Khotyn Uprising - Knowledge (XXG)

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Bolsheviks." Soviet authors ignored all talk of contributions by the Whites and their Committee for the Salvation of Bessarabia. This connection had already been brought up in 1919 by Major McLaren. In their interviews with Romanian officials, both he and Gachikevich dismissed all accounts of Bolshevik agitation. During their stay in Khotyn, McLaren and Boxhall had resided with the Krupenskys. According to Stănescu, this was an additional proof of continuity between Russian loyalism and the rebels of 1919, over a shared agenda of "keeping these territories inside Russia, even if it were a Soviet Russia". Researchers of various backgrounds, including Șornikov and Ludmila Rotari, have returned focus on the rebellion's connection with Russian monarchism. According to Șornikov, the Whites and the communists had maintained the exact same policy on the Bessarabian question, seeing Khotyn as an integral component of Russia. Zhurari had unwittingly served Romanian interests by relocating to Tiraspol, instead of forming his unit in Bessarabia itself, but as Șornikov notes, had later built his force into one highly threatening for the Romanian grip on Bessarabia.

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refugees, and changed the chronological setting to argue that at least some of the flights had taken place before the uprising; this allowed them to claim that any participation from across the Dniester was in fact also Bessarabian, rather than Ukrainian. Within this setting, a dispute ensued between the official historiographers of Soviet Moldavia and Soviet Ukraine, after the former included references to Khotyn into Moldavian history textbooks of the early 1950s. Unusually, these commented on the both Khotyn and Tatarbunar as "weak, isolated, ill-prepared, and mismanaged" uprisings. The standard view was wholly replaced in 1960s works, which depicted Khotyn as a "major revolt". In 1970–1978, a large-scale effort was made to collect and publish documents on the uprising from the various Soviet archives.

1891: 1722:, approved of the violence, having issued orders that the peaceful civilians be protected, whereas "no pity, no tolerance should be displayed" toward rebels. General Schina's initial proclamations called on local Russians and Moldovans to act as "Christians and good Romanians for there is no sweeter, gentler and more protective country on this earth than the land of Romanians." When confronted with reports of rebel atrocities, Schina pressured Davidoglu to "corral every village, all Bolshevik gangs and rebellious inhabitants"; if rebel activities continued, he was to set whole localities on fire. 1553:

V. Lisak, and I. I. Mardariev. Three days later, one of the groups involved issued an appeal to the international community, including both Soviet Russia and the UNR, which referred to the sufferings of the "Bessarabian people" and to the Directorate as a legitimate government of Bessarabia. A similar text warned that all those "campaigning against the Directorate and against freedom from the Romanian yoke" would be shot, alongside rioters and looters. The Directors had by then deposed and arrested Khotyn's Mayor, Gachikevich (or Gocicherie), ordering the city population to pay them 1.5 million

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revolt described as related to the Red Army's clashes with the UNR and the Allied intervention forces. A 1976 monograph advanced the claim that Bolsheviks prepared the revolt to coincide with the Red Army's advance into Podolia, but that they could not control its timing. These narratives also contradicted themselves in claiming that UNR agents had "infiltrated the leadership of the revolt", accounting for its ultimate failure. Potylchak argues that such sources also distort the truth by arguing that Romanians intervened in order to assist the UNR.

2348: 188: 1648:, could not afford to become embroiled in conflict with Romania". An explicit order from the UNR General Staff banned the Podolia Army Corps from intervening to assist the uprising. In his memoirs, however, Doroshenko hints that the UNR's 60th Infantry Regiment was moved to Zhvanets specifically in order to help the rebel expedition, or at least to cover its retreat in case of a Romanian counterattack. Stănescu claims that the UNA directly assisted the rebels with constructing a makeshift bridge at Ocnița. Major M. McLaren of the 2090: 2212:, followed by at least 224 new Soviet citizens in 1940–1941. While in Bukovina the NKVD began a purge of Ukrainian elites, many of whom fled with the Romanian Army, Ukrainians around Khotyn appear to have welcomed the change of borders, with reports that Romanian garrisons had been humiliated by civilians during the eviction. Similar incidents occurred in other parts of Bessarabia, and, before 1941, Romanian Army folklore enshrined in public memory the claim that Jews were the main culprits, despite evidence to the contrary. 1726:

by Potylchak, boasted that seven rebel villages were burned to the ground, with as many as 5,000 insurgents killed; Potylchak himself counts 22 villages destroyed and 11,000 victims, including arbitrary executions of 165 railwaymen and 500 unarmed civilians. He also notes that estimates of 15,000 and higher are probably exaggerated. The latter claim is qualified in Smele's account: "Ukrainian sources suggest that at least 15,000 of those who did not flee were slaughtered by the Romanians." Similar numbers are advanced by

58: 1706:, who had taken over from Davidoglu. However, Davidoglu could not be replaced in time, and, with his aide Ressel, was the one to actually take Khotyn; they had already received orders to quell any incursion or revolt "with the greatest violence, including the complete destruction of any locality". Davidoglu is therefore widely seen as responsible for the bloody interlude which followed. Although Giurcă believes that Davidoglu acted "within the confines of wartime regulations", fellow generals, including 1754:. According to Giurcă, they favored the UNR and "Ukrainian Bolshevik troops", with reports which exaggerated the scale of repression and victimized non-Romanians, in particular Jews caught between the two sides. Petala, who was ordered to investigate Davidoglu, suggested that the McLaren group were of "doubtful good faith". Likewise, Stănescu reads the British report as a "complete denaturation", with "Bolsheviks" being depicted as "victims of Romanian repressions." 1596: 1254: 2392:] and created troubles among the Ruthenian population in Hotin county; Romanian general Poetaș was killed during these fights. But aside from this insurrection, which had been long in preparation, and supported by gangs moving in from the Ukraine, there was no other movement against the union, which represented the will of an uncontested majority." Brătianu sees a direct link between the Khotyn events and the 1417:, made random attacks on Romanian border guards across the Dniester. Following one such killing, Romanian artillery shelled Stara Ushytsia on December 24. UNR officials initially agreed with Davidoglu that these were "bandit" raids. They became reluctant when Romanians presented them with an ultimatum to hand in those responsible, and were further alienated when Romanian troops beat up an UNR border guard at 2408:

sympathetic to the rebels. Potylchak also proposes a critical view of post-Soviet Ukrainian readings of Khotyn, in that it fails to account for the popular and spontaneous nature of the struggle and instead overemphasizes Mayevski's alleged contribution. Another Ukrainian scholar, V. Kroytor, is openly critical of the UNR's "excessively cautious and inconsistent" behavior in respect to Romanian maneuvers.

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day, its representatives issued orders for the returning rebels to disarm, and pledge to assist with the investigation into their activities. Podolia's Commissioner declared his conviction that Romanians had no aggressive intent, and acknowledged that they were justified to be in a "nervous mood", with ultimatums as an ultimate "bluff". On February 8, Davidoglu's men machine-gunned the urban center of

5225: 1815:, killing two. Before the end of the month, they destroyed all bridges on the upper Dniester, to ensure that communications between Ukrainian groups were rendered more difficult. While Petala asked to command an expeditionary force that would establish a bridgehead in Podolia, Prezan continued to discuss the matter with UNR authorities, warning them to disarm any groups still hiding on the Dniester. 176: 1761:. The occupiers, he recalled, had engaged in widespread looting and "barbaric" beatings. He recalled witnessing one botched execution, in which a suspected robber was left to agonize for hours, as well as the shooting of 53 peasants in Nedăbăuți. According to his reports, several boys and old men were shot during robberies condoned by Davidoglu, while a man of unspecified age, Nikita Zankovsky, was 161: 151: 1241:, including Austria, could impose these borders on their defeated adversaries. The Romanian presence in Bessarabia, which coincided with the start of a working alliance between the UNR and the Central Powers, stood as a "clue that too are out of the war with the Central Powers." Trilateral peace negotiations began in February, when Austria announced Romanian diplomats that the 2361: 1328:, which made some efforts to extend itself into Hotin County and the "four parishes" of Soroca. A branch of the Ukrainian Army, including a 2nd Cavalry Division under Commandant Kolesnikov, was established in Khotyn, whose civilian authorities argued that Marghiloman had willingly renounced his claims to the area. On May 26, judge Oleksa Suharenko was appointed Khotyn's 1313:. Under the resulting regime, parts of Hotin that were either annexed or occupied by Austria were exploited, as a breadbasket for the peoples of Austria-Hungary. This tactic, which was enforced with Marghiloman's acquiescence, led to severe shortages by June 1918. Within months, the Hungarian military administration dissolved all soviets and offices answering to the 2443:

the Dniester, but that only the latter of the two was Soviet-sponsored. In 2017, Romanian military historian Alexandru Madgearu made a note that, despite being embraced by "several historians", any claim that the revolt was Bolshevik-instigated had been proven counterfactual. Kroytor suggests that the UNR's hesitation to assist pushed Khotyn rebels to join the

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Uprising was an attempt by the Bolsheviks to destabilize the country and spread its ideology further into Europe. Against the background of anti-Bolshevik sentiments among the major states, such an 'interpretation' of events was an extremely successful diplomatic and propaganda step." Popenko also notes that this approach came to be favored by the

1795: 2181:. The border between these two Soviet entities was settled on August 2, 1940 (effectively on November 4), when the southern third of Hotin County was recognized as part of the Moldavian SSR. The northern regions, which remained under Ukrainian administration, had a Ukrainian plurality of 41.6%, and were amalgamated with Bukovinian areas into 1402:. UNR sources describe late 1918 as marked by a "terror policy", including "shootings of mostly innocent people, the torture of women, children and the elderly, looting, bullying and violence against women a broad system of denunciation". Ukrainian peasants on the Romanian side of the border were additionally troubled by the newly adopted 1541:, for fear that guerrillas were in control of all surrounding villages. Both Noua Suliță and Nedăbăuți fell to the rebels shortly after, and a Redcoats brigade, under General Mihai Schina, made repeated attempts to regain them. In the ensuing confusion, various targeted attacks killed Romanian Army officers, including Gheorghe Madgearu in 1914:. The region was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR; this new regime quickly restored the Bessarabian Brigade, but purged it of political suspects. During the early days of May, Antonov considered plans for immediately "freeing Bessarabia" by invading through Khotyn. He was finally dissuaded from ordering it by Romanian successes on the 1835:, stepped in to repel Kotovsky's partisans, and reoccupied Tiraspol. Zhurari's men declared their neutrality, but nevertheless found themselves labeled as enemy troops by the French army command; they then joined the intervention forces and participated in political repression, executing among others the father of Bolshevik leader 2400:. His diaries initially referred to the rebels as "Bolsheviks", before noting that they were "in fact soldiers". However, in 1995, Stănescu referred to the Khotyn affair as "orchestrated by the Bolshevik government", and suggests that all rebel "commissions and committees" had "direct links with the Bolshevik army". 2125:. A controversy erupted in 1925–1926, when Hotin peasant Ioan Mosoloc was sentenced to 5 years of servitude for participation in the 1919 revolt. On retrial, he was able to prove that he had been entirely absent from Bessarabia during the events, and that statements to the contrary had been fabricated by the hostile 930:, which also began a hunt for armed peasants. Critics of the intervention count 11,000 or more as killed during arbitrary shootings and shelling of localities on both banks of the Dniester, with 50,000 expelled. Romanian Army sources acknowledge that the repression was violent, while they may dispute the body count. 1981:, maintained a claim to both Bessarabia and the Ukraine, accusing Romania and the UNR of colluding with each other to partition the area. Also working under Denikin's watch, N. A. Zelenetskiy began forming the 14th Infantry Division and 14th Artillery Brigade, specifically for the recovery of Bessarabia. 1387:. On November 20, Izbytskyi registered his protest with General Davidoglu and Redcoats Colonel Gheorghe Moruzzi, reaffirming his belief that Khotyn city was a "territory of the Ukrainian state". He had by then been ordered to leave the county, and was issuing his official acts from across the river, in 2105:

prison in 1924. In late 1921, Romanian troops captured a "Bodnarciuc gang", which had been active in northern Bessarabia, and which, they alleged, "maintained strong links with well-organized gangs from across the Dniester, who were themselves Bessarabians crossed over during the revolution of 1919."

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By contrast, Coroiu reports that the one robber to be executed in Khotyn was a Romanian sergeant, caught looting despite an explicit ban. McLaren's account also conflicted with a testimony by Khotyn's deposed mayor, who had been imprisoned alongside the British officers. Gachikevich argued that local

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Some such reports concentrate on looting, since Romanian troops were generally ill-prepared for a wintertime action, lacking any winter clothing. Nicolae Coroiu of the 37th Regiment recalls that Davidoglu informed his soldiers to shoot down any armed homeowners and burn down their houses, then "dress

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As early as January 19, the rebels had formed a Bessarabian Directorate, stemming from the Bessarabian National Union, with both of them provisionally located in Kamianets. At that moment in time, the Directorate is known to have comprised five men: Tokan, Ivan Stepanovych Dunger, M. F. Liskun, Evhen

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On February 2, guerrilla units made a futile attempt to return at Khotyn through Atachi, prompting another retaliatory bombardment by Romanian artillery units, which consequently became a systematic response to any perceived agitation. This approach led to conciliatory displays by the UNR. That same

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Stănescu, relying on "Romanian military documents", notes that "during the aggression they initiated, the Bolsheviks had about 300–400 dead, with several localities whose population had supported them in their actions being destroyed in whole or in part." Other Romanian military records, republished

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was imposed in neighboring Bukovina, before troops from there could be marched into Hotin County; "already on February 1, the insurgent forces were pushed back over the Dniester, and internal rebellions were repressed". A force still answering to the Khotyn Directorate was able to cross the Dniester

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Historian Mitru Ghițiu proposes that any Moldovan resistance to communism was casually silenced by Soviet writers: "the issue was never even up for discussion, with authorities fearing that any glimpse of the truth could bring into question the Romanian's 'boundless joy' at being 'liberated' by the

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Khotyn was ceded by the Austrians on the evening of November 10. Soon after taking over, the Romanian garrison was joined by the 3rd Border Guards Regiment, responding to "alarmist claims" about "Bolshevik" concentrations on the Dniester. A one-kilometer exclusion zone was enforced around the city,

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voted in favor of the county's reunification with Russia, voicing their fear that the Romanian Army's presence in Bessarabia would end with annexation. As his final act in government, Marghiloman ordered his troops to take Hotin and Bukovina, together. The 1st Romanian Cavalry Division, part of the

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Though present in both Romanian and Soviet interpretations, any claims of Soviet participation in the Khotyn revolt are reviewed with skepticism by van Meurs, who notes that the movement was local. He proposes that both the Hotin revolt, and the May 1919 skirmish in Tighina had support from across

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Activists were already disunited: right-wingers proposed to create a "Republic of Little Bukovina", centered on Khotyn and opened to annexation by the UNR; leftists urged instead for the formation of a "Bessarabian Democratic Republic", which, as historian Ion Gumenâi argues, would have implicitly

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Romanian Army historian Ion Giurcă sees Davidoglu as ill-suited for the task of maintaining order, in that he failed to anticipate the subsequent incursion. Stănescu similarly notes that Davidoglu and his aide, Colonel Carol Ressel, "did not consolidate positions", despite being informed of troop

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in 1940. Nartsov reported the mainstream view, according to which 50,000 peasants had fled into newly conquered Soviet territory during the Romanian backlash, but, as noted by van Meurs, his count was later "revised as 50,000 casualties." Soviet authors then claimed that an additional 30,000 were

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from ca. 1920 as a primary source. Such reviews also highlighted the connections between Khotyn and Tatarbunar, but ascribed them a different meaning, as samples of "heroic struggle" by the "Bessarabian workers." As noted by van Meurs, the proletarian component was spuriously highlighted, and the

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Romanians were still pained by echoes of Davidoglu's action, and knew that the Conference could recognize Ukrainian demands in Hotin County. As noted by Ukrainian historian Yaroslav Popenko: "From the very first days of the conference, Romanian diplomats had been active in arguing that the Khotyn

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of the 1980s as having "reduce the uprising to solely a 'Bolshevik revolt', and minimize the anti-Ukrainian actions" undertaken in its wake. In his reading, the quashing of the uprising signified a "colonial expansion", to which the UNR could only oppose "neutrality", despite being fundamentally

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relied on civilian support, and on several occasions returned into Podolia to raid UNR garrisons for cannons and supplies. Some accounts suggest that members of the UNR's 7th Infantry Regiment had crossed into Bessarabia by the hundreds from January 22. However, these troops had been demobilized

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notes that "the uprising had an international character: both Ukrainians and Moldovans fought in the rebels' ranks." The first attested partisan leader was a Moldovan, known as Gheorghe or Grigore Bărbuță. The representation of ethnicities other than Ukrainians is nevertheless qualified by other

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in June 1919—thus effectively contributing to the destruction of Ukrainian independence. Even under these circumstances, UNR spies, who remained active in Podolia as it fell to the Soviets, reported that the population of Hotin County remained anti-Russian, whereas "the majority of Bessarabia's

1338:, situated across the Dniester; he never took charge, as he was soon replaced by a P. Izbytskyi. The Austrian authorities ultimately consented to Izbytskyi's arrival, but stripped him of any real power. By July 1918, Romanians grew alarmed about reports that Hetmanate representatives, including 1493:, counting 1/8 Romanians or Moldovans in the former, and 3/16 in the latter. Examples noted by the author include Nikifor Adazhyi, D. S. Ciobanu, and I. S. Lungu. Historian M. C. Stănescu additionally describes Leonid Yakovych Tokan (or Toncan) as a Romanian by origin and a priest by training. 1571:

functioned as an extension of Soviet Russia. The latter current was illustrated by Iosip Voloshenko-Mardariev, a schoolteacher-turned-activist. Șornikov summarizes this clash of visions within the movement as a "split of patriotic forces into Whites and Reds", with partisans of

2292:(UPA), which fought against the Soviets, formed a partisan unit in Khotyn, under Dmytro "Pavlenko" Kozmenko. The period also witnessed the emergence of an anti-communist partisan movement in the Moldavian SSR, with collaboration between Moldovans (or Romanians) and the UPA at 1922:. Atachi's inhabitants remained exceptionally hostile to Romanian rule, and Soviet soldiers felt encouraged to fire on Romanian positions during May 30; suspicions arose in Romanian circles that an "international battalion" was being trained to invade Bessarabia from Mohyliv. 1421:. However, on January 5, they refused to acknowledge an appeal by the "Bessarabian National Union", which asked for intervention in support of Hotin County refugees. Instead, Khotyn's inhabitants found support from the Committee for the Salvation of Bessarabia, which reunited 1886:

received a letter of protest from a self-proclaimed delegation of Bessarabians, which included S. M. Wolkenstein and H. M. Kudik as Khotyn delegates. This text affirmed commitment not the UNR, but to Russia, depicting Romania as an "invader", and its culture as "Asian".

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changed the course of politics in the region. The unification of Bessarabia with Romania became effective the same month, when regional autonomy was dissolved. In Hotin County, control had remained notional until late autumn: on October 22, 1918, a majority of the

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Zhurari sealed a pact with the Red Army and was allowed to leave Tiraspol unharmed; some of his men returned to Bessarabia, while others were admitted into the Red Army. Both groups may have played a part in the Bolshevik attempt to seize Tighina, on May 27, 1919

2024:, with Romania having repeatedly refused them entry. From that moment on, the Soviets could form their own networks in Khotyn; a Romanian diplomatic cable from June 1920 claims that 200 recruiters for the Red Army were active in the county. From October, the 2101:. Prosecution of the 1919 rebels was pursued over several years. Rebels captured before January 23 were treated with more leniency, and made subject to trials by military courts. Examples include Alexei Borodaty and M. V. Bulkat, the latter of whom died in 1730:, who concludes that "according to official Romanian data, more than 5,000 were killed", and that "15,000 people suffered in one form or another". Scholars I. P. Fostoy and V. M. Podlubny also report 160 railway workers being killed, one of them through 2069:(PȚB), which canvassed among the Jewish and Ukrainian populace. The group was the only one to submit a list, which had support from some 62% of registered voters (an additional 7.6% cast blank votes). All of the county's first representatives in the 5213: 1882:: on February 4, their "general assembly" in Zhvanets pleaded with the Entente to demand the immediate withdrawal of Romanian troops from Hotin County. Other circles in the Ukraine also embraced the cause. On February 12, the British legation in 1505:. Historian Wim van Meurs describes this attempt as "Bessarabian peasants attempt to capture the bridge across the Dniester in order to smuggle arms into Bessarabia." These reinforcements succeeded in taking over a string of villages, including 1874:, veterans of the Khotyn Uprising formed a Bessarabian Brigade, which restated its alliance with Russia and commitment to Bolshevism. It nevertheless refused to do battle against the UNR, and was disarmed by envoys from Husiatyn in early April. 1632:

G. I. Mayevski also contributed to this expedition remains a topic of contention. Historian Ion Gumenâi sees him as an actual commander of the rebel troops; a similar verdict was advanced by a collective of authors from the State Archives of

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Two days earlier, most of Davidoglu's units had been dispersed to chase the rebels in surrounding villages, which, as Giurcă notes, only gave impetus to an "uprising of the hostile population". The fall of Khotyn came as he had retreated to

1996:, these units were moved to assist against the advancing Red Army. Gepetskiy's men were still preparing for an attack on Bessarabia, and collected 12 million rubles for this goal. These were confiscated by Kotovsky and the Red Army, which 1877:

As many as 50,000 peasants from around Khotyn, and some 4,000 to 10,000 armed rebels, crossed the Dniester, settling in either UNR or Soviet territories. Meanwhile, those refugees who still rejected communism appealed for support from the

380: 1391:. In his own proclamation from Khotyn, Davidoglu insisted that "Bessarabia was a Romanian province until 1812, and it remains Romanian land today and forever", warning those who disagreed with him that they could leave for Podolia. 1765:

in front of his family. Similar accounts mention other acts of cruelty, including at Rucșin, where Major Popescu shot 12 captives after forcing them to dig their own grave, also killing any disabled men he found in civilian homes.

2386:: "not one uprising took place in Bessarabia that was not directly organized and supervised by communist partisans sent in from areas across the Dniester. An attack of some importance took place in late December 1918 [ 1749:

held responsible for assisting the partisans with their raid on Ocnița. The measures were observed by McLaren and two other British officers touring the UNR; one of them is identified by Stănescu as Lieutenant Edwin Boxhall of

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with an undisclosed allegiance. Ukrainian officials strongly disavowed rebels when they transported 6 Romanian prisoners into UNR territory. Their reaction was not registered by the Romanian Army, who responded by capturing 16

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and "Little Bukovina" reportedly forming a majority of the Directorate. On January 25, this council, presided upon by Ivan F. Liskun and Tokan, claimed control over 100 localities in Hotin County, and all of what became the

1977:. As Șornikov notes, he still prioritized the Bessarabian takeover ahead of all other issues, and effectively had a truce with communist partisans. The All-Russian National Center, functioning in the White-held city on 1478:, which was to analyze the issue of Bessarabia and Khotyn. Romanian rule was still consolidating when the armed rebellion began. Scholar Svetlana Suveică notes that the earliest signs of trouble came on the day set for 5206: 2330:, before being liquidated by the Soviets in 1947–1949. Subversive actions were still carried out to 1949 by partisan commander Ivan Menzak, who attempted to use Khotyn as a base for reestablishing a UPA presence in 1854:, had effectively declared war on Romania by stating a Ukrainian Bolshevik claim to both Bessarabia and Bukovina. By contrast, UNR Directors openly rejected "territorial maximalism", in hopes to obtain weapons from 2185:. As noted by van Meurs, this arrangement was due to Ukrainian officials using their "political clout", as a "strong Ukrainian involvement" had underpinned the Soviet moves of 1940. Approval was obtained from the 2093:

Veterans of Kotovsky's Bolshevik partisan units reunited for a conference in Soviet territory, 1922. The image reportedly includes two Ukrainian participants in the Khotyn Uprising: Ya. Barchuk and P. Oliynyk

5199: 373: 2050:. These groups also made efforts to find and punish landowner Moșan, who stood accused of having organized violent retribution after the 1919 uprising. In August 1921, they attacked Moșan's manor outside 1818:

Zhurari's Whites in Tiraspol attempted to provide assistance to the rebels, but moved in too late. In early February, they reportedly acted as negotiators between armed Bolsheviks, led by the Bessarabian

2034:, took over the task of destabilizing the Romanian presence. By 1921, they had organized a network of small-scale guerrilla units, which crossed the Dniester for hit-and-run attacks on Romanian targets. 2000:

in February 1920. These units included various veterans of Filipchuk's army in Khotyn, including Shynkarenko and M. I. Nyagu, both of whom had command roles. Shynkarenko was later called up to fight the

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Overall, Liskun's incursion was quickly rejected by the returning Romanian Army. In the early stages of the rebellion, it acted out on its previous warnings, repeatedly shelling the Podolian villages of

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invited civilians, including those of Hotin, to "stand guard on the old border, as your grandparents and ancestors before you". On April 14, 1918, Romanian and RDM officials set up a border crossing at

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authors. Among those whose names were later advanced as "leaders of the revolt", very few were ethnically Romanian or Moldovan. Van Meurs analyzes two lists, respectively provided by V. Lungu and the

1040:. By 1900, Ukrainians were a likely majority of the area's population, although no definitive count exists. According to historian Nicolae Enciu, in 1918 there were 121 all-Ukrainian villages, 52 all- 5487: 5652: 1770:

Jews appreciated the restoration of order, and that Romanians "caused no harm, other than a few incidents on the city's outskirts." His report was backed by similar statements from two of Khotyn's

366: 1036:" families had been colonized into the area by Russia. Immigration continued at a steady pace, and was in large part a private enterprise, with hired hands needed for the "immense estates" of 2054:, killing several members of his family. Meanwhile, the anti-communist segment of the Ukrainian diaspora was strengthened by some 400 UNR refugees, some of whom found work at Hotin County's 899:, though whether or not the UNR covertly supported it, beyond formally reneging it, is a matter of dispute. The role of Bolsheviks, which has been traditionally highlighted in Romanian and 5191: 5116:

Mykola V. Stopchak, "Політика директорії УНР у стосунках з Польщею і Румунією в роки української національно-демократичної революції 1917–1920 рр. в сучасній вітчизняній історіографії",

5662: 2280:, which attempted sabotage and assassination. Several were shot in retaliation during 1941–1942—including a participant in the 1919 revolt—and 148 were imprisoned. In August 1944, 5008:Воєнна історія Поділля та Буковини: Науковий збірник: Матеріали Всеукраїнської наукової військово-історичної конференції 25-26 листопада 2009 р. в м.Кам'янець-Подільський: збірник 2174: 1083:, Dimitrie A. Ouatul. Russian dominance was again being challenged during World War I, when the northern areas of Hotin were a devastated battlefield, along with the neighboring 966: 1262: 1245:

was largely irrelevant to the Central Powers: "the question is to be solved directly between Romania, which occupies it militarily, and the Ukrainian and Moldavian republics".

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The UNR was dissolved upon the conclusion of its war with Russia in late 1921, leaving Khotyn and Bessarabia to be governed by Romania, directly on its closed border with the

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garrisons. This group then formed a "Directorate", acting as Khotyn's unrecognized government. It aimed to change the status of the county, or of all Bessarabia, ahead of the

5015: 5509: 1294:. UNR–Romanian relations grew more hostile over those days, with rumors emerging that the Ukrainian side had formally protested against the Romanian presence in Bessarabia. 5477: 1542: 999: 5592: 1958:. Such agitation largely ceased in June, when the Romanian government allowed N. N. Kozlov and A. A. Gepetskiy to recruit Bessarabian White officers for service in the 5642: 1375:

food was requisitioned, and the population was ordered to hand in all weapons and ammunition. Davidoglu also announced the swift and exemplary execution of a man from

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Aurelian Lavric, "Problema graniței ucraineano–moldovenești: repercusiuni asupra comunității moldo-românilor din afara granițelor României și Republicii Moldova", in

1281:; under the terms of an armistice, the Romanian Army held on to the remaining areas, including 8 villages in Hotin. Early the following month, the Bukovinan Romanian 5364: 1561:

further argues that the rebels committed war crimes against Romanian captives, including hanging or eviscerating regular soldiers and lynching a local chief of the

2396:, "also involving a foreign population." The non-communist orientation of at least part of the Uprising was attested as early as 1919 by another Romanian scholar, 2194: 2006: 1714:

up in the clothes of the offending parties." Coroiu recalls however that his troops did not shoot to kill, allowing wounded civilians to flee for safety. General

926:, but remained internally divided into pro-UNR and pro-Bolshevik factions. Within days, the Directorate was toppled by the returning Romanian Army under General 5657: 2152:

regime bid on subverting traditional loyalties in Bessarabia, dividing the region into larger administrative units that straddled old borders into Bukovina and

1918:, and by supply inadequacies. Ukrainian–Romanian skirmishes continued over several months, just as the Peace Conference began analyzing the eastern borders of 1751: 1234: 1181: 1169: 533: 5677: 5667: 5637: 2426:; as noted by Suveică, Soviet monographs on the revolt achieved this goal by relying on autobiographical writings contributed by the rebels, and by citing 2327: 2297: 1137:(UNR) issued claims to the whole of Bessarabia or to Khotyn area as early as July 1917, but also maintained friendly relations with the RDM and Romania. 1592:). A man by the name of Filipchuk was general commander of this force, with Konstantin Shynkarenko serving under him, as leader of Dăncăuți's regiment. 1032:, during which time it was recognized by all parties as being distinct from Bessarabia-proper. A census conducted five years later reported that 7,000 " 2081:

officials in the region reportedly viewed all Hotin deputies as "more than suspicious", in that they endorsed the notion of an autonomous Bessarabia.

2025: 1607:, which had placed itself under the command of a Bessarabian sailor, Georgy Muller. I. Liskun had reached the area after having served as governor of 633: 2208:, which had seen Shynkarenko being sidelined by the Soviets and narrowly escaping execution; several Khotyn refugees were shot at that stage by the 2198: 2114: 5504: 5268: 1863: 1127: 1122:. Inculeț himself noted that the region, including Khotyn, needed to be defended from Romanian and Ukrainian separatism, and remain attached to a 390: 5622: 5041:

Oleksandr Rusnak, Mykola Ilkiv, Mykola Holovlov, "New Seal of District Chief: To the Centenary of Ukrainian Authority in Khotyn Region [

1126:. He cited "devastation in the land of Hotin" as one of the main reasons for establishing a regional government. Ten cohorts of the newly formed 2141: 1398:

heard reports according to which "all peasant, provincial, county and even district congresses" supported the notion that Khotyn belonged in a

1962:(VSYuR), which secured a base in Odessa and pushed Antonov's forces out of the region. Various members of the Salvation Committee proposed to 1757:

Interrogated by the Romanian side, McLaren noted that Khotyn had been shelled by the Romanians until a civilian delegation had declared it an

1652:, who was mistakenly arrested by the rebels as a Romanian spy, reports that no UNA troops were on show, though noting the passing presence of 1475: 923: 5374: 5319: 5185: 5134: 5067: 4970: 4953: 4907: 4821: 4761: 5006:, "Українсько–румунський прикордонний конфлікт у Подністров'ї 1919 року: витоки та передумови", in Oleksandr Valentynovych Potylchak (ed.), 5379: 2281: 1823:, and the UNR authorities, allowing the latter to withdraw peacefully from Tiraspol. Kotovsky was then pushed out by French troops of the 1637:, who suggest that Mayevski distributed arms to the Bessarabian Directorate. Potylchak favorably quotes academic and UNR political figure 2109:

Romanian authorities in Hotin became widely known for their mismanagement and embezzlement, with wide-ranging consequences: in 1923, the

1172:, where it helped neutralize Bolshevik centers. In the event, the UNR agreed to recognize the RDM, but made specific claims to Hotin and 5482: 5394: 1890: 1719: 1781:. The McLaren issue was escalated to General Prezan, who asked and obtained that the three British envoys be expelled from Bessarabia. 1678:. During this interval, Davidoglu's troops were joined by various units, including the entire 37th Infantry Regiment, which moved from 987: 670: 5587: 5516: 5369: 4774: 2444: 1686:. On January 28–30, the regrouped units, under Colonel Victor Tomoroveanu, forced rebels out of Noua Suliță, Nedăbăuți, Dăncăuți and 762: 5164: 5092: 5003: 4865:

I. P. Fostoy, V. M. Podlubny, "Політичні репресії проти населенняпівнічної Буковини і Хотинщиниу 1918–1985 роках", in V. I. Pavlyuk

4842: 2137: 1483: 685: 648: 608: 5521: 5309: 1966:

that they stage instead a takeover of Bessarabia, and Denikin promised to assist them after first "finish off" the UNR. In August,

1984:

Denikin's successes also rekindled partisan activity in Podolia. VSYuR's Gagauz was able to recruit some 13,000 veterans from the

5602: 5572: 5059: 4996:

Yaroslav Popenko, "Румунська дипломатія у боротьбі за Бессарабію на Паризькій мирній конференції (січень — травень 1919 р.)", in

2378:

Suveică notes that Romanian and Western European perspectives on the Khotyn Uprising converge on the claim that it was at most a

1824: 1738:

in 1925. Romanian losses, meanwhile, amounted to 369; this includes 159 killed in action, 93 wounded, and a further 117 missing.

1305:. Although Marghiloman went into the negotiations promising that "under no circumstances would we lose Hotin", the act ceded 600 1218: 1210: 1188: 1037: 848: 5499: 5467: 2251:, with many more killed by the Romanian Army on the way there. The Governorate was also set to welcome the entire Ukrainian and 1557:

within three days. Most of this burden fell on the local Jews, whom the rebels openly threatened with violence. Romanian writer

523: 1988:, who were then distributed to garrisons along the Dniester, ostensibly preparing to "liberate Bessarabia" upon the end of the 1973:

While acting as head of the VSYuR counterintelligence in Odessa, Gepetskiy permitted Bolsheviks to assemble, despite Denikin's

1950:. Whites, unlike communists, were generally spared by the Romanian Army, but the authorities still intervened when, in June, a 1567:. Jews felt solidarity with the Romanian soldiers and border guards, some of whom were allowed to hide in Khotyn's synagogues. 690: 680: 603: 538: 1930:, who advised the UNR to settle its border issues with Romania, viewing the latter as the "final bulwark against Bolshevism". 1580:. The rebel force grew from 2,000 to 30,000 recruits. Styled "Bessarabian People's Army", it formed three regiments: cavalry ( 1394:

In December, the UNR was reestablished, and its leaders resumed their observation of Romanian activities in Hotin County. Its

5617: 5612: 5582: 5577: 4982:

S. V. Oliynyk, "Українська галицька армія на Кам'янеччині", in O. M. Zaval'nyuk, O. B. Komarnits'kyy, L. V. Bazhenov (eds.),

2070: 2062: 1096: 653: 2284:, and the 1940 borders restored. However, northern Hotin remained an irredenta of the Moldavian SSR, with republican leader 2066: 1134: 872: 193: 130: 102: 4847:

Tetiana Dubitska, "Система управління та економічні заходи австро-угорських властей на окупованій Хотинщині у 1918 р.", in

1794: 1710:, criticized his random killing of civilians, noting that it enshrined Romania's negative image as a "country of savages". 5647: 5597: 5283: 5011: 2404: 2113:

was under investigation for hoarding all pigs out of Hotin and selling them in Bukovina for personal gain. Reports by the

1970:, who served as UNR diplomatic representative in Romania, made a futile effort to reconcile the Directorate with Denikin. 1489: 1346: 1115: 896: 593: 543: 41: 1071:, in particular the rival Krupensky and Lisovsky families; in 1900, it was dominated by members of the former, including 5672: 5632: 5339: 5293: 5278: 5258: 1959: 1927: 954: 779: 732: 578: 553: 511: 409: 49: 2454:

and the Whites, though these suggest that Bessarabians were generally pro-Russian, rather than specifically Bolshevik.

2434:

The earliest author to include Khotyn into the Soviet pantheon was Rakovsky, in 1925; his account was expanded upon by

2106:

Bărbuță's aide S. Foșu was finally captured in 1929, and sentenced to death for his participation in Poetaș's killing.

1114:, which left Bessarabia and Khotyn with an uncertain status. Bessarabia formally reorganized itself into an autonomous 1099:. His attempt to reassert control was ineffectual, as previously disenfranchised social groups began forming their own 5273: 2267:. Ukrainian culture was still banned under Antonescu, and its advocates were forced to assimilate or be marginalized. 2255:

population of Bessarabia, in exchange for any Romanian-speakers on that side. Antonescu and his favorite demographer,

2163: 2133: 643: 5118:

Naukovi Zapysky. Vinnyts'koho Derzhavnoho Pedahohichnoho Universytetu Imeni Mykhayla Kotsyubyns'koho. Seriya Istoriya

1915: 5627: 5329: 2233: 2149: 2148:

was finally set up regionally, with Shulim Abramovich Kryvyi emerging as its chief organizer in 1939. In 1938, the

1907: 1612: 1360: 1314: 1302: 1145: 1029: 1024: 880: 737: 466: 286: 5359: 4975:

Gabriel Moisa, "Între mica și marea istorie. Nicolae Coroiu: un destin sub vremurile Primului Război Mondial", in

1406:, which returned some land to owners that local soviets had dispossessed, and made other plots subject to ransom. 638: 5404: 5354: 2382:, and that it could never canvass for support outside its ethnic Ukrainian base. As argued by Romanian historian 2186: 1270: 1217:, argued that there were no Hotin representatives on show in March 1918, when this legislature voted in favor of 1138: 821: 727: 5446: 4917:

Memorii, Vol. II: (Însemnări zilnice maiu 1917–mart 1920). Războiul național. Lupta pentru o nouă viață politică

4799: 1993: 1843: 1645: 1510: 1196: 908: 628: 45: 5607: 5567: 5562: 5547: 5542: 4920: 2301: 2289: 2248: 2145: 1974: 1911: 1895: 1675: 991: 774: 757: 618: 5056:Державний архів Чернівецької області. Довідник.Особові фонди і колекції Державного архіву Чернівецької області 3150:

Potylchak, p. 208. See also Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 20; Meltyukhov, pp. 64–65; Smele, p. 97; Stănescu, p. 23

2322: 623: 2167: 1967: 5429: 5288: 5148:

Constantin Ungureanu, "Bucovina în timpul primului război mondial. Proiecte de dezmembrare teritorială", in

5084: 4766: 2383: 2118: 2089: 1997: 1985: 1558: 1278: 1072: 958: 752: 658: 461: 5314: 2347: 1626:. Towards its very end, the uprising was apparently led by an UNR politician, I. Siyak. Whether or not UNR 1546: 933:

Participants in the revolt were generally alienated by the UNR's inaction, dividing themselves between the

5492: 5472: 5439: 5419: 4854:

I. P. Fostoy, "Визначні політичні і громадські діячі, репресовані тоталітарним режимом", in V. I. Pavlyuk

1778: 1403: 1395: 1356: 1192: 1173: 1052: 995: 983: 675: 588: 2077:

stood for the Romanians, Iancu Melic-Melicsohn for the Jews, and Pavel Kitaigorodski for the Ukrainians.

451: 5434: 5414: 5349: 4989:

Vitalie Ponomariov, "Zakorodul și activitatea subversivă comunistă din Basarabia în anii 1920–1921", in

3897:

Potylchak, pp. 209–210. See also Basciani, p. 134; Meltyukhov, p. 66; Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, pp. 122–123

2411: 2326:, active south of the Moldavian–Ukrainian border, attempted to establish contacts with both the UPA and 2126: 1879: 1735: 1572: 1298: 1230: 1153: 950: 900: 613: 573: 436: 57: 2305: 2260: 1141: 5139:"For the 'Bessarabian Cause'. The Activity of Odessa Committee for Saving Bessarabia (1918–1920)", in 1200: 5344: 5263: 4891: 2393: 2228: 2224: 2216: 1479: 1335: 1242: 1214: 1080: 1011: 707: 431: 5169:

Valeriy Vlasenko, Vadim Guzun, "Konstantin Mațievici — omul de știință și diplomatul ucrainean", in

5097: 2013: 1471: 914:

After days of guerrilla activities by peasants, a large contingent of trained partisans crossed the

5557: 5462: 5389: 5384: 4945: 4876:

Mitru Ghițiu, "Unele aspecte din mișcarea de rezistență antisovietică în Basarabia postbelică", in

2379: 2121:. Officials intended to subvert the trend by closing down Russian-language education and enforcing 1867: 1623: 1595: 1422: 1388: 1213:

expressed a contrary wish, declaring that Khotyn needed to be included in the UNR. A UNR diplomat,

1092: 722: 598: 486: 98: 5127:

Basarabia în primul deceniu interbelic (1918–1928): modernizare prin reforme. Monografii ANTIM VII

4742: 2435: 1383:, on the Dniester's left bank, pacified by Romanian troops by request of the Ukrainian mission in 1273:, on behalf of Austria, that same month. Hungarians controlled the county down to (and including) 1265:

effectively meant that the UNR renounced its claims in northern Bessarabia to Austria. The former

5424: 4958: 4834: 2331: 2190: 1851: 1832: 1827:, and found himself crossing into Bessarabia, where he managed to chase Romanian soldiers out of 1774:, Samuel Haiss and Nahiev Ițikovici, the former of whom also expressed his thanks in a letter to 1727: 1339: 1111: 1104: 852: 812: 717: 563: 528: 506: 491: 180: 94: 2448:

population" was won over by communism. The latter claim is partly backed by records of both the

2158: 1205: 4200: 1671: 5181: 5160: 5130: 5088: 5063: 4966: 4949: 4924: 4903: 4838: 4817: 4803: 4757: 3132:

Gumenâi, p. 81; Meltyukhov, pp. 64–65; Potylchak, p. 208; Șornikov, pp. 81–82; Stănescu, p. 23

2427: 2182: 2110: 2074: 2030: 2002: 1989: 1812: 1742: 1715: 1638: 1622:

after disagreements with the Directorate, and had embraced Bolshevik ideals, rallying under a

1380: 1364: 1084: 1048:, though accounts differ on their number, from a vast majority to a fifth of the inhabitants. 927: 918:

from UNR territory, and, on January 23, managed to capture the city, creating confusion among

904: 860: 798: 742: 558: 476: 426: 241: 231: 4745:, "The Romanian Population Exchange Project Elaborated by Sabin Manuilă in October 1941", in 2193:, but not from the Moldovan population. This reportedly contradicted fundamental laws of the 2166:

also came with targeted persecution, including the attempted expulsion of all Jews living in

2293: 2271: 2259:, viewed the Dniester as a defensible frontier, but agreed to relinquish northern Hotin and 2256: 2153: 2140:. In May 1933, Vasily Gotinchan attempted to establish a local chapter of the pro-communist 1820: 1803: 1731: 1306: 1123: 1100: 1068: 1045: 942: 747: 712: 700: 695: 568: 246: 2219:; at the time, Romania was under a dictatorial government led by Davidoglu's former rival, 1858:; these were promised, but never actually arrived. In March 1919, the Directorate moved to 5334: 5109: 4883:

Ion Giurcă, "Ofițeri englezi implicați în evenimentele de la Hotin din ianuarie 1919", in

4826: 2247:

during the subsequent push-back. All surviving returnees were then expelled into camps in

2173:

This episode ended in 1940, as most of Khotyn was annexed to the Ukrainian SSR during the

2122: 2078: 1945: 1919: 1871: 1828: 1799: 1775: 1399: 1325: 1088: 1057: 1015: 1007: 946: 938: 875:(UNR). The revolt was carried out by armed locals, mainly Ukrainian peasants, assisted by 583: 471: 1324:

In April, the UNR itself was replaced by a more Austrian- and White-friendly regime, the

358: 1497:

movements near Mohyliv. On January 19, Podolian irregulars crossed into Hotin County at

903:

alike, is similarly debated. The Khotyn Uprising is therefore ambiguously linked to the

5237: 2419: 2285: 2243: 2136:, prompting renewed activities by communist agents, but also agitation the antisemitic 2043: 1836: 1734:. They note that the 11,000 total can be traced to an estimate first publicized by the 1703: 1695: 1687: 1426: 1414: 1309:

of land to Austrian Bukovina, including parts of the county, alongside the neighboring

1238: 1177: 1164:

and UNR loyalists—the latter helped Romanian authorities by repressing the former. The

1149: 1119: 1003: 957:, coalescing various White entities, sketched out an attempt to invade Bessarabia, but 892: 501: 496: 481: 421: 236: 165: 160: 150: 1321:. Faced with such constraints, local Ukrainians began organizing into partisan units. 1225:

resolutions made specific reference to unified Bessarabia as extending "from Hotin to

945:, whose forces came to include Khotyn veterans. Such incidents secured Bessarabia for 113:

Romanian military victory; expulsion of the rebels, shelling of rebel bases in Ukraine

5536: 4912: 3078:Șornikov, pp. 81–82. See also Madgearu, pp. 16–17; Meltyukhov, p. 64; Stănescu, p. 25 2397: 2220: 2178: 2017: 1978: 1963: 1847: 1741:

Some murders of civilians are described in Romanian sources. According to Lieutenant

1707: 1658: 1604: 1310: 1165: 919: 350: 3204:

Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, p. 122. See also Fostoy, p. 595; Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 21

1091:, which envisioned annexing Khotyn upon defeating Russia and Romania. Following the 4791: 2317: 2238: 2098: 1577: 1538: 1534: 1522: 1467: 1019: 962: 868: 446: 86: 2912:, p. 41. See also Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 19; Meltyukhov, p. 60; Stănescu, p. 22 2450: 1563: 1506: 136: 2038:

raids in mid 1921 resulted in the targeted murders of officials and clergymen in

1363:

Regiment and the 40th Infantry Regiment, both of which were placed under General

5072:

Ruslan Șevcenco, "Rezistența antisovietică în RSS Moldovenească: anul 1944", in

5023: 4294:

Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 41–42, 44–45, 51, 89–90. See also Fostoy, pp. 597–598

4198:

V. T., "Un proces interesant. Jandarmii falsifică depozițiile unor martori", in

2423: 2415: 2205: 2021: 1862:, and failed to maintain a grip on Podolia. The area came to be governed by the 1683: 1603:

One of the first units to cross into Bessarabia was the garrison of a Ukrainian

1474:, Zhurari and his Committee planned for the rebellion to ignite just before the 1253: 1157: 5049:

Naukovyy Visnyk Chernivets'koho Universytetu Imeni Yuriya Fed'kovycha. Istoriya

4849:

Naukovyy Visnyk Chernivets'koho Universytetu Imeni Yuriya Fed'kovycha. Istoriya

1846:

into the UNR's territory, which also led to the establishment of a subordinate

1611:

the previous month. As reported in Ukrainian sources, he had deserted from the

17: 2227:. Shortly before this formal reoccupation, Romanian troops in Atachi tried to 2055: 2051: 1649: 1634: 1282: 1161: 1033: 986:, with reports that Ukrainians had settled there before the lands fell to the 888: 836: 832: 456: 90: 3186:

Madgearu, pp. 16–17. See also Basciani, p. 133; Smele, p. 97; Stănescu, p. 23

2156:. As a result, Hotin County was dissolved, and its territory was assigned to 4785: 2313: 2039: 1855: 1758: 1746: 1617: 1589: 1526: 1514: 1431: 1410: 1384: 1041: 884: 441: 222: 2309: 1274: 5034:

Ludmila Rotari, "Relațiile Ucrainei cu România în perioada 1917—1920", in

4928: 2316:

and managed to kill the two Soviet officers managing intelligence work in

1371:

Izbytskyi advised the local militia not to oppose the Romanian incursion.

5409: 5399: 4831:

Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944

4807: 2403:

Potylchak views Romanian historiography in both the royal period and the

2276: 2264: 2252: 1903: 1859: 1679: 1653: 1529:, rebellion erupted in Khotyn itself, chasing out the Romanian garrison. 1518: 1455: 1451: 1436: 1418: 1330: 1291: 934: 915: 840: 2300:

reported neutralizing pockets of resistance maintained by the far-right

1644:

Scholar Jonathan Smele argues that the UNR, "at a critical point of the

5241: 5233: 5224: 4899: 4896:

România Mare votează. Alegerile parlamentare din 1919 "la firul ierbii"

2102: 2047: 1762: 1691: 1585: 1581: 1549:. The latter assassination is directly attributable to Bărbuță's unit. 1376: 1063: 965:

continued to back partisans in Hotin County during the interwar, until

876: 864: 844: 175: 2418:

authors focused on claims that the revolt was indicative of a brewing

1898:, as depicted by the Bolshevik poster artist Nikolay Pomanskiy in 1919 5107:

M. C. Stănescu, "Hotin — ianuarie 1919. Răscoală sau agresiune?", in

2368: 1955: 1883: 1628: 1608: 1502: 1379:"who incited the soldiers to Bolshevism". The incursion also touched 1226: 1152:, intended to bring the new regime to his side. By January 1918, the 856: 265: 63: 5074:

Enciclopedica. Revista de Istorie a Științei și Studii Enciclopedice

4940:

Alexandru Madgearu, "Studiu introductiv", in Alexandru D. Madgearu,

2223:. From September 4, 1941, Hotin County was attached to the Romanian 2132:

During the early 1930s, the region was more heavily impacted by the

847:. It occurred on January 7–February 1, 1919, less than a year after 5081:

The 'Russian' Civil Wars, 1916–1926. Ten Years That Shook the World

1409:

Reports by UNR Podolian officials noted that by December "gangs of

2144:, but was apprehended and put on trial. A Ukrainian branch of the 1771: 1554: 1498: 1459: 1287: 4754:

La difficile unione. La Bessarabia e la Grande Romania, 1918–1940

4158:"Cum au fost stârpite niște bande de hoți. Pentru Basarabia", in 1615:(UNA) when ordered not to lead his troops over the Dniester. His 1103:

and refusing to abide by central laws. These soviets decreed the

1028:

in 1714. The city was finally absorbed into Russia following the

5229: 3096:

van Meurs, pp. 290–291. See also Fostoy, p. 595; Stănescu, p. 25

2209: 1870:), though military control was resumed after a counter-coup. In 62:

Map of the uprising on January 22, 1919, before the invasion of

5195: 5100:, "Белые и красные на Днестре: саботаж гражданской войны?", in 3555:

Popenko, p. 11. See also Meltyukhov, pp. 65–65; Șornikov, p. 86

953:

as a guarantee against communist revolution. In late 1919, the

362: 5043: 2388: 2073:

were PȚB members, but represented three distinct ethnicities:

1359:, moved into the former region; it was spearheaded by the 3rd 1176:. Meanwhile, rival claims on the region were made by both the 937:

and the Whites. The Khotyn Uprising was closely followed by a

5505:

2019 disputes regarding the military cemetery in Valea Uzului

4782:

Impresiuni și păreri personale din timpul războiului României

4627:

van Meurs, pp. 76–77, 289–291. See also Suveică (2010), p. 65

4402:

Prodanyk, p. 35. See also Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 105, 109

2177:; the core areas of Bessarabia, meanwhile, formed a separate 1954:

Gagauz was caught preaching revolution to the inhabitants of

1831:. A French–Romanian division-strength force, assisted by the 982:

The Ukrainian claim to Khotyn (or Hotin) extends back to the

2288:

suggesting its reincorporation in 1946. From late 1944, the

1203:

as their delegates to the Bessarabian people's assembly, or

3159:

Giurcă, p. 15. See also Iorga, pp. 149–150; Stănescu, p. 23

2353:

Soviet-era monument to the Heroes of the uprising in Khotyn

1842:

The Khotyn Uprising coincided with the final stages of the

1051:

Under Russian rule, Hotin County was incorporated with the

5178:

Unirea din 1918 în presa din regiunea Moldovei (Basarabia)

5029:Підпілля ОУН на Буковині: 1943–1951. Документи і матеріали 2886:

Giurcă, p. 14. See also Meltyukhov, p. 60; Stănescu, p. 22

1641:

denying that the revolt had any assistance from Mayevski.

3627:

Potylchak, p. 209. See also Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, p. 123

3303:

Potylchak, p. 208. See also Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, p. 122

1425:

associated with the Whites. With funds received from the

1184:, both of which fomented dissent among local Ukrainians. 5488:

2013 Romanian protests against the Roșia Montană Project

4986:, pp. 126–135. Kamianets-Podilskyi: Medobory-2006, 2013. 4871:Реабілітовані історією. Чернівецька область. Книга перша 4862:, pp. 437–598. Chernivtsi: Knyha Pamyati Ukrayiny, 2007. 4860:Реабілітовані історією. Чернівецька область. Книга перша 4645:

Stopchak, p. 346. See also Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, p. 123

2215:

A re-annexation by Romania occurred in 1941, as part of

4873:, pp. 16–135. Chernivtsi: Knyha Pamyati Ukrayiny, 2007. 4348:

Deletant, pp. 151–154; Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 75–78

2241:. More than 1,000 "slow-moving" Jews where shot by the 1702:

From January 28, the intervention was nominally led by

1599:

Insurgency leader Ivan F. Liskun, photographed ca. 1930

1095:, Ouatul became Commissar for Khotyn, appointed by the 826: 5038:, Vol. XII, Issues 1–2, January–April 2001, pp. 51–65. 4747:

Annali dell'Istituto Storico Italo-germanico in Trento

2743:

Dubitska, p. 65. See also Meltyukhov, pp. 44–45, 52–53

4086:

Meltyukhov, pp. 110–120; Ponomariov, pp. 103, 108–110

2422:, with Romanian authorities depicted as irredeemably 2312:. In 1945, UPA partisan Oleksandr Sokoliansky raided 2175:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina

5157:

The Bessarabian Question in Communist Historiography

4963:Бессарабский вопрос между мировыми войнами 1917—1940 4935:

History and Politics. Revistă de Istorie și Politică

2197:, which were still in place before the passage of a 2117:

signaled that Hotin inhabitants remained profoundly

1745:, his colleague, Captain Mociulschi, shot a railway 1501:, disarming Romanian border guards and moving in on 1342:, were seeking to annex Bessarabia in its entirety. 5455: 5302: 5249: 5016:

Kamyanets-Podilsky Ivan Ohienko National University

2930:

Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 19–20; Meltyukhov, p. 60

2296:, just south of the demarcation line. In 1944, the 1297:In early May, a new Romanian government, headed by 1290:, east of Hotin area and further downstream on the 871:, on the unofficial border between Romania and the 4984:Поділля у добу Української революції 1917–1921 рр. 4546:Suveică (2010), pp. 34, 65; van Meurs, pp. 289–291 1690:, reaching Anadol; other groups retook Rucșin and 1191:, opponents of the UNR in Hotin County had chosen 5653:Battles involving the Ukrainian People's Republic 3726:Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 20–25; Șornikov, p. 82 2491:Brătianu, pp. 43, 53–54, 63–64; Cazacu, pp. 62–63 2237:, a matter which caused tension between them and 1317:, only delegating authority to the reestablished 2680:Gumenâi, pp. 80–81. See also Cazacu, pp. 240–242 2020:, just north of Khotyn. They surrendered to the 1699:back into Podolia, reportedly "without losses". 4095:Ponomariov, pp. 109–110; Suveică (2010), p. 251 34: 4771:La Bessarabie, droits nationaux et historiques 3366:Potylchak, pp. 208–209. See also Rotari, p. 60 2734:Cancicov, pp. 406, 409, 447; Ungureanu, p. 130 1130:were ordered to resume control of the region. 1014:of 1710–1711, prompting the Ottomans to annex 855:. The city it was centered on is now known as 806: 27:Ukrainian-led insurrection in Bessarabia, 1919 5663:Romanian involvement in the Russian Civil War 5478:2012–2014 Romanian protests against shale gas 5207: 4885:Document. Buletinul Arhivelor Militare Române 4814:Zemstva Basarabiei. Aspecte istorico-juridice 3195:Gumenâi, p. 81; Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, p. 122 2608:Cazacu, pp. 232, 250. See also Vrabie, p. 159 1075:. Its control was looser from 1912, when the 1044:, and 16 mixed. Khotyn town was populated by 835:-led insurrection in the far-northern tip of 374: 8: 5159:. Boulder: East European Monographs, 1994. 4059:Fostoy, p. 596; Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 41 3861:Basciani, pp. 133–134; Meltyukhov, pp. 74–75 1435:Zhurari began the training of guerrillas at 1010:began its incursions into Moldavia with the 4942:Note din războiul de reîntregire a neamului 3762:Giurcă, p. 17. See also Stănescu, pp. 25–26 2012:The Red Army allowed VSYuR survivors under 1682:to Noua Suliță, and the machine-gunners of 1209:. In December, Ukrainian soldiers from the 1118:(RDM), headed by the former Russian envoy, 1110:The Provisional Government fell during the 941:, carried out by the Bessarabian Bolshevik 5214: 5200: 5192: 4357:Achim, pp. 594, 603, 606, 610–611, 614–617 381: 367: 359: 31: 2662:Brătianu, p. 133. See also Gumenâi, p. 81 2635:Cancicov, pp. 204, 225, 259, 266–267, 272 2204:The Soviet annexation occurred after the 155:Committee for the Salvation of Bessarabia 4796:Moldova dintre Prut și Nistru, 1812—1918 4384:Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 72–75, 78, 88 4258:Lavric, p. 124. See also Prodanyk, p. 28 2298:People's Commissariat for State Security 2088: 1889: 1793: 1594: 1446: 1252: 1170:its subsequent incursion into Bessarabia 5643:Republicanism in the Kingdom of Romania 4887:, Vol. IV, Issues 2–4, 2001, pp. 14–18. 3771:Stănescu, p. 26. See also Giurcă, p. 17 2466: 1864:Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party 1850:. On January 25, the latter's Premier, 1277:, as well as the northern extremity of 4711:Madgearu, p. 17; Suveică (2010), p. 65 2815:Fostoy, pp. 594–595; Potylchak, p. 208 2263:to a Ukrainian state, in exchange for 1482:—January 7, 1919. Ukrainian historian 5173:, Vol. III, Issue 3, 2015, pp. 20–45. 2572:Basciani, pp. 98, 106; Gumenâi, p. 81 2282:Bessarabia was retaken by the Soviets 1802:, destroyed by Romanian troops after 1168:sought both RDM and UNR approval for 7: 5658:Battles involving the Volunteer Army 5010:, pp. 204–214. Kamianets-Podilskyi: 2367:Banner commemorating Stan Poetaș at 2028:'s office for foreign infiltration, 1928:Allied intervention forces in Russia 1537:, and planning further moves toward 5593:Battles of the Ukrainian–Soviet War 5483:2012 Romanian constitutional crisis 5129:. Chișinău: Editura Pontos, 2010. 4816:. Chișinău: Editura Pontos, 2009. 3492:Moisa, pp. 160–162; Stănescu, p. 24 2328:anti-communist partisans in Romania 2065:, Hotin County became a hub of the 1992:. In November, following Denikin's 1720:Chief of the Romanian General Staff 1249:Austrian–Romanian–Ukrainian dispute 5678:Uprisings of the Russian Civil War 5668:Massacres of the Russian Civil War 5638:History of the Cossacks in Ukraine 5553:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 5395:1990 ethnic clashes in Târgu Mureș 5375:Timișoara student movement of 1956 5370:Bucharest student movement of 1956 5269:Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan 4775:Nicolae Iorga Institute of History 4618:Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, pp. 123–124 3780:Giurcă, pp. 17–18; Stănescu, p. 26 3663:Meltyukhov, p. 66; Stănescu, p. 25 3438:Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, pp. 123–124 3213:Meltyukhov, p. 65; Șornikov, p. 82 2229:expel the entire Jewish population 1912:conquered most of Podolia by April 1144:, who still hoped to maintain the 1018:and reconstruct the corresponding 303:60th Infantry Regiment (observing) 25: 5380:Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977 5021:Dmytro Prodanyk, "Передмова", in 5004:Oleksandr Valentynovych Potylchak 3294:Fostoy, p. 595; Meltyukhov, p. 65 2138:National-Christian Defense League 1975:large-scale offensive into Russia 1484:Oleksandr Valentynovych Potylchak 1413:", assisted by the Ukrainians of 1087:. The latter was an extension of 867:; in 1919, it was the capital of 140:Ukrainian and Moldovan insurgents 5223: 5104:, Issue 4 (38), 2014, pp. 78–98. 5060:State Archive Service of Ukraine 5054:Halyna Rynzhuk, Andrey Avdeyev, 4749:, Vol. XXVII, 2001, pp. 593–617. 4231:Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, pp. 58–59 4149:Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 25–26 3744:Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 25–26 3735:Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 20–25 2360: 2346: 1525:; on January 23, after reaching 990:. The city then belonged to the 186: 174: 159: 149: 135: 129: 56: 5517:2020 Ditrău xenophobic incident 5405:Bridge of Flowers demonstration 4979:, Issue XLV, 2015, pp. 149–164. 4756:. Rome: Aracne Editore, 2007. 2518:Brătianu, p. 133; Cazacu, p. 76 1998:retook Tiraspol without a fight 887:, with some support from local 604:Southern Front counteroffensive 5522:2023 Romanian teachers' strike 5310:1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt 5294:1888 Romanian Peasants' revolt 5012:Ministry of Defence of Ukraine 4993:, Vol. XXXV, 2017, pp. 95–116. 4330:Deletant, pp. 83, 305, 318–319 4213:Basciani, pp. 235–236, 259–260 2770:Cancicov, pp. 405–406, 408–409 2644:Cancicov, pp. 266–267, 273–274 1257:Map of the Hotin issue in 1918 1097:Russian Provisional Government 1: 5284:Wallachian Revolution of 1848 5150:Revista de Istorie a Moldovei 5143:, Vol. VI, 2014, pp. 139–169. 5120:, Vol. 18, 2010, pp. 344–350. 4894:, Andrei Florin Sora (eds.), 4366:Achim, pp. 601, 604, 611, 616 3411:Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, p. 122 3321:Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, p. 122 2371:Ethnographic Museum, May 2018 2195:Moldavian Autonomous Republic 1490:Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia 1303:peace with the Central Powers 1116:Moldavian Democratic Republic 897:Ukrainian War of Independence 763:Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict 42:Ukrainian War of Independence 5360:Ghimeș Valley peasant revolt 5340:1920 Romanian general strike 5279:Moldavian Revolution of 1848 5152:, Issue 3/2014, pp. 120–138. 4998:Kyyivsʹki Istorychni Studiyi 4937:, Issue 2/2011, pp. 123–135. 4880:, Vol. 2, 1995, pp. 141–148. 4375:Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 77 3654:Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 26 3222:Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 20 2970:Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 20 2939:Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 19 2859:Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 17 2394:1924 rebellion at Tatarbunar 2270:Under the Antonescu regime, 1960:Armed Forces of South Russia 1148:against encroachment by the 996:grew out of a Hungarian fief 967:annexing Bessarabia entirely 955:Armed Forces of South Russia 50:Southern Russia intervention 5468:2012–2015 unrest in Romania 5274:Wallachian uprising of 1821 5051:, Issue 2, 2018, pp. 38–49. 5000:, Issue 2, 2017, pp. 10–17. 4851:, Issue 2, 2018, pp. 64–74. 4582:van Meurs, pp. 289, 292–293 4501:Potylchak, pp. 204, 212–213 4113:Vlasenko & Guzun, p. 32 4014:Suveică (2014), pp. 163–165 3996:Vlasenko & Guzun, p. 31 3015:Potylchak, pp. 207–208, 210 2788:Ungureanu, pp. 129–130, 134 2067:Bessarabian Peasants' Party 1661:from Tiraspol as hostages. 1588:), and self-defense units ( 1545:and General Stan Poetaș in 1454:and wooden bridge over the 1135:Ukrainian People's Republic 1133:Also newly proclaimed, the 959:lost ground to the Red Army 873:Ukrainian People's Republic 859:(Хотин), and is located in 827: 194:Ukrainian People's Republic 103:Ukrainian People's Republic 77:7 January – 1 February 1919 5694: 5180:. Iași: Asachiana, 2018. 5076:, Issue 1/2016, pp. 50–59. 2908:Potylchak, p. 206; Rusnak 2234:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 2150:National Renaissance Front 1910:, advanced southwards and 1908:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko 1315:Central Council of Ukraine 1189:elections of November 1917 1124:Russian Federated Republic 296:3rd Border Guards Regiment 5623:Romania–Ukraine relations 5588:Battles involving Romania 5500:2017–19 Romanian protests 4921:Editura Națională Ciornei 4890:Ion Gumenâi, "Hotin", in 4162:, December 10, 1921, p. 2 3942:Suveică (2010), pp. 64–65 3924:Oliynyk, pp. 135, 140–141 2026:Ukrainian Communist Party 816: 400: 327: 307: 273: 199: 121: 69: 55: 39: 5390:1989 Romanian Revolution 4204:, January 30, 1926, p. 6 2302:National Christian Party 2290:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 2249:Transnistria Governorate 2146:Romanian Communist Party 1866:(allegedly answering to 1844:Soviet Russian offensive 1334:by authorities from the 1160:had divided itself into 1038:Moldo-Bessarabian boyars 1030:Bucharest Treaty of 1812 992:Principality of Moldavia 849:Bessarabia's integration 839:region, nestled between 393:of the Russian Civil War 5603:Massacres of Ukrainians 5573:20th-century rebellions 5430:September 1991 Mineriad 5113:, July 1995, pp. 22–26. 5085:Oxford University Press 4965:. Moscow: Veche, 2010. 4944:, pp. 7–31. Bucharest: 4609:van Meurs, pp. 276, 290 4564:van Meurs, pp. 290, 293 4104:Ponomariov, pp. 109–110 4005:Șornikov, pp. 91–93, 95 3483:Potylchak, pp. 208, 210 2482:Brătianu, pp. 53, 63–64 2231:from Hotin County into 2063:November 1919 elections 1986:Ukrainian Galician Army 1968:Konstantyn A. Matsevych 1613:Ukrainian People's Army 1404:land reform legislation 1107:of all landed estates. 895:. It forms part of the 881:Ukrainian People's Army 261:Col. Victor Tomoroveanu 5493:2015 Romanian protests 5473:2012 Romanian protests 5440:February 1999 Mineriad 5420:February 1990 Mineriad 5355:Grivița strike of 1933 5244:and predecessor states 4784:, Vol. II. Bucharest: 4600:van Meurs, pp. 183–184 4591:van Meurs, pp. 289–290 4519:Potylchak, pp. 204–205 3915:Suveică (2014), p. 150 3798:Potylchak, pp. 211–212 3789:Potylchak, pp. 209–210 3375:Potylchak, pp. 208–209 3087:van Meurs, pp. 290–291 2988:Potylchak, pp. 206–207 2979:Potylchak, pp. 205–206 2094: 1899: 1825:58th Infantry Regiment 1807: 1779:Ferdinand I of Romania 1600: 1476:Paris Peace Conference 1463: 1271:Royal Hungarian Honvéd 1258: 1193:Nicolae Bosie-Codreanu 1073:Alexander N. Krupensky 1053:Bessarabia Governorate 984:Principality of Halych 924:Paris Peace Conference 807: 802: 644:Pavlohrad–Katerynoslav 293:37th Infantry Regiment 291:40th Infantry Regiment 245:Gen. Stan Poetaș 216:Konstantin Shynkarenko 200:Commanders and leaders 5618:Ukrainian irredentism 5613:History of Bessarabia 5583:Rebellions in Ukraine 5578:Rebellions in Romania 5435:January 1999 Mineriad 5415:January 1990 Mineriad 5365:Legionnaire rebellion 5350:Lupeni strike of 1929 5320:1918 Bucharest strike 5315:Romanian Fleet mutiny 4780:Vasile Th. Cancicov, 4537:Suveică (2010), p. 34 4474:Brătianu, pp. 165–166 4456:Suveică (2010), p. 34 4339:Deletant, pp. 150–151 4249:Basciani, pp. 333–334 4240:Basciani, pp. 342–343 4189:Basciani, pp. 175–176 4077:Basciani, pp. 165–166 3933:Meltyukhov, pp. 79–81 3060:Suveică (2010), p. 65 2797:Meltyukhov, pp. 52–53 2653:Cancicov, pp. 273–274 2412:Soviet historiography 2272:pro-Soviet resistance 2187:Moldavian SSR Premier 2115:Ministry of Education 2092: 1893: 1797: 1736:International Red Aid 1598: 1573:Ukrainian nationalism 1450: 1299:Alexandru Marghiloman 1256: 1174:Cetatea Albă counties 1156:spread out along the 1154:Imperial Russian Army 1079:presidency went to a 901:Soviet historiography 828:Khotyns'ke povstannya 574:Vyoshenskaya Uprising 328:Casualties and losses 256:Col. Gheorghe Moruzzi 5648:Communism in Romania 5598:Massacres in Romania 5345:Tatarbunary Uprising 5330:Ținutul Sării revolt 5289:Republic of Ploiești 4786:Atelierele Universul 4767:Gheorghe I. Brătianu 4663:Șornikov, pp. 88, 89 4492:Stănescu, pp. 22, 25 4276:van Meurs, pp. 87–88 3834:Șornikov, pp. 82, 83 3177:Stănescu, pp. 22, 24 2590:Cazacu, pp. 186, 194 2384:Gheorghe I. Brătianu 2225:Bukovina Governorate 2217:Operation Barbarossa 2071:Assembly of Deputies 1646:Soviet–Ukrainian War 1559:Constantin Kirițescu 1423:Russian nationalists 1336:Podolian Governorate 1269:was occupied by the 1243:Bessarabian question 1081:Romanian nationalist 1012:Pruth River Campaign 998:, before becoming a 909:Ukrainian–Soviet War 803:Răscoala de la Hotin 671:Rostov–Novocherkassk 283:1st Cavalry Division 168:(logistical support) 46:Ukrainian–Soviet War 5673:Romanian war crimes 5633:Podolia Governorate 5463:2006 Ferentari riot 5447:1993 Hădăreni riots 5031:), 2012, pp. 27–49. 4898:, pp. 80–89. Iași: 4729:Șornikov, pp. 87–88 4438:Ghițiu, pp. 143–147 4393:Lavric, pp. 127–128 4321:Deletant, pp. 17–20 4050:Fostoy, pp. 595–596 4041:Șornikov, pp. 94–95 4032:Șornikov, pp. 93–94 3987:Șornikov, pp. 88–89 3978:Șornikov, pp. 87–88 3969:Șornikov, pp. 86–88 3852:Șornikov, pp. 85–86 3843:Șornikov, pp. 83–85 3609:Stănescu, pp. 24–25 3249:Stănescu, pp. 23–24 3168:Stănescu, pp. 23–24 3123:Stănescu, pp. 22–23 3033:Șornikov, pp. 80–81 2948:Iorga, pp. 108, 122 2806:Dubitska, pp. 67–69 2752:Vrabie, pp. 308–309 2707:Cazacu, pp. 307–309 2500:Brătianu, pp. 71–72 2445:45th Rifle Division 2274:was mounted by the 1896:Denikin's offensive 1868:Mykhailo Hrushevsky 1480:Old-Style Christmas 1389:Kamianets-Podilskyi 1347:Germany's armistice 1197:Nicolae Cernăuțeanu 1112:November Revolution 1093:February Revolution 1061:. Its assembly, or 879:deserters from the 817:Хотинське повстання 808:Revolta de la Hotin 634:Voronezh–Kastornoye 512:Allied intervention 99:Podolia Governorate 5425:June 1990 Mineriad 5171:Caiete Diplomatice 5123:Svetlana Suveică, 4959:Mikhail Meltyukhov 4835:Palgrave Macmillan 4752:Alberto Basciani, 4483:Iorga, pp. 149–150 4131:Gumenâi, pp. 84–89 4122:Gumenâi, pp. 84–86 2563:Coadă, pp. 243–244 2554:Coadă, pp. 214–217 2405:national communism 2332:Right-bank Ukraine 2323:Arcașii lui Ștefan 2191:Tihon Konstantinov 2095: 1900: 1894:The two stages of 1852:Christian Rakovsky 1808: 1752:Naval Intelligence 1728:Mikhail Meltyukhov 1665:Violent repression 1601: 1464: 1345:In November 1918, 1340:Oleksander Shulhyn 1259: 1219:union with Romania 1142:Ion I. C. Brătianu 1067:, overrepresented 579:Alexandrovsky Fort 529:Katerynoslav March 181:Kingdom of Romania 95:Kingdom of Romania 5628:History of Khotyn 5530: 5529: 5186:978-606-9047-00-2 5141:Archiva Moldaviae 5135:978-9975-51-070-7 5068:978-966-8225-60-4 4971:978-5-9533-5010-5 4954:978-973-32-1045-0 4908:978-973-46-7993-5 4822:978-9975-72-286-5 4762:978-88-548-1248-2 4654:Potylchak, p. 209 4573:Potylchak, p. 204 4510:Potylchak, p. 212 3906:Potylchak, p. 209 3816:Potylchak, p. 210 3807:Potylchak, p. 209 3690:Giurcă, pp. 15–17 3645:Meltyukhov, p. 66 3618:Potylchak, p. 209 3537:Giurcă, pp. 14–15 3510:Potylchak, p. 209 3474:Potylchak, p. 211 3420:Potylchak, p. 208 3330:Potylchak, p. 208 3240:Giurcă, pp. 17–18 3114:Giurcă, pp. 14–15 3069:Potylchak, p. 208 3006:Potylchak, p. 207 2997:Potylchak, p. 207 2868:Potylchak, p. 206 2850:Iorga, pp. 29, 43 2581:Ungureanu, p. 121 2473:Potylchak, p. 205 2428:Soviet propaganda 2261:Cernăuți counties 2199:1941 Constitution 2183:Chernivtsi Oblast 2162:. The passage of 2075:Daniel Ciugureanu 2003:Basmachi movement 1990:Russian Civil War 1813:Mohyliv-Podilskyi 1743:Gheorghe Eminescu 1716:Constantin Prezan 1639:Dmytro Doroshenko 1462:(1915 photograph) 1381:Mohyliv-Podilskyi 1365:Cleante Davidoglu 1307:square kilometers 1301:, agreed to sign 1229:". Following the 1085:Duchy of Bukovina 988:Hungarian Kingdom 928:Cleante Davidoglu 905:Russian Civil War 861:Chernivtsi Oblast 825: 788: 787: 743:Dagestan uprising 619:Advance on Moscow 559:Hryhoriv Uprising 534:Northern Caucasus 524:Voronezh–Povorino 357: 356: 258:Col. Carol Ressel 254:Gen. Mihai Schina 242:Cleante Davidoglu 232:Constantin Prezan 117: 116: 16:(Redirected from 5685: 5513: 5385:Brașov Rebellion 5228: 5227: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5193: 5079:Jonathan Smele, 5036:Revista Istorică 4991:Revista Danubius 4946:Editura Militară 4800:Viața Romînească 4730: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4601: 4598: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4529: 4528:Stopchak, p. 346 4526: 4520: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4466: 4465:Brătianu, p. 146 4463: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4312:Brătianu, p. 197 4310: 4304: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4181: 4180:Basciani, p. 182 4178: 4172: 4169: 4163: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4060: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3870:Stopchak, p. 346 3868: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3393:Stopchak, p. 348 3391: 3385: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3141:van Meurs, p. 76 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3024:Stopchak, p. 346 3022: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2835: 2829: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2779:Cancicov, p. 436 2777: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2725:Cancicov, p. 321 2723: 2717: 2716:Cancicov, p. 286 2714: 2708: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2380:peasants' revolt 2364: 2350: 2164:antisemitic laws 2154:Western Moldavia 2142:Liberation Party 2134:Great Depression 1833:Polish Blue Army 1821:Grigory Kotovsky 1804:Grigory Kotovsky 1261:On March 3, the 1231:Eleven Days' War 1221:; nevertheless, 1201:Constantin Iurcu 1139:Romanian Premier 1128:Bessarabian Army 1069:Russian nobility 1046:Bessarabian Jews 1022:into a distinct 943:Grigory Kotovsky 853:Romanian Kingdom 830: 820: 818: 810: 748:Tambov Rebellion 738:Northern Taurida 723:Ulagay's Landing 569:Chapan rebellion 395: 383: 376: 369: 360: 251: 192: 190: 189: 179: 178: 164: 163: 154: 153: 139: 134: 133: 71: 70: 60: 32: 21: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5608:Greater Romania 5568:Battles in 1919 5563:Peasant revolts 5548:1919 in Ukraine 5543:1919 in Romania 5533: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5507: 5451: 5335:Bender Uprising 5325:Khotyn Uprising 5298: 5264:Săbăoani revolt 5251: 5245: 5222: 5220: 5190: 5155:Wim van Meurs, 5110:Magazin Istoric 5083:. Oxford etc.: 4892:Bogdan Murgescu 4827:Dennis Deletant 4812:Ludmila Coadă, 4738: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720:Șornikov, p. 79 4719: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4690:Stănescu, p. 25 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636:Madgearu, p. 17 4635: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4555:Șornikov, p. 79 4554: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447:Prodanyk, p. 44 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4429:Prodanyk, p. 38 4428: 4424: 4420:Șevcenco, p. 58 4419: 4415: 4411:Șevcenco, p. 53 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303:Prodanyk, p. 28 4302: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171:Stănescu, p. 23 4170: 4166: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4068:Șornikov, p. 95 4067: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4023:Șornikov, p. 93 4022: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888:Oliynyk, p. 136 3887: 3883: 3879:Oliynyk, p. 139 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3825:Stănescu, p. 25 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699:Stănescu, p. 25 3698: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681:Stănescu, p. 25 3680: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600:Stănescu, p. 24 3599: 3595: 3591:Stănescu, p. 24 3590: 3586: 3582:Stănescu, p. 23 3581: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3528:Stănescu, p. 24 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3501:Stănescu, p. 24 3500: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456:Stănescu, p. 23 3455: 3451: 3447:Oliynyk, p. 135 3446: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384:Oliynyk, p. 135 3383: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348:Șornikov, p. 82 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3285:Șornikov, p. 82 3284: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258:Stănescu, p. 26 3257: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3105:Stănescu, p. 25 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042:Șornikov, p. 82 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2832: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545:Stănescu, p. 26 2544: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2365: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2340: 2159:Ținutul Suceava 2123:Romanianization 2087: 2079:Romanian Police 1946:Bender Uprising 1939: 1920:Greater Romania 1916:Hungarian Front 1872:Dunaivtsi Raion 1792: 1790:Raid on Tighina 1787: 1667: 1445: 1400:Greater Ukraine 1267:Khotinsky Uyezd 1263:Treaty of Brest 1251: 1215:Otto Eichelmann 1211:10th Army Corps 1146:Moldavian Front 1089:Austria-Hungary 1058:Khotinsky Uyezd 1016:Khotyn Fortress 1008:Imperial Russia 1000:tributary state 980: 975: 961:. The emerging 947:Greater Romania 939:raid on Tighina 795:Khotyn Uprising 791: 790: 789: 784: 753:Perekop–Chonhar 728:Obytichnyi Spit 584:Bender Uprising 549:Khotyn Uprising 396: 392: 389: 387: 348: 341: 339: 335:50,000 expelled 334: 302: 294: 292: 290: 284: 259: 257: 255: 253: 247: 244: 239: 234: 219: 217: 215: 214:Leonid Y. Tokan 213: 211: 209: 207: 187: 185: 173: 158: 148: 141: 128: 105: 61: 35:Khotyn Uprising 28: 23: 22: 18:Khotyn uprising 15: 12: 11: 5: 5691: 5689: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5535: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5259:Bobâlna revolt 5255: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5238:civil disorder 5221: 5219: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5196: 5189: 5188: 5176:Diana Vrabie, 5174: 5167: 5153: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5137: 5121: 5114: 5105: 5098:Piotr Șornikov 5095: 5077: 5070: 5058:. Chernivtsi: 5052: 5039: 5032: 5019: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4977:Revista Crisia 4973: 4956: 4938: 4931: 4910: 4888: 4881: 4878:Analele Sighet 4874: 4863: 4852: 4845: 4824: 4810: 4789: 4778: 4764: 4750: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4692: 4683: 4674: 4672:Ghițiu, p. 141 4665: 4656: 4647: 4638: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4566: 4557: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4521: 4512: 4503: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4285:Lavric, p. 129 4278: 4269: 4267:Lavric, p. 127 4260: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4222:Fostoy, p. 566 4215: 4206: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4164: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4124: 4115: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3960:Popenko, p. 13 3953: 3951:Popenko, p. 11 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3692: 3683: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3539: 3530: 3521: 3519:Gumenâi, p. 82 3512: 3503: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3402:Gumenâi, p. 81 3395: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3339:Fostoy, p. 595 3332: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3276:Fostoy, p. 595 3269: 3267:Gumenâi, p. 81 3260: 3251: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3179: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3051:Gumenâi, p. 81 3044: 3035: 3026: 3017: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2901: 2888: 2879: 2877:Cazacu, p. 331 2870: 2861: 2852: 2843: 2830: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2761:Vrabie, p. 344 2754: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2709: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2671:Gumenâi, p. 81 2664: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2619: 2617:Cazacu, p. 250 2610: 2601: 2599:Fostoy, p. 594 2592: 2583: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2527:Gumenâi, p. 81 2520: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2420:class conflict 2366: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2286:Nikita Salogor 2244:Einsatzgruppen 2086: 2083: 2014:Nikolai Bredov 1994:defeat at Orel 1938: 1932: 1880:Entente Powers 1837:Pavel Tcacenco 1798:The bridge at 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1704:Nicolae Petala 1696:state of siege 1666: 1663: 1584:), artillery ( 1472:Piotr Șornikov 1444: 1441: 1427:Volunteer Army 1415:Stara Ushytsia 1250: 1247: 1239:Central Powers 1178:White movement 1150:Central Powers 1004:Ottoman Empire 979: 976: 974: 971: 951:Entente Powers 949:, seen by the 893:White Russians 883:and groups of 786: 785: 783: 782: 777: 771: 770: 766: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 704: 703: 698: 688: 683: 681:North Caucasus 678: 673: 667: 666: 662: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 624:Nizhyn–Poltava 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 520: 519: 515: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 418: 417: 413: 412: 406: 405: 401: 398: 397: 391:Southern Front 388: 386: 385: 378: 371: 363: 355: 354: 343: 336: 330: 329: 325: 324: 319: 314: 310: 309: 305: 304: 297: 280: 276: 275: 274:Units involved 271: 270: 269:G. I. Mayevski 262: 237:Nicolae Petala 227: 212:Ivan F. Liskun 202: 201: 197: 196: 183: 171: 170: 169: 166:Volunteer Army 156: 124: 123: 119: 118: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 85: 83: 79: 78: 75: 67: 66: 53: 52: 37: 36: 30: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5690: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5217: 5212: 5210: 5205: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5166: 5165:0-88033-284-0 5162: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5093:9780190233044 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4919:. Bucharest: 4918: 4914: 4913:Nicolae Iorga 4911: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4844: 4843:1-4039-9341-6 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4773:. Bucharest: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4726: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4681:Giurcă, p. 16 4678: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4195: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4140:Iorga, p. 267 4137: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4092: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3753:Moisa, p. 163 3750: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3717:Giurcă, p. 16 3714: 3711: 3708:Giurcă, p. 16 3705: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3672:Moisa, p. 162 3669: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3573:Moisa, p. 162 3570: 3567: 3564:Moisa, p. 162 3561: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3546:Giurcă, p. 15 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3465:Giurcă, p. 16 3462: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3357:Rotari, p. 60 3354: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3312:Iorga, p. 150 3309: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3231:Giurcă, p. 17 3228: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2921:Giurcă, p. 14 2918: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2689:Rotari, p. 53 2686: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2626:Rotari, p. 52 2623: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2536:Giurcă, p. 18 2533: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2509:Cazacu, p. 78 2506: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2467: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2398:Nicolae Iorga 2395: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2370: 2363: 2349: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257:Sabin Manuilă 2254: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2221:Ion Antonescu 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179:Moldavian SSR 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2119:anti-Romanian 2116: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2091: 2085:Later history 2084: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2061:Ahead of the 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2018:Nova Ushytsia 2016:to move into 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1979:Rostov-on-Don 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1964:Anton Denikin 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848:Ukrainian SSR 1845: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1816: 1814: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1709: 1708:Ion Antonescu 1705: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1659:Free Cossacks 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605:armored train 1597: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468:Transnistrian 1466:According to 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311:Hertsa region 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1279:Soroca County 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1255: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235:Soviet Russia 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1182:Soviet Russia 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166:Romanian Army 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1105:socialization 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 977: 972: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 929: 925: 921: 920:Romanian Army 917: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 823: 814: 809: 804: 800: 796: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 768: 767: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 702: 699: 697: 694: 693: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 664: 663: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 599:Mamontov Raid 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 517: 516: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 467:Transcaucasia 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 419: 415: 414: 411: 408: 407: 403: 402: 399: 394: 384: 379: 377: 372: 370: 365: 364: 361: 352: 351:Free Cossacks 347: 344: 337: 332: 331: 326: 323: 320: 318: 315: 312: 311: 306: 301: 298: 295: 288: 281: 278: 277: 272: 268: 267: 263: 260: 252: 250: 243: 238: 233: 228: 225: 224: 220: 208:Georgy Muller 204: 203: 198: 195: 184: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 146: 145: 144: 143:Supported by: 138: 132: 126: 125: 120: 112: 109: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81: 80: 76: 73: 72: 68: 65: 59: 54: 51: 47: 43: 38: 33: 19: 5456:21st century 5324: 5303:20th century 5252:20th century 5177: 5170: 5156: 5149: 5140: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5101: 5080: 5073: 5055: 5048: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5022: 5007: 4997: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4962: 4941: 4934: 4916: 4895: 4884: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4830: 4813: 4795: 4792:Petru Cazacu 4781: 4770: 4753: 4746: 4743:Viorel Achim 4725: 4716: 4707: 4700: 4695: 4686: 4677: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4596: 4587: 4578: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4407: 4398: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4199: 4194: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4159: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4010: 4001: 3992: 3983: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3641: 3636:Smele, p. 97 3632: 3623: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3497: 3488: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3429:Smele, p. 97 3425: 3416: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3272: 3263: 3254: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2958: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2909: 2904: 2896: 2891: 2882: 2873: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2838: 2833: 2825: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2703: 2698:Iorga, p. 28 2694: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2469: 2456: 2449: 2441: 2436:Naum Nartsov 2433: 2410: 2402: 2387: 2377: 2321: 2320:. The group 2318:Khotyn Raion 2275: 2269: 2242: 2239:Nazi Germany 2232: 2214: 2203: 2172: 2157: 2131: 2108: 2099:Soviet Union 2096: 2060: 2035: 2029: 2011: 1983: 1972: 1951: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1924: 1901: 1876: 1841: 1817: 1809: 1768: 1756: 1740: 1724: 1712: 1701: 1668: 1643: 1627: 1616: 1602: 1578:Khotyn Raion 1569: 1562: 1551: 1531: 1495: 1488: 1465: 1458:, seen from 1430: 1408: 1393: 1373: 1368: 1351: 1344: 1329: 1323: 1318: 1296: 1266: 1260: 1222: 1206:Sfatul Țării 1204: 1186: 1132: 1109: 1076: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1023: 1020:Hotin County 981: 963:Soviet Union 932: 913: 869:Hotin County 794: 792: 686:Novorossiysk 548: 447:Steppe March 346:unknown dead 345: 333:≈11,000 dead 321: 316: 299: 282: 279:≈3 regiments 264: 248: 229: 221: 205: 142: 127: 122:Belligerents 87:Hotin County 40:Part of the 5508: [ 5047:]", in 5027:, Vol. 19 ( 5024:Litopys UPA 5018:etc., 2009. 2841:. pp. 40–41 2828:. pp. 40–41 2424:reactionary 2416:Moldovenist 2206:Great Purge 2127:Gendarmerie 2022:Polish Army 1547:Călărășeuca 1539:Noua Suliță 1396:Directorate 1158:Siret River 1120:Ion Inculeț 978:Before 1918 649:3rd Kharkiv 639:Khopyor–Don 614:Perehonivka 594:2nd Kharkiv 410:1st Kharkiv 342:117 missing 300:none active 5558:1919 riots 5537:Categories 5250:Before the 4833:. London: 4736:References 4699:Șornikov, 2056:sugar mill 2052:Stălinești 1934:VSYuR and 1763:bayonetted 1732:immolation 1650:Royal Navy 1635:Chernivtsi 1357:Fifth Army 1283:Ion Nistor 1162:Bolsheviks 973:Background 889:Bolsheviks 837:Bessarabia 758:2nd Crimea 691:Azerbaijan 659:2nd Donbas 629:Orel–Kursk 554:1st Donbas 462:1st Crimea 457:March Days 432:Donbas-Don 340:93 wounded 206:G. Bărbuță 91:Bessarabia 5410:Mineriads 5087:, 2016. 5062:, 2017. 4948:, 2017. 4929:493897808 4923:, 1930. 4902:, 2019. 4837:, 2006. 4201:Dimineața 2451:Siguranța 2314:Zarozhany 2007:Turkestan 1952:Polkovnik 1856:Bucharest 1759:open city 1747:signalman 1688:Cliscăuți 1672:Nahoriany 1618:Haidamaka 1564:Siguranța 1543:Volcineți 1535:Nedăbăuți 1515:Naslavcea 1507:Arionești 1470:academic 1443:Unfolding 1432:Polkovnik 1411:Moldovans 1385:Bucharest 1326:Hetmanate 1034:Ruthenian 969:in 1940. 885:Moldovans 851:into the 833:Ukrainian 822:romanized 813:Ukrainian 487:Tsaritsyn 442:Ice March 223:Polkovnik 210:Filipchuk 5400:Golaniad 5234:protests 4869:(eds.), 4858:(eds.), 4808:10132102 4798:. Iași: 2304:outside 2277:Komsomol 2265:Pokuttya 2040:Dăncăuți 2036:Zakordot 2031:Zakordot 1936:Zakordot 1906:, under 1904:Red Army 1860:Husiatyn 1785:Revivals 1654:Cossacks 1624:red flag 1590:Dăncăuți 1527:Secureni 1519:Pocrovca 1456:Dniester 1452:Zhvanets 1437:Tiraspol 1419:Zhvanets 1369:Starosta 1361:Redcoats 1331:Starosta 1292:Dniester 1233:against 1042:Romanian 994:, which 935:Red Army 916:Dniester 907:and the 841:Bukovina 831:) was a 799:Romanian 718:Lankaran 654:4th Kiev 609:3rd Kiev 564:Binagadi 544:2nd Kiev 507:Dibrivka 492:Kurdamir 452:Iași–Don 437:1st Kiev 427:Shamkhor 353:captured 338:159 dead 308:Strength 289:Regiment 287:Redcoats 218:I. Siyak 82:Location 5242:Romania 4900:Polirom 4788:, 1921. 4777:, 1943. 2961:, p. 41 2957:Rusnak 2899:, p. 41 2895:Rusnak 2837:Rusnak 2824:Rusnak 2306:Tîrnova 2294:Medveja 2253:Lipovan 2111:prefect 2103:Craiova 1829:Tighina 1806:'s raid 1800:Tighina 1511:Codreni 1377:Lipcani 1352:Zemstvo 1319:Zemstvo 1187:In the 1101:soviets 1077:Zemstvo 1064:Zemstvo 1002:of the 877:Cossack 865:Ukraine 845:Podolia 824:: 780:Georgia 733:Armenia 708:Ochakov 539:Ukraine 477:Goychay 322:unknown 317:unknown 313:30,000+ 249:† 226:Zhurari 5184: 5163: 5133: 5091: 5066: 4969: 4952: 4927: 4906: 4867:et al. 4856:et al. 4841: 4820: 4806: 4760: 4701:passim 4160:Opinia 2959:et al. 2910:et al. 2897:et al. 2839:et al. 2826:et al. 2369:Soroca 2338:Legacy 2310:Ocnița 2168:Zelena 2048:Rașcov 2044:Poiana 1956:Comrat 1884:Odessa 1772:rabbis 1692:Rașcov 1676:Kozliv 1629:Ataman 1609:Odessa 1586:Anadol 1582:Rucșin 1555:rubles 1521:, and 1503:Soroca 1499:Atachi 1460:Atachi 1275:Ocnița 1237:, the 1227:Ismail 1223:Sfatul 1199:, and 857:Khotyn 713:Anzali 701:Sarvan 696:Yalama 422:Mughan 266:Ataman 191: 110:Result 64:Khotyn 48:; the 44:; the 5512:] 5230:Riots 5102:Rusyn 4802:, . 2462:Notes 1944:(see 1684:Bălți 1680:Bacău 1288:Otaci 1055:, as 775:Anapa 676:Odesa 589:Odesa 497:Livny 482:Sochi 472:Kuban 240:Gen. 235:Gen. 230:Gen. 5236:and 5182:ISBN 5161:ISBN 5131:ISBN 5089:ISBN 5064:ISBN 4967:ISBN 4950:ISBN 4925:OCLC 4904:ISBN 4839:ISBN 4818:ISBN 4804:OCLC 4758:ISBN 2414:and 2308:and 2210:NKVD 2046:and 1902:The 1776:King 1694:. A 1674:and 1523:Rudi 1180:and 1025:raya 891:and 843:and 793:The 769:1921 665:1920 518:1919 502:Baku 416:1918 404:1917 285:3rd 74:Date 5240:in 5044:sic 2389:sic 2005:in 805:or 349:16 5539:: 5510:ro 5232:, 5014:, 4961:, 4915:, 4829:, 4794:, 4769:, 2334:. 2201:. 2189:, 2170:. 2129:. 2058:. 2042:, 2009:. 1839:. 1718:, 1517:, 1513:, 1509:, 1439:. 1429:, 1367:. 1195:, 1006:. 911:. 863:, 819:, 815:: 811:; 801:: 101:, 97:; 93:, 89:, 5215:e 5208:t 5201:v 1948:) 797:( 382:e 375:t 368:v 20:)

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Index