723:', a rather vague construct that while claiming to seek progressive goals and the end of social injustice, was based around the conservative religious and social traditions of Cambodia. Rather than doing away with private property, 'Buddhist socialism' encouraged the wealthy to give to the poor in order to gain merit. Public figures were also instructed to be fully accountable to the populace, transparent in their dealings, and were encouraged to take regular breaks to perform ordinary agricultural-related work (Sihanouk often had himself photographed performing such labour during his visits to development projects).
207:
1655:
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457:
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1111:
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1072:
801:. Sihanouk was to label his opponents on the right as the "Khmer Bleu" to distinguish them from his opponents on the left. However, it seems that during the late 1950s and early 1960s there was relatively little violent repression of opposition to the Sangkum (although there was repeated political intimidation of the leftist
941:
There is a certain degree of nostalgia amongst older
Cambodians for the Sangkum era, especially given the relative stability of the years 1955–1965 in comparison to later periods. After the 1991 political settlement and Sihanouk's 1993 restoration as king, a number of Cambodian political parties used
823:
Sihanouk was made Head of State for life in 1963. From the mid-1960s, however, fractures began to appear in the regime. The 1966 elections resulted in an overwhelming victory for rightist candidates; Sihanouk responded by creating a left-wing "Counter-Government", including Hu Nim and Khieu
Samphan,
749:
Sihanouk's method of alternately criticising his opponents in various public forums, and then of offering them posts within the
Sangkum in a demand that they positively contribute to Cambodian society, had the dual effect of stifling dissent and of integrating much of the opposition into his regime.
932:
Opinion remains sharply divided on the
Sangkum movement, as on Sihanouk himself. Many commentators, particularly those on the left or those personally opposed to Sihanouk, have described the Sangkum as essentially a conservative movement which sought to maintain the power and influence of the
661:, the first after independence. Despite its apolitical image, the Sangkum effectively functioned as the pro-Sihanouk party. It won an overwhelming victory in the elections: there were subsequently allegations of massive electoral fraud, and of intimidation directed against both the opposing
937:
through authoritarianism. Others, however, have noted that it vastly increased the participation of ordinary
Cambodians in democracy, and describe it as a pragmatic movement which genuinely sought to bring community development to Cambodia through "expert guidance and gentle persuasion".
715:
for the prestige and cohesion of the nation". At the same time, the
Sangkum was designed to democraticise the country and to exert political control. Rather than subscribing to a certain ideology, Sangkum was defined by its leader Prince Sihanouk and his personal popularity.
913:, continued armed resistance on Sihanouk's behalf against his own former colleagues. Sihanouk's tactic of making common cause with the Khmer communist insurgents was to attract a huge number of recruits to their side. The Sangkum was formally dissolved on 18 February 1971.
811:, a Khmer Serei activist who attempted to negotiate with Sihanouk in 1963, was arrested and his subsequent execution shown in cinemas across the country. The same treatment was given to another group of alleged Khmer Serei leaders, Chau Bory (previously implicated in the
761:
During the period of
Sihanouk's rule, the Sangkum managed to absorb many of the rightist and centrist elements of Cambodian politics, as well as pro-Sihanouk elements of the left and moderate communists: only the more hardline secret elements of the
885:– fled to the forests in 1967-8, though at the time it was widely rumoured that they had been murdered by the Sangkum's police (after their reappearance in the 1970s, they were referred to in the press as the "Three Ghosts").
827:
Increasingly violent repression of the left, led by Lon Nol and the military in
Sihanouk's name, came to alienate many of the remaining communists, especially the more moderate pro-Sihanouk faction who owed a strong allegiance to
848:
also had a destabilising effect on both the political situation and the
Cambodian economy. The Sangkum found itself locked in an increasingly bitter struggle with what it represented as 'foreign' elements of the Viet Minh and
602:. Though it described itself as a 'movement' rather than a political party (members had to abjure membership of any political group), the Sangkum retained control of the government of Cambodia throughout the
860:
The shockingly brutal tactics adopted by the
Sangkum regime against not only leftists from outside the Cambodian borders, but also increasingly against the Khmer left, especially after a possibly CPK-backed
785:
politics in the Cambodian political milieu, were effectively incorporated into the Sangkum in 1957, many republican moderates simply avoided politics altogether until the period immediately after 1970.
807:
party, who were accused of being pro-Vietnam) and the country as a whole experienced a period of comparative stability. The one exception was again the Khmer Serei, who were dealt with harshly:
873:. Reports stated that captured communists were summarily killed, in some cases being disembowelled or thrown from cliffs. The three remaining public representatives of the communists –
730:: state enterprises were set up and then managed by members of the Sangkum elite, often for their own personal gain. State organisations set up under the Sangkum included OROC, the
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440:
1990:
2000:
1995:
1970:
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367:
246:
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774:, accepted posts with the Sangkum in an attempt to work with the system. In the early 1960s, Samphan – later to become the head of state under the
1975:
1598:
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2020:
1985:
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2010:
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182:
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The only notable element to remain outside the Sangkum, other than the hardline communists, was the right-wing, anti-monarchist nationalist
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radio after a group of Vietnamese communists was captured, Sihanouk stated that "I had them roasted we had to feed them to the vultures".
755:
277:
1965:
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had the damaging effect of increasing the power of the hardline, anti-Vietnamese, but also anti-monarchical members of the CPK, led by
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342:
2035:
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1310:
470:
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754:", an oasis of peace and social order amidst the conflict affecting the rest of the region. Internationally, an official policy of
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990:
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1805:
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778:– was called on by Sihanouk to implement a series of economic reforms based on plans outlined in Samphan's PhD thesis.
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82:
1305:. Bureau of Special Research in Modern Languages. The Catholic University of America Press. Washington, D.C.
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1911:
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The Sangkum came into existence after Sihanouk stepped down from the throne in 1955 in favour of his father
294:
1451:
These reforms were an initial success, until massively increased cross-border smuggling of rice during the
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894:
737:
In 1957, Sihanouk set up a youth wing of the Sangkum, known as the "Royal Khmer Socialist Youth" (French:
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607:
289:
1496:, by contrast, depicts even this period as characterised by violent struggle against a repressive regime.
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Despite its name, Sangkum's "Royal-Buddhist socialism" or "Khmer socialism" had little to do with
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socialism". Lacking a consistent political philosophy, it combined pseudo-socialist slogans with
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Library of Congress Country Studies: Cambodia - Major Political and Military Organizations
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In practice, economic management developed as a form of "crony socialism" analogous to
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1949:
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1301:
Headly, Robert K.; Chhor, Kylin; Lim, Lam Kheng; Kheang, Lim Hak; Chun, Chen. 1977.
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the term "Sangkum" in their name in order to associate themselves with this period.
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avoided collaborating with Sihanouk's regime. Several prominent communists, such as
812:
615:
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314:
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beginning in early 1967, presaged the similarly brutal conduct of the subsequent
641:
The movement was based on four small monarchist, rightist parties, including the
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657:. Sihanouk broadened this political base into the Sangkum in order to fight the
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99:
1276:"Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodian Leader Through Shifting Allegiances, Dies at 89"
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1643:
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362:
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92:
27:
1955–1970 Cambodian political organisation set up by Prince Norodom Sihanouk
1405:
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Sihanouk attempted to construct an image of Cambodia as a "Southeast Asian
17:
1616:
924:
or ANS, which controlled large parts of rural Cambodia during the 1980s.
916:
Elements of Sihanouk's Sangkum regime went on to form the royalist party
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798:
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While the Democratic Party, the representatives of moderate, progressive
623:
599:
157:
133:
1247:"Language and National Identity in Asia: Cambodia - Sangkum Reas Niyum"
841:
829:
751:
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654:
137:
1392:
Anatomy of a crisis: education, development, and the state in Cambodia
1406:
Library of Congress Country Studies: Cambodia - Domestic Developments
898:
882:
767:
1455:
severely damaged the Cambodian government's revenues. See Kiernan,
594:), was a political organisation set up on 22 March 1955 by Prince
347:
1575:
Monarchy in South-East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition
1378:
Monarchy in South East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition
824:
to act as a check, and prevent the regime splitting completely.
1587:
893:
Amid increasing political instability, Sihanouk was eventually
1534:"Living Memory of the Khmer | Southeast Asia Digital Library"
719:
In power, the Sangkum functioned according to principles of '
1351:
The Indochinese experience of the French and the Americans
1492:
Kiernan, pp. 175-176. The official historiography of the
797:
irregulars maintained armed resistance with funding from
707:
teachings. It was stated that administrators would be "
909:("Liberation Khmer") guerrillas, armed and trained by
1874:
1783:
1690:
1662:
1628:
1274:Becker, Elizabeth; Mydans, Seth (15 October 2012).
638:, with the intention of concentrating on politics.
558:
499:
163:
151:
119:
108:
98:
88:
72:
64:
56:
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32:
1846:Movement for the National Liberation of Kampuchea
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8:
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1343:
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510:
1606:
1592:
1584:
734:, which handled trade, import and export.
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197:
29:
1326:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 52.
1991:Political parties disestablished in 1970
1836:Khmer People's National Liberation Front
949:
815:), Chau Mathura, and Sau Ngoy, in 1967.
1353:, Indiana University Press, 2001, p.318
1183:
622:, and a conservative interpretation of
610:. Central to the Sangkum ideology were
475:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
200:
1475:
1473:
2001:Social democratic parties in Cambodia
1996:Political parties established in 1955
1971:Defunct political parties in Cambodia
1219:
1217:
1215:
836:. Sihanouk's public criticism of the
711:for the well-being of the people and
563:
504:
7:
1816:Community of Royalist People's Party
1366:, Yale University Press, 2004, p.158
1192:"1955 polls: the Sangkum takes hold"
897:by Lon Nol and the rightists led by
1801:Cambodian National Sustaining Party
1728:Hang Dara Democratic Movement Party
745:Domestic politics under the Sangkum
1961:1970 disestablishments in Cambodia
1225:"CAMBODIA UNDER SIHANOUK, 1954–70"
25:
1791:Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party
739:Jeunesse socialiste royale khmère
545:and commonly known simply as the
1976:Conservative parties in Cambodia
1653:
1615:
1261:"Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge"
1163:
1156:
1155:
1141:
1117:
1110:
1109:
1095:
1094:
1070:
1063:
1062:
1048:
1047:
1024:
1023:
604:first administration of Sihanouk
455:
401:
400:
214:This article is part of a series
205:
2021:Political movements in Cambodia
1986:Nationalist parties in Cambodia
1956:1955 establishments in Cambodia
1826:Khmer National Solidarity Party
1775:Khmer National Solidarity Party
1703:Beehive Social Democratic Party
531:Communauté socialiste populaire
270:French protectorate of Cambodia
40:Communauté socialiste populaire
1981:Monarchist parties in Cambodia
1806:Cambodian National Unity Party
1796:Cambodia National Rescue Party
1164:
1142:
1118:
1071:
905:. Subsequent to the coup, the
687:variant nor with Anglo-Saxon "
1:
2006:Socialist parties in Cambodia
1861:Sangkum Jatiniyum Front Party
1856:Party of Democratic Kampuchea
1622:Political parties in Cambodia
853:within Cambodia: speaking on
2011:Parties of one-party systems
1866:Union of Cambodian Democrats
1811:Communist Party of Kampuchea
1380:. Routledge. pp. 55–56.
1322:Corfield, Justin J. (2009).
1303:Cambodian-English Dictionary
764:Communist Party of Kampuchea
732:Office royale de coopération
1743:Khmer National United Party
1723:Grassroots Democratic Party
1577:, Routledge, 2001, pp.56-57
1556:Chomsky, N. and Herman, E.
1421:Monarchy in South East Asia
920:and its military wing, the
659:1955 parliamentary election
559:
500:
35:Popular Socialist Community
2052:
1966:Buddhist political parties
1760:League for Democracy Party
693:conservative social values
1930:List of political parties
1920:
1770:United People of Cambodia
1651:
1457:How Pol Pot came to power
1364:How Pol Pot came to power
994:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
554:
533:), usually translated as
506:[sɑŋkɔmriəhnijɔm]
495:
173:
2036:Conservatism in Cambodia
1841:Liberal Democratic Party
1765:Society of Justice Party
1733:Khmer Anti-Poverty Party
1672:Cambodian People's Party
1638:Cambodian People's Party
946:General election results
1912:Social Republican Party
1851:Norodom Ranariddh Party
1708:Cambodian Liberty Party
1376:Kershaw, Roger (2001).
1324:The History of Cambodia
368:KR coalition government
295:Preah Sihanouk province
153:Political position
1753:Khmer Republican Party
1738:Khmer Democratic Party
922:Sihanouk National Army
889:Deposition of Sihanouk
819:End of the Sangkum era
675:Policies and character
530:
463:This article contains
337:Later political career
290:New Khmer Architecture
2031:Cambodian nationalism
1713:Cambodian Youth Party
265:Japanese puppet state
130:National conservatism
1935:Politics of Cambodia
1453:Second Indochina War
903:Sisowath Sirik Matak
846:Second Indochina War
844:. Escalation of the
643:Victorious Northeast
488:Sangkum Reastr Niyum
178:Politics of Cambodia
146:Economic nationalism
76:Victorious Northeast
2016:Anti-Thai sentiment
1831:Khmer Neutral Party
1558:After the cataclysm
1523:Kiernan, pp.250-253
1227:. Facts and Details
1197:The Phnom Penh Post
871:Cambodian Civil War
867:Battambang Province
683:, neither with the
543:Socialist Community
501:Sângkôm Réastrnĭyôm
310:Cambodian Civil War
1821:Human Rights Party
1564:, 1979, pp.216-217
1467:Dommen, pp.359-360
1281:The New York Times
1200:. 13 February 1998
721:Buddhist socialism
705:Theravada Buddhist
665:and the socialist
168:Theravada Buddhism
142:Buddhist socialism
1943:
1942:
1748:Khmer Power Party
1718:Candlelight Party
1630:National Assembly
1175:
1174:
838:'Khmer Viet Minh'
636:Norodom Suramarit
618:, preserving the
520:Popular Community
471:rendering support
451:
450:
376:Death and funeral
234:
233:
196:
195:
183:Political parties
126:Khmer nationalism
89:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
2043:
2026:State ideologies
1902:Republican Party
1887:Khmer Renovation
1882:Democratic Party
1683:Independents (2)
1678:Khmer Will Party
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1419:Kershaw (2001).
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1394:, 2000, pp.34-35
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728:crony capitalism
668:Krom Pracheachon
663:Democratic Party
651:Khmer Renovation
596:Norodom Sihanouk
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565:[sɑŋkɔm]
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496:សង្គមរាស្ត្រនិយម
477: instead of
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330:1970 coup d'état
305:Samlaut Uprising
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79:Khmer Renovation
51:Norodom Sihanouk
38:សង្គមរាស្ត្រនិយម
30:
21:
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2050:
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1925:Portal:Politics
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1691:Not represented
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1514:Kiernan, p.275
1507:
1505:Kiernan, p.227
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1442:Kiernan, p.197
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1333:978-0313357237
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791:Son Ngoc Thanh
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473:, you may see
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333:
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325:Operation Menu
322:
320:Sihanouk Trail
317:
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297:
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273:
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73:Merger of
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54:
53:
48:
44:
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37:
34:
33:
26:
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14:
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3:
2:
2048:
2037:
2034:
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2027:
2024:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
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1989:
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1979:
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1923:
1922:
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1913:
1910:
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1900:
1898:
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1893:
1892:Liberal Party
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
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1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
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1423:. p. 57.
1422:
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1311:0-8132-0509-3
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956:Party leader
951:
945:
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911:North Vietnam
908:
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875:Khieu Samphan
872:
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779:
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773:
772:Khieu Samphan
769:
765:
759:
758:was adopted.
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742:
740:
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733:
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724:
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629:
627:
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621:
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566:
561:
552:
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544:
532:
528:
507:
502:
493:
489:
480:
476:
472:
468:
466:
444:
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432:
430:
425:
424:
422:
421:
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398:
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395:
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390:
389:
388:
382:
379:
377:
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369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
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354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
338:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
300:Sihanoukville
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
281:
280:
279:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
238:
237:
227:
211:
208:
204:
203:
199:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
162:
159:
156:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
122:
118:
114:
107:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
83:Liberal Party
80:
75:
71:
68:18 March 1970
67:
63:
60:22 March 1955
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
31:
19:
1906:
1574:
1573:Kershaw, R.
1569:
1557:
1552:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1488:
1479:
1463:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1390:Ayres, D. M
1386:
1377:
1371:
1363:
1362:Kiernan, B.
1358:
1350:
1323:
1317:
1302:
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1279:
1269:
1255:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1202:. Retrieved
1195:
1186:
1018:
1006:
940:
934:
931:
915:
892:
859:
826:
822:
813:Bangkok Plot
802:
788:
780:
760:
748:
738:
736:
731:
725:
718:
712:
708:
678:
666:
640:
633:
616:conservatism
546:
534:
487:
485:
479:Khmer script
462:
413:
393:
336:
335:
315:Bangkok Plot
284:
276:
275:
1897:Pracheachon
1494:Khmer Rouge
1433:Ayres, p.31
1349:Dommen, A.
968:Government
907:Khmer Rumdo
901:and Prince
804:Pracheachon
795:Khmer Serei
776:Khmer Rouge
701:nationalism
612:nationalism
353:Khmer Rouge
278:Sangkum era
252:Filmography
242:Sihanoukism
109:Membership
1950:Categories
1875:Historical
1695:Parliament
1543:2022-07-07
1178:References
1041:1,646,488
935:status quo
933:Cambodian
928:Evaluation
855:Phnom Penh
851:Pathet Lao
783:republican
756:neutrality
709:socialists
697:monarchism
647:Dap Chhuon
100:Youth wing
18:Khmer Bleu
1644:FUNCINPEC
1403:Ross, R.
965:Position
953:Election
918:FUNCINPEC
865:in rural
863:rebellion
834:Viet Minh
741:, JSRK).
713:royalists
681:socialism
653:party of
645:party of
630:Formation
589:Community
584: or
363:FUNCINPEC
358:MOULINAKA
188:Elections
93:FUNCINPEC
65:Dissolved
1171:Sangkum
1125:Sangkum
1078:Sangkum
1031:Sangkum
1000:630,625
879:Hou Yuon
832:and the
809:Preap In
799:Thailand
793:, whose
649:and the
624:Buddhism
620:monarchy
600:Cambodia
539:People's
535:Popular
407:Category
381:Memorial
257:Ancestry
164:Religion
158:Big tent
134:Royalism
121:Ideology
1907:Sangkum
1784:Defunct
1204:12 July
1150:82 / 82
1138:100.0%
1104:77 / 77
1091:100.0%
1057:61 / 61
1013:91 / 91
842:Pol Pot
830:Vietnam
752:Camelot
689:welfare
685:Marxist
655:Lon Nol
579:Society
573:
560:Sângkôm
547:Sangkum
514:
394:Gallery
285:Sangkum
247:Honours
138:Statism
115:450,000
57:Founded
47:Founder
1664:Senate
1409:, 1987
1330:
1309:
1287:8 July
1231:19 May
1044:99.9%
1003:82.7%
962:Seats
959:Votes
899:In Tam
883:Hu Nim
768:Hu Nim
527:French
414:Quotes
405:
111:(1955)
1640:(120)
1052:17.2
555:សង្គម
551:Khmer
492:Khmer
467:text.
465:Khmer
348:GRUNK
216:about
1674:(57)
1328:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1289:2021
1233:2020
1206:2019
1168:1st
1131:1966
1122:1st
1099:0.1
1084:1962
1075:1st
1037:1958
1028:1st
991:1955
881:and
770:and
703:and
608:1970
570:lit.
511:lit.
486:The
343:FUNK
1693:in
1680:(3)
1646:(5)
1114:16
1067:30
1019:New
1007:New
598:of
537:(or
1952::
1560:,
1536:.
1472:^
1342:^
1278:.
1214:^
1194:.
1160:5
1135:—
1088:—
985:±
982:#
979:±
976:%
973:#
877:,
699:,
695:,
671:.
626:.
614:,
568:;
557:,
553::
529::
525:;
509:,
498:,
494::
1607:e
1600:t
1593:v
1546:.
1336:.
1291:.
1263:.
1249:.
1235:.
1208:.
592:'
586:'
582:'
576:'
549:(
541:)
523:'
517:'
490:(
481:.
442:e
435:t
428:v
20:)
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