789:
enroll in the second year of university in a chosen subject; a student having completed the khâgne can immediately enter the third and last year of the French bachelor's programme in a chosen subject. After having repeated the khâgne, the student may be granted a partial or a total bachelor's diploma equivalence. In the case of a student who has passed the written exam but failed the oral part, there is the possibility of studying any subject they have done in the written exam at post-graduate level. In addition to grandes écoles and IEPs, khâgne students can also enroll in selective university programmes, such as
544:
from an ancient language, a translation from a modern language and a commentary of it, and a subject taken as a speciality. During the oral entrance examination, the literary analysis of a French literary text, an examination in philosophy, in modern and in ancient languages are based on an unlimited programme, and so is the extension of the curriculum in history. However the examination in the subject taken as a speciality is based on an explicit curriculum. About 2,000 students attend the
633:
Compared to the khâgne A/L, students of the khâgne de
Lettres et Sciences sociales (B/L) (Literature and social sciences) are required to take mathematics and social sciences in addition to literary subjects (philosophy, French literature, history and languages). The khâgne B/L was created in 1983 in
570:
For the students of Khâgne Lyon who choose to specialise in
English, there is also the possibility of getting into the ENS Paris-Saclay, traditionally a more science-orientated ENS but with an additional 10 places offered to English specialists. The selection process involves a different emphasis put
610:
must attend 5 hours of French literature, 5 hours of history, 4 hours of philosophy, 4 hours of the first modern language, 3 hours of ancient language and cultures (2 hours of Latin or
Ancient Greek and 2 hours of antique culture), 2 hours of geography and 2 hours of a second modern language a week.
788:
such as business schools or engineering schools (ENSAE, ENSAI, etc.). During their studies in classe préparatoire, students are simultaneously enrolled at a university so that the years spent at the classe prépa are recognized by universities: a student having completed the hypokhâgne is allowed to
881:
students as against the c. 40% of
Baccalauréat students who attend a standard university. They therefore see it as a feature of the elitism of the French higher education system, especially since the majority of successful candidates originate from privileged upper-class and middle-class families.
543:
lies in the fact that curricula of some subjects is unlimited. Each subject of the entrance examination must be taken in a written and in an oral form. The six written subjects taken are given the same coefficient: a codified essay in French literature, in history and in philosophy, a translation
562:
Each subject taught is based on an explicit curriculum which is different each year. Although all subjects have the same importance for the written part of the exam, for the oral examination one or two subjects are strongly emphasized, which makes the entrance examination to the ENS of Lyon more
876:
The classes involve elements of literature (modern and classical), history, philosophy, geography, languages and linguistics-–-a comprehensive humanities-based education-–-but students will normally specialise in one or two subjects. Critics claim that a disproportionate amount of resources is
869:: underscoring the failings of the students rather than their strengths. Consequently, most grades hover between 4 and 11, the latter grade being an excellent grade. This grading system is quite demotivating for students but is part and parcel of the intellectual "boot camp" mentality of the
852:
As the coursework is intensive, with around 35 hours of classwork per week and a good deal of work on top of that, it can be very stressful for students. The examinations are difficult and competitive and it is common for students either to repeat the second year of classes (in slang
1140:. These memoirs (published in English translation in 1990) illustrate the social differences between the education of the intellectual elite in France and in other countries, largely deriving from the unique curriculum and method of the khâgne.
594:. Before 1902, all high school classes were considered "classical", which means that ancient languages were compulsory even among students majoring in sciences. The reform created "modern" sections in which ancient languages weren't compulsory.
693:
330:), characterized by a stable class group with a maximum of 35 to 40 members. This is conducive to more substantial interaction between students and their professors, which is commonly understood as favouring high-quality learning.
704:
611:
Then comes a chosen subject which can be art, ancient languages, geography or another modern language. In khâgne, the compulsory subjects and their respective tuition hours depend on the kind of speciality chosen:
638:
high schools at the same time as a corresponding entrance examination was created at the ENS rue d'Ulm. The goal was to attract good high school students who majored in sciences to literary and social studies.
1186:
655:
History (4 hours per week). The curriculum encompasses "World history from 1918 to the present" and "French history from 1870 to the present" and is taught during the two years of the classe prépa.
915:'. During the 19th and early 20th century, the adjective was often used mockingly to describe people in the academic strata, especially those pursuing classical studies. More specifically, the
401:, students are allowed to repeat that second year once or even twice. This means that students can remain in the whole programme from two up to four years in total (see also the section on
1250:
1238:
1262:
103:
1035:). A khâgneux who fails the end-of-year entrance examination to ENS may repeat the khâgne year to try their luck a second time; in which case he or she is called
1226:
772:
1368:
1115:
67:
784:
The majority of khâgneux B/L and A/L go on to study at a university once they have completed the khâgne, though an increasing number of khâgneux enroll in
274:
738:
681:
590:. The distinction is actually made between "classical curriculum" and "modern classical" drawn in 1902 by the Ministry of Public Instruction of the time,
505:
1335:
696:(20 places) (National School of Statistics and Economic Administration) attached to France's National Institute of Economic and Statistical Information (
664:
An extra option (4 hours per week): extra classes in the compulsory modern language, or another modern language, or an ancient language or geography.
1310:
687:
555:
501:
490:
1322:
1408:
558:, which is more recent than the ENS Ulm, though it is better ranked in some research departments such as in exact and experimental sciences.
571:
on the grades obtained in the exam for the ENS Lyon and an even more specialised oral exam, which only involves
English-related subjects.
345:
require higher fees. The most prestigious khâgne programs in France are found in public schools, and are thus essentially free of charge.
642:
Both the curriculum of a hypokhâgne and a khâgne B/L is composed of the following subjects, which are considered of equal importance:
761:
582:
isn't explained by the distinction between classical literature and modern literature, since classical literature is also taught in
1043:). The origin of these terms corresponds to the number of years spent by the student in the system: two years (HK+K) correspond to
367:
1210:
312:) is that, while university students discover a new form of academic organization (with typically large gatherings of students in
1120:
The khâgne is informally discussed in the memoirs of
Raymond Aron (1905–1983), who transferred at 17 from a suburban school to
933:, against students in the humanities, who were perceived as crouching over their books, thus developing physical deformities.
1294:
1129:
744:
727:
675:
649:
Social sciences (6 hours per week) which encompasses economy, sociology, and objects commonly studied by those two subjects.
497:
484:
334:
323:
242:
1435:
84:
203:
1339:
207:
1095:
964:
731:
121:
refers to the final year of that program. In fact, the course articulates into two years with separate names:
1430:
810:
195:
1274:
942:
was adapted by humanities students themselves as a mocking self-description but they changed the spelling (
801:
Until 1890, secondary school graduates prepared for the entrance examination to the ENS by repeating their
215:
219:
1158:
719:
355:
270:
53:
973:
1189:. A 60' podcast, by Renée Elkaim-Bollinger, initially broadcast 19 Dec 1996 on French public radio
861:
806:
224:
1323:
Présentation des CPGE littéraires par le Ministère des l'Enseignement supérieur et de la recherche
1137:
408:
For the vast majority of students who will fail to get selected to ENS, having merely attended a
1174:
1121:
199:
1157:'s khâgne and became a normalienne. He also describes the intellectual life of khâgneux in the
574:
Unlike what is commonly assumed, the distinction between "classical" and "modern" opposing the
79:
1404:
1398:
1154:
826:
785:
191:
1133:
922:
865:
or other qualification. The grading system (0 to 20) reflects the general philosophy of the
635:
338:
280:
234:
211:
1145:
1027:
In student slang, a former hypokhâgneux attending the khâgne for the first time is called
1020:
1005:
591:
163:
109:
31:
1263:“Parcoursup : le classement Studyrama des CPGE Lettres les plus demandées de France”
646:
Mathematics (6 hours per week) whose curriculum is similar to the ones of business CPGEs.
264:
47:
615:
in literature, in philosophy, in history/geography or in geography (explicit curriculum)
1306:
1190:
671:
The khâgne B/L prepares students to take the entrance examinations of various schools:
342:
1424:
956:
926:
902:
849:
was meant to prepare students to the ENS. This system became standard by the 1930s.
809:. Teachers would give them more difficult assignments than to high school juniors.
313:
269:), French students with a strong interest in the Humanities may choose to follow a
98:
1290:
1150:
912:
765:
754:
308:
One of the formal differences between the two competing systems (university vs.
94:
90:
1164:
230:
61:
57:
1227:“Les classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles (CPGE): les prépas littéraires”
563:
specialized than the one of to the ENS Ulm. 3,000 students are attending the
715:
297:
course, which is situated outside the university system, taking place in a
1336:"Présentation des débouchés par l'Association de Professeurs de CPGE B/L"
1153:
details the life story of
Delphine Roux, a character who was educated in
949:
624:
in arts : musicology, art history, cinematography or theater studies
300:
287:
246:
991:
930:
1169:
1125:
723:
711:
697:
618:
in classical literature (Latin and ancient Greek, ancient history)
1094:
who are trying their last chance at the final examination. Using
813:
created a special class in order to gather those "veterans": the
703:
the
National School for Statistics and Analysis of Information (
535:
section of the entrance examination to the ENS of Paris. As the
238:
841:
year. Regarded as a two-year extension of high school studies,
182:(2nd year). Historically famous institutions for preparing the
750:
322:
students continue the organization they were familiar with in
1161:, from the point of view of the main character, Coleman Silk.
977:
859:) or to fail altogether, in which case they usually obtain a
418:
on the job market, even though it provides no formal degree.
1239:“Les prépas littéraires : la prépa lettres (1re année)”
621:
in modern languages (two modern languages are to be studied)
186:
program – some since the 19th century – include prestigious
1128:
for the two-year khâgne course, and was a classmate at the
1082:. So in a classroom of khâgne, half of the students may be
652:
French literature (4 hours per week), unlimited curriculum.
174:
In 2020, about 130 lycées scattered across France proposed
990:
Students commonly abbreviate the name of their year using
882:
Defenders see it as demonstrating an emphasis on quality.
479:, respectively preparing to the following entrance exams:
516:
The two remaining kinds of khâgnes are literary khâgnes:
354:
is to prepare undergraduate students for the competitive
16:
Two-year academic program in the French "post-bac" system
771:
the
Engineering school (Management/Advanced mechanics) (
925:, whose curriculum included physical education such as
963:, the name of the first year. This word was jocularly
1307:
Les concours d'entrée en
Lettres et sciences humaines
1211:“CPGE littéraire : tout savoir sur la prépa A/L”
1251:“Les prépas littéraires : La prépa lettres Ulm”
658:
Philosophy (4 hours per week), unlimited curriculum.
1102:(meaning "I plan to give khâgne a second try"); or
743:the national school for archivists and librarians,
158:The two-year program as a whole is commonly called
1106:("I'm not going to try a third year in khâgne!").
1070:A khâgneux who repeats the khâgne twice is called
341:normally ranges between 0 and 300 euros per year;
261:Once they have graduated from secondary school (
43:, is a two-year academic program in the French “
661:A compulsory modern language (2 hours per week)
496:The entrance examination (B/L section) to the
489:The entrance examination (A/L section) to the
483:The entrance examination (A/L section) to the
233:, …) and in major cities of the country (e.g.
78:), contrasting with other CPGE majors such as
854:
629:Khâgnes de Lettres et Sciences sociales (B/L)
402:
8:
1275:“Classement des prépas littéraires A/L 2020”
943:
937:
916:
906:
896:
409:
396:
390:
377:
365:
359:
349:
317:
298:
292:
262:
149:
142:
133:
126:
116:
73:
65:
44:
37:
20:
291:); or they may opt for the more selective
178:classes (1st year), and at least 30 had a
1203:
921:was used as a taunt by students of the
805:which corresponds to the final year of
64:. It is one of the three main types of
1116:Classe Préparatoire aux Grandes Écoles
837:) year between the final year and the
389:In case of an unsuccessful attempt at
333:When the khâgne program is based in a
68:Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles
1019:
1004:
162:
30:
7:
936:In the early 20th century, the term
905:, derived from the French adjective
384:Section Lettres et sciences humaines
1055:= square meter), three (HK+K+K) to
463:There are therefore three kinds of
372:(ENS) — more specifically to their
56:) system, with a specialization in
14:
1387:, Paris: Julliard, 1983, chap. 2.
667:Sport (2 optional hours per week)
512:Khâgnes de Lettres (Ulm and Lyon)
39:classes préparatoires littéraires
1187:“Qu'est-ce que la khâgne ?”
753:, etc.) and journalism schools (
1403:. Random House. p. 187ff.
1104:Je vais quand même pas bicater!
948:) to make it look like a Greek
760:Instituts d'études politiques (
1359:Another slang term related to
959:is even more conspicuous with
1:
374:Humanities and Social science
305:just like secondary school.
978:
737:the French military academy
422:Current organisation of the
115:Strictly speaking, the word
1078:), commonly abbreviated as
745:École nationale des chartes
728:École de management de Lyon
539:, the particularity of the
441:which can either lead to a
368:Écoles normales supérieures
141:year 2 (+3 +4): officially
1452:
972:
414:curriculum remains valued
348:The official objective of
586:and modern literature in
1371:École Normale Supérieure
1130:École Normale Supérieure
986:Slang terms and folklore
971:using the Greek prefix
749:Communication schools (
430:There are two kinds of
35:), officially known as
944:
938:
917:
907:
897:
410:
397:
391:
378:
366:
360:
350:
318:
299:
293:
263:
150:
143:
134:
127:
117:
74:
66:
45:
38:
21:
819:rhétorique supérieure
554:. It prepares to the
253:Main features of the
28:French pronunciation:
1397:Philip Roth (2000).
1090:, plus a handful of
873:educational system.
829:then introduced the
811:Lycée Louis-le-Grand
803:classe de rhétorique
720:ESCP Business School
395:at the end of their
356:entrance examination
164:[ipokaɲˈkaɲ]
1436:Education in France
847:Première supérieure
843:Lettres supérieures
839:Première supérieure
831:Lettres supérieures
817:class, also called
815:Première supérieure
807:secondary education
456:which leads to the
144:Première Supérieure
128:Lettres Supérieures
125:year 1: officially
1138:Georges Canguilhem
710:Business schools (
210:…), around Paris (
72:(CPGE, informally
1410:978-1-4464-0053-1
1086:, a third may be
901:(f.) is a pseudo-
190:in Paris (lycées
160:hypokhâgne-khâgne
1443:
1415:
1414:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1338:. Archived from
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1304:
1298:
1291:Concours Lettres
1288:
1282:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1208:
1134:Jean-Paul Sartre
1067:= cubic meter).
1023:
1008:
981:
976:
947:
941:
923:military academy
920:
910:
900:
682:ENS Paris-Saclay
531:prepares to the
506:ENS Paris-Saclay
413:
400:
394:
381:
371:
363:
353:
321:
304:
296:
273:curriculum in a
268:
228:
220:Lycée La Bruyère
208:Janson-de-Sailly
166:
153:
146:
137:
130:
120:
107:
88:
77:
71:
51:
41:
34:
29:
24:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1400:The Human Stain
1396:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1305:
1301:
1289:
1285:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1253:(site: ONISEP).
1249:
1245:
1241:(site: ONISEP).
1237:
1233:
1229:(site: ONISEP).
1225:
1221:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1183:
1146:The Human Stain
1122:Lycée Condorcet
1112:
988:
893:
888:
799:
782:
631:
604:
592:Alexandre Ribot
514:
428:
379:Section Lettres
364:) to the three
343:private schools
259:
243:Lycée Montaigne
222:
101:
82:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1431:Academic slang
1423:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1389:
1383:Raymond Aron,
1376:
1352:
1327:
1315:
1299:
1283:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1191:France Culture
1182:
1181:External links
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1141:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1100:Je vais cuber.
1098:, one can say
1006:[aʃka]
987:
984:
955:The play with
892:
889:
887:
884:
871:classes prépas
827:Lycée Henri-IV
798:
795:
786:grandes écoles
781:
778:
777:
776:
769:
758:
747:
741:
735:
708:
701:
691:
685:
679:
669:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
630:
627:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
603:
600:hypokhâgne A/L
596:
560:
559:
549:
513:
510:
509:
508:
494:
487:
454:hypokhâgne B/L
439:hypokhâgne A/L
427:
420:
258:
251:
196:Louis-le-Grand
156:
155:
139:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1448:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1342:on 2010-11-23
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:ENS Paris-Ulm
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:Latin Quarter
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:derived verbs
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:mètres carrés
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1002:
997:
993:
985:
983:
980:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
946:
940:
934:
932:
928:
927:equestrianism
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
890:
885:
883:
880:
874:
872:
868:
864:
863:
858:
857:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
796:
794:
792:
787:
779:
774:
770:
767:
763:
759:
756:
752:
748:
746:
742:
740:
736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:
702:
699:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
673:
672:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
644:
643:
640:
637:
634:Henri-IV and
628:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
612:
609:
601:
597:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
568:
566:
557:
553:
550:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:
526:
525:
523:
519:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:
488:
486:
482:
481:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
425:
421:
419:
417:
412:
406:
404:
399:
393:
387:
385:
380:
376:departments (
375:
370:
369:
362:
357:
352:
346:
344:
340:
336:
335:public school
331:
329:
325:
320:
315:
314:lecture halls
311:
306:
303:
302:
295:
290:
289:
283:
282:
276:
272:
267:
266:
256:
252:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:Lycée du Parc
232:
226:
221:
217:
213:
212:Lycée Lakanal
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
165:
161:
154:
152:
145:
140:
138:
136:
129:
124:
123:
122:
119:
113:
111:
105:
100:
96:
92:
86:
81:
76:
70:
69:
63:
59:
55:
54:undergraduate
50:
49:
42:
40:
33:
32:[kaɲ]
25:
23:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:the original
1330:
1318:
1302:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1144:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:mètres cubes
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1021:[ka]
1015:
1014:
1010:
1000:
999:
995:
989:
968:
960:
954:
935:
894:
878:
875:
870:
866:
860:
855:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
822:
818:
814:
802:
800:
790:
783:
670:
641:
632:
608:hypokhâgneux
607:
605:
599:
587:
583:
579:
575:
573:
569:
564:
561:
551:
545:
540:
536:
532:
528:
521:
517:
515:
476:
472:
468:
464:
462:
457:
453:
451:
446:
442:
438:
436:
431:
429:
423:
415:
407:
388:
383:
373:
347:
332:
327:
324:high schools
309:
307:
285:
278:
265:baccalauréat
260:
254:
187:
183:
179:
175:
173:
168:
167:, or simply
159:
157:
148:
132:
114:
75:classe prépa
36:
19:
18:
1369:alumnus of
1367:, meaning “
1151:Philip Roth
982:, 'under'.
913:knock-kneed
911:, meaning '
886:Terminology
877:devoted to
835:Lettres sup
766:Sciences Po
690:(10 places)
688:ENS of Lyon
684:(18 places)
678:(25 places)
584:khâgne Lyon
580:khâgne Lyon
567:each year.
565:khâgne Lyon
556:ENS of Lyon
552:Khâgne Lyon
518:khâgne Lyon
502:ENS of Lyon
491:ENS of Lyon
477:khâgne Lyon
447:Khâgne Lyon
432:hypokhâgnes
403:slang terms
361:le Concours
339:tuition fee
223: [
147:, casually
131:, casually
102: [
95:engineering
91:mathematics
83: [
1425:Categories
1346:2010-11-05
1279:L'Etudiant
1215:L'Etudiant
1198:References
1165:Jaesusaeng
1047:(cf. Fr. m
996:hypokhâgne
961:hypokhâgne
791:magistères
780:University
602:curriculum
588:khâgne Ulm
576:khâgne Ulm
546:khâgne ulm
541:khâgne A/L
537:khâgne B/L
529:Khâgne Ulm
522:khâgne Ulm
473:khâgne Ulm
469:khâgne B/L
458:Khâgne B/L
443:Khâgne Ulm
281:université
275:university
231:Versailles
176:hypokhâgne
135:hypokhâgne
62:humanities
58:literature
1365:archicube
895:The word
891:Etymology
739:Saint-Cyr
200:Condorcet
99:Prépa HEC
80:Maths Sup
1385:Mémoires
1311:ENS Lyon
1155:Henri IV
1110:See also
1076:bikhârré
1013:is just
994:, hence
992:acronyms
950:loanword
945:khâgneux
903:Graecism
823:rhétosup
732:Audencia
504:and the
392:Concours
284:, slang
247:Bordeaux
192:Henri IV
112:domain.
110:business
60:and the
1277:(site:
1213:(site:
1072:bicarré
1033:khârrés
965:derived
939:cagneux
931:fencing
918:cagneux
908:cagneux
867:khâgnes
862:Licence
797:History
757:, etc.)
734:, etc.)
676:ENS Ulm
636:Lakanal
578:to the
498:ENS Ulm
485:ENS Ulm
465:khâgnes
452:2) The
437:1) The
426:program
271:Licence
257:program
204:Fénelon
108:in the
1407:
1170:Gaokao
1084:carrés
1059:(cf. m
1011:khâgne
969:khâgne
898:khâgne
879:khâgne
773:ISMANS
500:, the
475:, and
460:only.
424:khâgne
416:per se
411:khâgne
398:khâgne
351:khâgne
337:, the
319:khâgne
310:khâgne
294:khâgne
255:khâgne
216:Sceaux
188:lycées
184:khâgne
180:khâgne
169:khâgne
151:khâgne
118:khâgne
22:Khâgne
1175:Rōnin
1126:Paris
1092:bicas
1088:cubes
1045:carré
1041:khûbe
1029:carré
967:from
957:Greek
856:cuber
821:, or
755:CELSA
724:EDHEC
712:ESSEC
705:ENSAI
698:INSEE
694:ENSAE
598:The
445:or a
328:lycée
301:lycée
227:]
106:]
97:, or
87:]
46:post-
1405:ISBN
1361:cube
1136:and
1080:bica
1074:(or
1057:cube
1039:(or
1037:cube
1031:(or
979:hypo
974:ὑπο-
929:and
845:and
833:(or
606:All
520:and
405:).
249:…).
239:Lyon
93:and
52:” (≈
1363:is
1143:In
1132:of
1124:in
998:is
762:IEP
751:IFJ
716:HEC
533:A/L
386:).
316:),
288:fac
286:la
245:in
237:in
229:in
214:in
89:in
48:bac
1427::
1374:”.
1309:,
1293:,
1281:).
1217:).
1149:,
1063:=
1051:=
1024:.
1009:,
1001:HK
952:.
825:.
793:.
764:,
730:,
726:,
722:,
718:,
714:,
524:.
471:,
467::
449:.
434::
382:,
279:l'
241:,
225:fr
218:,
206:,
202:,
198:,
194:,
171:.
104:fr
85:fr
1413:.
1349:.
1325:.
1313:.
1297:.
1265:.
1193:.
1061:³
1049:²
1016:K
775:)
768:)
707:)
700:)
548:.
493:.
358:(
326:(
277:(
26:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.