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them were already screaming and sobbing. But at this point the old man stopped in his whirling and cried out wildly, "Brothers! Brothers! I feel it, the Holy Spirit! God is within me!" And he began to prophesy, shouting out incoherent sounds mixed into which were the words, "Oh, Spirit!" "Oh, God!" "Oh, Spirit Lord!" After that began the main communal rite of "rejoicing", or general whirling and dancing.
297:, in order to prepare themselves for the reception of the Holy Spirit into their bodies. They abstained from alcohol, and often fasted for days or weeks at a time. Although marriage was permitted for practical purposes, "because the help of a wife was indispensable for a peasant", it was a sin to engage in sexual intercourse, even with one's own wife. Connected with this
382:. They were held for five months, during which time they were interrogated and beaten. While some of his followers remained in custody, Lupkin managed to negotiate his own release, with the help of a 300-ruble bribe. Despite officially repenting, he continued to lead the movement until his death in 1732.
334:
Radzinsky says that they referred to the whirling dance as "spiritual beer", on account of its intoxicating effect. He reports that after the dance had continued for some time, the worshippers fell to the floor: "And that was the end of it. But apparently only because I was present." Radzinsky claims
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prayer in the flickering candlelight. And then with youthful energy he started to "rejoice", that is, to whirl wildly in place, crossing himself and continually whipping his body. The choir chanted prayers, their voices ever more savagely, ever more fervently and passionately praying, so that some of
324:
In white flaxen shirts worn over naked bodies they went down into the cellar of a peasant lodge. There in the dry cellar they lit candles. They started to sing something sacred in the half-light – as was later explained, a verse from the Easter canon: "Seeing, we are gladdened, for Christ has risen."
113:
Throughout their history, the
Khlysts were pursued by accusations of sexual immorality and faced persecution from other religious groups and from the government. In the 18th century, doctrinal changes led to schisms, and by the 1970s, only a few isolated groups remained. The Khlysts had a significant
400:
However, the
Khlysty were undeterred, and continued practising. Some of those who had been sent into exile began to spread the movement through Siberia. In 1745, therefore, a new commission was formed, this time using "far crueler methods of interrogation". This commission, although eliciting false
277:
This ritual, which formed the focus of their worship, took place on holy feast days. The congregation would gather during the evening at a prearranged location, such as a member's house. They would remove their outer clothing, and enter the sacred space dressed only in an undershirt. After a period
358:
or religious dances with wholesale debauchery, the lights being first put out. Grass examines the evidence very carefully and impartially, and rejects the story as calumny. The only thing that gives it colour is that often, when the ecstasies are over, the exhausted votaries drop down on the floor
83:
The sect is traditionally said to have been founded in 1645 by Danilo
Filippovich, although there is no written evidence to support this claim. The beliefs and practices of its members included ecstatic rituals, worship of charismatic leaders, and a rejection of the priesthood and holy books. They
242:
with two fingers instead of three, but he also instructed them to attend the State Church and take communion. Many
Khlysty, including Lupkin's wife and son, even took monastic vows. Lupkin also made large donations to the Church, which helped to protect the sect from persecution.
359:
and sleep till dawn, the men on one side of the apartment, the women on the other. Their doing so, instead of going home at once, is a necessity dictated either by the climate or by fear of the
Russian police, whose suspicions would be roused if they trooped home at a late hour.
343:, writes that the Khlysty's "foremost idea was that salvation could be attained only by total repentance and that this became far more achievable for one who had truly transgressed. 'Sin in order that you may obtain forgiveness,' was the practical side of the Khlysty."
467:
was twice investigated (in 1903 and 1907) by the
Tobolsk Theological Consistory, under charges of spreading Khlyst doctrine. Both investigations were closed without any evidence being found against him, but popular rumour continued to link Rasputin to the sect.
389:. These accusations were repeatedly denied, but the commission nevertheless convicted over three hundred people. They handed out sentences of hard labour, beatings, and mutilation of the nostrils and the tongue, and sent many of the prisoners into exile in
482:, it is claimed that Rasputin attended several Khlyst gatherings in the years before his arrival in St. Petersberg, but ultimately became disillusioned with the sect. The factual accuracy of this book has been called into question, and according to
265:
and of its embodiment in living people. Each of their leaders was a "living god", and each congregation (or "ark") had its own "Christ" and "Mother of God", appointed by the overall leader of the sect. Furthermore, they believed that the
1298:
Emeliantseva, E. "Situational
Religiosity: Everyday Strategies of the Moscow Christ-Faith Believers and of the St Petersburg Mystics Attracted by This Faith in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century," in Thomas Bremer (ed),
413:("Fasters"). The leaders of the sect were now seen as "personifications of Christ", rather than only playing host to his spirit. It was no longer considered possible for ordinary members to receive the Holy Spirit during
431:
These schisms weakened the movement, and their numbers began to decline. By the start of the twentieth century, estimates of the
Khlysty's numbers ranged at around one hundred thousand. Prior to the outbreak of
150:). The appellation "Khlysty" is a derogatory term applied by critics of the sect. The origin of the term is disputed. It is probably a corruption of the group's aforementioned self-designation of
193:. He delivered twelve commandments to his disciples, which forbade (among other things) sexual intercourse, drinking and swearing. He later named as his successor Ivan Suslov, a peasant of
335:
that in some arks, the
Khlysts would at this point engage in "group sinning" – a frenzied sexual orgy, which they believed would purify them from the lusts of the flesh. Similarly,
282:("Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me, a sinner"), some of the worshippers would feel the Holy Spirit come upon them, and would begin dancing wildly, prophesying in
227:
Suslov died around 1716, at which time
Prokofii Lupkin became the new "Christ". The oral tradition claims that Lupkin was the son of Filippov, but this is unlikely to be true.
436:, there were reported to be around 20,000 New Israelites, 15,000 Old Israelites and 3,000 Postniki in Russia. By the 1970s, there were only "a few isolated groups" remaining.
204:
There is no written evidence to support this story, or to confirm the existence of Filippov. The first historical references to the Khlysty are found in the writings of the
385:
From 1733 to 1739, a specially-formed government commission arrested hundreds of suspected Khlyst members, charging them with participation in sexual orgies and ritual
286:. This would continue for half an hour or more, until the dancers collapsed with exhaustion. Finally, they would share a sacramental meal of nuts, bread, pastry and
212:
of the Russian State Church. The Old Believers condemned the Khlysty as heretics, and warnings about them can be found in letters dating from around the 1670s. The
486:, Maria's story is the only evidence that Rasputin had any Khlyst connections. The consensus of modern historians is that Rasputin was never a member of the sect.
401:
confessions of sexual deviation and cannibalistic communion, and sending another 200 people into exile, likewise failed to stamp out the movement.
420:
In 1840, a new splinter sect broke away from the Postniki. Calling themselves Israelites, they shortly afterwards split again into Old Israel and
238:
to organise secret assemblies for his followers. He encouraged his followers to worship in the manner of the Old Believers, such as by making the
197:. Suslov, transformed by Filippov into a "new Christ", acquired a following of twelve apostles, along with a woman who was given the title of "
1263:
1244:
424:. The beliefs of the latter group departed considerably from the traditional teachings of the Khlysts, and the sect still exists today in
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was associated with the Khlysts in popular rumor, but the consensus among historians is that he was not a member of the sect.
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347:
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Accusations of sexual immorality pursued the sect from its earliest days, and provoked numerous government investigations.
181:
According to its own oral tradition, the sect was founded in 1645 by Danilo Filippov (or Daniil Filippovich), a peasant of
252:
201:". The tradition relates that Suslov was crucified twice by the Russian authorities, but rose from the dead each time.
267:
85:
471:
C. L. Sulzberger, in 1977, claimed that Rasputin "adopted the philosophy (if not proven membership)" of the Khlysts.
363:
Historian Joseph T. Fuhrmann claims that "splinter groups practiced 'holy intercourse,' but most khlysty were devout
298:
213:
444:
The Khlysty are said to have been "the root of all Russian sectarianism", having spawned sects such as the
37:
1120:
Gavrilyuk, Paul L. (2012). "Nineteenth‐ to Twentieth‐Century Russian Mysticism". In Lamm, Julia A. (ed.).
97:
77:
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could descend upon any one of them during the state of ecstasy which they attained during the ritual of
1213:
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1169:
998:
Clay, J. Eugene (1985). "God's People in the early eighteenth century: The Uglich affair of 1717".
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After that a little old man with joyful, light-coloured eyes – the local Christ – began to chant a
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A History of Russian Christianity, Vol. III: The Synodal Era and the Sectarians – 1725 to 1894
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Around 1750, some doctrinal changes took place within the sect, and they became known as the
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1051:
Etkind, Alexander (2013). "Whirling with the Other: Russian Populism and Religious Sects".
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The members of the sect referred to themselves by various names, including "God's People" (
502:
190:
257:
The Khlysty renounced priesthood, holy books and veneration of the saints (excluding the
1301:
Religion and the Conceptual Boundary in Central and Eastern Europe: Encounters of Faiths
30:
This article is about the Russian religious sect. For the American doom metal band, see
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Lupkin was a trader, and made use of his frequent journeys to places such as
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and a runaway soldier. He was said to have become a "living god" after the
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417:, although the ritual still held a central position in their worship.
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261:). They believed in the possibility of direct communication with the
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36:
1124:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 489–500.
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It is also possible that the word is related to the Greek word
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ritual which he witnessed on the island of Chechen in 1964:
114:
influence on other Russian sectarian movements, such as the
378:
In 1717, Lupkin and twenty other Khlysty were arrested in
1307:, 2008) (Studies in Central and Eastern Europe), 98-120.
498:, Finnish cult with influences from Khlysts and Skoptsys
1019:
Clay, Eugene (2017). "The 'Quaker Heresy' in Siberia".
154:, but may also allude to the sect's practice of ritual
27:
Russian Orthodox underground Spiritual Christian sect
1122:
The Wiley‐Blackwell Companion to Christian Mysticism
350:, referencing a study by Karl Konrad Grass, writes:
102:("rejoicing"), which was characterized by dancing,
80:sect which emerged in Russia in the 17th century.
352:
322:
905:
510:'s first novel (1909), is based on the Khlysts
962:. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 173.
960:Historical Dictionary of Radical Christianity
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346:Other scholars have dismissed these rumours.
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8:
980:The Russian-Orthodox Tradition and Modernity
208:, a Christian community which resisted the
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84:believed in direct communication with the
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222:An Investigation of the Schismatic Faith
1212:Rasputin, Maria; Barham, Patte (1977).
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1150:Christian Religion in the Soviet Union
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478:, co-authored by Rasputin's daughter
189:descended upon him on Gorodino Hill,
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1312:"Strange faith" and the blood libel
354:have been accused of ending their
142:), "followers of Christ's faith" (
25:
1215:Rasputin: The Man Behind the Myth
1040:Coneybeare, Frederick C. (1921).
293:The Khlysty practiced an extreme
1021:Canadian-American Slavic Studies
367:who condemned such behaviour."
1277:. New York: Crown Publishers.
1171:Rasputin: The Saint Who Sinned
348:Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare
162:means a "whip" or "thin rod".
1:
958:Brackney, William H. (2012).
76:"whips") were an underground
1101:Fuhrmann, Joseph T. (2012).
1080:Fuhrmann, Joseph T. (1990).
305:which often accompanied the
253:Baptism with the Holy Spirit
88:and practiced the ritual of
1046:. Harvard University Press.
278:of singing or chanting the
216:also attacked the Khlysty;
1348:
1273:Sulzberger, C. L. (1977).
1233:Shubin, Daniel H. (2004).
1189:Radzinsky, Edvard (2000).
1130:10.1002/9781118232736.ch32
1103:Rasputin: The Untold Story
906:Rasputin & Barham 1977
884:, pp. 45, 83–4, 183–4
299:mortification of the flesh
250:
29:
1033:10.1163/22102396-05101005
59:
1168:Moynahan, Brian (1997).
169:(meaning "chiliast" or "
146:), or simply "Christs" (
1254:Smith, Douglas (2017).
1147:Lane, Christel (1978).
1065:10.1111/1467-9434.00292
896:, pp. 101, 230–231
476:The Man Behind the Myth
284:unintelligible language
1332:Spiritual Christianity
1310:Panchenko, Aleksandr.
1000:Cahiers du Monde Russe
977:Buss, Andreas (2003).
460:Connection to Rasputin
361:
332:
220:wrote against them in
46:
1239:. Algora Publishing.
1027:(1). Brill: 122–126.
1012:10.3406/cmr.1985.2034
251:Further information:
247:Beliefs and practices
40:
301:was the practice of
210:17th-century reforms
158:; the Russian word
104:speaking in tongues
78:Spiritual Christian
41:Ecstatic ritual of
1305:Palgrave Macmillan
1275:The Fall of Eagles
1053:The Russian Review
1043:Russian Dissenters
908:, pp. 100–108
341:The Fall of Eagles
47:
1265:978-1-4472-4585-8
1246:978-0-87586-426-6
1218:. Prentice-Hall.
1192:The Rasputin File
303:self-flagellation
240:sign of the cross
218:Dimitry of Rostov
156:self-flagellation
126:. Russian mystic
69:[xlɨˈstɨ]
16:(Redirected from
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111:
109:
105:
99:
94:
92:
87:
81:
79:
70:
56:
52:
44:
39:
33:
32:Khlyst (band)
19:
1300:
1274:
1255:
1235:
1214:
1191:
1170:
1149:
1121:
1102:
1082:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1024:
1020:
1003:
999:
979:
959:
951:
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937:
932:, p. 38
925:
913:
901:
889:
877:
872:, p. 73
865:
853:
841:
797:
792:, p. 93
785:
773:
761:
749:
737:
710:
705:, p. 41
683:
671:
666:, p. 74
659:
647:
642:, p. 92
635:
630:, p. 85
623:
611:
606:, p. 39
599:
594:, p. 70
572:
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545:
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280:Jesus Prayer
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140:liudi bozh'i
139:
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54:
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48:
45:("radeniye")
42:
1086:. Praeger.
920:, p. x
858:Etkind 2013
846:Shubin 2004
756:, p. 7
550:Etkind 2013
508:Andrei Bely
434:World War I
387:infanticide
371:Persecution
268:Holy Spirit
263:Holy Spirit
224:(c. 1709).
108:prophesying
96: [
86:Holy Spirit
1321:Categories
1195:. Anchor.
969:0810871793
942:Smith 2017
515:References
422:New Israel
295:asceticism
1105:. Wiley.
983:. Brill.
870:Buss 2003
834:Lane 1978
817:Clay 2017
802:Clay 2017
790:Clay 1985
778:Clay 1985
766:Clay 1985
688:Buss 2003
676:Clay 1985
664:Buss 2003
652:Clay 2017
640:Clay 1985
628:Clay 1985
616:Clay 1985
592:Clay 1985
520:Footnotes
450:Dukhobors
440:Influence
259:Theotokos
167:khiliaste
120:Dukhobors
1256:Rasputin
490:See also
454:Molokans
452:and the
411:Postniki
395:Orenburg
183:Kostroma
124:Molokans
1327:Khlysts
1073:3664790
952:Sources
446:Skoptsy
426:Uruguay
415:radenie
391:Siberia
356:radenia
318:radenie
307:radenie
272:radenie
177:Origins
152:Khristy
148:Khristy
116:Skoptsy
93:
91:radenie
55:Khlysty
51:Khlysts
43:Khlysts
18:Khlysty
1281:
1262:
1243:
1222:
1199:
1178:
1157:
1136:
1109:
1090:
1071:
987:
966:
448:, the
380:Uglich
327:Khlyst
309:rite.
232:Uglich
160:khlyst
106:, and
60:Хлысты
1069:JSTOR
480:Maria
288:kvass
236:Venev
195:Murom
100:]
1279:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1088:ISBN
985:ISBN
964:ISBN
234:and
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134:Name
122:and
74:lit.
65:IPA:
49:The
1126:doi
1061:doi
1029:doi
1008:doi
474:In
393:or
53:or
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1057:62
1055:.
1025:51
1023:.
1004:26
1002:.
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