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Disaffected
Khalqis often assisted the Mujahideen. Khalqis in the armed forces often accused their Parchami officers of using them as cannon fodder and complained that young Parchami men were exempted from compulsory military service. A show of this was that, in 1980, at the April military parade celebrating the Saur Revolution, many Tank Corps continued to display the Red Flag of Khalq, instead of the new national flag adopted by
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543:. The USSR attempted to temper the Khalqis' radicalism, urging attendance at mosques, inclusion of Parchamis and non-communists in the government, and a halt to the unpopular land reform movement. Most of this advice was ignored. The last Khalq leader, Hafizullah Amin, was assassinated after Soviet intelligence forces took control of the government and installed
418:, a prominent leftist, was killed by the government and his associates. Although the government issued a statement deploring the assassination, the PDPA leaders feared that Daoud was planning to exterminate them all. In this way, both Khalq and Parcham forgot their internal rivalries and worked to overthrow the government.
478:
The initial, moderate, approach to Islam taken by the PDPA was quickly abandoned as the
Khalqists sought to consolidate their hold on power. Khalq dominated the Revolutionary Council, which was to serve as the ruling body of the government. The Khalq leadership ran the country by issuing a series of
733:
After the fall of the
Taliban in 2001, the presence of US forces in the province of Khost led to significant changes in the power dynamics of the region. As military units operated in the area, they sought alliances with like-minded individuals who shared their immediate goals. In a peculiar turn of
559:
Khalqi-Parchami differences began to rend the military as Khalqi leaders, fearful that the
Parchamis retained their cellular organization within the military, mounted massive purges of Parchamis. Thanks to Amin's efforts in the 1970s, the officer corps consisted largely of Khalqis. The Army was also
465:
in which it occurred), was almost entirely the achievement of the Khalq faction of the PDPA. Khalq's victory was partially due to Daoud's miscalculation that
Parcham was the more serious threat. This success gave it effective control over the armed forces, a great advantage over its Parchami rival.
738:
defeat allowed former communists, who were once adversaries of the United States during the 1980s, to rise to power. These individuals, being staunchly anti-Taliban, became valuable allies to the US and
Coalition partners in the region. This unexpected shift in power dynamics set the stage for the
567:
The purging of
Parchamis had left the military forces so dominated by Khalqis that the Soviets had no choice but to rely upon Khalqi officers to rebuild the army. Khalq officers and men expressed bitterness over the preferential treatment given their Parcham rivals by the Parcham dominated regime.
387:
The newspaper was highly successful, especially among students. Its first edition sold 20,000 copies, and later editions numbered around 10,000 (there were only six editions altogether). On 23 May 1966, the authorities closed Khalq on the grounds that it was anti-Islamic, anticonstitutional, and
351:
The party was weakened by bitter, and sometimes violent, internal rivalries. The Khalq faction was more tribal, whereas the
Parcham had more support among the urban population and middle classes. Especially on the ideological level, Karmal and Taraki differed in their perceptions of Afghanistan's
514:
refused to tolerate any
Parchamis in the military and insisted that all officers affiliate with Khalq. By June 1978 an estimated 800 Parchami military personnel quit the armed forces in a purge of Parchamis. They accomplished this performing the elimination of the opposition and removal of any
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and in control of the Army, though now he reportedly devoted a lot of his time at the Royal Palace, which had been renamed the People's Palace. Events also tended to sub-divide the protagonists. The intense rivalry between Taraki and Amin within the Khalq faction heated up. In
September 1979,
474:
Initially, the revolutionary government of Khalq had a period of acceptance from the Afghan populace partly due to its land reform program. However, its mild form of Marxism grew increasingly out of hand by late 1978, and the government became increasingly outspoken, symbolically changing the
604:
suffered, to a lesser degree, the same disadvantage that Karmal had when he was installed as General Secretary of the PDPA by the Soviets. This fact was shown by the fierceness of the resistance to Najibullah's appointment within the Parcham faction. This split persisted, forcing PDPA leader
413:
In 1973 the Khalq faction energetically began to encourage military personnel to join them. Taraki had been in charge of Khalq activity in the military. In 1973 he passed his recruitment duties to Amin. This move was highly successful: by the time of the communist coup, in April 1978, Khalq
405:
than Parcham, but their base of support was not strong among the masses, and much stronger in the military. Because of this, Khalq abandoned his party's traditional emphasis on working-class recruitment and sought to build his own power base within the officer corps. Khalq's influence at
662:. They were said to have been intimately connected with the coup and with Gen. Tanai. However, Tanai had no direct control of troops inside Kabul. The plot misfired and failed because of faulty communications. Sarwary and Gulabzoi were both expelled immediately from the party.
414:
outnumbered Parcham by a factor of two or three to one. The Moscow-sponsored union of Parcham and Khalq may have been in preparation for his peaceful passage from the scene in the near future. The merger of Parcham and Khalq rapidly became unglued. However,
440:
The Khalqist Army cells prepared for a massive uprising. On 27 April the Khalqist military leaders began the revolution by proclaiming to the cells in the armed forces that the time for revolution had arrived. Khalqist Colonel
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Taraki's followers, with Soviet complicity, had made several attempts on Amin's life. The final attempt backfired. Amin's murder of Taraki divided the Khalqis. Rival military cliques divided the Khalqis further.
396:
Khalq was excluded from the new government because of its lack of good political connections and its go-it-alone policy on noncooperation. Taraki did advocate a united front briefly after former Prime Minister
535:
In late October, Amin made a military sweep against the insurgents, victoriously driving 40,000 people – mostly non-combatants – across the border into Pakistan. At the end of 1979 there were 400,000
388:
antimonarchical. Karmal's faction founded Parcham, a weekly magazine that he published between March 1968 and July 1969. Parcham was shut down in June 1969 on the eve of parliamentary elections.
1382:
258:(1979–1990). It was also the name of the leftist newspaper produced by the same movement. The Khalq wing was formed in 1967 after the split of the party due to bitter resentment with the rival
479:
eight edicts. They suspended all laws except those on civil matters and the criminal law of the Daoud period. They also embarked on a campaign of land reform that resulted in the arrest and
433:
members of the PDPA on 25 April 1978. He was the last person to be arrested, his imprisonment was postponed for five hours, during which time Amin, without having the authority and while the
401:'s takeover in an attempt to gain places in the government for his followers, but this effort was unsuccessful. The Khalqis claimed to be more leftist and more independent of the
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523:(prime minister) in March 1979, retaining the position of field marshal and becoming vice-president of the Supreme Defence Council. Taraki remained General Secretary of the
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1402:
627:
In December 1989, 127 Khalqist military officers were arrested for an attempted coup. Twenty-seven officers escaped and later showed up at a press conference with
293:). The Khalqist crackdowns encouraged the rebellion of the religious and ethnic minority segments present in the Afghan society, which led more people joining
1334:
635:. Former Minister of Tribal Affairs, Bacha Gul Wafadar and Minister of Civil Aviation Hasan Sharq were among the conspirators. In March 1990, once again the
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At the end, however, the former Khalqists either joined or allied themselves with the Taliban or other Mujahideen warlords after the collapse of President
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in 1978. The Khalqists introduced radical reforms and carried out brutal crackdowns on dissent turning Afghanistan into a police state run by the
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were part of the pro-Taraki group, calling itself the "principled Khalqis". They clashed heads several times with the government of Karmal.
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in March 1979 in which a portion of the town's military garrison joined. The rebels butchered Soviet citizens as well as Khalqis.
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in the winter of 1992. He later helped found the Afghanistan-Pakistan People Friendship Society and was elected member of the
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717:. With no central government and fighting for different groups, Khalq was merely a pawn in the Afghan Civil War between the
449:, the leader of the Air Force squadrons, also launched a major attack on the Royal Palace, in the course of which President
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During the first months of the revolution, Cabinet membership was split eleven to ten, with Khalq in the majority.
487:. By putting Afghanistan on the revolutionary road, the Khalq wing of the PDPA stirred reactionaries into revolt.
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Khalqist hardliners, including the Minister of Internal Affairs Raz Mohammad Paktin and then Defence Minister
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690:. Another example of this is the fact that Gen. Tanai (according to western diplomatic sources) provided the
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898:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume XII, Afghanistan - Office of the Historian"
873:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume XII, Afghanistan - Office of the Historian"
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was the Army commander on the ground during the Coup, and his troops gained control of Kabul. Colonel
46:
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Finally, Hafizullah Amin was the only Khalqi member of the PDPA to be elected to Parliament in 1969.
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There were also further differences within Khalq between the loyalists of Taraki and those of Amin.
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not immune to antigovernment sentiment. Soldiers began to desert and mutiny. Herat was the site of
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of Afghanistan. Its leaders preferred a mass organization approach and advocated class struggle to
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In this way, the Khalqi faction were once again involved in the war, using his pilots to fly the
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970:"THE SOVIET UNION'S INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN WAS A FIASCO—AS INVASIONS OF AFGHANISTAN ALWAYS ARE"
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forces had to be fostered in order to bring the country a step closer to socialist revolution.
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that was not arrested. The police did not send him to immediate imprisonment, as it did with
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The Saur Revolution, as the new government labeled its coup d'état (after the month in the
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members were in prison, instructed the Khalqi army officers to overthrow the government.
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group that would play a significant role in the security landscape of Khost province.
650:. Tanai was apparently also supported by those important Khalqist who remained in the
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Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan – Khalqist Administration
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to bring about political, economic and social changes. They would rule the
1024:"Ethnic Factor in Afghanistan (by Hamid Hussain) – Media Monitors Network"
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support he could maintain and alliances he could win from the Khalqists.
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and most of his family, including women and children, were assassinated.
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Islamist parties in Pakistan. Khalqist rule would be ended following the
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held its First Congress on 1 January 1965. Twenty-seven men gathered at
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The Parcham Government and Soviet invasion (December 1979 – April 1989)
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Comrade Stalin showed us how to build socialism in a backward country.
674:'s Government in April 1992. A perfect example of this was that, once
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of tens of thousands who opposed the Khalq policy of encouraging the
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Taraki believed that revolution could be achieved in the classical
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http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1322/1/799S.pdf
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Other Khalqists had developed fairly close relations with the
152:
766:, former head of the youth affairs section of the PDPA under
1061:"Taraki's Downfall Came Immediately After a Visit to Moscow"
643:
cooperated in a coup attempt, this time led by the Khalqist
1110:
A brief description of the Khalqist successful Coup of 1978
1467:
Factions of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
600:
left the country, PDPA General Secretary and President
375:
was too undeveloped for a Leninist strategy and that a
27:
Faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
262:
faction which had a differing revolutionary strategy.
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Najibullah to straddle his politics between whatever
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as Deputy Secretary General, and chose a five-member
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by a council of elders from Nazyan Shinwari area of
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924:"The Decline of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan"
269:from rural backgrounds, especially from the
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1059:Kaufman, Michael T. (23 September 1979).
328:, elected Taraki PDPA Secretary General,
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734:events, the power vacuum created by the
318:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
240:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
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694:a skilled cadre of military officers.
592:Najibullah Administration (1986–1992)
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347:Khalq – Parcham division of the PDPA
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682:gained the support of the majority
515:restraints posed by the Parchamis.
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1157:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
1046:"Body of Afghan leader identified"
421:On the eve of the communist coup,
279:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
25:
1026:. Mediamonitors.net. 9 April 2003
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705:fighters of what was left of the
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843:1990 Afghan coup d'état attempt
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519:took over as Chairman of the
1048:. BBC News. 4 December 2008.
922:Ahady, Anwar-ul-Haq (1995).
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510:PDPA general secretary
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312:Early political history
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902:history.state.gov
877:history.state.gov
795:Prominent members
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709:, driving Soviet
577:Asadullah Sarwari
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481:summary execution
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1268:1990–1992:
1030:22 December
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562:an uprising
502:during his
447:Abdul Qadir
373:Afghanistan
289:(and later
254:(1979) and
1461:Categories
1359:Factions:
1345:Government
974:historynet
859:References
784:Loya Jirga
672:Najibullah
637:Mujahideen
163:Party flag
86:(de facto)
80:Armed wing
1477:Stalinism
1383:Politburo
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1429:Category
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1173:Timeline
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832:See also
780:Pakistan
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541:Pakistan
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358:Leninist
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137:Far-left
92:Ideology
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1361:Parcham
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