Bulletproof vest - Knowledge

1327:(ESAPI) specification was developed to protect from more penetrative ammunition. ESAPI ceramic plates have a green fabric cover with the text "7.62mm APM2 Protection" on the back and a density of 35–45 kg/m (7–9 lb/ft); they are designed to stop bullets like the .30-06 AP (M2) with a hardened steel core. Depending on revision, the plate may stop more than one. Since the issuance of CO/PD 04-19D on January 14, 2007, ESAPI plates are required to stop three rounds of M2AP. The plates may be differentiated by the text "REV." on the back, followed by a letter. A few years after the fielding of the ESAPI, the Department of Defense began to issue XSAPI plates in response to a perceived threat of AP projectiles in Iraq and Afghanistan. Over 120,000 inserts were procured; however, the AP threats they were meant to stop never materialized, and the plates were put into storage. XSAPI plates are required to stop three rounds of either the 7.62×51mm M993 or 5.56×45mm M995 tungsten-carbide armor-piercing projectiles (like newer ESAPIs, the third shot occurs with the plate tilted towards the shooter), and are distinguished by a tan cover with the text "7.62mm AP/ 2183: 1476:

45 joules of impact energy. In addition to impact energy attack, velocities were measured and were found to be 10–20 m/s (much faster than the California test). Two commercial knives were selected for use in this PSDB test method. In order to test at a representative velocity, an air cannon method was developed to propel the knife and sabot at the vest target using compressed air. In this first version, the PSDB ’93 test also used oil/clay materials as the tissue simulant backing. The introduction of knives which cut fiber and a hard-dense test backing required stab vest manufacturers to use metallic components in their vest designs to address this more rigorous standard. The current standard HOSDB Body Armour Standards for UK Police (2007) Part 3: Knife and Spike Resistance is harmonized with the US NIJ OO15 standard, use a drop test method and use a composite foam backing as a tissue simulant. Both the HOSDB and the NIJ test now specify engineered blades, double-edged S1 and single-edge P1 as well as the spike.

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limited at the 400 denier level. Three-dimensional weaving with fibers connecting flat wovens together into a 3D system are being considered for both hard and soft ballistics. Team Engineering Inc is designing and weaving these multi layer materials. Dyneema DSM has developed higher performance laminates using a new, higher strength fiber designated SB61, and HB51. DSM feels this advanced material provides some improved performance, however the SB61 "soft ballistic" version has been recalled. At the Shot Show in 2008, a unique composite of interlocking steel plates and soft UHWMPE plate was exhibited by TurtleSkin. In combination with more traditional woven fabrics and laminates a number of research efforts are working with ballistic felts. Tex Tech has been working on these materials. Like the 3D weaving, Tex Tech sees the advantage in the 3-axis fiber orientation.

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created problems with test consistency. As a result, two new "engineered blades" were designed that could be manufactured to have reproducible penetrating behavior. The tissue simulants, Roma clay and gelatin, were either unrepresentative of tissue or not practical for the test operators. A composite-foam and hard-rubber test backing was developed as an alternative to address these issues. The drop test method was selected as the baseline for the updated standard over the air cannon option. The drop mass was reduced from the "ice pick test" and a wrist-like soft linkage was engineered into the penetrator-sabot to create a more realistic test impact. These closely related standards were first issued in 2003 as HOSDB 2003 and NIJ 0015. (The Police Scientific Development Branch (PSDB) was renamed the Home Office Scientific Development Branch in 2004.)

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protect the spine is usually applied to the back, in case an explosion throws the wearer. Visibility and mobility of the wearer is severely limited, as is the time that can be spent working on the device. Armor designed primarily to counter explosives is often somewhat less effective against bullets than armor designed for that purpose. The sheer mass of most bomb disposal armor usually provides some protection, and bullet-specific armor plates are compatible with some bomb disposal suits. Bomb disposal technicians try to accomplish their task if possible using remote methods (e.g., robots, line and pulleys). Actually laying hands on a bomb is only done in an extremely life-threatening situation, where the hazards to people and critical structures cannot be lessened by using wheeled robots or other techniques.

1819:"bullets" were fired at the sheets at speeds of up to 3 km (1.9 mi) per second, almost nine times the speed of sound. Upon impact, the projectiles deformed into a cone shape around the graphene before ultimately breaking through. In the three nanoseconds it held together however, the transferred energy traveled through the material at a speed of 22.2 km (13.8 mi) per second, faster than any other known material. If the impact stress can be spread out over a large enough area that the cone moves out at an appreciable velocity compared with the velocity of the projectile, stress will not be localized under where it hit. Although a wide impact hole opened up, a composite mixture of graphene and other materials could be made to create a new, revolutionary armor solution. 1235: 1558: 605: 1540:

selected by London's Metropolitan Police Service. Another German company BSST, in cooperation with Warwick Mills, has developed a system to meet the ballistic-stab requirement using Dyneema laminate and an advanced metallic-array system, TurtleSkin MFA. This system is currently implemented in the Netherlands. The trend in multi threat armor continues with requirements for needle protection in the Draft ISO prEN ISO 14876 norm. In many countries there is also an interest to combine military style explosive fragmentation protection with bullet-ballistics and stab requirements.

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major issues with environmental damage; the scales would come apart when subjected to temperatures above 120 °F (49 °C) – not uncommon in Middle Eastern climates – when exposed to diesel vehicle fuel, or after the two four-foot drop tests (after these drops, ESAPI plates are put in an X-ray machine to determine the location of cracks, and then shot directly on said cracks), leaving the plate unable to reach its stated threat level and suffering 13 first- or second-shot complete penetrations by .30–06 M2 AP (the ESAPI test threat) out of 48 shots.

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conference for a number of years and compiled a proceedings 2004–2007. An area of special activity pertaining to vests is the emerging use of small ceramic components. Large torso sized ceramic plates are complex to manufacture and are subject to cracking in use. Monolithic plates also have limited multi hit capacity as a result of their large impact fracture zone. These are the motivations for new types of armor plate. These new designs use two- and three-dimensional arrays of ceramic elements that can be rigid, flexible, or semi-flexible.

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properties that are balanced to design these systems. While ceramic materials have some outstanding properties for ballistics, they have poor fracture toughness. Failure of ceramic plates by cracking must also be controlled. For this reason many ceramic rifle plates are a composite. The strike face is ceramic with the backface formed of laminated fiber and resin materials. The hardness of the ceramic prevents the penetration of the bullet while the tensile strength of the fiber backing helps prevent tensile failure. The U.S. military's

1291:(Improved Multi-hit Performance/Advanced Composite Technology) series, use a stainless steel crack arrestor embedded between the strike face and backer. This layer contains cracks in the strike face to the immediate area around an impact, resulting in markedly improved multi-hit ability; in conjunction with NIJ IIIA soft armor, a 3.9 lb IMP/ACT plate can stop eight rounds of 5.56×45mm M995, and a 4.2 lb plate such as the MH3 CQB can stop either ten rounds of 5.56×45mm M995 or six rounds of 7.62×39mm BZ API. 735: 1199: 1871: 1090: 995:, designed the company's first all-Kevlar vest, the Model Y. The lightweight, able vest industry was launched and a new form of daily protection for the modern police officer was quickly adopted. By the mid-to-late 1980s, an estimated 1/3 to 1/2 of police patrol officers wore able vests daily. By 2006, more than 2,000 documented police vest "saves" were recorded, validating the success and efficiency of lightweight able body armor as a standard piece of everyday police equipment. 2205:, the purchase, ownership and wear of ballistic vests and body armor is not subject to any restriction, except for those ballistic protections that are developed under strict military specifications and/or for main military usage, thus considered by the law as "armament materials" and forbidden to civilians. Furthermore, a number of laws and court rulings during the years have rehearsed the concept of a ballistic vest being mandatory to wear for those individuals who work in the 1911: 2116: 1045:

flaws: "it was still heavier than the concurrently issued PASGT (Personal Armor System for Ground Troops) anti-fragmentation armor worn by regular infantry and ... did not have the same degree of ballistic protection around the neck and shoulders." The format of Ranger Body Armor (and more recent body armor issued to US special operations units) highlights the trade-offs between force protection and mobility that modern body armor forces organizations to address.

1004: 676: 2032: 2052: 460: 223: 1049: 513:. The maker's stamp, "Lennon Number 2 Type", was found inside several of the plates. The armour covered the men's torsos, upper arms, and upper legs, and was worn with a helmet. The suits were roughly made on a creek bed using a makeshift forge and a stringy-bark log as a muffled anvil. The suits had a mass of around 44 kilograms (97 lb) but eventually were of no use as the suits lacked protection for the legs and hands. 1593: 1489:

being manufactured with areal densities of between 5.5 and 6 kg/m (1.1 and 1.2 lb/ft or 18 and 20 oz/ft). However police forces were evaluating their "street threats" and requiring vests with both knife and ballistic protection. This multi-threat approach is common in the United Kingdom and other European countries and is less popular in the USA. Unfortunately for multi-threat users, the metallic array and

1991: 6773: 1851: 6765: 2011: 74: 1931: 825: 805:, but most models were too heavy and mobility-restricting to be useful in the field and incompatible with existing required equipment. Near the middle of 1944, development of infantry body armor in the United States restarted. Several vests were produced for the US military, including but not limited to the T34, the T39, the T62E1, and the M12. The United States developed a vest using 33: 1891: 302: 1971: 1951: 176: 625:. The Experimental Ordnance Board also reviewed potential materials for bullet and fragment proof armor, such as steel plate. A 'necklet' was successfully issued on a small scale (due to cost considerations), which protected the neck and shoulders from bullets traveling at 600 ft/s (180 m/s) with interwoven layers of silk and cotton stiffened with 848:, Russian for "steel breastplate" and the number denotes the design year). All were tested, but only the SN-42 was put in production. It consisted of two pressed steel plates that protected the front torso and groin. The plates were 2 mm thick and weighed 3.5 kg (7.7 lb). This armour was generally supplied to assault engineers (SHISBr) and 1601:

be correctly fitted to a particular individual. Many programs specify full custom measurement and manufacturing of armor panels and carriers to ensure good fit and comfortable armor. Officers who are either female or significantly overweight have more difficulty in getting accurately measured and having comfortable armor fabricated.

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requirement. Soon all textile "ice pick" vests began to be adopted by California and other US states as a result of this migration in the test methods. It is important for users to understand that the smooth, round tip of the ice pick does not cut fiber on impact and this permits the use of textile based vests for this application.

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test backing. In this early phase only titanium and steel plate offerings were successful in addressing this requirement. Point Blank developed the first ice pick certified offerings for CA Department of Corrections in shaped titanium sheet metal. Vests of this type are still in service in US corrections facilities as of 2008.

1687:; however, its announced startup of its pilot plant has been delayed more than 2 years. Data suggests if the M5 material can be brought to market, its performance will be roughly equivalent to PBO. In May 2008, the Teijin Aramid group announced a "super-fibers" development program. The Teijin emphasis appears to be on 1694:

The materials science of second generation "super" fibers is complex, requires large investments, and represent significant technical challenges. Research aims to develop artificial spider silk which could be super strong, yet light and flexible. Other research has been done to harness nanotechnology

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In recent years, advances in material science have opened the door to the idea of a literal "bulletproof vest" able to stop handgun and rifle bullets with a soft textile vest, without the assistance of additional metal or ceramic plating. However, progress is moving at a slower rate compared to other

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As vest manufacturers and the specifying authorities worked with these standards, the UK and US Standards teams began a collaboration on test methods. A number of issues with the first versions of the tests needed to be addressed. The use of commercial knives with inconsistent sharpness and tip shape

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round is a relatively common threat in Russia and is known to be able to penetrate NIJ IIIA soft armor. Armor protection in the face of the large numbers of these rounds, therefore, necessitates higher standards. GOST armor standards are more stringent than those of the NIJ with regards to protection

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The US Department of Defense uses several hard armor plates. The first, the Small Arms Protective Insert (SAPI), called for ceramic composite plates with a mass of 20–30 kg/m (4–5 lb/ft). SAPI plates have a black fabric cover with the text "7.62mm M80 Ball Protection"; as expected, they are

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plates. Two plates covered the front area and one plate on the lower back protected the kidneys and other vital organs. Five thousand sets were made and evaluated to almost unanimous approval – as well as providing adequate protection, the armour didn't severely impede the mobility of the soldier and

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the civilian ownership of body armour is subject to the European Union regulations. Body armour in various ballistic grades is sold by a range of different vendors, mainly aimed at providing to security guards and VIP's. The use of body armour while committing a crime is not an additional offence in

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Perhaps less-well known is LIBA (Light Improved Body Armor), manufactured by Royal TenCate, ARES Protection, and Mofet Etzion in the early 2000s. LIBA uses an innovative array of ceramic pellets embedded in a polyethylene backer; although this layout lacks the flexibility of Dragon Skin, it provides

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fabric with a patent filed in 1993. Shortly after the TurtleSkin work, in 1995 DuPont patented a medium density fabric that was designated as Kevlar Correctional. These textile materials do not have equal performance with cutting-edge threats and these certifications were only with ice pick and were

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The ice pick has a 4 mm (0.16 in) diameter with a sharp tip with a 5.4 m/s (17 ft/s) terminal velocity in the test. The California standard did not include knife or cutting-edge weapons in the test protocol. The test method used the oil/clay (Roma Plastilena) tissue simulant as a

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Additionally, as the hardness of the bullet core increases, so must the amount of ceramic plating used to stop penetration. Like in soft ballistics, a minimum ceramic material hardness of the bullet core is required to damage their respective hard core materials, however in armor-piercing rounds the

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Body armor standards are regional. Around the world ammunition varies and as a result the armor testing must reflect the threats found locally. Law enforcement statistics show that many shootings where officers are injured or killed involve the officer's own weapon. As a result, each law enforcement

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system. Dragon Skin, composed of dozens of overlapping ceramic scales, promised superior multi-hit performance and flexibility compared to the then-current ESAPI plate; however, it failed to deliver. When the U.S. Army tested the system against the same requirements as the ESAPI, Dragon Skin showed

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Low profile/concealable carriers holds the ballistic panels and/or ballistic plates close to the wearer's body and a uniform shirt may be worn over the carrier. This type of carrier must be designed to conform closely to the officer's body shape. For concealable armor to conform to the body it must

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In addition to load carriage, this type of carrier may include pockets for neck protection, side plates, groin plates, and backside protection. Because this style of carrier is not close fitting, sizing in this system is straightforward for both men and women, making custom fabrication unnecessary.

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Parallel to the US development of "ice pick" vests, the British police, PSDB, was working on standards for knife-resistant body armor. Their program adopted a rigorous scientific approach and collected data on human attack capacity. Their ergonomic study suggested three levels of threat: 25, 35 and

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and serve to reduce the blunt force trauma absorbed by the body; they do not necessarily have any ballistic protective properties. While an armour system (hard or soft) may stop a projectile from penetrating, the projectile may still cause significant indentation and deformation of the armour, also

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is one of these systems. European developments in spherical and hexagonal arrays have resulted in products that have some flex and multi hit performance. The manufacture of array type systems with flex, consistent ballistic performance at edges of ceramic elements is an active area of research. In

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or Spectra (a competitor for Kevlar) or polyethylene fiber could be used to manufacture bullet proof vests. The vests of the time were made of ballistic nylon & supplemented by plates of fiber-glass, steel, ceramic, titanium, Doron & composites of ceramic and fiberglass, the last being the

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A third textile layer is often found between the carrier and the ballistic components. The ballistic panels are covered in a coated pouch or slip. This slip provides the encapsulation of the ballistic materials. Slips are manufactured in two types: heat sealed hermetic slips and simple sewn slips.

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Vests that combined stab and ballistic protection were a significant innovation in the 1990s period of vest development. The starting point for this development were the ballistic-only offerings of that time using NIJ Level 2A, 2, and 3A or HOSDB HG 1 and 2, with compliant ballistic vest products

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In addition to the stab standards, HOSDB has developed a standard for slash resistance (2006). This standard, like the stab standards, is based on drop testing with a test knife in a mounting of controlled mass. The slash test uses the Stanley Utility knife or box cutter blades. The slash standard

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officers often wear heavy armor designed to protect against most effects of a moderate sized explosion, such as bombs encountered in terror threats. Full head helmet, covering the face and some degree of protection for limbs is mandatory in addition to very strong armor for the torso. An insert to

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Many systems contain both hard ceramic components and laminated textile materials used together. Various ceramic materials types are in use, however: aluminum oxide, boron carbide and silicon carbide are the most common. The fibers used in these systems are the same as found in soft textile armor.

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in 1957. This marked a shift away from previous systems like the SN-42, which relied on large, monolithic plates that were inflexible and substantially affected a soldier's balance. The 6b1, and all subsequent Soviet body armour, would rely upon ballistic-fabric wrapped plates, initially steel and

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and 'abdominal armor' designed by General Adrian, in addition to shoulder "epaulets" to protect from falling debris and darts. These failed to be practical, because they severely impeded the soldier's mobility. The Germans officially issued body armor in the form of nickel and silicon armor plates

3304:"STATEMENT BY GENERAL PAUL J. KERN COMMANDING GENERAL U.S. ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES SUBCOMMITTEE ON EMERGING THREATS AND CAPABILITIES UNITED STATES SENATE SESSION, 108TH CONGRESS ON THE DEFENSE LABORATORIES AND S&T OVERVIEW UNITED STATES ARMY MARCH 31, 2003" 1219:

Soft armour is usually made of woven fabrics (synthetic or natural) and protects up to NIJ level IIIA. Soft armour can be worn stand-alone or can be combined with hard armor as part of an "In-Conjunction" armor system. In these in-conjunction systems, a soft armor "plate backer" is usually placed

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under the impact point. On the other hand, some bullets can penetrate the vest, but deal low damage to its wearer due to the loss of speed or small/reduced mass/form. Armour piercing ammunition tends to have poor terminal ballistics due to it being specifically not intended to fragment or expand.

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as a form of body armor. This plate saved Miller on two occasions, and it proved to be highly resistant to pistol bullets and shotguns. One example can be seen in his gun battle with a sheriff named George A. "Bud" Frazer, where the plate managed to deflect all bullets from the lawman's revolver.

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as the test penetrator. The test method attempted to simulate the capacity of a human attacker to deliver impact energy with their upper body. As was later shown by the work of the former British PSDB, this test overstated the capacity of human attackers. The test used a drop mass or sabot that

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was developed for the American military in 1991. Although it was the second modern US body armor that was able to stop rifle caliber rounds and still be light enough to be worn by infantry soldiers in the field, (first being the ISAPO, or Interim Small Arms Protective Overvest,) it still had its

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In 1975 Richard A. Armellino, the founder of American Body Armor, marketed an all Kevlar vest called the K-15, consisting of 15 layers of Kevlar that also included a 5" × 8" ballistic steel "Shok Plate" positioned vertically over the heart and was issued US Patent #3,971,072 for this innovation.

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Ceramic materials, materials processing and progress in ceramic penetration mechanics are significant areas of academic and industrial activity. This combined field of ceramics armor research is broad and is perhaps summarized best by The American Ceramics Society. ACerS has run an annual armor

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Finer yarns and lighter woven fabrics have been a key factor in improving ballistic results. The cost of ballistic fibers increases dramatically as the yarn size decreases, so it's unclear how long this trend can continue. The current practical limit of fiber size is 200 denier with most wovens

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Ballistic vests use layers of very strong fibers to "catch" and deform a bullet, mushrooming it into a dish shape, and spreading its force over a larger portion of the vest fiber. The vest absorbs the energy from the deforming bullet, bringing it to a stop before it can completely penetrate the

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family, are monolithic; their strike faces consist of a single ceramic tile. Monolithic plates are lighter than their non-monolithic counterparts, but suffer from reduced effectiveness when shot multiple times in a close area (i.e., shots spaced less than two inches/5.1 cm apart). However,

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In order for ballistic protection to be wearable, the ballistic panels and/or hard rifle-resistant plates are placed within a carrier. The term "plate carrier" is used specifically to refer to armour carriers which can hold ballistic plates. Broadly, there are two major types of carriers: overt

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fiber. The co-efficient of friction for ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) prevented its use in this application. The TurtleSkin DiamondCoat and Twaron SRM products addressed this requirement using a combination of Para-Aramid wovens and bonded ceramic grain. These ceramic-coated

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These new standards created a focus on Level 1 at 25 joules (18 ft⋅lbf), Level 2 at 35 J (26 ft⋅lbf), Level 3 at 45 J (33 ft⋅lbf) protection as tested with the new engineered knives defined in these test documents. The lowest level of this requirement at 25 joules was

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are not clear-cut, because the penetration of a bullet depends on the hardness of the target armor, and the armor type. However, there are a few general rules. For example, bullets with a soft lead-core and copper jacket are too easily deformed to penetrate hard materials, whereas rifle bullets

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When a ceramic plate is shot, it cracks in the vicinity of the impact, which reduces the protection in this area. Although NIJ 0101.06 requires a Level III plate to stop six rounds of 7.62×51mm M80 ball ammunition, it imposes a minimum distance between shots of 2.0 inches (51mm); if two rounds

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generally has this form. Because of the use of ceramic plates for rifle protection, these vests are 5–8 times as heavy on an area basis as handgun protection. The weight and stiffness of rifle armor is a major technical challenge. Density, hardness and impact toughness are among the materials

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Beginning in the early 1990s, an optional test method was approved by California which permitted the use of 10% ballistic gelatin as a replacement for Roma clay. The transition from hard, dense clay-based Roma to soft low-density gelatin allowed all textile solutions to meet this attack energy

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For the higher levels of protection L2 and L3, the very aggressive penetration of the small, thin P1 blade has resulted in the continued use of metallic components in stab armor. In Germany, Mehler Vario Systems developed hybrid vests of woven para-aramid and chainmail, and their solution was

1190:(HOSDB – formerly the Police Scientific Development Branch (PSDB)) and VPAM (German acronym for the Association of Laboratories for Bullet Resistant Materials And Constructions), originally from Germany, are other widely accepted standards. In the Russian area, the GOST standard is dominant. 1679:

is known as a "cautionary tale" in materials science. This fiber permitted the design of handgun soft armor that was 30–50% lower in mass as compared to the aramid and UHMWPE materials. However this higher tenacity was delivered with a well-publicized weakness in environmental durability.

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systems that were necessary to defeat the test blades offered little ballistic performance. The multi-threat vests have areal densities close to the sum of the two solutions separately. These vests have mass values in the 7.5–8.5 kg/m (1.55–1.75 lb/ft) range. Ref (NIJ and HOSDB

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tests the cut resistance of the armor panel parallel to the direction of blade travel. The test equipment measures the force at the instant the blade tip produces a sustained slash through the vest. The criteria require that slash failure of the armor be greater than 80 newtons of force.

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For example, one of the highest protection level, GOST 6A, requires the armor to withstand three 7.62×54mmR B32 API hits fired from 5.10m away with 16mm of back-face deformation (BFD). NIJ Level IV-rated armor is only required to stop 1 hit of .30–06, or 7.62×63mm, M2AP with 44mm BFD.

1086:, as used with Interceptor Body Armor, are worn to protect the vital organs from higher level threats. These threats mostly take the form of high velocity and armor-piercing rifle rounds. Similar types of protective equipment have been adopted by modern armed forces over the world. 1806:

as a material for use in body armor. Graphene is manufactured from carbon and is the thinnest, strongest, and most conductive material on the planet. Taking the form of hexagonally arranged atoms, its tensile strength is known to be 200 times greater than steel, but studies from

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carried the ice pick. Using gravitational force, the height of the drop mass above the vest was proportional to the impact energy. This test specified 109 joules (81 ft·lb) of energy and a 7.3 kg (16 lb) drop mass with a drop height of 153 cm (60 in).

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to help create super-strong fibers that could be used in future bulletproof vests. In 2018, the US military began conducting research into the feasibility of using artificial silk as body armor, which has the advantages of its light weight and its cooling capability.

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Modern body armor is generally split into one of two categories: soft armor and hard armor. Soft armor is typically made of woven fabrics, like Dyneema or Kevlar, and usually provides protection against fragmentation and handgun threats. Hard armor usually refers to

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started the war without any attempt at providing the soldiers with body armor. Various private companies advertised body protection suits such as the Birmingham Chemico Body Shield, although these products were generally far too expensive for an average soldier.

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was able to withstand shocks generated by a steel projectile traveling at velocities of up to 1.5 km/s. The material was also reportedly able to withstand shock pressures generated by other impacts of up to 250 metric tons-force per square centimeter (24.5

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Army Sgt. 1st Class Erika Gordon, kennel master for the 25th Military Police Company, uses a building for cover while her military working dog, Hanna, clears a doorway at the military-operations-in-urban-terrain training site at Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan

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Lazaris, Anthoula; Arcidiacono, Steven; Huang, Yue; Zhou, Jiang-Feng; Duguay, François; Chretien, Nathalie; Welsh, Elizabeth A; Soares, Jason W; Karatza, Costas N (2002). "Spider Silk Fibers Spun from Soluble Recombinant Silk Produced in Mammalian Cells".

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called backface deformation. Trauma plates help protect against damage to the body from this backface deformation. Trauma plates should not be confused with soft armor or with ballistic plates, both of which do inherently provide ballistic protection.

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is generally preferred. Vest specifications will typically include both penetration resistance requirements and limits on the amount of impact force that is delivered to the body. Even without penetration, heavy bullets can deal enough force to cause

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Under Schedule C (item ML13) of Cap. 60G Import and Export (Strategic Commodities) Regulations, "armoured or protective equipment, constructions and components" are not regulated "when accompanying their user for the user's own personal protection".

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During the late 1920s through the early 1930s, gunmen from criminal gangs in the United States began wearing less-expensive vests made from thick layers of cotton padding and cloth. These early vests could absorb the impact of handgun rounds such as

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material; the basic fiber properties have only advanced to the 30–35 g/d range. Improvements in this material have been seen in the development of cross-plied non-woven laminate, e.g. Spectra Shield. The major ballistic performance advance of fiber

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ordered the development of bulletproof armour because of increasing threats from Western armies. Kim Gidu and Gang Yun found that cotton could protect against bullets if 10 layers of cotton fabric were used. The vests were used in battle during the

3109: 778:, Colonel M. C. Grow, who was stationed in Britain, thought that many wounds he was treating could have been prevented by some kind of light armor. Two types of armor were issued for different specifications. These jackets were made of 620:

The first official attempts at commissioning body armor were made in 1915 by the British Army Design Committee, Trench Warfare Section in particular a 'Bomber's Shield'; "bomber" being the term for those who threw grenades rather than

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According to the Body Armour Control Act of Alberta which came into force on June 15, 2012, any individual in possession of a valid firearms licence under the Firearms Act of Canada can legally purchase, possess and wear body armour.

2130:, possession is not prohibited, but probation or parole is denied to a person convicted of committing certain violent crimes while wearing body armor and carrying a deadly weapon. Most states do not have restrictions for non-felons. 984:, a program manager at the NIJ, managed this law enforcement feasibility study within a few selected large police agencies and quickly determined that Kevlar body armor could be comfortably worn by police daily, and would save lives. 2182: 437:

which consisted of two layers of armour plating. The outer layer was designed to absorb the bullet's energy and the thicker inner layer stopped further penetration. The armour would be left badly dented but still serviceable.

2194:, the import and sale of ballistic vests and body armor is allowed. There is an exception for vests that are developed under strict military specifications and/or for main military usage; shield above the level of protection 1642:

impressive multi-hit ability as well as the unique ability to repair the armor by replacing damaged pellets and epoxying them over. In addition, there are variants of LIBA with multi-hit capacity against threats analogous to

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fragmentation protective coating (or backer), and hard fiber-based laminate systems. These hard armor plates may be designed to be used stand-alone or "In-Conjunction" with soft armor backers, also called "plate backers".

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required to stop three rounds of 7.62×51mm M80 ball, with the plate tilted thirty degrees towards the shooter for the third shot; this practice is common for all three-hit-protective plates in the SAPI series. Later, the

2154:, it is legal to wear and to purchase body armour such as ballistic vests. Under the laws of these provinces, it is illegal to possess body armour without a license (unless exempted) issued by the provincial government. 952:

In 1969, American Body Armor was founded and began to produce a patented combination of quilted nylon faced with multiple steel plates. This armor configuration was marketed to American law enforcement agencies by

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in 1871. The US Navy captured one of the vests and took it to the US, where it was stored at the Smithsonian Museum until 2007. The vest has since been sent back to Korea and is currently on display to the public.

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In some media, an EOD suit is portrayed as a heavily armoured bulletproof suit capable of ignoring explosions and gunfire; in real life, this is not the case, as much of a bomb suit is made up of only soft armor.

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the slip is a critical part of the system. The slip prevents moisture from the user's body from saturating the ballistic materials. This protection from moisture cycling increases the useful life of the armor.

4185:

Journal of Applied Polymer Science "Kinetics for the tensile strength degradation of nylon and Kevlar yarns" I. Auerbach Aerodynamics Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185

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later titanium and boron carbide. Between 1957 and 1958, anywhere between 1500 and 5000 6b1 vests were produced, but they were subsequently put in storage and not issued until the early years of the

1040:

Kevlar soft armor had its shortcomings because if "large fragments or high velocity bullets hit the vest, the energy could cause life-threatening, blunt trauma injuries" in selected, vital areas.

1033:

During the early 1980s, body armor vests began to see widespread use by several countries in addition to more prolific users like the US and UK. Following the 1982 Israeli intervention during the

1775:; 3,550,000 psi). During the tests, the material proved to be so strong that after the impact the samples remained essentially unmarred. Additionally, a study in France tested the material under 870:. However, the SN's weight made it impractical for infantry in the open. Some apocryphal accounts note point blank deflection of 9mm bullets, and testing of similar armour supports this theory. 4086: 2126:

United States law restricts possession of body armor for convicted violent felons. Many U.S. states also have penalties for possession or use of body armor by felons. In other states, such as

4351:

Morphological study on poly-p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole (PBO) fiber, Tooru Kitagawa *, Hiroki Murase, Kazuyuki Yabuki Toyobo Research Center, Toyobo Co. Ltd., 2-1-1, Katata, Ohtsu 520-02 Japan

894:

vest. These vests represented "a vast improvement on weight, but the armor failed to stop bullets and fragments very successfully," although officially they were claimed to be able to stop

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As of mid-2008, spider silk bulletproof vests and nano-based armors are being developed for potential market release. Both the British and American militaries have expressed interest in a

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Terry D. Edwards, (1995) "Felonious killings of state police and highway patrol officers: a descriptive and comparative evaluation", American Journal of Police, Vol. 14 Iss: 2, pp. 89–105

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Similarly sized and positioned "trauma plates" are still used today on most vests, reducing blunt trauma and increasing ballistic protection in the center-mass heart/sternum area.

636:

The British army medical services calculated towards the end of the War that three quarters of all battle injuries could have been prevented if an effective armor had been issued.

1815:

stacked together graphene sheets only a single carbon atom thick, creating layers ranging in thickness from 10 nanometers to 100 nanometers from 300 layers. Microscopic spherical

648:(nicknamed 'Lobster armor') from late 1916. These were similarly too heavy to be practical for the rank-and-file, but were used by static units, such as sentries and occasionally 667:

of overlapping steel scales fixed to a leather lining was also designed; this armor weighed 11 lb (5.0 kg), fit close to the body, and was considered more comfortable.

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addition advanced ceramic processing techniques arrays require adhesive assembly methods. One novel approach is use of hook and loop fasteners to assemble the ceramic arrays.

1494:

certification listings). Rolls-Royce Composites -Megit and Highmark produced metallic array systems to address this HOSDB standard. These designs were used extensively by the

1311:

up to Rc45 medium hard steel. However, there is a caveat to this rule: with regards to penetration, the hardness of a bullet's core is significantly less important than the

1026:

kevlar vest, tested privately at NIJ level IIA by several sources, able to stop pistol rounds (including 9 mm FMJ), but intended and approved only for fragmentation.

898:

pistol rounds at the muzzle. Such vests equipped with Doron Plate have, in informal testing, defeated .45 ACP handgun ammunition. Developed by Natick Laboratories (now the

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allows “only those who require such armour due to their employment” to own body armor, such as police and corrections officers, citing the use of body armor by criminals.

980:(NIJ) evaluation program to provide lightweight, able body armour to a test pool of American law enforcement officers to ascertain if everyday able wearing was possible. 1242:

plate with battle damage following two bullet strikes. The wearer survived the incident thanks to the plate and was later invited to take receipt of its damaged section.

4544:

Lee, Young S; Wetzel, E D; Wagner, N J (July 2003). "The ballistic impact characteristics of Kevlar woven fabrics impregnated with a colloidal shear thickening fluid".

3818:"Inside the 'Hurt Locker': The Combined Effects of Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Chemical Protective Clothing on Physiological Tolerance Time in Extreme Environments" 2198:

are considered by the law as "armament materials" and forbidden for civilian use. There are many shops in the EU that sell ballistic vests and body armor, used or new.

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have revealed it is also 10 times better than steel at dissipating energy, an ability that had previously not been thoroughly explored. To test its properties, the

775: 233: 3413:

Charles E. Anderson, Jr., James D. Walker, "An analytical model for dwell and interface defeat" International Journal of Impact Engineering vol 31 issue 9 2004.

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1179:

agency or para-military organization will have their own standard for armor performance if only to ensure that their armor protects them from their own weapons.

4438: 4061: 3875:"The effects of metabolic work rate and ambient environment on physiological tolerance times while wearing explosive and chemical personal protective equipment" 940:

Conscious of US developments during the Korean War, the Soviet Union also began the development of body armour for its troops, resulting in the adoption of the

567:

handkerchief in his breast pocket that prevented that bullet from penetrating. In 1887, he wrote an article titled "Impenetrability of Silk to Bullets" for the

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in Britain proposed the use of a lightweight suit of armour for general use by infantry, and a heavier suit for troops in more dangerous positions, such as

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within the suit that become rigid enough to protect the wearer as soon as a kinetic energy threshold is surpassed. These coatings have been described as

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M993 AP/WC, a tungsten-cored armor-piercing round. Field tests of LIBA have yielded successful results, with 15 AKM hits producing only minor bruises.

5412: 5003: 4094: 2744: 1346:, Honeywell, DSM, Pinnacle Armor and a number of other engineering companies develop and manufacture the materials for composite ceramic rifle armor. 1187: 756: 743: 6534: 6433: 5470: 5392: 5343: 1156: 1125: 1113: 1082:. All of these systems are designed with the vest intended to provide protection from fragments and pistol rounds. Hard ceramic plates, such as the 755:

were reasonably comfortable to wear. The armor was introduced in 1942 although the demand for it was later scaled down. In northwestern Europe, The

2444: 1755:

fluids. These nano-infused fabrics have been licensed by BAE systems, but as of mid-2008, no products have been released based on this technology.

712:

traveling at speeds of up to 300 m/s (980 ft/s). To overcome these vests, law enforcement agents began using the newer and more powerful

6504: 6499: 6251: 581:

used Goodfellow's findings to develop a silk bulletproof vest at the end of the 19th century, which could stop the relatively slow rounds from

197: 184: 4362: 3130:

Lee, B L; Walsh, T F; Won, S T; Patts, H M; Mayer, A H (2001). "Penetration Failure Mechanisms of Armor-Grade Fiber Composites under Impact".

2942: 2940: 2627: 2598: 3071: 2577: 2313: 1263:

However, for rifle protection, high pressure lamination of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene with a Kraton matrix is the most common.

3362: 1531:

addressed by a series of textile products of both wovens, coated wovens and laminated woven materials. All of these materials were based on

3624: 3932: 2139: 1271: 4117: 2896: 972:, a synthetic fibre, woven into a fabric and layered, that, by weight, has five times the tensile strength of steel. In the mid-1970s, 6494: 5516: 3514: 3011: 2501: 1108:

Since the 1970s, several new fibers and construction methods for bulletproof fabric have been developed besides woven Kevlar, such as

3241: 2426: 6802: 6519: 5574: 2537: 2409: 2383: 2363: 487: 403: 285: 267: 157: 91: 60: 46: 1655:

textile matrix. Some layers may be penetrated but as the bullet deforms, the energy is absorbed by a larger and larger fiber area.

1557: 1462:

The earliest of these "all" fabric vests designed to address this ice pick test was Warwick Mills's TurtleSkin ultra tightly woven

4022: 604: 3751:"Physiological tolerance times while wearing explosive ordnance disposal protective clothing in simulated environmental extremes" 1283:

impact the plate closer than this requirement permits, it may result in a penetration. To counter this, some plates, such as the

4950: 3492: 1794:

and has the potential to be used as body armor. In 2008, large format carbon nanotube sheets began being produced at Nanocomp.

1670:

Modest ballistic performance improvements have been made by new producers of this fiber type. Much the same can be said for the

6297: 5422: 4591: 3332: 2186:

Bullet-resistant police vest for women with breast shaping in size S – Protection class SK 1 and Level IIIA – Police in Bavaria

138: 4329: 2279: 3046: 1561: 391: 110: 95: 3032: 2946: 2844: 365:, and some private citizens, used to protect against stabbing attacks or light projectiles, or hard form, using metallic or 4636: 6807: 5231: 4996: 3683: 3589: 3102: 2892: 1299:

intended for maximum penetration into hard armor are nearly always manufactured with high-hardness core materials such as

1183: 977: 791: 4342:

Heterocyclic Aramide Fibers – Production Principles, Properties and Application, Nikolay N. Machalaba and Kirill E. Pekin

509:. Each of the four Kelly gang members had fought a siege at a hotel clad in suits of armour made from the mouldboards of 377:

wear hard armour, either in conjunction with soft armour or alone, to protect against rifle ammunition or fragmentation.

6700: 5447: 5427: 3719: 2302:

The Knight and the Blast Furnace: A History of the Metallurgy of Armour in the Middle Ages & the Early Modern Period

2092: 1664: 1629: 1577: 1573: 1324: 1276: 1267: 1239: 1211:; these hardened plates are designed to defend against rifle threats, in addition to the threats covered by soft armor. 1083: 1072: 306: 117: 786:

and fragmentation, but were not designed to stop bullets. Although they were considered too bulky for pilots using the

6166: 6141: 5686: 4148: 1812: 1767: 1498: 1343: 5636: 4058: 3661: 3423: 2471: 6277: 6121: 6059: 4202: 3474: 2740: 1303:. Most other core materials would have effects between lead and tungsten carbide. Many common bullets, such as the 1220:

behind the ballistic plate and the combination of soft and hard armor provides the designated level of protection.

1094: 1076: 1064: 992: 478: 961:"Barrier Vest." The Barrier Vest was the first police vest to gain wide use during high-threat police operations. 531: 124: 6004: 5691: 4747: 4705: 4492: 3566:"Ballistic Standards – Armourshield: Manufacturers of Quality Body Armour / Bullet Proof Vests: Established 1974" 2715: 968:

discovered a liquid crystalline polymer solution. Its exceptional strength and stiffness led to the invention of

866:

rifle bullets (and bayonet blades), but only at very low angle. This made it useful in urban battles such as the

430: 6797: 5656: 5375: 5251: 5221: 4989: 4046: 2654:

Stephan, Restle (1997). Ballistische Schutzwesten und Stichschutzoptionen. Bischofszell: Kabinett Verlag, p.61.

1727: 1513: 1412: 1136: 930: 883: 814: 506: 463: 346: 249: 2959:

Naveen, J.; Jayakrishna, K.; Hameed Sultan, Mohamed Thariq Bin; Amir, Siti Madiha Muhammad (9 December 2020).

4879: 106: 6659: 6571: 6241: 6186: 5861: 5701: 5226: 4452: 3303: 1791: 1688: 1357:

R 50744-95, differ significantly from American standards, on account of a different security situation. The

783: 734: 596:

when he was shot by an attacker. By 1900, US gangsters were wearing $ 800 silk vests to protect themselves.

189: 84: 4848: 6669: 6479: 6327: 6126: 5452: 5402: 4865: 4787: 2869: 1744: 4819: 4771: 1307:

M43 standard cartridge for the AK-47/AKM rifle, have a steel core with hardness rating ranging from Rc35

946: 663:

bullets at 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s), but was clumsy and heavy at 40 lb (18 kg). A scaled

578: 6732: 6236: 6231: 6136: 5776: 5756: 5681: 5646: 5626: 5567: 5457: 5432: 5122: 4835: 3982:

Chadwick, E K J; Nicol, A C; Lane, J V; Gray, T G F (1999-11-25). "Biomechanics of knife stab attacks".

2448: 1315:

of that bullet. This is why there are many more bullets made with tungsten instead of tungsten carbide.

1186:

ballistic and stab documents are examples of broadly accepted standards. In addition to the NIJ, the UK

1079: 1008: 882:

several new vests were produced for the United States military, including the M-1951, which made use of

593: 407: 245: 52: 6347: 6342: 5811: 2818: 1198: 571:

documenting the first known instance of bulletproof fabric. He experimented with silk vests resembling

4668: 1089: 774:. The majority of pilot deaths in the air were due to low-velocity fragments rather than bullets. The 498:

Simple ballistic armor was sometimes constructed by criminals. During the 1880s, a gang of Australian

6216: 6211: 6206: 6116: 5959: 5841: 5746: 5696: 5380: 4553: 4396: 3762: 3139: 2972: 2084: 1358: 1102: 949:, where they were used in limited quantities, and were able to resist shrapnel and Tokarev rounds. 895: 867: 855: 656: 548: 374: 4039: 2665: 1161:

Due to the various types of projectile, it is often inaccurate to refer to a particular product as "

6292: 6151: 5866: 5666: 5611: 5541: 5204: 5194: 5117: 4803: 4369: 2256: 2119: 976:, the company which employed Kwolek, introduced Kevlar. Immediately Kevlar was incorporated into a 863: 839: 556: 520: 482: 6764: 3079: 2115: 6601: 6529: 6377: 6362: 6246: 5671: 5601: 5442: 4901: 4569: 4420: 4289: 3545: 3370: 3155: 3050: 3033:

GUIDE BODY ARMOR Selection & Application Guide 0101.06 to Ballistic-Resistant Body Armor 2014

2947:

GUIDE BODY ARMOR Selection & Application Guide 0101.06 to Ballistic-Resistant Body Armor 2014

2088: 1350: 1068: 1034: 1016: 941: 926: 544: 426: 314: 1003: 675: 652:. An improved version, the Infanterie-Panzer, was introduced in 1918, with hooks for equipment. 3632: 1633:

several non-monolithic armor systems have emerged, the most well-known being the controversial

6707: 6618: 6586: 6428: 6201: 5831: 5821: 5751: 5736: 5661: 5631: 5621: 5397: 5246: 5209: 5070: 5065: 4976: 4723: 4412: 4035: 3999: 3914: 3896: 3855: 3837: 3798: 3780: 3749:

Stewart, Ian B.; Stewart, Kelly L.; Worringham, Charles J.; Costello, Joseph T. (2014-01-01).

3684:"GUIDE BODY ARMOR Selection & Application Guide 0101.06 to Ballistic-Resistant Body Armor" 2689: 2573: 2533: 2527: 2405: 2379: 2359: 2340: 2309: 1643: 1312: 1041: 954: 844: 818: 729: 452: 446:

One of the first examples of commercially sold bulletproof armour was produced by a tailor in

418: 131: 3936: 3252: 1660: 6744: 6649: 6514: 6443: 6413: 6403: 6039: 5761: 5726: 5560: 5184: 4561: 4404: 4125: 3991: 3904: 3886: 3845: 3829: 3788: 3770: 3147: 2980: 2884: 2794: 2147: 1328: 1300: 1053: 965: 411: 3518: 1165:" because this implies that it will protect against any and all threats. Instead, the term 655:

The United States developed several types of body armor, including the chrome nickel steel

6776: 6613: 6591: 6176: 6090: 6014: 5954: 5944: 5876: 5846: 5816: 5771: 5741: 5721: 5716: 5676: 5641: 5355: 5282: 5179: 5092: 5087: 4655: 4643: 4065: 2100: 2080: 1808: 1787: 1572:, for carrying gear and are usually designed to provide higher amounts of protection. The 1375: 1247: 1229: 1208: 1144: 922: 918: 902:) and introduced in 1967, T65-2 plate carriers were the first vests designed to hold hard 771: 763: 459: 422: 399: 693: 4557: 4400: 3766: 3143: 2976: 1048: 862:

submachine gun at around 100 m (110 yd), and sometimes it was able to deflect

6674: 6581: 6576: 6559: 6453: 6448: 6438: 6382: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6267: 6221: 6181: 6075: 5939: 5836: 5731: 5706: 5348: 5256: 5167: 5127: 5097: 5082: 5029: 3909: 3874: 3850: 3817: 3793: 3750: 3565: 2961:"Ballistic Performance of Natural Fiber Based Soft and Hard Body Armour- A Mini Review" 2206: 2191: 2037: 1936: 1783: 1592: 1568:

Overt/Tactical armour carriers typically include pouches and/or mounting systems, like

1502: 1162: 787: 685: 589: 552: 536: 491: 470: 362: 358: 354: 3995: 6791: 6739: 6712: 6690: 6654: 6623: 6608: 6287: 6226: 6171: 6111: 6106: 6054: 5949: 5826: 5791: 5711: 5290: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5077: 4573: 3192: 3159: 2398: 2251: 2246: 2057: 1779:

pressure and found it to be stable up to at least 350 tf/cm (34 GPa; 5,000,000 psi).

1772: 1763: 1740: 1490: 1419:

from ordnance beyond the charge of a typical hand grenade can overwhelm a bomb suit.

1404: 1251: 1129: 1109: 981: 914: 903: 747: 640: 4587: 3340: 2217:

itself, but may be interpreted as so under different laws such as resisting arrest.

1374:

Trauma plates, also called trauma pads, are inserts or pads which are placed behind

6695: 6418: 6332: 6049: 6019: 5999: 5934: 5881: 5871: 5806: 5651: 5606: 5216: 5199: 5189: 5174: 5102: 4687:"Exército libera diversos calibres para venda no Brasil, inclusive alguns de fuzis" 4424: 4325: 4017:

Home Office Scientific Development Branch, public enquiries@homeoffice gsi gov uk.

3216: 2075:

In Australia, it is illegal to import body armour without prior authorisation from

1748: 1416: 1171: 1027: 907: 798: 585:

handguns. The vests cost US$ 800 each in 1914, equivalent to $ 24,000 in 2023.

4613: 2641: 1580:

are examples of military carriers design to be used with ballistic plate inserts.

1536:

products do not have the flexibility and softness of un-coated textile materials.

1304: 4474: 3775: 2848: 2772: 2567: 6727: 6539: 6509: 6484: 6337: 6085: 6080: 6044: 6029: 5929: 5781: 5616: 5536: 5531: 5487: 5407: 5300: 5295: 5157: 4069: 3600: 3151: 2236: 2213: 2158: 1996: 1634: 1463: 1335: 1012: 934: 849: 806: 767: 717: 705: 649: 630: 613: 395: 366: 334: 73: 3694: 3443: 3113: 824: 750:

and naval gun crews. By February 1941, trials had begun on body armour made of

6633: 6458: 6322: 6191: 6161: 6146: 5994: 5989: 5964: 5331: 5241: 5236: 5132: 5107: 5050: 5024: 4966: 4565: 4281: 3958: 3539: 2985: 2960: 2226: 2096: 1182:

While many standards exist, a few standards are widely used as models. The US

1057: 958: 879: 810: 697: 560: 524: 517: 499: 414:

to be "pistol proof". Its actual effectiveness was controversial at the time.

342: 3900: 3841: 3784: 3727: 3101:

Holmquist, T J; Rajendran, A J; Templeton, D W; Bishnoi, K D (January 1999).

6628: 6596: 6474: 6156: 6131: 6009: 5851: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5385: 5316: 5152: 5060: 4408: 4226: 3833: 2231: 1876: 1856: 1432: 1397: 1388: 1121: 1117: 887: 751: 713: 664: 660: 622: 582: 503: 350: 337:

that helps absorb the impact and reduce or stop penetration to the torso by

4416: 4361:

Cunniff, Philip M.; Auerbach, Margaret; Vetter, Eugene; Sikkema, Doetze J.

4003: 3918: 3859: 3802: 1628:

The vast majority of hard body armor plates, including the U.S. military's

575:

that used 18 to 30 layers of silk to protect the wearers from penetration.

301: 175: 17: 3933:"US Patent 5565264 – Protective fabric having high penetration resistance" 3891: 2427:"George Goodfellow's Medical Treatment of Stomach Wounds Became Legendary" 1743:

are being implemented into body armor production. The first, developed at

6722: 6664: 6524: 6272: 5969: 5924: 5919: 5909: 5886: 5055: 3461:"Brand Name Justification for Ballistic Plates.pdf (opens in new window)" 3428: 2475: 2151: 2127: 2104: 2016: 1803: 1776: 1762:, developed a material that was always rigid. It was announced that this 1752: 1684: 1447: 1339: 1288: 1284: 802: 701: 572: 310: 2748: 2502:"The Monk who Stopped Bullets with Silk: Inventing the Bulletproof Vest" 6717: 6564: 5974: 5914: 5475: 5162: 5112: 5034: 4439:"Air Force scientists study artificial silk for body armor, parachutes" 2241: 2143: 1098: 709: 689: 659:, which consisted of a breastplate and a headpiece and could withstand 434: 406:

is recorded as testing his armour against gun-fire. Similarly, in 1590

370: 338: 3873:

Costello, Joseph T.; Stewart, Kelly L.; Stewart, Ian B. (2015-01-01).

3816:

Costello, Joseph T.; Stewart, Kelly L.; Stewart, Ian B. (2015-08-01).

1691:

to define a solution to high tenacity without environmental weakness.

6489: 6423: 6372: 6367: 6357: 6302: 6196: 6034: 6024: 5984: 5979: 5583: 5437: 5336: 5326: 5321: 5012: 3475:"House Armed Services Committee hearing discussing XSAPI development" 2305: 2079:. It is also illegal to possess body armour without authorization in 1916: 1896: 1816: 1759: 1713: 1671: 1611: 1532: 1495: 1295: 1132: 973: 969: 510: 474: 447: 1549:

carriers, and low-profile carriers which are meant to be concealed:

1411:

It is notable that despite the protection offered, much of it is in

4926: 4453:"Home – Criminal Justice Testing and Evaluation Consortium (CJTEC)" 2739:

Barron, Edward R.; Park, Alice F; Alesi, Anthony L (January 1969).

1683:

Akzo-Magellan (now DuPont) teams have been working on fiber called

925:. They were issued to the crew of low-flying aircraft, such as the 6408: 6398: 6352: 5904: 5856: 4363:"High Performance "M5" Fiber for Ballistics/Structural Composites" 4087:"What Is The Difference Between Concealable and Overt Body Armor?" 2202: 2181: 2114: 1976: 1956: 1676: 1591: 1569: 1556: 1512: 1392: 1308: 1255: 1233: 1197: 1140: 1088: 1047: 1023: 1002: 891: 859: 823: 779: 733: 674: 629:. The Dayfield body shield entered service in 1916 and a hardened 626: 603: 530: 458: 300: 4927:"Nova Scotia to impose restrictions on possession of body armour" 4706:"British journalist arrested in Thailand for carrying body armor" 2845:"US Patent 3971072 – Lightweight armor and method of fabrication" 1596:

The low-profile configuration of the Plate Carrier Generation III

298:

Form of body armour that protects the torso from some projectiles

6282: 1354: 564: 539:, in which a 7 mm revolver is fired at a person wearing the vest 5556: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4170:

Why Do Police Officers Leave Their Body Armour in the Cupboard?

4149:"Comprehensive Guide to Plate Carriers: Features and Benefits" 4080: 4078: 679:

Testing a bulletproof vest in Washington, D.C., September 1923

216: 169: 67: 26: 2998: 2996: 2529:

Wolves, Jackals, and Foxes: The Assassins Who Changed History

1659:

technical disciplines. The most recent offering from Kevlar,

842:

used several types of body armour, including the SN-42 (from

232:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

4311: 4266: 4252: 1097:" personnel and an officer (left) with bulletproof vests in 1030:

issued a similar rated vest called the Splitterschutzweste.

4656:

Graphene could find use in lightweight ballistic body armor

3402:

The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and their Variations

1517:

Metropolitan Police officers conducting crowd control, 2006

5552: 4326:"15 hits of 7.62x39mm on a LIBA plate, Golan Heights 2002" 3004:"Pros and Cons of Body Armor Shapes and Sizes Infographic" 639:

The French experimented with steel visors attached to the

4614:"Science/Nature | Super-strong body armour in sight" 2885:"Canine Units in Afghanistan Issued New Protective Vests" 1446:

issued a requirement for a body armor using a commercial

3047:"Surviving attack more than just dumb luck for sergeant" 2554:

War on the Western Front in the Trenches of World War I

523:

was infamous for wearing a steel breastplate under his

241: 3369:. U.S. General Services Administration. Archived from 2690:"The Russian army body armor — Encyclopedia of safety" 900:

Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center

4460: 4174:(ed. Margaret Hanson, E. J. Lovesey, S. A. Robertson) 2930: 1802:

In late 2014, researchers began studying and testing

738:

A Japanese vest, which used overlapping armour plates

4880:"Legality of Owning Body Armor in the United States" 2620:"Body Armour For The Western Front In The Great War" 2595:"Body Armour For The Western Front In The Great War" 2376:

The Encyclopedia of Lawmen, Outlaws, and Gunfighters

6683: 6642: 6552: 6467: 6391: 6260: 6099: 6068: 5895: 5799: 5790: 5590: 5524: 5510: 5368: 5309: 5281: 5272: 5265: 5043: 4118:"Plate Carrier Vs Vest: Differences and Comparison" 1246:Broadly, there are three basic types of hard armor 1143:. The US military has developed body armor for the 456:reported on his line of business in December 1847. 98:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3541:PSM Shooting: 5.45x18mm vs 7.62x25mm on Soft Armor 2397: 1739:Currently, there are a number of methods by which 4588:"Nano-Armor: Protecting The Soldiers Of Tomorrow" 2795:"The coolest and the rarest- 6b1 body armor vest" 801:, the United States also designed body armor for 770:for bomber crews in 1943 under contract with the 4637:World's Strongest Material In Body Armour Trials 4312:""Super LIBA" back, shows the rating as 7.62 WC" 4176:, (Padstow, UK: T.J. International) pp. 358–362. 3424:"Better body armor means more weight for troops" 2077:Australian Customs and Border Protection Service 1279:family is a well-known example of these plates. 759:also adopted this armour for medical personnel. 3333:"Multi Hit III++ Hard Armor Plate – MH3HAP-B4C" 2716:"Testing Reproduction WWI German Trench Armor" 776:Surgeon General of the United States Air Force 5568: 4997: 4704:James Griffiths and Chieu Luu (30 May 2017). 3935:. PatentStorm LLC. 1996-10-15. Archived from 2870:"Kevlar and Behind Armor Blunt Trauma (BABT)" 2847:. PatentStorm LLC. 1976-07-27. Archived from 2495: 2493: 2404:(2nd ed.). Carpinteria, CA: O.K. Press. 2358:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 230–233. 1712:Ballistic nylon (until the 1970s) or Kevlar, 1022:During the 1980s, the US military issued the 477:in the 1860s shortly after the punitive 1866 230:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 4475:"Shot Show:Pistol-stoppin TurtleSkin armour" 1319:bullet core is eroded rather than deformed. 4748:"Welcome to the Department of Home Affairs" 3173:Savage, G (August 1990). "Ceramic Armour". 1270:(SAPI) and the enhanced SAPI plate for the 913:These "Chicken Plates" were made of either 61:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5796: 5575: 5561: 5553: 5365: 5278: 5269: 5004: 4990: 4982: 3693:. December 2014. p. 8. Archived from 3278:"Questions Surround SOF Body Armor Recall" 2195: 1826: 608:World War I German Infanterie-Panzer, 1917 3908: 3890: 3849: 3792: 3774: 2984: 1188:Home Office Scientific Development Branch 757:2nd Canadian Division during World War II 353:may come in a soft form, as worn by many 286:Learn how and when to remove this message 268:Learn how and when to remove this message 158:Learn how and when to remove this message 4902:"Bill 32 – Body Armour Control Act – RA" 4669:"Sacar la tenencia de chaleco antibalas" 4085:Erestain, Nicolette (5 September 2019). 4059:The Home Office Departmental Report 2005 1202:A level IIIA soft armor low-profile vest 1157:List of body armor performance standards 1067:to large numbers of troops includes the 200:of all important aspects of the article. 4516:Wiley Advances in Ceramic Armor III ACS 4493:"Differences Between Kevlar and Twaron" 4233:. MKP Structural Design Associates, Inc 2569:World War I Trench Warfare (2): 1916–18 2267: 1294:The standards for armor-piercing rifle 854:. The SN armour protected wearers from 588:A similar vest made by Polish inventor 402:to create a bulletproof vest. In 1561, 4967:NIJ Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor 4852:(NSW) Schedule 1 – prohibited weapons. 4646:– Armedforces-Int.com, 1 December 2014 3959:"Penetration-resistant aramid article" 3404:North Cape Publications Copyright 2004 2664:King, Ludlow (January–February 1953). 464:Ned Kelly's ploughboard ballistic suit 196:Please consider expanding the lead to 4972:Body Armor News and Knowledge Website 2338:"The Landlord's Protective Garment". 1699:Textile wovens and laminates research 817:. These vests were first used in the 7: 3590:"Russian Federation GOST-R 50744-95" 2899:from the original on 13 January 2008 1484:Combination stab and ballistic vests 1444:California Department of Corrections 96:adding citations to reliable sources 4196:"Dragon Skin Environmental Testing" 4019:"Protective equipment publications" 3444:"Purchase description of the XSAPI" 3103:"A Ceramic Armor Material Database" 3045:Vergun, David (26 September 2016). 2356:Encyclopedia of Western Gunfighters 1624:Non-standard designs of hard armour 1272:United States Department of Defense 991:In 1976, Richard Davis, founder of 633:was introduced the following year. 4832:Weapons Categories Regulation 1997 4816:Prohibited Weapons Regulation 1997 4036:"Taking the Stab Out of Stabbings" 3822:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 3491:. December 1, 2019. Archived from 3363:"Miscellaneous gear and equipment" 3175:Journal of the Institute of Metals 3010:. 15 November 2019. Archived from 1610:For some ballistic fibers such as 906:, making them capable of stopping 25: 4925:The Canadian Press (2019-01-29). 4594:from the original on 6 April 2009 2572:. Osprey Publishing. p. 12. 1400:being used in a training exercise 1254:-based systems, steel plate with 488:United States expedition to Korea 404:Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor 392:Duke Francesco Maria della Rovere 42:This article has multiple issues. 6772: 6771: 6763: 5471:Body armor performance standards 4977:NIJ body armor standard overview 4332:from the original on 2007-02-21. 4267:"LIBA 15 hits from 7.62 AK fire" 4172:, Contemporary Ergonomics 1999, 2793:Besedovskyy, Vlad (2023-02-19). 2378:. Checkmark Books. pp. 172–173. 2050: 2030: 2009: 1989: 1969: 1949: 1929: 1909: 1889: 1869: 1849: 1588:Low-Profile/Concealable carriers 569:Southern California Practitioner 535:Test of a 1901 vest designed by 221: 174: 72: 31: 4292:from the original on 2021-12-11 3654:"The Importance of Trauma Pads" 3548:from the original on 2021-12-11 2883:Ransford, Cheryl (2005-02-25). 2624:www.westernfrontassociation.com 1564:wearing tactical plate carriers 188:may be too short to adequately 83:needs additional citations for 50:or discuss these issues on the 3984:Forensic Science International 3517:. Ceramics.org. Archived from 3132:Journal of Composite Materials 3072:"MASS IIIA Soft Plate Backers" 2773:"Who are you calling Chicken?" 1471:HOSDB-Stab and Slash standards 1442:In the mid-1980s the state of 1376:ballistic armour plates/panels 563:, had one bullet stopped by a 198:provide an accessible overview 1: 5257:Boiled leather (cuir bouilli) 5232:Kusari (Japanese mail armour) 4658:– Gizmag.com, 1 December 2014 4280:Mofet Etzion (5 March 2018). 4227:"Lightweight composite armor" 4116:Bartell, Brain (2 May 2022). 3996:10.1016/S0379-0738(99)00117-6 3879:BioMed Research International 3691:National Institute of Justice 2893:American Forces Press Service 2775:. VietnamGear.com. 2006-07-03 2745:U.S. Army Natick Laboratories 2425:Edwards, Josh (May 2, 1980). 2308:: Brill Academic Publishers. 1721:Developments in ceramic armor 1578:Soldier Plate Carrier Systems 1427:Stab and stab-ballistic armor 1415:. According to some sources, 1184:National Institute of Justice 978:National Institute of Justice 829: 792:United States Army Air Forces 469:Another soft ballistic vest, 4849:Weapons Prohibition Act 1998 4724:"Body Armour Laws in The UK" 4546:Journal of Materials Science 3957:Foy, Brian E. (1996-11-26). 3776:10.1371/journal.pone.0083740 2714:McCollum, Ian (2015-06-25). 1768:tungsten disulfide nanotubes 1758:In 2005 an Israeli company, 1650:Progress in material science 1630:Small Arms Protective Insert 1574:Improved Outer Tactical Vest 1349:Body armor standards in the 1277:Small Arms Protective Insert 1268:Small Arms Protective Insert 1147:who aid soldiers in battle. 1084:Small Arms Protective Insert 1073:Improved Outer Tactical Vest 1007:US Marines being issued the 490:, when the US Navy attacked 307:Improved Outer Tactical Vest 6142:Helmet Steel Airborne Troop 4784:Control of Weapons Act 1990 4612:Rincon, Paul (2007-10-23). 4043:, Spring 2000 (whole issue) 3221:Lightfighter Tactical Forum 3152:10.1106/YRBH-JGT9-U6PT-L555 2741:"Body Armor for Aircrewman" 2024:Up to five years in prison 1813:University of Massachusetts 1735:Nanomaterials in ballistics 1499:Metropolitan Police Service 1344:TenCate Advanced Composites 1093:Indonesian Special Police " 790:, they were adopted by the 244:, discuss the issue on the 6824: 6278:Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet 3515:"Corporate Member Listing" 2400:The Truth about Wyatt Earp 2396:Erwin, Richard E. (1993). 2374:Metz, Leon Claire (2003). 2328:Ricketts, H, Firearms p. 5 1509:Standards update US and UK 1501:and other agencies in the 1430: 1386: 1227: 1154: 1077:United States Marine Corps 1065:United States armed forces 1063:Newer armor issued by the 964:In 1971, research chemist 727: 592:in 1901 saved the life of 479:French expedition to Korea 6759: 5550: 5020: 4768:Summary Offences Act 1953 4534:Foster Miller Last Armor. 4497:www.differencebetween.net 3242:"Ceradyne Armor Brochure" 2986:10.3389/fmats.2020.608139 2823:Science History Institute 2526:Hollington, Kris (2008). 1837:Ownership without license 1331:Protection" on the back. 431:lobster-tailed pot helmet 6803:Law enforcement uniforms 5376:Armour of the Kelly gang 5222:Karuta (Japanese armour) 4862:Police Offences Act 1935 3489:"Image of back of XSAPI" 2666:"Lightweight Body Armor" 2300:Williams, Allan (2003). 1467:not tested with knives. 993:Second Chance Body Armor 884:fibre-reinforced plastic 815:fibre-reinforced plastic 782:and capable of stopping 744:Medical Research Council 555:, who was shot twice by 5274:Bullet-resistant armour 5227:Kikko (Japanese armour) 5044:Historical armour types 4906:Nova Scotia Legislature 4566:10.1023/A:1024424200221 4409:10.1126/science.1065780 3629:www.sentineltailors.com 3597:www.sentineltailors.com 2445:"Dr. George Goodfellow" 2276:"Ballistic vest review" 1792:University of Cambridge 1689:computational chemistry 1553:Overt/Tactical carriers 797:In the early stages of 6480:Advanced Combat Helmet 5525:Fictional armour types 4900:GLOBEMD (2018-10-12). 4728:www.safeguardarmor.com 2965:Frontiers in Materials 2556:Osprey Publishing p228 2532:. St. Martin's Press. 2187: 2123: 1790:that was developed at 1745:University of Delaware 1728:Dragon Skin body armor 1597: 1565: 1518: 1401: 1243: 1203: 1105: 1060: 1052:Bulletproof vest with 1019: 890:segments woven into a 835: 739: 680: 609: 540: 466: 318: 6572:Boxing / Martial Arts 5123:Mail and plate armour 3834:10.1093/annhyg/mev029 3625:"Ballistic Standards" 3193:"Ballistic Standards" 3110:TACOM RD&E Center 3008:Spartan Armor Systems 2819:"Stephanie L. Kwolek" 2566:Stephen Bull (2002). 2354:O'Neal, Bill (1979). 2185: 2157:As of February 2019, 2118: 1595: 1560: 1516: 1438:Early "ice pick" test 1396: 1237: 1201: 1151:Performance standards 1092: 1080:Modular Tactical Vest 1051: 1006: 827: 737: 678: 607: 594:Alfonso XIII of Spain 534: 462: 408:Henry Lee of Ditchley 375:police tactical units 349:from explosions. The 331:bullet-resistant vest 304: 6808:Riot control weapons 6122:M32 (Czechoslovakia) 5381:Brewster Body Shield 4951:"Body armour permit" 4375:on 18 November 2004. 3570:www.armourshield.com 3495:on September 9, 2021 2552:Sheffield, G (2007) 2500:Oleksiak, Wojciech. 2431:The Prescott Courier 1526:Stab and spike vests 1383:Explosive protection 1353:, as established in 1103:2016 Jakarta attacks 868:Battle of Stalingrad 858:bullets fired by an 762:The British company 657:Brewster Body Shield 549:George E. Goodfellow 516:American outlaw and 250:create a new article 242:improve this article 92:improve this article 6293:Romanian M73 helmet 6247:M1918 (Switzerland) 6167:Mk II talker helmet 6132:Stahlhelm (Germany) 5687:Henry VIII's Horned 5266:Modern armour types 5205:Gothic plate armour 5195:Kasten-brust armour 5118:Transitional armour 4838:Category E weapons. 4800:Weapons Control Act 4558:2003JMatS..38.2825L 4401:2002Sci...295..472L 4253:"LIBA armor makeup" 4122:The Soldier Project 3892:10.1155/2015/857536 3767:2014PLoSO...983740S 3144:2001JCoMa..35.1605L 2977:2020FrMat...7..440J 2451:on 20 December 2014 2344:. December 6, 1847. 2257:Terminal ballistics 2120:Hostage Rescue Team 1667:in fiber tenacity. 1194:Soft and hard armor 1135:, Pinnacle Armor's 840:Soviet Armed Forces 429:were equipped with 6530:Lightweight Helmet 6005:Lobster-tailed pot 5443:Osprey body armour 4755:www.customs.gov.au 4693:. August 15, 2019. 4642:2014-12-09 at the 4525:Tencate AresShield 4481:. 4 February 2008. 4064:2008-06-02 at the 3258:on 4 February 2007 3051:United States Army 2872:. 11 January 2023. 2630:on March 23, 2010. 2470:Hollington, Kris. 2188: 2140:Canadian provinces 2124: 2089:Northern Territory 1798:Graphene composite 1598: 1566: 1519: 1402: 1362:and blunt impact. 1351:Russian Federation 1244: 1204: 1172:blunt force trauma 1106: 1069:United States Army 1061: 1035:Lebanese Civil War 1020: 955:Smith & Wesson 836: 828:Sn-42 Body Armor, 740: 681: 612:The combatants of 610: 545:Tombstone, Arizona 541: 473:, was invented in 467: 325:, also known as a 319: 315:United States Army 107:"Bulletproof vest" 6785: 6784: 6753: 6752: 6592:Gridiron football 6548: 6547: 6202:SSh-39 and SSh-40 6137:M1934/39 (Greece) 5484: 5483: 5466: 5465: 5398:Ranger Body Armor 5364: 5363: 5310:Ballistic fabrics 5210:Maximilian armour 5066:Lorica segmentata 4675:. March 16, 2018. 4552:(13): 2825–2833. 4395:(5554): 472–476. 4091:Bullet Proof Zone 3138:(18): 1605–1633. 2720:Forgotten Weapons 2579:978-1-84176-198-5 2341:The Cork Examiner 2315:978-90-04-12498-1 2068: 2067: 1921:Varies internally 1359:7.62×25mm Tokarev 1313:sectional density 1042:Ranger Body Armor 947:Soviet–Afghan War 896:7.62×25mm Tokarev 845:Stalnoi Nagrudnik 819:Battle of Okinawa 766:began to produce 730:Stalnoi Nagrudnik 507:made basic armour 453:The Cork Examiner 433:and musket-proof 419:English Civil War 296: 295: 288: 278: 277: 270: 252:, as appropriate. 215: 214: 168: 167: 160: 142: 65: 16:(Redirected from 6815: 6775: 6774: 6767: 6187:M1940 (Portugal) 5862:Late Roman ridge 5797: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5554: 5366: 5279: 5270: 5185:Greenwich armour 5006: 4999: 4992: 4983: 4955: 4954: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4875: 4869: 4859: 4853: 4845: 4839: 4829: 4823: 4813: 4807: 4797: 4791: 4781: 4775: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4752: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4673:Argentina.gob.ar 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4590:. Isracast.com. 4584: 4578: 4577: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4463:on May 28, 2007. 4459:. Archived from 4449: 4443: 4442: 4441:. 8 August 2018. 4435: 4429: 4428: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4368:. Archived from 4367: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4207: 4201:. Archived from 4200: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4177: 4168:Robin H Hooper, 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4124:. Archived from 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4097:on 4 August 2021 4093:. Archived from 4082: 4073: 4056: 4050: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4021:. Archived from 4014: 4008: 4007: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3912: 3894: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3853: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3796: 3778: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3726:. Archived from 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3700:on 23 April 2022 3699: 3688: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3660:. Archived from 3658:Bulletproof Zone 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3640: 3631:. Archived from 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3605: 3599:. Archived from 3594: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3339:. Archived from 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3308: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3257: 3251:. Archived from 3246: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3217:"level 4 Plate?" 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3119:on 14 July 2022. 3118: 3112:. Archived from 3107: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3078:. Archived from 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2935: 2934: 2931:"VPAM home site" 2927: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2856: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2799:Safar Publishing 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2753: 2747:. Archived from 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2626:. Archived from 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2606: 2597:. Archived from 2590: 2584: 2583: 2563: 2557: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2497: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2474:. Archived from 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2447:. Archived from 2441: 2435: 2434: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2403: 2393: 2387: 2372: 2366: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2278:. Archived from 2272: 2207:private security 2148:British Columbia 2056: 2054: 2053: 2036: 2034: 2033: 2015: 2013: 2012: 1995: 1993: 1992: 1975: 1973: 1972: 1955: 1953: 1952: 1935: 1933: 1932: 1915: 1913: 1912: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1855: 1853: 1852: 1827: 1788:carbon nanotubes 1753:shear thickening 1717:most effective. 1301:tungsten carbide 1248:ballistic plates 1209:ballistic plates 1167:bullet resistant 1054:Belgian Malinois 966:Stephanie Kwolek 834: 831: 724:Second World War 716:, and later the 694:.32 S&W Long 644:that was called 579:Kazimierz Żegleń 483:regent of Joseon 427:Ironside cavalry 412:Greenwich armour 386:Early modern era 333:, is an item of 323:bulletproof vest 291: 284: 273: 266: 262: 259: 253: 225: 224: 217: 210: 207: 201: 178: 170: 163: 156: 152: 149: 143: 141: 100: 76: 68: 57: 35: 34: 27: 21: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6798:Ballistic vests 6788: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6777:Category:Armour 6755: 6754: 6749: 6679: 6670:Riot protection 6638: 6544: 6495:ECH (Australia) 6463: 6387: 6256: 6252:Type 92 Tetsubo 6177:Netherlands M34 6127:M1923 (Denmark) 6095: 6091:Tarleton helmet 6064: 5897: 5891: 5786: 5642:Coventry Sallet 5594: 5592: 5586: 5581: 5546: 5520: 5506: 5480: 5462: 5360: 5356:Ballistic nylon 5305: 5283:Ballistic plate 5261: 5180:Munition armour 5093:Lamellar armour 5088:Lorica squamata 5039: 5016: 5010: 4963: 4958: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4935: 4933: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4910: 4908: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4882: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4842: 4830: 4826: 4814: 4810: 4798: 4794: 4782: 4778: 4766: 4762: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4732: 4730: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4644:Wayback Machine 4635: 4631: 4622: 4620: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4597: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4502: 4500: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4365: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4066:Wayback Machine 4057: 4053: 4034: 4030: 4016: 4015: 4011: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3967: 3965: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3942: 3940: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3638: 3636: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3574: 3572: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3549: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3524: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3373:on 12 June 2020 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3337:Paraclete Armor 3331: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3313:. U.S. Congress 3311:Global Security 3306: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3284:. 8 August 2017 3276: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3201: 3199: 3197:Body Armor News 3191: 3190: 3186: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3105: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3082:on 14 July 2022 3070: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3014:on 23 July 2021 3002: 3001: 2994: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2949:, pp. 6–7. 2945: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2902: 2900: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2854: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2801: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2776: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2757: 2755: 2754:on May 23, 2012 2751: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2724: 2722: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2699: 2697: 2696:. 8 August 2013 2688: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2672: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2604: 2602: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2472:"Staying Alive" 2469: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2433:. pp. 3–5. 2424: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2373: 2369: 2353: 2349: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2283: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2223: 2180: 2171: 2136: 2113: 2101:New South Wales 2081:South Australia 2073: 2051: 2049: 2031: 2029: 2010: 2008: 1990: 1988: 1970: 1968: 1950: 1948: 1930: 1928: 1910: 1908: 1890: 1888: 1870: 1868: 1850: 1848: 1825: 1809:Rice University 1800: 1737: 1723: 1710: 1701: 1652: 1626: 1621: 1607: 1590: 1555: 1546: 1528: 1511: 1486: 1473: 1440: 1435: 1429: 1391: 1385: 1372: 1232: 1230:Ballistic plate 1226: 1217: 1196: 1159: 1153: 1139:, and Toyobo's 1130:Teijin Aramid's 1001: 923:aluminium oxide 919:silicon carbide 876: 851:tank desantniki 832: 772:Royal Air Force 764:Wilkinson Sword 732: 726: 673: 671:Interwar period 650:machine-gunners 602: 600:First World War 444: 423:Oliver Cromwell 400:Filippo Negroli 398:, commissioned 388: 383: 363:security guards 359:prison officers 355:police officers 313:, as issued to 299: 292: 281: 280: 279: 274: 263: 257: 254: 239: 226: 222: 211: 205: 202: 195: 183:This article's 179: 164: 153: 147: 144: 101: 99: 89: 77: 36: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6821: 6819: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6790: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6769: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6733:American fiber 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6693: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6268:Bangtan Helmet 6264: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6237:M1937 (Sweden) 6234: 6232:M1926 (Sweden) 6229: 6224: 6222:M1942 Modelo Z 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6117:M36 (Bulgaria) 6114: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5803: 5801: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5777:Witcham Gravel 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5667:Guilden Morden 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5647:Crosby Garrett 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5349:Spectra Shield 5341: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5319: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5287: 5285: 5276: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5168:Muscle cuirass 5165: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5128:Coat of plates 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5098:Laminar armour 5095: 5090: 5085: 5083:Lorica plumata 5080: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5030:Vehicle armour 5027: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4962: 4961:External links 4959: 4957: 4956: 4942: 4917: 4892: 4878:Pax, Bastion. 4870: 4854: 4840: 4824: 4808: 4792: 4776: 4760: 4739: 4715: 4696: 4678: 4660: 4648: 4629: 4604: 4579: 4536: 4527: 4518: 4509: 4499:. 3 April 2013 4484: 4466: 4444: 4430: 4378: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4317: 4303: 4282:"Mofet Etzion" 4272: 4258: 4244: 4231:JUSTIA Patents 4218: 4187: 4178: 4161: 4147:Pax, Bastion. 4139: 4128:on 25 May 2022 4108: 4074: 4051: 4028: 4025:on 2010-04-08. 4009: 3974: 3963:Google Patents 3949: 3924: 3865: 3828:(7): 922–931. 3808: 3741: 3711: 3675: 3664:on 18 May 2021 3645: 3616: 3581: 3557: 3531: 3506: 3480: 3466: 3452: 3435: 3415: 3406: 3393: 3384: 3354: 3324: 3295: 3269: 3233: 3208: 3184: 3165: 3122: 3093: 3063: 3037: 3035:, p. 6-7. 3025: 2992: 2951: 2936: 2922: 2913: 2875: 2861: 2836: 2810: 2785: 2764: 2731: 2706: 2694:survincity.com 2681: 2656: 2647: 2633: 2611: 2585: 2578: 2558: 2545: 2538: 2518: 2489: 2462: 2436: 2417: 2410: 2388: 2367: 2347: 2330: 2321: 2314: 2292: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2222: 2219: 2192:European Union 2179: 2178:European Union 2176: 2170: 2167: 2135: 2132: 2112: 2109: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038:United Kingdom 2026: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937:European Union 1925: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1824: 1821: 1799: 1796: 1736: 1733: 1722: 1719: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1697: 1651: 1648: 1644:7.62×51mm NATO 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1606: 1603: 1589: 1586: 1554: 1551: 1545: 1544:Armor carriers 1542: 1527: 1524: 1510: 1507: 1503:United Kingdom 1485: 1482: 1472: 1469: 1439: 1436: 1428: 1425: 1387:Main article: 1384: 1381: 1371: 1368: 1287:Model AA4 and 1228:Main article: 1225: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1195: 1192: 1155:Main article: 1152: 1149: 1000: 997: 904:ceramic plates 875: 872: 788:Avro Lancaster 725: 722: 686:.22 Long Rifle 672: 669: 601: 598: 590:Jan Szczepanik 553:Charlie Storms 537:Jan Szczepanik 492:Ganghwa Island 471:Myeonje baegab 450:in the 1840s. 443: 442:Industrial era 440: 387: 384: 382: 379: 327:ballistic vest 297: 294: 293: 276: 275: 236:of the subject 234:worldwide view 229: 227: 220: 213: 212: 192:the key points 182: 180: 173: 166: 165: 80: 78: 71: 66: 40: 39: 37: 30: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6820: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6778: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6660:Firefighter's 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6515:Hełm wz. 2005 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6444:Hełm wz. 2000 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6288:Hungarian M70 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6242:L'Eplattenier 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6217:M1934 (Spain) 6215: 6213: 6212:M1926 (Spain) 6210: 6208: 6207:M1921 (Spain) 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5960:Germanic boar 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5950:Falling buffe 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5747:Staffordshire 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5573: 5571: 5566: 5564: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369:Armor systems 5367: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5291:Ceramic plate 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5148:Mirror armour 5146: 5144: 5143:Splint armour 5141: 5139: 5138:Jack of plate 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5078:Lorica hamata 5076: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5002: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4918: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4893: 4881: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4761: 4756: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4633: 4630: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4605: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4498: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4379: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4273: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4208:on 2016-12-22 4204: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4150: 4143: 4140: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4109: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3975: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3950: 3939:on 2011-06-12 3938: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3761:(2): e83740. 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3742: 3730:on 5 May 2021 3729: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3635:on 2013-09-14 3634: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3606:on 2020-03-31 3602: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3547: 3544:, July 2017, 3543: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3521:on 2010-08-28 3520: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3343:on 2005-02-16 3342: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3181:(8): 487–492. 3180: 3176: 3169: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3094: 3081: 3077: 3076:Midwest Armor 3073: 3067: 3064: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2876: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2851:on 2011-06-12 2850: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2707: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2601:on 2010-03-23 2600: 2596: 2593:David Payne. 2589: 2586: 2581: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2539:9781429986809 2535: 2531: 2530: 2522: 2519: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2478:on 3 May 2007 2477: 2473: 2466: 2463: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2411:9780963393029 2407: 2402: 2401: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2384:0-8160-4543-7 2381: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2364:0-8061-1508-4 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2317: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2293: 2282:on 2011-07-13 2281: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2252:Mail (armour) 2250: 2248: 2247:Jack of plate 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2184: 2177: 2175: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2111:United States 2110: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2058:United States 2048: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2007: 2006: 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