517:
44:
545:, Catholicos from 1955 to 1994, Khoren I was killed on the orders of Viktor Khvorоstian, the Interior Minister of Soviet Armenia, who himself was executed shortly thereafter. Khvorstian claimed in June 1938 that Khoren I had died of a heart attack because he foresaw the end of his life and the catholicosate of Etchmiadzin. Vazgen I also noted that
1186:
528:
According to a private investigation by Torgom
Vehapetian, a diaspora Armenian who resided in Soviet Armenia in 1966–1971, Khoren I was killed by a woman named Piruz, a member of a group of security agents who wanted the key to the treasury, which Khoren I refused to give to them. They alleged that
490:
in 1937–1938. In total some 67 Armenian clergymen were killed by the
Soviets, including 64 in 1937–1938 alone. The anti-Soviet dissident Armenian Church U.S. diocese noted that Muradbekian became the first head of the Armenian Church (Catholicos) to be murdered since the 5th century
1497:
1196:
451:. His reign was coupled with heavy repressions against the Armenian Church by Soviet authorities. Nevertheless, he was as "more pro-Moscow" than his predecessor. During his reign, he tried to establish peace and improve relations with the dioceses in the
1169:
Like all religious groups in the Soviet Union, the
Armenian Apostolic Church suffered greatly in the 1930s. The low point came in 1938, with the mysterious death - undoubtedly at the hands of the NKVD - of the Church's leader, Catholicos Khoren I
537:
since their intent was to scare him. According to another version, Khoren I was strangled to death by Soviet security agents. This view has become more widely accepted, based on forensic evidence and evidence from his burial.
1650:"Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոս Խորէն Ա. Մուրադբեկյանի մահվան առեղծվածի վերլուծությունը պատմագիտության մեջ [Historiographical analysis of the mysterious death of Khoren I Muradbekyan, Catholicos of All Armenians]"
1201:...the Holy See was practically closed because of the Stalinist purges and persecution of the Church ‐‐ at the height of which Catholicos Khoren I was assassinated in Ejmiatsin by the KGB operatives.
1397:
Another probable victim of the Great Purge was the
Catholikos of the Armenian Church, Khoren I. According to emigre reports he was killed by secret police officers on the night of April 6, 1938 in Echmiadzin
1119:
Until the second world war the Soviet record towards
Echmiadzin had been a bleak one: the catholicosate had been left empty for long periods, and Catholicos Khoren had been murdered during the purges of
1313:
The Church was not spared either, for antireligious activities increased and when
Catholicos Khoren I (1933-1938) was reportedly strangled in Ejmiatsin, no new catholicos was elected (until 1945).
1382:
1104:
492:
463:
wrote that Khoren was "regarded by fellow-Armenians as an able leader who had successfully reconciled his spiritual duties with his civil responsibilities as a Soviet citizen."
412:
as a mediator between the two competing
Armenian delegations. He traveled to the United States in 1920 to help reorganize the Armenian Church life there and raise funds for the
1444:
1411:
1271:
Indeed from 1938 through 1946, the
Catholical See at Etchmiadzin was empty, after the NKVD murdered Catholicos Khoren I in Etchmiadzin and postponed elections until after WWII.
934:
428:
as the church's chief negotiator with the Soviet government of
Armenia. On March 4, 1923, the Catholicos appointed him as the head of the Supreme Ecclesiastical Council and as
1461:
Crisis in the
Armenian Church: Text of a Memorandum to the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States of America on the Dissident Armenian Church in America
471:
Muradbekian died in the late hours of April 5 or early hours of April 6, 1938. According to the Armenian Church and post-Soviet historiography, he was strangled to death by
1325:
680:
529:
the church possessed a large amount of arms and treasures, which the state wanted to confiscate. The woman reportedly hit the Catholicos in the head with an
365:, the Russian Viceroy of Transcaucasia, for disobeying the Russian government's decision to confiscate the properties of the Armenian Church. He returned to
1765:
424:
Muradbekian returned to Armenia in December 1920 after the country's government was already taken over by the Soviets. He was selected by Catholicos
905:
479:) in Etchmiadzin. This is also the view held by many historians, while others write about the widely held belief that he was murdered by the NKVD.
405:
1631:"Խորեն Ա Մուրադբեկյան Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոսի կյանքն ու գործունեությունը [The Life and Career of Catholicos of All Armenians Khoren I]"
870:
1112:
1029:
842:
1432:
The elimination of the Catholicos was the culmination of widespread persecution in the Armenian experience of the so-called "Great Purge."
268:
1390:
1358:
1419:
1256:
1233:
1070:
994:
447:
for more than two years, until he was elected Catholicos on November 12, 1932. He was enthroned as Catholicos on November 13 at
369:
in April 1905 after the decision was cancelled. In August 1905 he was appointed head of the Armenian Church in western Georgia (
949:
1760:
913:
256:
64:
692:
1716:
1775:
1491:
957:
509:
435:
409:
249:
235:
35:
503:
The circumstances of his death were never definitely established. Soviet Armenian authorities claimed he died of a
313:
1668:
1770:
413:
231:
54:
507:. Official Soviet Armenian historiography entirely overlooked the circumstances of his death. For instance, the
340:(priest) and was given the ecclesiastical name "Khoren". He initially served as a priest in Nor Bayazet (modern
1683:
688:
534:
300:
in his hometown, from which he graduated in 1892. Among his teachers were prominent Armenian intellectuals
1654:
1635:
1606:
1182:
1277:
1092:
1077:
The low point came in 1938, when Catholicos Khoren I Muradbekian (193238) was murdered at his residence.
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448:
325:
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183:
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in 1941 with a gravestone. On September 7, 1996, the remains of Khoren I were reburied by Catholicos
569:
401:
397:
108:
1703:
1252:
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In the 1930s, under Stalin, there had been persecution and purges, the Katholikos murdered in 1938.
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622:
606:
562:
425:
301:
245:
190:
98:
565:
by several nuns of Etchmiadzin. His remains were reburied near the entrance of the same church by
561:
His body remained at the residence for two days until he was buried at the cemetery of the nearby
434:
of the Catholicos. In the next year, Muradbekian was relieved from his position as primate of the
1304:
875:
830:
639:
149:
516:
312:. Almost nothing is known about his life and career from 1892 to 1897. He may have attended the
966:Պետանվտանգության գործակալները Խորեն Ա Մուրադբեկյանին խեղդամահ արեցին Վեհարանի իր ննջասենյակում:
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1438:
1386:
1354:
1334:
Apparently he was killed by the political police ( NKVD ) during the night of April 6th, 1938.
1229:
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1108:
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990:
978:
928:
838:
602:
546:
452:
289:
223:
1221:
1152:
1148:
822:
530:
486:. Violence against clergy was commonplace in the 1930s, especially during the height of the
362:
321:
297:
1062:
482:
Muradbekian's murder was part of the larger campaign to suppress the Armenian Church under
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1048:
1021:
986:
818:
635:
610:
550:
366:
309:
1263:
1133:
823:
549:, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia in 1937–1953, had told him that
441:
Following the death of Catholicos Gevorg V on May 8, 1930, Muradbekian served as actual
1346:
1255:; Aramian, Mesrop; Davidian, Dajad; Hergnyan, Manuk; Hajian, Tamar; Demirchian, Jason.
643:
324:. In June 1901 he was relieved from his position as teacher and became a member of the
305:
1744:
370:
350:. He oversaw the construction of new churches in Nor Bayazet and Basargechar (modern
1669:"Եկեղեցին Հայաստանում 1930-ական թվերին [The Church in Armenia in the 1930s]"
1225:
1213:
618:
504:
443:
430:
240:
172:
168:
43:
1052:
244:, between 1923 and 1932, in the latter years of and after the death of Catholicos
1036:
Catholicos Khoren Muratbekian (1932-1938) was murdered by Stalin's secret police.
296:) was born on December 8, 1873, in Tiflis. In 1883 he began his education at the
1191:
487:
317:
1156:
1365:
In 1938, Catholicos Khoren I died, almost certainly at the hands of the NKVD.
1164:
392:(Erivan), the single largest diocese of the Armenian Church. He was ordained
573:
203:
1330:
A Modern History of Transcaucasian Armenia: Social, Cultural, and Political
1240:
Many churches were destroyed, and Catholicos Khoren I was strangled (1938).
1412:"At Odds With God: Communist Repressions Were a Setback, but not a Defeat"
344:) and the surrounding villages. In March 1902 he was given the title of a
542:
351:
346:
320:. In 1897 he was appointed a music teacher at the seminary by Catholicos
259:. The Armenian Church and most historians believe he was murdered by the
255:
Khoren I died in mysterious circumstances at the Pontifical Residence in
1687:
1311:(5th ed.). Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. p. 323.
389:
374:
1649:
483:
393:
382:
378:
333:
272:
145:
1630:
1601:
1187:"The Armenian Church during the Cold War: Ejmiatsin-Antelias Crisis"
707:
906:"The Armenian Church during the Soviet Period (From 1920 to 1990)"
515:
385:. He returned to Etchmiadzin in 1907 only to move to Nor Bayazet.
358:
341:
1717:
Catholicoi of the Mother See of Holy Echmiadzin and All Armenians
1463:. Boston: Armenian National Apostolic Church of America. p.
316:
as an auditing student or he may have studied at universities in
1351:
Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide
472:
263:, the Soviet secret police. He was reburied at the courtyard of
260:
267:
in 1996, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, next to other
871:"KHOREN KATHOLICOS; Supreme Patriarch of Armenian Church Dies"
1523:
1521:
1519:
888:
886:
1054:
Treasures from the Ark: 1700 Years of Armenian Christian Art
238:
from 1932 until his murder in 1938. He previously served as
533:. Vehapetian wrote that witnesses believed it constituted
798:
796:
783:
781:
756:
754:
741:
739:
1602:"Խորեն Ա Կաթողիկոսի աճյունն ամփոփվեց Մայր Տաճարի բակում"
708:"Հուշ-երեկո' նվիրված Խորեն Ա Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոսին"
475:
agents in his bedroom at the Old Pontifical Residence (
513:
entry on him did not indicate the cause of his death.
16:
Patriarch of the Armenian Apostolic Church (1932-1938)
681:"Խորեն Ա Մուրադբեկյան [Khoren I Muradbekian]"
580:, next to other Catholicoi of the Armenian Church.
209:
199:
179:
157:
127:
122:
114:
104:
94:
86:
78:
70:
60:
50:
21:
553:was ultimately responsible for Khoren I's murder.
1443:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
933:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1422:. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019
1134:"The Armenian Church Under the Soviet Regime"
691:Institute of Armenian Studies. Archived from
388:In 1910 Muradbekian was appointed primate of
230:; December 8, 1873 – April 5/6, 1938) was an
8:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1510:
1477:
1377:Kilbourne Matossian, Mary Allerton (1962).
892:
813:
811:
408:in Yerevan. In 1919 he participated in the
328:congregation. In September he was ordained
1697:
1218:The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization
916:. Archived from the original on 2019-04-21
18:
1087:
1085:
857:
787:
772:
760:
745:
730:
1379:The Impact of Soviet Policies in Armenia
1353:. Oxford University Press. p. 110.
1332:. Udyama Commercial Press. p. 299.
1309:A Concise History of the Armenian People
802:
1262:. Arak-29 Foundation: 9. Archived from
1257:"Church, State and Religion in Armenia"
659:
594:
455:and raise funds for the restoration of
1436:
1286:
1275:
926:
617:, Felix Corley, Hratch Tchilingirian,
271:. The Armenian Church considers him a
1493:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia Volume V
1216:(2012). "Armenian Apostolic Church".
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
7:
14:
1420:Armenian General Benevolent Union
1097:Armenia: The Survival of a Nation
1766:Great Purge victims from Armenia
1410:Hakobyan, Julia (1 April 2007).
1018:Historical Dictionary of Armenia
42:
1459:Central Diocesan Board (1958).
1226:10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0079
520:The tombstone of Khoren I near
234:religious figure who served as
85:
77:
1648:Hayrapetyan, Kanakara (2018).
1381:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p.
914:Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin
493:Hovsep (Joseph) of Vayots Dzor
420:Soviet period & Catholicos
357:In June 1903 he was exiled to
65:Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin
1:
1496:(in Armenian). 1979. p.
1141:Religion, State & Society
495:was killed by the Persians.
400:in September 1910. After the
1629:Terteryan, Varuzhan (1994).
1195:(265). Paris. Archived from
958:Araratian Pontifical Diocese
510:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia
1676:Banber Yerevani Hamalsarani
436:Araratian (Yerevan) Diocese
236:Catholicos of All Armenians
118:Bishop of Yerevan (1910–24)
36:Catholicos of All Armenians
1792:
1099:(2nd ed.). New York:
361:, Russia by the orders of
314:Imperial Moscow University
1723:
1714:
1700:
1686:: 188–199. Archived from
1490:"Խորեն Ա Մուրադբեգյան ".
1157:10.1080/09637499608431724
414:First Republic of Armenia
406:Armenian National Council
293:
227:
55:Armenian Apostolic Church
41:
34:
1684:Yerevan State University
689:Yerevan State University
535:involuntary manslaughter
1667:Manukyan, A. S (1996).
288:Aleksandr Muradbekian (
1285:Cite journal requires
1132:Corley, Felix (1996).
1093:Walker, Christopher J.
950:"Խորեն Ա Մուրադբեկյան"
825:The History of Armenia
525:
410:Paris Peace Conference
404:of 1917 he headed the
294:Ալեքսանդր Մուրադբեկեան
167:Pontifical Residence,
1761:Catholicoi of Armenia
1183:Tchilingirian, Hratch
642:, Manuel Sarkisyanz,
615:Christopher J. Walker
578:Etchmiadzin Cathedral
576:near the entrance of
522:Etchmiadzin Cathedral
519:
457:Etchmiadzin Cathedral
449:Etchmiadzin Cathedral
336:) and in December an
265:Etchmiadzin Cathedral
184:Etchmiadzin Cathedral
132:Aleksandr Muradbekian
1733:George VI of Armenia
1253:Samuelian, Thomas J.
1059:J. Paul Getty Museum
1020:. Lanham, Maryland:
1014:Adalian, Rouben Paul
987:Blackwell Publishing
402:Bolshevik Revolution
398:Matteos (Matthew) II
228:Խորեն Ա Մուրադբեկյան
220:Khoren I Muradbekian
29:Խորեն Ա Մուրադբեկյան
27:Khoren I Muradbekian
1776:Clergy from Tbilisi
1704:George V of Armenia
1480:, pp. 137–138.
1305:Bournoutian, George
685:armenianreligion.am
623:Thomas J. Samuelian
607:Rouben Paul Adalian
563:Saint Gayane Church
302:Stepan Malkhasyants
252:from 1910 to 1924.
191:Saint Gayane Church
1600:Editorial (1996).
1326:Sarkisyanz, Manuel
1199:on 22 April 2019.
1101:St. Martin's Press
964:on 22 April 2019.
910:armenianchurch.org
876:The New York Times
831:Palgrave Macmillan
706:Editorial (2008).
640:George Bournoutian
570:Gevorg Chorekchian
547:Grigor Harutiunian
526:
461:The New York Times
298:Nersisian Seminary
232:Armenian Apostolic
150:Tiflis Governorate
1739:
1738:
1728:(1938–1945)
1724:Succeeded by
1711:(1930–1932)
1114:978-0-312-04230-1
1031:978-0-8108-7450-3
879:. April 13, 1938.
844:978-1-4039-7467-9
695:on 21 April 2019.
603:Elizabeth Redgate
453:Armenian diaspora
426:Gevorg (George) V
250:bishop of Yerevan
217:
216:
195:
188:
1783:
1771:Soviet Armenians
1726:Vacant position
1721:1932–1938
1709:Vacant position
1701:Preceded by
1698:
1694:
1692:
1673:
1663:
1644:
1616:
1615:
1597:
1591:
1588:Hayrapetyan 2018
1585:
1579:
1576:Hayrapetyan 2018
1573:
1567:
1564:Hayrapetyan 2018
1561:
1555:
1552:Hayrapetyan 2018
1549:
1543:
1540:Hayrapetyan 2018
1537:
1531:
1528:Hayrapetyan 2018
1525:
1514:
1511:Hayrapetyan 2018
1508:
1502:
1501:
1487:
1481:
1478:Hayrapetyan 2018
1475:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1442:
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1429:
1427:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1374:
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1268:
1261:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1149:Keston Institute
1138:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1049:Nersessian, Vrej
1045:
1039:
1038:
1010:
1004:
1003:
975:
969:
968:
960:. Archived from
946:
940:
938:
932:
924:
922:
921:
902:
896:
893:Hayrapetyan 2018
890:
881:
880:
867:
861:
855:
849:
848:
828:
819:Payaslian, Simon
815:
806:
800:
791:
785:
776:
770:
764:
758:
749:
743:
734:
728:
722:
721:
703:
697:
696:
677:
647:
646:, Mary Matossian
632:
626:
599:
531:electrical cable
363:Grigory Golitsyn
322:Mkrtich Khrimian
295:
229:
213:Priest, educator
193:
186:
164:
152:, Russian Empire
141:
139:
123:Personal details
115:Previous post(s)
82:13 November 1932
74:12 November 1932
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1690:
1678:(in Armenian).
1671:
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1658:(in Armenian).
1647:
1639:(in Armenian).
1628:
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1610:(in Armenian).
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1347:de Waal, Thomas
1345:
1344:
1340:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1284:
1274:
1269:on 2019-04-22.
1266:
1259:
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1250:
1246:
1236:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1185:(9 June 2016).
1181:
1180:
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1131:
1130:
1126:
1115:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1073:
1057:. Los Angeles:
1047:
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1024:. p. 132.
1022:Scarecrow Press
1012:
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1007:
997:
989:. p. 274.
977:
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956:(in Armenian).
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687:(in Armenian).
679:
678:
661:
651:
650:
636:Simon Payaslian
633:
629:
611:Vrej Nersessian
600:
596:
586:
559:
551:Lavrentiy Beria
501:
469:
422:
367:Russian Armenia
310:Makar Yekmalyan
286:
281:
189:
166:
162:
153:
143:
142:8 December 1873
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1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:on 2017-05-13.
1664:
1645:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1592:
1590:, p. 145.
1580:
1578:, p. 143.
1568:
1566:, p. 144.
1556:
1554:, p. 142.
1544:
1542:, p. 141.
1532:
1530:, p. 140.
1515:
1513:, p. 139.
1503:
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1402:
1392:978-0830500819
1391:
1369:
1360:978-0199350698
1359:
1338:
1317:
1296:
1287:|journal=
1244:
1234:
1214:van Lint, Theo
1205:
1174:
1170:(Muradbekyan).
1124:
1113:
1081:
1071:
1040:
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1005:
995:
979:Redgate, A. E.
970:
941:
897:
895:, p. 136.
882:
862:
858:Terteryan 1994
850:
843:
807:
805:, p. 191.
792:
788:Terteryan 1994
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773:Terteryan 1994
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761:Terteryan 1994
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746:Terteryan 1994
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731:Terteryan 1994
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396:by Catholicos
306:Perch Proshian
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215:
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211:
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197:
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181:
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176:
175:, Soviet Union
165:(aged 64)
159:
155:
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144:
131:
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125:
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90:5/6 April 1938
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1662:(7): 136–146.
1661:
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996:9780631220374
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984:
983:The Armenians
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860:, p. 73.
859:
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827:
826:
820:
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812:
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803:Manukyan 1996
799:
797:
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790:, p. 72.
789:
784:
782:
778:
775:, p. 71.
774:
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762:
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748:, p. 69.
747:
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720:(4): 127–128.
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20:
1715:
1707:followed by
1688:the original
1679:
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1623:Bibliography
1611:
1605:
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1583:
1571:
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1547:
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1424:. Retrieved
1415:
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1308:
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962:the original
953:
944:
918:. Retrieved
909:
900:
874:
865:
853:
829:. New York:
824:
768:
726:
717:
711:
701:
693:the original
684:
630:
597:
567:locum tenens
566:
560:
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508:
505:heart attack
502:
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444:locum tenens
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387:
356:
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337:
329:
287:
254:
241:locum tenens
239:
219:
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187:(since 1996)
173:Armenian SSR
169:Vagharshapat
163:(1938-04-06)
1756:1938 deaths
1751:1873 births
1730:followed by
1655:Etchmiadzin
1636:Etchmiadzin
1614:(9): 24–26.
1607:Etchmiadzin
1192:Nor Haratch
713:Etchmiadzin
488:Great Purge
326:Etchmiadzin
318:Switzerland
284:Early years
257:Etchmiadzin
200:Nationality
194:(1938–1996)
95:Predecessor
1745:Categories
1398:monastery.
1103:. p.
1061:. p.
985:. Oxford:
920:2019-04-22
833:. p.
584:References
269:Catholicoi
210:Occupation
138:1873-12-08
87:Term ended
23:Catholicos
1165:0963-7494
1095:(1990) .
954:qahana.am
654:Citations
574:Karekin I
279:Biography
109:Gevorg VI
105:Successor
79:Installed
1439:cite web
1426:22 April
1349:(2015).
1328:(1975).
1307:(2006).
1051:(2001).
1016:(2010).
981:(2000).
929:cite web
821:(2007).
634:such as
601:such as
543:Vazgen I
352:Vardenis
347:vardapet
330:sarkavag
290:Armenian
246:Gevorg V
224:Armenian
204:Armenian
99:Gevorg V
477:Veharan
390:Yerevan
375:Imereti
71:Elected
1389:
1357:
1232:
1163:
1111:
1069:
1028:
993:
841:
621:, and
557:Burial
484:Stalin
394:bishop
383:Ardvin
381:) and
379:Batumi
338:abegha
334:deacon
308:, and
273:martyr
248:, and
180:Buried
146:Tiflis
51:Church
1691:(PDF)
1682:(2).
1672:(PDF)
1267:(PDF)
1260:(PDF)
1151:: 9.
1147:(1).
1137:(PDF)
1120:1938.
589:Notes
467:Death
359:Oryol
342:Gavar
1445:link
1428:2019
1387:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1291:help
1230:ISBN
1161:ISSN
1109:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1026:ISBN
991:ISBN
935:link
839:ISBN
473:NKVD
371:Gori
261:NKVD
158:Died
128:Born
1383:161
1222:doi
1153:doi
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61:See
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