118:. Mokotjo was the chief of the Mokotleng Tlokwa chiefdom. Mokotjo died following an illness while on a mission to claim the area around Hohobeng from the rival Batlokwa chief Lebasa. Mokotjo contracted a disease, died, and his body was sent back to Nkwe for burial. At the time of Mokotjo's death, Sekonyela was only nine years old and it would be another ten years before he was old enough to rule. The same thing had happened to Mokotjo's mother Ntlo-Kholo who had married Montueli. When Montueli passed away, Ntlo-Kholo assumed chieftainship until Mokotjo came of age. When Manthatisi became regent, she sent Sekonyela to live with her people – the Basia – in order to protect him from political rivalry. The Basia lived south of the Batlokwa and were their allies. Sekonyela attended circumcision school with the Basia people, assisted by his uncle Letlala, the chief of the Basia. At the time the Mokotleng were among the most powerful chiefdoms in the
219:. This was after Moshoeshoe I and the Bataung had complained about the frequent raids by Sekonyela. This was however not realised due to mediation from Taaibosch. Sekonyela paid a fine of 300 cows after showing remorse. During that time Sekonyela also led some successful cattle raids against neighbouring chiefdoms to the north and north-east. In February 1852, Assistant Commissioner Hogge met with Moshoeshoe I, assuring him that the British would no longer interfere into inter-tribal conflicts. Having significantly surpassed Sekoyela's chiefdom in strength and growing tired of his raiding Moshoeshoe I was determined to punish any further incursions.
230:. A force of some 7,000 men attacked Makosane, the village of Sekonyela's brother 'Mota. The Batlokwa regiments were defeated, their herds were driven away while their crops and huts were burned. After destroying the village of Nkhahle, Moshoeshoe's army advanced on Sekonyela's stronghold at Marabeng and that of his son Maketekete at Jwalaboholo. Sekonyela made a peace offering and Moshoeshoe accepted it. The Batlokwa had lost almost 50 men killed and most of their cattle. Moshoeshoe had offered Sekonyela an alliance in the face of increasing
142:. During that period, the Batlokwa lived mainly through plunder before finally settling at Marabeng during the winter of 1824. By then both the population of the tribe and its cattle herds had been significantly reduced. It was at that time that Sekonyela re-joined the tribe and effectively took over leadership from his mother. The exact year he ascended to chieftainship is unknown, he had certainly done so by 1834.
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cows. The rest, Retief took for himself. He also confiscated guns from the
Batlokwa, which Sekonyela had obtained through barter. Retief decided to put the blame on Sekonyela so that he could negotiate a Voortrekker settlement in Dingane's area. This however did not work in Retief's favour as Dingane went ahead and executed him and his entourage.
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According to oral traditions recorded by his great-grandson, Felix
Maketekete Sekonyela, Sekonyela had seven wives who bore him children and several more who did not. Foreign visitors were unanimous in their unfavourable descriptions of Sekonyela. This was owing partly to his persecution of Christian
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raiders. Sekonyela was impressed by their skills, which included horse riding and shooting, and requested them to impart those skills on to his people. Their relations did not last long, as soon disputes led the Korana out, who relocated to
Koranaberg (Excelsior and Marquard). This was after stealing
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In May 1849, Sekonyela and the Korana, particularly their leader Gert
Taaibosch, were reconciled and this is when a number of attacks against Moshoeshoe I were carried out. In the past, the Korana and Moshoeshoe I had disputes over land, particularly land near the Caledon. On 1 September 1850, Major
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who imprisoned
Sekonyela by trickery. The Batlokwa were forced to return Dingane's stolen cattle along with ransom totaling 700 cattle, 70 horses and 30 muskets for his release. Sekonyela obliged and was freed. Retief decided not to surrender Sekonyela to Dingane, who had initially asked for 300
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District. In the battle of Khoro-e-Betloa against the
Basotho, which ensued towards the end of 1853 (between October and November), Taaibosch was killed at Dawidsberg. After the death of Taaibosch, the Basotho army overwhelmed the Batlokwa and drove Sekonyela out of Jwalaboholo. Following that
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One of his major challenges was encounters with the
European missionaries in the 1830s. While some black kingdoms were friendly towards the missionaries, others were hostile. Sekonyela was one of the rulers who remained distrustful of the missionaries. In addition, another European group – the
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came into contact with the
Batlokwa; moving from the Cape into the interior. Seeking land and livestock, in some instances they negotiated their way into black communities, in other instances dislodging them. This caused major conflicts. In 1830, Sekonyela and his people settled near the
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In 1836 French missionary
Arbousset visited Sekonyela, estimating his tribe to number approximately 14,000 people; of whom 1,400 lived around Marabeng. The same year, the Batlokwa were attacked by
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most of the cattle of the
Batlokwa. Sekonyela then relocated across the Caledon. A year later there were encounters again with the Korana, which led the Batlokwa deep into the
82:. He regularly engaged in cattle raids on neighbouring tribes, often to the detriment of his own people. In late 1853, Sekonyela's Tlôkwa Chiefdom was defeated by the army of
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In March 1852, the Batlokwa stole 10 of Moshoeshoe's best horses. Moshoeshoe assembled warriors from across his kingdom and was joined by tributaries such as
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in 1848 – was granted permission by the Orange Free State government to take military action against Sekonyela in order to end the frequent attacks on the
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defeat, Sekonyela fled to Winburg with very few of his people. The bulk of his people joined Moshoeshoe I; and others relocated to the
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190:. When the latter requested restitution, Sekonyela sent an insulting reply. Dingane employed the services of Voortrekker leader
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Thee battle of Mamusa: The Western Transvaal border culture and the ethno-dissolution of the last functioning Korana policy
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converts, three of whom he had personally executed on accusations of witchcraft. Modern day Batlokwa refer to Sekonyela as
163:. For twenty years, the two rivals raided each other and competed for adherents from the many refugee bands in the region.
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after the birth of their first child – Nthatisi. At the time the Batlokwa were living in the valleys of the
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meaning fierce or angry, due to his propensity for anger and the poor treatment he meted to his followers.
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Sanders, Peter (1969). "Sekonyela and Moshweshwe: Failure and Success in the Aftermath of the Difaqane".
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cost Sekonyela heavily in both in cattle and followers. At one point he only commanded 700 people.
90:. Most of his tribesmen were subsequently dispersed or absorbed by the victors. Sekonyela moved to
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and their cattle were once again looted. The wars with the Korana and his indiscriminate
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Until lions document their heritage: Southern Africa's fighters against colonial plunder
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Contemporary Society Tribal Studies: Structure and Exchange in Tribal India and Beyond
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Kingdoms and Chiefdoms of South Eastern Africa: Oral Traditions and History, 1400-1830
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Changing histories: Japanese and South African Textbooks in comparison (1945-1995)
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and British encroachment. Fearful of becoming his subordinate Sekonyela refused.
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on 20 December 1852, Taaibosch and Sekonyela attacked the Bataung of Tolo in
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people. He effectively took over the chieftainship from his mother queen
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wars, Manthatisi led her people on two years of wandering between the
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In 1837, Sekonyela's tribesmen stole some cattle from the
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people who married Monyalue of the Basia, who then became
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Sekonyela was born around 1804, he was the son of Kgosi
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in 1824 settling in Jwalaboholo in modern day northern
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with a small portion fleeing north to integrate with
159:. They rivaled for control over modern day northern
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740:. Makgabeng Heritage Research & Publishing.
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621:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
70:(c. 1804 – 20 July 1856) was a chief of the
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263:. He later moved to a plot given by
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275:. Sekonyela died on 20 July 1856.
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94:where he died three years later.
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640:. Göttingen: V&R Unipress.
267:– at Wittenberg Reserve in the
719:Moshoeshoe, chief of the Sotho
690:The Journal of African History
207:, after it was annexed by the
130:Following the outbreak of the
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560:Eldredge, Elizabeth (2015).
583:. Bloemfontein: Sun Press.
203:- who was in charge of the
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702:10.1017/S0021853700036379
598:Futhwa, Fezekile (2011).
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655:Pfeffer, George (2009).
617:Lipschutz, Mark (1978).
547:, pp. 451–452, 454.
717:Sanders, Peter (1975).
636:Nishino, Ryota (2011).
579:Erasmus, Piet (2015).
736:Setumu, Tlou (2014).
602:. Alberton: Nalane.
265:George Russell Clerk
201:Henry Douglas Warden
58:Wittenberg Reserve,
499:, pp. 183–185.
487:, pp. 448–449.
463:, pp. 163–165.
451:, pp. 308–309.
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226:and allied
192:Piet Retief
148:Voortrekker
759:Categories
628:0520066111
554:References
252:Harrismith
242:After the
112:Manthatisi
98:Early life
76:Manthatisi
52:1856-06-20
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675:cite book
287:Footnotes
39:Sekonyela
269:Herschel
261:Batswana
120:Highveld
108:Batlokwa
92:Herschel
72:Batlokwa
60:Herschel
248:Winburg
217:Bataung
213:Basotho
209:British
188:Dingane
161:Lesotho
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