduced:
228:
program, and the School Milk
Program. The term "school", as defined in the Child Nutrition Act, now excluded private institutions with annual tuition exceeding specified amounts. The act also revised the income eligibility standards which determined which students received reduced cost or no-cost lunches and introduced stricter checks and balances to prevent income fudging. The previous requirement that a child's family income be at or below $ 17,560 to receive a reduced cost or no-cost lunch was dropped to $ 15,630 and the following new income standards were established:
423:
of a roll, nine grapes, six US fluid ounces (180 ml) of milk, and six French fries. She described a second meal that included "a lot of relish and ketchup on a tiny hamburger" as also meeting the full quantity of both meat and vegetables as established by the new regulations. The Food
Research and Action Center, among other nutritional advocacy groups, were part of an opposition campaign that, according to proponents of the new FNS regulations, lacked faith in local school lunch administrators to plan healthy school lunches that adhered to the new standards.
499:, Subcommittee Chairman and US Representative from Kentucky, cited a Washington State study which found the state's low income children received 48 percent of their daily nutrition intake from the meals offered in the School Lunch Program. In the hearing, he voiced the concern of other critics of the regulation, asking, "By watering down the requirements for a school lunch, isn't the department showing it is not concerned with the health of millions of low-income children who cannot supplement their diets with alternative sources of nutrition?"
114:(FNS) was tasked with proposing ways to implement the regulations while maintaining nutritional requirements for school lunches despite the lower funding. Among the recommendations made in September 3, 1981 was a proposal to give local school lunch administrators flexibility in accrediting substitute food items that met FNS nutritional requirements and regulations. The report stated an item could not be counted as a bread that was not
610:
442:, later defended such an interpretation. "There was great misunderstanding in the and as to how these regulations are viewed," Johnson told reporters in September 1981. "I think it would be a mistake to say that ketchup per se was classified as a vegetable. ... Ketchup in combination with other things was classified as a vegetable." Asked for examples of such other things, Johnson replied, "French fries or hamburgers."
634:
384:
quantities, such meals would "continue to be excellent nutrient sources". Hoagland explained that caloric intake would be reduced by four percent (from 21 percent to 17 percent), but certain meal components surpassed existing RDA requirements: protein and niacin met half of RDA; vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin B-12 exceed one third of RDA; and calcium and vitamin C met the one third requirement.
219:, establishing ceiling rates for grants on nutrition, and reducing provisions to specific, qualified institutions. It also made a range of cost-savings provisions—including reducing federal funding for school lunch general reimbursements, commodity, special assistance, and the child care food program-to reduce the Federal School Lunch and Child Nutrition Programs budget by eight percent.
622:
474:
schools to drop out of the program. Marshall L. Matz, an attorney for the association, stated that less than one third of students would be eligible for subsidized lunches in the majority of school districts. Unless the
Federal Government was able to expand assistance, school districts would be unable to serve such higher-priced lunches he hypothesized.
542:"Mr. Hoagland... was lashed on Capitol Hill and skewered by the White House, which removed him from his job two days before Thanksgiving." Hoagland attributed the strength of hunger lobby groups as the source of the FNS regulations downfall. "I may have let the President down by not carefully orchestrating the groups." According to
485:
As voiced by FNS Administrator
Hoagland, increasing the costs for full-priced meals and reducing portion sizes, as recommended in the regulations, were necessary to ensure the continued participation of schools in the School Lunch Program. Low-income children would be hurt more if schools dropped the
473:
Under the new standards, "kids who were poor last year aren't anymore", said Edward Cooney, attorney with the Food
Research and Action Center and a critic of the regulations. Other advocacy groups including the American School Food Service Association projected that changes in eligibility would drive
422:
During her testimony before the
Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education on September 17, 1981, Food Research and Action Center Director Nancy Amidei described a "mini meal" that she stated would meet the proposed FNS standards made up of a 1.5-ounce (43 g) hamburger, half
368:
To generate the immediate cost savings required in the
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, the FNS authors argued that simplifying administrative burdens and introducing choice and flexibility with alternative meal options could only do so much. As a result, the report proposed decreasing food
133:
In the Reagan administration’s attempt to slash $ 1.5 billion from children’s nutrition funding, school lunch program requirements were worded (whether deliberately or not) so as to conceivably allow for designating ketchup as a vegetable, allowing the USDA to eliminate one of the two vegetables
355:
Section II of the FNS proposed regulations concluded expounding the benefits of increased menu variety in increasing children's knowledge of different types of foods and in improving overall nutritional education. Because there were a host of viable, alternate food options not specifically mentioned
300:
Beyond simplifying school-wide reporting requirements, the report focused on adjusting the number of age/grade patterns and their associated meal plans. Instead of the previous five age-specific groups, the report suggested streamlining meal plans to fall within three, more general groups—preschool,
268:
As requested in
Section 818 of the act, such proposed regulations had to be based on a full review of all potential cost saving opportunities that local school districts could implement. The administrator and staff of the Food and Nutrition Service participated in a countrywide fact-finding mission,
197:
of 1966 further enhanced and strengthened the
National School Lunch Program by extending the Special Milk Program, piloting a breakfast program, and adding support for non-food items such as equipment and additional staff. In addition, the act centralized the management and ongoing administration of
296:
Several of the report's recommendations centered on eliminating some of the School Lunch Program record keeping and cost reporting burdens required of local school administrators. The report proposed streamlining procedures for school mid-year announcements and eliminating school biannual estimates
502:
In his testimony before the Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education, FNS Administrator Hoagland countered this statistic citing the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey of 1977–1978 which found that children's eating patterns have evolved from eating three to now five meals a
406:
magazine illustrated its story with a bottle of ketchup captioned "now a vegetable". The proposal was criticized by nutritionists and Democratic politicians who staged photo ops where they dined on nutrition-poor meals that conformed to the new lax standards. Compounding this outrage, the same day
264:
The Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981 required that final regulations be made available by November 11, 1981–90 days after the act's signing into law— and assigned the USDA's Food and Nutrition Service with proposing regulations to carry out the act's requirements. At the time the act became law,
176:
of 1946 established the nonprofit National School Lunch Program to ensure the health and well-being of American children and increase the domestic consumption of agricultural products and commodities. Under Section II of the National School Lunch Act, eligible students at all participating schools
383:
In his testimony before the Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education of the Committee on Education and Labor of the U.S. House of Representatives, G. William Hoagland, administrator of the Food and Nutrition Service, defended these changes and contended that despite reduced
333:
Vegetables and Fruits: The report proposed adjusting the two or more servings of fruit or vegetables meal requirement that had been in place since 1958 to allow such dishes to be served separately or combined. The report adjusted requirements related to fruit/vegetable concentrates and eliminated
227:
Title VIII of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981 extended the spending cuts enacted by the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1980 to include ending federal assistance for food service materials and shrinking appropriations allocated for nutrition education, special assistance, the child care food
514:
Another argument in support of the adjusted meal plans was voiced by Elizabeth Cagan, director of the New York City Bureau of School Lunches at the subcommittee hearing: "Unless food gets inside a kid, it doesn't give him any nutrition", She added that in New York City she has observed much food
434:
piece noted that "ketchup, of course was never mentioned in the proposals, which were designed to give local school officials more flexibility in planning their meals." Administrator Hoagland responded to the media generated by the ketchup controversy, stating "it's an insult to me and to school
309:
Designed to give school lunch administrators increased flexibility and broader food choices when planning school lunches, the FNS proposed additional food choices that could be offered. Such additions complied with the overall five food plan that required all school lunches include a meat, milk,
356:
in the report, the FNS gave state agencies authority to explore additional alternates as long as they were reported to the FNS and met the meal crediting requirements. Bread that was not made of enriched flour would not count as a bread alternate, but a state "could credit a condiment such as
251:
to find opportunities for cost savings at the local level. The act went on to require the USDA to "exhaust all alternatives for lowering local program costs" and ensure that proposals demonstrated a notable fiscal impact to the local community while meeting nutritional requirements. While all
535:
On September 25, 1981, President Reagan withdrew the original regulations proposed by the Food and Nutrition Service due in part to the sharp criticism from the opposition. Afterwards the Food and Nutrition Service submitted revised proposals on November 17, 1981 that removed all mention of
301:
elementary, and secondary students—and made such meal portions consistent within these specified groups. Additionally, school administrators were advised to focus on bulk production rather than per-plate individual quantities and encouraged to develop their own per-plate monitoring systems.
567:
could continue to be counted as a vegetable in school lunches. The move resulted in widespread mockery, with headlines saying Congress had declared pizza to be a vegetable. The blocking legislation was criticized heavily, since the change had also been lobbied for by food companies such as
330:, and equivalencies of dry beans, peas, or eggs could also be considered meat alternates. Instead of requiring meat or a meat alternate to make up the main dish of the meal, the report proposed eliminating this requirement to increase cost savings and give local officials more flexibility.
134:
required to meet minimum food and nutrition standards, and thus shrink costs. It also offered a group of protein substitutes – yogurt, nuts and sunflower seeds – and suggested that tofu, a soybean cake, be substituted for a hamburger to save money.
255:
Other elements of the act included spending reductions in student loan programs; civil service, postal service, and related programs; highway and rail; airport and airway improvements; veterans' programs; small business; Medicare and Medicaid; and Social Security Act Programs.
554:
In 2011, Congress passed a bill that barred the USDA from changing its nutritional guidelines for school lunches. The proposed changes would have limited the amount of potatoes allowed in lunches, required more green vegetables, and declared a half-cup (120 ml) of
337:
Bread: The regulations proposed expanding the definition of bread to include any food with enriched or whole-grain flour. For example, pasta, crackers, dry cereals, rolls, pretzels, rice, and rolled oats were also listed as foods that could be counted towards the bread
181:. As the 1981 Food and Nutrition Service regulations later explained, while no formal requirement existed requiring that school lunches provide a specific percentage of daily nutrients, it had come to be expected that meals would generally provide one third of daily
265:
over 26 million children in 94,000 schools participated in the National School Lunch Plan. Of the participating students, 38 percent received free meals, 7 percent received reduced-price meals, and over half (55 percent) paid full cost.
523:
Nearly 400 participating schools, serving an estimated 2.8 million students, dropped out of the School Lunch Program between September 1980 and September 1981. Specific school districts witnessed large percentages of students choosing to
341:
Milk: The report proposed eliminating milk-type requirements thereby allowing schools to choose the type of milk to serve. While 1979 meal plan requirements were expanded to allow school lunch administrators to also serve low fat, skim, and
454:"Sore President of the Year Award" writing "it was given to President Reagan on the basis of reports that in spite of the ever-pleasant smile, he is secretly sore on his old botany teacher for telling him that ketchup is a vegetable."
494:
Critics of the proposed regulations argued that low-income children would be the most affected by the proposed meal quantity reductions in the plan as they depend upon school lunches for upwards of half of their daily nutrients.
481:
countered this opinion stating that schools in the country's highest poverty areas would be the least affected by the subsidy reductions and "will be receiving a greater Federal reimbursement than any of the other schools."
243:
The act established the subsidy cuts of 11 cents on full-price meals, 23 cents on reduced-cost meals, and three cents on free meals. As a result, the cost for a reduced-cost meal doubled to 40 cents over the prior year.
445:
The condiment became an easy visual for skeptics to cite when criticizing the Reagan Administration and the proposed regulations. Reporter Benjamin Weinraub called the issue "the Emperor's new condiments", and reporter
147:
reporter Benjamin Weinraub, "the opposition had a Dickensian field day of outrage and mockery that contrasted school children's shrinking meal subsidies with the Pentagon generals' groaning board of budget increases."
210:
Within its broad goal to "implement the reconciliation requirements provided for in the First Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for the fiscal year 1981", the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1980 amended both the
765:(September 4, 1981), "National School Lunch, School Breakfast, and Child Care Food Programs; Meal Pattern Requirements", Federal Register 46 FR 44452, Food and Nutrition Service, US Department of Agriculture
1252:. Series: Surveys of Food Consumption, 1965 - 1998. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, and Food Surveys Research Group. Spring 1977.
465:, said, "Ketchup is a condiment. This is one of the most ridiculous regulations I ever heard of, and I suppose I need not add that I know something about ketchup and relish, or did at one time."
106:, reduced the Federal School Lunch and Child Nutrition Programs budget by approximately eight percent. Building upon these reductions, the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981 (passed as the
346:
in addition to whole milk, storage and inventory issues made the additional selections a hindrance. Administrators could serve yogurt instead of milk to meet this requirement of the meal plan.
1096:
71:
enacted by the Omnibus Reconciliation Acts of 1980 and 1981. The proposed changes allowed administrators to meet nutritional requirements by crediting food items not explicitly listed. While
1286:
376:
For all elementary/secondary students: A vegetable or fruit serving was reduced from three-quarters of a cup to a half-cup and bread was reduced from eight servings/week to one serving/day
1175:
1001:
297:
of eligible subsidized lunch recipients. In addition, the report proposed removing the Hardship Provision, which had allowed families to file claims for unexpected high costs.
373:
For 4th, 5th, and 6th graders: A required meat or meat alternate was reduced from two ounces to 1.5 ounces (the 1.5 ounce quantity was already required for the younger grades)
503:
day, and that the previous theory that children receive one third of nutrients at lunch time was no longer true. In addition, Hoagland noted that the recent expansion of the
1417:
1301:"Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 9 / Thursday, January 13, 2011 / Proposed Rules p.2494 – Nutrition Standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs"
1432:
1422:
841:
1193:
1037:
Oversight Hearings on Meal Pattern Changes in the School Lunch Program H341-21; Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education; September 17, 1981
252:
alternative plans had to meet the nutritional requirements established by the Secretary of Agriculture, the act did not require meals to deliver one third of RDA.
1427:
1374:
110:) slashed the 1982 budget for the Federal School Lunch Program by an additional 25 percent. To administer the requirements made by the acts, the USDA's
1407:
1227:
177:
gained access to free or reduced-cost school lunches. Served lunches had to meet minimum nutrition requirements as stated in Section 9a, and as set by the
416:
816:
532:, nearly half (46 percent) of students dropped out of the program as a result of a 30 percent increase in the cost of subsidized meal costs.
588:
1278:
539:
Despite such revisions, the Reagan Administration's policy was never implemented and FNS Administrator Hoagland was fired at the end of November.
53:
1341:
867:
178:
1167:
511:) and other similar programs that provided food assistance to low-income children now offered an additional safety net to such populations.
379:
For preschool students: Milk was reduced from six to four ounces for preschool students and from eight to six ounces for elementary students
277:
The Food and Nutrition Service's Proposed Plan was designed around three major goals towards providing more flexibility to local programs:
438:
While ketchup was not explicitly referenced as a vegetable substitute in the regulations, James Johnson, an aide to Agriculture Secretary
1307:
993:
1132:
1071:
784:
67:. The regulations were intended to provide meal planning flexibility to local school lunch administrators coping with cuts to the
430:
piece stated "ketchup, which has a high sugar content, was defined under new Government rules as a vegetable", while a December
281:
to simplify administration of the National School Lunch Program as well as the School Breakfast Program and Child Care Program,
141:
administration for cutting school lunch budgets and allowing ketchup and other condiments to count as vegetables. According to
21:
965:
182:
942:
1088:
536:
condiments counting as vegetables and adhered to the goal of providing one third of all daily nutrients in school lunches.
68:
600:
477:
In his testimony before the Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education, Pennsylvania Representative
199:
407:
that the USDA announced the cost-cutting proposal for school lunches, the White House purchased $ 209,508 worth of new
247:
Section 818 of the act required that the Secretary of Agriculture review nutritional requirements of Section 10 of the
232:
Children of families with an income of $ 10,990 or less qualified for a free lunch (previously this was $ 11,520); and
64:
1253:
515:
served to younger children was wasted – especially green beans, peas, carrots, and mixed vegetables.
86:
A similar controversy arose in 2011, when Congress passed a bill prohibiting the USDA from increasing the amount of
1219:
111:
60:
937:
212:
173:
157:
837:
563:(30 mL). The blocking of these proposed higher standards meant that the smaller amount of tomato paste in
808:
107:
898:
426:
Multiple articles in the press voiced conflicting statements on the ketchup controversy. A September 1981
156:
The Food and Nutrition Service proposed regulations had roots in four previous pieces of legislation: the
1333:
1300:
871:
529:
435:
lunchroom officials to say that we would even consider forcing kids to eat ketchup as a vegetable."
1412:
478:
248:
216:
194:
161:
614:
504:
236:
115:
1364:
1067:
780:
668:
119:
1250:"Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 1977–1978: Household Data, Elderly Survey, With Weights"
1124:
164:
of 1966, the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1980, and the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981.
1402:
408:
334:
requirements that vegetable or fruit juice can only account for half of a vegetable serving.
638:
496:
451:
708:
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bread, and two vegetables or fruit. Alternates were proposed for all five food groups.
143:
633:
1396:
582:
447:
439:
412:
357:
138:
123:
76:
870:. United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Archived from
572:, and the block was a substantial blow to efforts to make school lunches healthier.
392:
The critical response centered on several key elements of the proposed regulations:
235:
Children of families with incomes between $ 10,990 and $ 15,630 were eligible for a
1249:
593:
556:
525:
508:
103:
87:
49:
29:
957:
932:
626:
322:
could be served as a replacement for half of the meat requirement. In addition,
292:
Section I: removing red tape in record keeping & streamlining administration
45:
32: – two products derived from plant materials, both in the genus
560:
507:(which supported those with an income of 130 percent of the gross income
458:
343:
319:
127:
80:
559:
to count as a serving of vegetables, rather than the current standard of 2
1369:
402:
351:
School choice in crediting food alternates: pickle relish as a vegetable
94:
with two tablespoons (30 mL) of tomato paste to qualify as a vegetable.
1148:
569:
215:
of 1946 and the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 by cutting funding for the
72:
34:
25:
621:
137:
Critics demonstrated outrage in Congress and in the media against the
712:
323:
315:
102:
The Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1980, signed into law by President
1365:"Pizza is a Vegetable? Congress Defies Logic, Betrays Our Children"
1168:"President Gets Revised Proposals for Standards on School Lunches"
564:
462:
91:
20:
777:
The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution, 1980–1989
327:
868:"The National School Lunch Program Background and Development"
486:
program as they would not receive free or subsidized lunches.
287:
revise how certain foods were counted towards nutrition goals.
528:
rather than pay the now higher priced meals. For example, in
994:"Many Children Decide Not to Buy More Costly School Lunches"
79:
was used as an example of an item that could count as a
1123:
Clines, Francis X.; Gailey, Phil (December 24, 1981).
1192:
Thornton, Mary; Schram, Martin (September 26, 1981).
598:
90:
required to constitute a vegetable; the bill allowed
669:"H.R. 7765 – The Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1980"
709:"H.R. 3982, "Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981""
707:House Committee on The Budget (August 13, 1981).
1187:
1185:
838:"H.R. 3370, "National School Lunch Act of 1946""
260:Food and Nutrition Service proposed regulations
75:was not mentioned in the original regulations,
1146:"Cut-Rate School Lunch Scorned by Senators".
1089:"She May Be Decorating The White House. Shh!"
8:
1161:
1159:
1033:
1031:
933:"US Children Snub High-Cost School Lunches"
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
987:
985:
983:
802:
800:
798:
796:
318:along with other nuts and seeds and their
1418:School meal programs in the United States
1118:
1116:
1114:
866:Gunderson, Gordon W. (February 2, 2012).
807:Weinraub, Benjamin (September 28, 1981).
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
589:School meal programs in the United States
546:, "there's a lobby guarding every dish."
16:American political controversy circa 1981
945:from the original on September 22, 2015.
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
461:of Pennsylvania, whose family owned the
122:, "but could credit a condiment such as
1433:1981 controversies in the United States
1423:United States Department of Agriculture
1273:
1271:
1087:Brown, Patricia Leigh (April 1, 1993).
956:Harsch, Jonathan (September 17, 1981).
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
651:
605:
1377:from the original on November 20, 2011
1363:Wartman, Kristin (November 18, 2011).
1344:from the original on November 26, 2020
1313:from the original on November 25, 2011
1135:from the original on January 26, 2018.
1064:Nancy Reagan: The Woman Behind the Man
968:from the original on December 26, 2021
844:from the original on November 14, 2012
819:from the original on January 25, 2018.
1428:Metaphors referring to food and drink
1334:"House protects pizza as a vegetable"
1332:Baertlein, Lisa (November 18, 2011).
1230:from the original on January 25, 2018
958:"Reagan cuts eat into school lunches"
926:
924:
922:
920:
893:
891:
889:
861:
859:
832:
830:
828:
826:
400:Reporting on the proposed directive,
284:reduce meal portion requirements, and
48:stemmed from proposed regulations of
7:
1218:Baker, Russell (December 30, 1981).
931:Germani, Clara (November 10, 1981).
457:Critics included Republican Senator
1408:Reagan administration controversies
1194:"U.S. Holds the Ketchup in Schools"
1289:from the original on May 30, 2022.
1285:. November 26, 1981. p. A26.
1178:from the original on May 24, 2015.
1166:Pear, Robert (November 18, 1981).
1099:from the original on July 14, 2016
1066:. Nova Publishers. p. 93–94.
1004:from the original on May 24, 2015.
223:Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981
206:Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1980
14:
1256:from the original on May 30, 2022
1051:. September 21, 1981. p. 43.
992:Pear, Robert (October 21, 1981).
779:. Random House. p. 187–188.
360:as a vegetable (Section II, 5)".
632:
620:
608:
198:the School Lunch Program to the
1047:"Who Deserves a Break Today?".
899:"Lunch Cuts Raise Legal Issues"
1062:Loizeau, Pierre-Marie (2004).
183:Recommended Dietary Allowances
1:
962:The Christian Science Monitor
469:Changes in income eligibility
69:National School Lunch Program
200:US Department of Agriculture
63:(FNS) in 1981, early in the
809:"Washington Talk; Briefing"
775:Hayward, Steven F. (2009).
65:presidency of Ronald Reagan
1449:
450:gave President Reagan the
415:embossed in gold with the
305:Section II: meal crediting
112:Food and Nutrition Service
61:Food and Nutrition Service
1220:"Pain's Greatest Moments"
938:Christian Science Monitor
213:National School Lunch Act
174:National School Lunch Act
168:National School Lunch Act
158:National School Lunch Act
179:Secretary of Agriculture
43:ketchup as a vegetable
38:
1152:. September 25, 1981.
526:bring their own lunch
24:
905:. September 17, 1981
530:Clark County, Nevada
1198:The Washington Post
544:The Washington Post
479:William F. Goodling
364:Quantity reductions
249:Child Nutrition Act
217:School Milk Program
195:Child Nutrition Act
189:Child Nutrition Act
162:Child Nutrition Act
152:Legislative history
1224:The New York Times
1172:The New York Times
1129:The New York Times
1093:The New York Times
998:The New York Times
903:The New York Times
874:on August 13, 2013
813:The New York Times
675:. December 5, 1980
505:Food Stamp Program
490:Diluting nutrition
463:H.J. Heinz company
320:associated butters
237:reduced-price meal
108:Gramm–Latta Budget
39:
1279:"Tofu and Turkey"
417:presidential seal
314:Meat Alternates:
1440:
1387:
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1360:
1354:
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1323:
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1204:
1189:
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1163:
1154:
1153:
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1120:
1109:
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1106:
1104:
1084:
1078:
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1059:
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1044:
1038:
1035:
1006:
1005:
989:
978:
977:
975:
973:
953:
947:
946:
928:
915:
914:
912:
910:
895:
884:
883:
881:
879:
863:
854:
853:
851:
849:
840:. June 4, 1946.
834:
821:
820:
804:
791:
790:
772:
766:
763:
724:
723:
721:
719:
704:
685:
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665:
637:
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58:
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673:Congress.gov
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1260:December 9,
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848:December 2,
718:October 15,
615:Agriculture
561:tablespoons
120:whole-grain
46:controversy
1413:Vegetables
1397:Categories
1125:"Briefing"
646:References
459:John Heinz
344:buttermilk
128:vegetable
81:vegetable
1375:Archived
1370:HuffPost
1342:Archived
1308:Archived
1287:Archived
1254:Archived
1228:Archived
1176:Archived
1133:Archived
1097:Archived
1049:Newsweek
1002:Archived
966:Archived
943:Archived
842:Archived
817:Archived
639:Politics
576:See also
403:Newsweek
388:Reaction
116:enriched
1403:Ketchup
1348:July 5,
1338:Reuters
1149:Reuters
972:May 30,
601:Portals
570:ConAgra
519:Results
428:Reuters
396:Ketchup
316:Peanuts
185:(RDA).
98:Summary
73:ketchup
52:by the
35:Solanum
26:Ketchup
1070:
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713:THOMAS
324:yogurt
1311:(PDF)
1304:(PDF)
565:pizza
409:china
126:as a
92:pizza
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1383:2011
1350:2021
1319:2011
1262:2012
1236:2024
1205:2024
1105:2017
1068:ISBN
974:2022
911:2024
880:2012
850:2012
781:ISBN
720:2012
681:2024
627:Food
411:and
328:tofu
193:The
172:The
130:."
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41:The
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