152:
mentioned by Ibn
Khaldun. However, some traditions claim that in addition to his biological son(s), Sunjata adopted the sons of his generals, though it is not specified who these adopted sons were. In any case, it is unclear whether Khalifa was actually a son of Sunjata. The historians Ralph Austen and Jan Jansen argued that Ibn Khaldun's account of Mali's history should not be taken entirely literally, as it reflects Ibn Khaldun's worldview that dynasties typically followed a four-generation cycle of decline. Khalifa, as the fourth ruler of Mali, corresponds to the fourth generation in Ibn Khaldun's theory, where the dynasty descends into tyranny and is overthrown, beginning the cycle anew. The historian Michael Gomez has observed that
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guilds, and his overthrow indicates that the great council was able to take back power and put their preferred candidate on the throne, Sunjata's grandson Abu Bakr. The dates of
Khalifa's reign are unknown. Maurice Delafosse placed his reign between 1273 and 1275, but many of the dates reported by Delafosse lack supporting evidence. The earlier mansa Wali went on the hajj at some point between 1260 and 1277, and the later mansa Sakura died while traveling back to Mali after going on the hajj at some point between 1298 and 1312, placing Khalifa's reign at some point in the late 13th century.
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translates as "successor", and as such proposed it was not his actual name. Gomez argued that the brief reign of
Khalifa was part of an ongoing power struggle between the great council and the hunter guilds. In this interpretation, Khalifa's fondness for archery would refer to his ties to the hunter
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attributed to oral historians often only remembering rulers who left descendants. While Ibn
Khaldun's genealogy implies Sunjata had at least three sons, oral tradition varies on the number of sons Sunjata had, but many traditions claim he had only one, Yerelinkon, who corresponds to the Mansa Wali
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ruled after him and then a third brother, Khalīfa. Khalīfa was insane and devoted to archery and used to shoot arrows at his people and kill them wantonly so they rose against him and killed him. He was succeeded by a
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Austen, Ralph A.; Jansen, Jan (1996). "History, oral transmission and structure in Ibn
Khaldun's chronology of Mali rulers".
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The Book of
Examples and the Register of Subject and Predicate on the Days of the Arabs, the Persians and the Berbers
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Kitāb al-ʻIbar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʼ wa-l-khabar fī ayyām al-ʻarab wa-ʼl-ʻajam wa-ʼl-barbar
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130:] ruled for 25 years, according to what they relate, and when he died his son
118:. All that is known of Khalifa's life comes from a brief mention in Ibn Khaldun's
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Levtzion, N. (1963). "The thirteenth- and fourteenth-century kings of Mali".
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African
Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa
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336:(in French). Vol. II. L'Histoire. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose.
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of Mārī Jāṭa, called Abū Bakr, who was the son of his daughter.
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Oral tradition does not mention
Khalifa, which the historian
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Corpus of Early Arabic
Sources for West African History
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412:"Recherches sur l'Empire du Mali au Moyen Age"
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395:(2nd ed.). Princeton: Markus Wiener.
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651:13th-century monarchs in Africa
646:13th-century murdered monarchs
410:Niane, Djibril Tamsir (1959).
364:The Journal of African History
347:. Princeton University Press.
134:ruled after him...His brother
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418:(in French). Archived from
332:Delafosse, Maurice (1912).
278:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
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341:Gomez, Michael A. (2018).
110:mentioned by the medieval
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441:Mansa of the Mali Empire
210:Austen & Jansen 1996
16:Mansa of the Mali Empire
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416:Recherches Africaines
149:Djibril Tamsir Niane
641:13th-century deaths
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334:Haut-Sénégal Niger
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448:Succeeded by
402:978-1-55876-241-1
295:History in Africa
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494:Mali Empire
434:Ouati Keita
264:Ibn Khaldun
174:Ibn Khaldun
116:Ibn Khaldun
108:Mali Empire
38:Predecessor
630:Categories
605:Mahmud III
585:Maghan III
445:1274–1275
222:Gomez 2018
198:Gomez 2018
186:Niane 1959
161:References
132:Mansā Walī
610:Mahmud IV
600:Mahmud II
575:Maghan II
316:1887/2778
301:: 17–28.
128:Mārī Jāṭa
78:Mari Jata
48:Successor
590:Musa III
555:Sulayman
550:Maghan I
540:Muhammad
525:Abu Bakr
505:Sundiata
451:Abu Bakr
114:scholar
85:Religion
52:Abu Bakr
580:Sandaki
570:Musa II
520:Khalifa
492:of the
325:3171932
154:khalīfa
106:of the
97:Khalifa
63:Dynasty
22:Khalifa
595:Uli II
545:Musa I
530:Sakura
490:Mansas
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384:180027
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99:was a
74:Father
560:Kassa
510:Uli I
380:JSTOR
321:JSTOR
274:]
270:[
126:[
104:Mansa
89:Islam
68:Keita
28:Mansa
515:Wati
397:ISBN
349:ISBN
141:sibṭ
136:Wātī
112:Arab
42:Wati
32:Mali
372:doi
311:hdl
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30:of
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