History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)

2784:, letting it be known that they were "complicit" in Stalin's crimes. However, it was not deep-rooted ideological disagreements that turned them against Beria. Khrushchev in particular was appalled at the idea of abandoning East Germany and allowing the restoration of capitalism there, but that alone was not enough to plot Beria's downfall and he even supported the new, more enlightened policy towards non-Russian nationalities. The Politburo soon began stonewalling Beria's reforms and trying to prevent them from passing. One proposal, to reduce sentences handed down by the MVD to 10 years max, was later claimed by Khrushchev to be a ruse. "He wants to be able to sentence people to ten years in the camps, and then when they're freed, sentence them to another ten years. This is his way of grinding them down." Molotov was the strongest opponent of abandoning East Germany, and found in Khrushchev an unexpected ally. 484: 3212:

Khrushchev himself had been complicit in the 1930s purges, which in fact he had. While Zhukov was on a visit to Albania in October 1957, Khrushchev plotted his downfall. When Zhukov returned to Moscow, he was promptly accused of trying to remove the Soviet military from party control, creating a cult of personality around himself, and of plotting to seize power in a coup. Several Soviet generals went on to accuse Zhukov of "egomania", "shameless self-aggrandizement", and of tyrannical behaviour during WWII. Zhukov was expelled from his post as defense minister and forced into retirement from the military on the grounds of his "advanced age" (he was 62). Marshal

3961:, involved setting unrealistic quotas and frantically slaughtering every animal in the province, including dairy cows and breeding stock, in an attempt to meet them. When the quotas still could not be met, Ryazan farmers tried to steal livestock from neighboring provinces, which took measures to protect their own farms such as police roadblocks. The Ryazan farmers resorted to theft of cattle under cover of darkness and Larionov, growing ever more desperate, made taxes payable in meat. In the end, Ryazan produced just 30,000 tons of meat for 1959, when they had promised 180,000 tons. The disgraced Larionov committed suicide shortly thereafter. 3695:. On 20 August, Moscow informed Beijing that they would not give them a proposed sample atomic bomb. When Khrushchev headed to Beijing in late September, just after his US trip, he was given an icy reception and further alienated the Chinese with his warm accounts of Americans and of Eisenhower. A suggestion by the Soviet premier to free American pilots captured by China during the Korean War was rejected as well as Beijing's recent actions in the Formosa Strait and the Indian border. The talks ended after only three days and Khrushchev went home despondent. 2934:, leaving an estimated 1.5 million prisoners living in a semi-reformed prison system (though a wave of counter-reform followed in the 1960s). Communists around the world were shocked and confused by his condemnation of Stalin, and the speech "...caused a veritable revolution (the word is not too strong) in peoples attitudes throughout the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. It was the single factor in breaking down the mixture of fear, fanaticism, naivety and 'doublethink' with which everyone...had reacted to Communist rule". 1427: 181: 4579: 2915:. He also attacked the crimes committed by Stalin's closest associates. Furthermore, he stated that the orthodox view of war between the capitalist and communist worlds being inevitable was no longer true. He advocated competition with the West rather than outright hostility, stating that capitalism would decay from within and that world socialism would triumph peacefully. But, he added, if the capitalists did desire war, the Soviet Union would respond in kind. 1360: 3418:, although most of the Soviet Union outside of Ukraine lacked a suitable climate and much of the infrastructure used by American farmers, including adequate mechanized equipment, knowledge of advanced farming techniques, and proper use of fertilizer and pesticides, was in short supply. Although Khrushchev's corn obsession was exaggerated by popular myth, he did nonetheless advocate any number of unrealistic ideas such as planting corn in Siberia. 3914: 3864: 4523: 310: 3271:

off the general report of the Central Committee and the party program, two monumental speeches that lasted a total of ten hours. Within a decade, Khrushchev declared, the Soviet people would have equal living standards and material comforts with the United States and Western Europe. In addition, the 22nd Congress saw a renewed attack on Stalin, which culminated in the expulsion of remaining

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lines. The resulting bifurcation of the party apparatus into industrial and agricultural sectors at the oblast (province) level and below contributed to the disarray and alienated many party officials at all levels. Symptomatic of the country's economic difficulties was the abandonment in 1963 of Khrushchev's special seven-year economic plan (1959–65) two years short of its completion.

2815:. In a November 1953 speech, Malenkov denounced corruption in various government agencies. He also reappraised Soviet views of the outside world and relations with the West, arguing that there were no disputes with the United States and her allies that could not be resolved peacefully, and that nuclear war with the West would simply bring about the destruction of all parties involved. 2661:. Private plots accounted for at least one quarter of meat, dairy, and produce output. Living standards were low and consumer goods scarce. Moscow was also remarkably isolated and friendless on the international stage; Eastern Europe excluding Yugoslavia was held to the Soviet yoke by military occupation and soon after Stalin's death, protests and revolts would break out in some 38: 2533: 3975: 243: 451: 3746:-educated. On the other, Kennedy was the youngest elected US president at 43 and gave off the impression of inexperience and "a boy wearing his father's pants" that Khrushchev assumed he could pounce on and dominate. If however Kennedy was that weak, there stood the possibility that he could merely be a puppet of "reactionary" forces and the 438: 2959:, none of which were allowed to be mentioned in the Soviet press until the end of the 1980s. During the Secret Speech, Khrushchev had tried in an awkward manner to explain why he and his colleagues had not raised their voices against Stalin by saying that they all feared their own destruction if they did not comply with his demands. 3504:

he stumbled across an article in an American technical journal describing the use of silos to house missiles. He admonished the rocket engineers for failing to pay attention to American technical developments and when the first Soviet silo launch took place in September 1959, Khrushchev took it as a personal triumph.

4040:" and seven of them sentenced to death. The other seven received 10–15 years in prison. Smaller riots in other cities were also put down with several fatalities. Khrushchev made a speech the same day half-apologizing for the price increases, but insisted that he had no choice. He never fully came to terms with the 3790:

has given up their desire for world domination, ambitions they forcefully restated only a short time ago. On the contrary, our aim is to show that aggression and subversion on their part is not an acceptable means to achieve these aims." These remarks were followed two days later by the first test launch of a

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ICBM used to launch Sputnik was almost useless as a workable ICBM and Soviet missiles were launched from above-ground surface pads which were completely exposed to enemy attack. When Khrushchev suggested putting them in underground silos, Soviet rocket engineers argued that it could not be done until

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Khrushchev initiated "The Thaw", a complex shift in political, cultural, and economic life in the Soviet Union. That included some openness and contact with other countries and new social and economic policies with more emphasis on commodity goods, allowing living standards to rise dramatically while

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Khrushchev was also headed for a showdown with Molotov, after having initially respected and left him alone in the immediate aftermath of Stalin's death. Molotov began criticizing some of Khrushchev's ideas and the latter accused him in turn of being an out-of-touch ideologue who never left his dacha

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By late June, it was decided that Beria could not simply be ignored or sidelined, he had to be taken out. They had him arrested on 26 June with the support of the armed forces. At the end of the year, he was shot following a show trial where he was accused of spying for the West, committing sabotage,

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Although Eisenhower would have likely dismissed this speech as so much Soviet bluster, the inexperienced Kennedy became nervous and took it as a call to arms by Moscow. In his first State of the Union address on 30 January, he cautioned that "No one should think that either the Soviet Union or China

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slowed and several military airfields were converted to civilian use. Although he alienated the Soviet military establishment, he insisted that the country could not match the United States for conventional military capabilities and that the nuclear arsenal was sufficient deterrence. There were also

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elected him without consulting the Kremlin in advance, but in the end, Khrushchev backed down due to Gomułka's widespread popularity in the country. Poland would still remain a member of the Warsaw Pact (established a year earlier), and in return, the Soviet Union seldom intervened in its neighbors'

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Such loosening of controls also caused an enormous impact on other socialist countries in Central Europe, many of which were resentful of Soviet influence in their affairs. Riots broke out in Poland in the summer of 1956, which led to reprisals from national forces there. A political convulsion soon

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In 1959, between 27 January and 5 February, the 21st Congress of the CPSU took place; it was an "Extraordinary" Congress, timed so that Khrushchev could consolidate his power over rivals not long after the attempted coup of the "anti-party group" in 1957. It was during this congress that the unusual

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Despite his strong support for Khrushchev during the removal of Beria and the anti-party group, Zhukov was too popular and beloved of a figure for Khrushchev's comfort, so he was removed as well. In addition, while leading the attack against Molotov, Malenkov, and Kaganovich, he also insinuated that

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having been heavily engineered by Molotov, who continued to denounce Tito as a fascist. A 1955 visit by Khrushchev to Yugoslavia patched up relations with that country, but Molotov refused to back down. The near-total isolation of the Soviet Union from the outside world was also blamed by Khrushchev

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The late Stalin's reputation meanwhile started diminishing. His 75th birthday in December 1954 had been marked by extensive eulogies and commemorations in the state media as was the second anniversary of his death in March 1955. However, his 76th birthday at the end of the year was hardly mentioned.

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For a time after Beria's deposition, Georgi Malenkov was generally considered the senior-most figure in the Politburo. Malenkov, an artistic-minded man who courted intellectuals and artists, had little use for bloodshed or state terror. He called for greater support of private agricultural plots and

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Price increases of meat and dairy in the spring of 1962, combined with attempts to convince industrial workers to work harder for the same or less pay, paved the way for a mounting disaster. The price increases went into effect on 1 June and were immediately greeted by strikes and demonstrations in

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Khrushchev attempted to restore relations with Tito's Yugoslavia with a visit to Belgrade in May 1955, however the Yugoslavian leader was unmoved by an attempt by Khrushchev to blame Beria for the break with Yugoslavia. Khrushchev persisted and began urging the Eastern European bloc to restore ties

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The 22nd Congress of the CPSU, which convened from 17–21 October 1961, marked the apex of Khrushchev's power and prestige, despite there being already mounting doubts about his policies. However, the real opposition to him had yet to come and he glowed in the praise of the CPSU delegates as he read

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serious consideration given to rationing. Khrushchev could offer no solutions other than empty sloganeering and criticizing incompetent managers. After initially bristling at the idea of importing grain from overseas, he finally gave in after learning that Soviet grain stocks were almost depleted.

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where workers went on strike to protest rising costs of living and poor workplace conditions. The following day, workers at the Budenny Electric Locomotive Factory marched to the central square of the city where army units fired on them, killing 23. Another 116 demonstrators were arrested, with 14

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that "Stalinism is inseparable from Marxism") brought about renewed protests from various elements of Soviet society. Aside from the usual complaints from intellectuals, there were student demonstrations and reports of portraits of Soviet leaders in factories being vandalized or torn down. Despite

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on 27 March 1958, consolidating his power—the tradition followed by all his predecessors and successors. This was the final stage in the transition from the earlier period of post-Stalin collective leadership. He was now the ultimate source of authority in the Soviet Union, but would never possess

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However, beginning in the late 1950s, Khrushchev spoke of communal farming as inevitable. After Khrushchev had defeated his rivals and secured his position, he set his attention to economic reforms, particularly in the field of agriculture. "If a capitalist farmer required eight kilos of grain to

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Although he intended these economic councils to be more responsive to local needs, the decentralisation of industry led to disruption and inefficiency. Connected with this decentralisation was Khrushchev's decision in 1962 to recast party organisations along economic, rather than administrative,

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was brutally suppressed by Soviet troops. About 2,500–3,000 Hungarian insurgents and 700 Soviet troops were killed, thousands more were wounded, and nearly a quarter million left the country as refugees. The Hungarian uprising was a blow to Western communists; many who had formerly supported the

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and other "false" cases. Beria next proposed stripping the MVD of some of its economic assets and transferring control of them to other ministries, followed by the proposal to stop using forced labour on construction projects. He then announced that 1.1 million non-political prisoners were to be

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briefly took refuge in the Yugoslavian embassy in Budapest during the events of October 1956, Tito stayed aloof from the Soviet suppression of the Hungarian revolt and Soviet-Yugoslav relations waned from that point onward. Tito declined to attend the celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the

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In April 1956, there were reports that Stalin busts and portraits around the country had been vandalized or pulled down and some student groups rioted and demanded that Stalin be posthumously expelled from the party and his body taken down from its spot next to Lenin. Party and student meetings

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countries. China paid homage to the departed Soviet leader, but held a series of grudges that would soon boil over. The United States had military bases and nuclear-equipped bomber aircraft surrounding the Soviet Union on three sides, and American aircraft regularly overflew Soviet territory on

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managers who should have retired and made way for younger men, but continued to hold onto their jobs. Drought affected a large portion of the west-central USSR during the fall months and overall the 1963 harvest was an abject failure with a mere 107 million tons of grain produced and there was

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In a report on January 6 concerning a world conference of 81 communist parties in Moscow the previous fall, Khrushchev stated that the triumph of socialism over capitalism was inevitable, but at the same time, a major conflict between the great powers on the scale of the two world wars was now

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was relaxed as well. Some subtle critiques of the Soviet society were tolerated, and artists were not expected to produce only works which had government-approved political context. Still, artists, most of whom were proud of both the country and the Party, were careful not to get into trouble.

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reported that reaction to the Secret Speech was explosive and there were strong reactions between people, particularly, young, educated people, who supported it and hated Stalin, others who denounced it and still held the late tyrant in awe, and others who thought it was irrelevant compared to

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to impose all-out Stalinism had cause a mass exodus of people to the West. Beria suggested that East Germany should just be forgotten about entirely and there was "no purpose" for its existence. He revived the proposal Stalin had made to the Allies in 1946 for the creation of a united, neutral

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During 1963, Khrushchev increasingly despaired over his inability to cure the perennial ailments of Soviet agriculture. He accused farmers of needlessly wasting fertilizer, adding that a farmer in the United States would be out of business if he did the same and he also complained about aging

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The harvest for 1961 was disappointing, with agricultural output a mere 0.7% higher than 1960 and meat production actually less than the previous two years. Discontent began building, and in the face of it, Khrushchev continued to offer new proposals to improve farm output and condemnation of

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had willingly aided and abetted Stalin's crimes and that the late tyrant could not possibly have done everything himself. Furthermore, they asked why it had taken three years to condemn him and noted that Khrushchev mostly criticised what had happened to fellow Party members while completely

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declared that all three had engaged in "anti-Soviet activity" and would not be rehabilitated. After Khrushchev defeated the "anti-party group" in 1957, he promised to re-open the cases, but ultimately never did so, in part because of the embarrassing fact that he himself had celebrated the

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The size of the Soviet military was reduced by nearly 2 million men in 1955–57, and further cuts followed in 1958 and 1960. These cuts in troop strength were not well planned out and many soldiers and officers were left jobless and homeless. Discontent in the military started building up.

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or the Kremlin to visit farms or factories. Molotov attacked Khrushchev's suggestions for agricultural reform and also his plans to construct cheap, prefab apartments to alleviate Moscow's severe housing shortages. Khrushchev also endorsed restoring ties with Yugoslavia, the split with

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Since Stalin's death, Soviet agricultural output had improved measurably—gains in meat, dairy, and grain output were in the area of 130-150%, which led to Khrushchev making overconfident target dates for overtaking American farm production that eventually became a subject of derision.

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The impact of the 20th Congress on Soviet politics was immense. Khrushchev's speech stripped the legitimacy of his remaining Stalinist rivals, dramatically boosting his power domestically. Afterwards, Khrushchev eased restrictions and freed over a million prisoners from the

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inefficient farming practices. Despite complaints from farmers that they lacked enough funding for tools and farm equipment, Khrushchev argued that he had no spare money to allot to agriculture. His only solution was to add yet more bureaucracy to the agricultural sector.

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In 1957, Khrushchev had defeated a concerted Stalinist attempt to recapture power, decisively defeating the so-called "Anti-Party Group"; this event illustrated the new nature of Soviet politics. The most decisive attack on the Stalinists was delivered by defense minister

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calling on party members to study Stalin's teachings and honour his memory. A Central Committee meeting on 30 June issued a resolution criticising Stalin merely for "serious errors" and "practicing a cult of personality" but holding the Soviet system itself blameless.

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Khrushchev significantly reduced Soviet defense spending and the size of conventional forces, accusing the army of being "metal eaters" and "If you let the army have their way, they will eat up the country's entire resources and still claim it's not enough." Several

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intervened and ordered Shepilov dropped from the conference. He and his wife were evicted from their Moscow apartment and then reassigned to a smaller one that lay exposed to the fumes from a nearby food processing plant, and he was dropped from membership in the

3406:, a carryover from the Stalin era, however, the Soviet leader looked to his country's greatest rival for inspiration. As far back as the 1940s, he had promoted the use of American farming techniques and even obtained seeds from the US, in particular from a cagey 3345:

domestic and external affairs. Khrushchev also began reaching out to newly independent countries in Asia and Africa, which was in sharp contrast to Stalin's Europe-centered foreign policy. And in September 1959, he became the first Soviet leader to visit the US.

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Aid to developing countries and scientific research, especially into space technology and weaponry, maintained the Soviet Union as one of the world's two major world powers. The Soviet Union launched the first ever artificial Earth satellite in history,

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leadership. Molotov continued to attack Khrushchev every opportunity he got, and in 1960, on the occasion of Lenin's 90th birthday, wrote a piece describing his personal memories of the Soviet founding father and thus implying that he was closer to the

2858:, Khrushchev gradually rose to power while Malenkov's power waned. Malenkov was criticised for his economic reform proposals and desire to reduce the CPSU's direct involvement in the day-to-day running of the state. Molotov called his warning that 2818:

Within the same period, Nikita Khrushchev likewise emerged as a prominent figure in Soviet politics. Khrushchev proposed greater agricultural reforms, although he still refused to abandon the concept of collective farming and continued to support

3742:, whom he took as a hardline anti-communist cold warrior, and openly celebrated the former's victory on November 8. In truth however, Khrushchev's opinion of Kennedy was mixed. He knew that the new president was from a wealthy background and 3629:

loomed large and posed nearly insurmountable issues. Signing a peace treaty would likely result in an economic embargo of the GDR by West Germany which would require a twofold increase in Soviet assistance, something Moscow could ill afford.

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to Moscow in May 1956 where he was given a regal welcome and immense crowds dispatched to greet him. The Politburo members attempted to outdo each other in courting Tito and apologizing for Stalin, but the visit had no ultimate effect on

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or rehabilitate their victims. Eventually several hundred thousand of Stalin's victims were rehabilitated, but the party officials purged in the Moscow Trials remained off the table. Khrushchev ordered an investigation into the trials of

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unthinkable in the age of nuclear weapons. He also stated that local wars must be avoided, for they could erupt into major ones as had been the case with World War I. The only acceptable conflicts as Khrushchev saw it were anti-colonial

3957:, attempted to triple meat production in the province after overall Soviet meat output for 1958 had been lacking (the grain harvest for comparison had been a strong one). The scheme, which was similar in nature to China's contemporary 3758:'s time. However, Khrushchev was informed that he was acting too quickly and it would not be possible to have a formal summit with Kennedy until he took office in January, and even then, arranging such a meeting would still take time. 3560:

and he still refused to join the Soviet bloc, abandon his nonaligned stance, or cut off economic and military ties with the West. Worse than that, Tito began offering his nonaligned socialism to other countries, in particular

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produce one kilo of meat," he told a farmers' council, "he would lose his pants. Yet if a state farm director here does the same, he manages to keep his pants. Why? Because no one will hold him accountable for it".

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reconnaissance missions and to parachute agents in. Although the Soviet authorities shot down many of these aircraft and captured most of the agents dropped onto their soil, the psychological effect was immense.

2698:(notwithstanding his record as part of Stalin's terror state) initiated a period of relative liberalisation, including the release of some political prisoners. Almost as soon as Stalin was buried, Beria ordered 2257: 3593:

the small scale of this public dissent, the Central Committee quickly approved harsh countermeasures and several hundred people were arrested during early 1957 and sentenced to several years in labour camps.

3754:, Khrushchev attempted to barrage the president-elect with proposals and the hope of improved US-Soviet relations, specifically turning the clock back to the accommodating diplomatic atmosphere of President 3680:, provoking the US Seventh Fleet to the area in a major show of force. Moscow supported the Chinese shelling of the islands with reluctance and after American threats of force on China, Mao told an appalled 3075:

and other army officers. The committee found that the charges leveled against them were baseless and their posthumous rehabilitation was announced in early 1957, but another investigation into the trials of

1875: 2657:, and agriculture productivity on the whole was meager. The country had only one quarter of the livestock it had had in 1928 and in some areas, there were fewer animals than there had been at the start of 3817:'. But all Khrushchev's (probably sincere) attempts to build a strong personal relationship with the new president failed, as his typical combination of bluster, miscalculation and mishap resulted in the 3722:. The 13 day trip included meetings with American businessmen and labour leaders, Hollywood actors, and Roswell Garst's farm in Iowa. Khrushchev became openly dismayed when he was told he could not visit 2715:

should assume control of labour camps from the MVD, and that the Doctors' Plot was false. Finally, he ordered a halt to physical and psychological abuse of prisoners. Beria also declared a halt to forced

3394:, and had them sell their inventory directly to the farmers, but the latter ended up incurring huge debts buying the farming equipment, which ended up being used less effectively than the MTS had done. 4019:

were especially disappointing. During the fall and winter of 1960–61, Khrushchev embarked on a furious campaign to improve agricultural shortcomings, most of which amounted to criticizing incompetent

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would pursue a more aggressive anti-Soviet stance. Johnson turned out to be more in favor of détente than Khrushchev had assumed, but would end up letting superpower relations take a backseat to his

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Khrushchev's attack on the "anti-party group" drew negative reactions from China; the People's Daily remarked "How can , one of the founding fathers of the CPSU, be a member of an anti-party group?"

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In a politically motivated move to weaken the central state bureaucracy in 1957, Khrushchev did away with the industrial ministries in Moscow and replaced them with regional economic councils (

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orthodoxy. In 1961, just prior to the 22nd CPSU Congress, Molotov wrote a vociferous denunciation of Khrushchev's party platform and was rewarded for this action with expulsion from the party.

2727:. The war hysteria that characterized his last years was toned down, and government bureaucrats and factory managers were allowed to wear civilian clothing instead of military-style outfits. 518: 2827:, dead for almost 40 years. He also began allowing ordinary people to stroll the grounds of the Kremlin, which had been closed off except to high ranking state officials for over 20 years. 3265: 3238: 2900: 1646: 1585: 1570: 2653:

Stalin had left the Soviet Union in an unenviable state when he died. At least 2.5 million people languished in prison and in labor camps, science and the arts had been subjugated to

3299:. He retired as a private citizen after an editorial in Pravda denounced him for "hare-brained schemes, half−baked conclusions, hasty decisions, and actions divorced from reality". 3622:. On top of this, West German citizens were traveling to the East to buy low cost goods subsidized by Moscow, further increasing the amount of debt money the GDR owed to the USSR. 999: 1388: 1065: 698: 3296: 3292: 3249: 3066:

By late 1955, thousands of political prisoners had been freed, but Soviet prisons and labour camps still held around 800,000 inmates and no attempt was made to investigate the

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warships to dock at Chinese ports in peacetime, and operating joint radar stations as an infringement on Chinese sovereignty. Shortly after Khrushchev went home, the Chinese

3619: 3133:, who and the implied threat to the plotters was clear; however, none of the "anti-party group" were killed or even arrested, and Khrushchev disposed of them quite cleverly: 4494: 3585:. Accusing Tito of being a traitor similar to Imre Nagy, Khrushchev ordered the execution of the Hungarian leader, who had been incarcerated for the last several months. 3058:

had many quarrels with Stalin, but thought that condemning him undermined the entire legitimacy of world socialism; "Stalin needed to be criticised, not killed" he said.

3989: 3414:, who believed positive trade and business relations with Moscow would ease superpower tensions. This led to Khrushchev's soon to be notorious fascination with growing 483: 257: 57: 4387: 4023:

managers and promoting Lysenkoism and other quack scientific ideas while overlooking the real problem, which was the fundamental defects of collectivized agriculture.

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censorship of Soviet publications, lifted a ban on the importation of Soviet crab meat, and ordered military officials to tone down anti-Soviet rhetoric in speeches.

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continued to be a sticky situation. Khrushchev had initially hoped to obtain recognition for the GDR from the Western powers, but ended up making things worse. A

2823:. In a 1955 speech, he argued that Soviet agriculture needed a shot in the arm and that it was silly to keep blaming low productivity and failed harvests on Tsar 2332: 2229: 4487: 3770:

on 20 January 1961 and immediately offered to release American pilots shot down over the Soviet Union as an olive branch. Kennedy in his turn ordered a halt to

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like Molotov and Kaganovich from the party. Stalin's embalmed body, which still lay in Red Square next to Lenin, was immediately removed and reburied in the

2866:, the collapse of capitalism was a historical inevitability. Khrushchev accused Malenkov of supporting Beria's plan to abandon East Germany, and of being a " 4618: 4613: 4603: 4068: 4062: 2514: 2510: 2502: 1017: 853: 614: 446: 441: 143: 3588:

The uprisings in Poland and Hungary during 1956, which coincided with a softening of Khrushchev's anti-Stalin course (he told guests in a reception at the

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and even demanded that Georgia secede from the USSR. Army troops had to be called in to restore order, with 20 deaths, 60 injuries, and scores of arrests.

2703: 2561: 115: 3440:, but in some years they produced excellent harvests. Later agricultural reforms by Khrushchev, however, proved counterproductive. His plans for growing 1841: 1004: 2905:

At a closed session of the 20th Congress of the CPSU on 25 February 1956, Khrushchev shocked his listeners by denouncing Stalin's dictatorial rule and

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on Molotov's handling of foreign policy and the former admitted in a speech to the Central Committee the obvious Soviet complicity in starting the

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and had no way to get to the United States except on a one way suicide mission and the Soviet nuclear arsenal contained only a handful of weapons.

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After this, Sino-Soviet relations calmed during the next six months only to worsen again during the summer of 1959 when Khrushchev criticized the

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after the Kremlin decided to put some safe distance between him and China since Molotov was becoming increasingly cozy with the anti-Khrushchev

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also met the chopping block when he was sent to manage the Kirghizia Institute of Economics. Later, when he was appointed as a delegate to the

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In September 1959, Khrushchev became the first Russian head of state to visit the United States. This groundbreaking trip was made on the new

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Beria also turned his attention to foreign policy. A secret letter found among his papers after his death, suggested restoring relations with

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The leadership also began allowing some criticism of Stalin, saying that his one-man dictatorship went against the principles laid down by

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requested the use of Soviet guest workers to make up for labour shortages, a proposal that alarmed Khrushchev as it drew reminders of the

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long range airliner despite still being an experimental aircraft, since the Soviet Union did not have any other plane capable of nonstop

3660:. The meeting proved no more successful than the previous one with Yudin and Mao continued to reject the idea of a joint fleet, allowing 3581:'s congress the following March. Khrushchev refused to send any delegates to the congress and authorized a lengthy denunciation of it in 3252:

that had been adopted in 1956. The Seven-Year Plan would itself be cut short two years before its completion, retroactively becoming the

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argued that "Stalin made some mistakes, but on the whole he was a good, honest Marxist and his positives outweighed the negatives."

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was rebuffed by Mao Zedong in a July 1958 meeting. Mao demanded to talk to Khrushchev in person, so the latter obliged and flew to

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was assassinated, Khrushchev blamed it on Western colonialist forces. Khrushchev's boasts about Soviet missile forces provided

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under construction were scrapped as Khrushchev considered them useless, as well as plans for long range bombers. Orders for

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American fears of Soviet military and especially nuclear capabilities were strong and heavily exaggerated; Moscow's only

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As part of de-Stalinisation, Khrushchev set about renaming the numerous towns, cities, factories, natural features, and

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production failed, and his reorganisation of collective farms into larger units produced confusion in the countryside.

2792:, ensuring that they were completely under the control of the party and would never again be able to wage mass terror. 678: 3849: 3779: 3225: 2646:. However the central figure in the immediate post-Stalin period was the former head of the state security apparatus, 2643: 2478: 2325: 2241: 1991: 1714: 1698: 1316: 1301: 1296: 935: 930: 871: 475: 4557: 3665: 3562: 3189: 2547: 2133: 2068: 1706: 1406: 1166: 1136: 3643: 3614:, mostly young, fit adults, continued unabated, which left the GDR's labour force drained of manpower. GDR leader 3337: 2702:'s wife freed from imprisonment and personally delivered her to the Soviet foreign minister. He also directed the 4692: 2261: 2253: 1778: 1548: 3589: 3196:

held the ceremonial title of head of state despite his advancing age and declining health; he retired in 1960.

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practical reasons for this stance as the low birth rate of the 1940s caused a shortage of military-aged men.

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struggle for the global spread of their respective socio-economic systems and ideology, and the defense of

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Khrushchev's initial hopes for Kennedy gradually dimmed during the next few months. When Congolese leader

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for certain categories of convicts, announced price cuts, and relaxed the restrictions on private plots.

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Khrushchev ran afoul of China when he proposed a joint Sino-Soviet fleet in the Pacific to counter the

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responded by issuing a resolution condemning "anti-party" and "anti-Soviet" slanderers and the April 7

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Bolshevik Revolution in November 1957 and continued to actively promote his nonaligned stance at the

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Soviet Union began to criticize it in the wake of the Soviet suppression of the Hungarian uprising.

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However, he reintroduced aggressive anti-religious campaigns, closing down many houses of worship.

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During the Virgin Lands Campaign in the mid-1950s, many tracts of land were opened to farming in

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around the country named in honor of Stalin and his aides, most notably Stalingrad, site of the

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Throughout his years of leadership, Khrushchev oversaw attempted reforms in a range of fields.

2755:. He also criticized Soviet handling of Eastern Europe and the numerous "mini-Stalins" such as 4465: 4437: 4369: 4359: 4316: 4306: 4257: 4216: 4188: 4176: 4156: 3639: 3551:, used as a club to beat Belgrade over the head with. The trip was reciprocated by a visit of 3050: 3023: 2999: 2654: 2627: 2579: 2199: 2163: 2159: 2052: 1861: 1849: 1724: 1710: 1694: 1661: 1614: 1467: 1444: 1440: 1415: 1336: 1268: 1248: 1213: 1208: 1104: 940: 891: 866: 861: 830: 566: 359: 323: 4284: 3499:

Despite Khrushchev's boasts about Soviet missile capabilities, they were mostly bluster. The

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and plotting to restore capitalism. The secret police were disarmed and reorganized into the

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The Gulag after Stalin : redefining punishment in Khrushchev's Soviet Union, 1953-1964

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Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

256:

Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the

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and neighbouring areas of Russia. These new farmlands turned out to be susceptible to

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unanimously voted him out of office and refused to permit him to take his case to the

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were given serious prospects of national autonomy, possibly similarly to other Soviet

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that he was more than willing to start a nuclear war with the imperialist powers.

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Eventually however, Molotov was reassigned to be the Soviet representative of the

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liberation of the arts from rigid socialist realism and he also criticized the

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Back in the early 1950s, Khrushchev had defended private plots as part of the

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particularly was in a tenuous situation in 1953 as the attempt by its leader

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The first socialist society : a history of the Soviet Union from within

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Five-year plans of the Soviet Union § Fourth and fifth plans, 1945–1955

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to grow more on their private plots, increased payments for crops grown on

242: 4354:(2nd enl. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 3003: 2995: 2883: 2595: 2583: 2307: 2211: 2034: 1857: 1477: 1030: 725: 345: 4661: 3743: 3657: 3484: 3437: 3372: 3098: 2978: 2042: 4269: 4237: 2977:, massive crowds of pro-Stalin demonstrators rioted in the streets of 2780:

Beria displayed a considerable degree of contempt for the rest of the

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The harvest for 1960 proved the worst since Stalin's death, and the

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ended up managing the Stavropol Economic Council. Also banished was

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Five-year plans of the Soviet Union § Seventh plan, 1959–1965

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to power in October. This almost triggered a Soviet invasion when

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would end all of civilisation to be "nonsense" since according to

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Khrushchev continued to believe in the theories of the biologist

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before being expelled from the party along with Molotov in 1962.

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several cities, the biggest and most cataclysmic in the city of

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Five-year plans of the Soviet Union § Sixth plan, 1956–1958

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Russia in the Twentieth Century: the View of a Soviet Historian

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because it was too difficult to guarantee his security there.

3145:, one of the most die-hard Stalinists, was made ambassador to 2955:

and mass deportations from the Baltic States during and after

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grassroots issues such as food and housing availability. The

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In the USSR, during the eleven-year period from the death of

4402:

Nikita Khrushchev’s Failed Corn Crusade: A Maize Love Affair

3048:, stridently rejected de-Stalinisation. An editorial in the 2636:

Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

3620:

use of Soviet slave labourers by Nazi Germany during WWII

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22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

3239:

21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

2901:

20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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of the Soviet republics; Beria himself was a Georgian.

2609:, the political culture of Stalinism — a very powerful 2842:

would come to spell an end to the role of large-scale

4510:

Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their

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elimination of the Old Bolsheviks during the purges.

2626:

After Stalin died in March 1953, he was succeeded by

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Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

4238:"The Role of the Military in Recent Soviet Politics" 3287:

In October 1964, while Khrushchev was on holiday in

2582:(1964), the national politics were dominated by the 365: 351: 341: 331: 297: 103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4180: 3828:in November 1963 and feared that new US president 872:50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests 3734:Khrushchev anxiously awaited the results of the 2428: 2121: 254:about Soviet economic history between 1953-1959. 4425:Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union 3750:. Almost immediately after the polls closed on 2951:overlooking far greater atrocities such as the 2912:On the Cult of Personality and its Consequences 386:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 4285:"Gulag: Soviet Prison Camps and their History" 4071:(Post-Brezhnev era and the Soviet dissolution) 4495: 3248:was adopted, cutting short and replacing the 2555: 1382: 8: 4386:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3379:, and invested more heavily in agriculture. 3322:maintaining high levels of economic growth. 2946:groused that Khrushchev and the rest of the 112:"History of the Soviet Union" 1953–1964 27:Period in time of the Soviet Union 1922–1991 4215:. Princeton University Press. p. 189. 3625:The problem of signing a peace treaty with 3612:mass exodus of GDR citizens to West Germany 3036:Some of the communist world, in particular 314:The USSR: the maximum extent of the Soviet 66:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4502: 4488: 4480: 4333:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3386:Khrushchev's administration abolished the 3303:Reforms during Khrushchev's administration 2562: 2548: 1400: 1389: 1375: 462: 308: 3216:took Zhukov's place as defense minister. 2850:Conflict within the collective leadership 2802:Collective leadership in the Soviet Union 283:Learn how and when to remove this message 225:Learn how and when to remove this message 163:Learn how and when to remove this message 4147:Communism and the Emergence of Democracy 4044:and did not bring it up in his memoirs. 3736:1960 United States presidential election 188:This article includes a list of general 4462:The Communist Party of the Soviet Union 4085: 4069:History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991) 4063:History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982) 3986:about Soviet economic history for 1959. 3547:with Yugoslavia. He also disbanded the 3390:, which were rural agencies to provide 3204:, sent to manage a potash works in the 2694:As Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union, 2153: 1996: 1809: 1666: 1590: 1506: 1414: 1403: 474: 447:History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982) 442:History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953) 4379: 4326: 4151:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4075:Index of Soviet Union-related articles 3824:Khrushchev openly wept at the news of 3192:before being expelled from the party. 3154:International Atomic Energy Commission 3137:was sent to manage a power station in 924:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 514:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 294: 4698:History of the Soviet Union by period 3398:American farming techniques and maize 2613:—remained in place, albeit weakened. 826:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 7: 3705:Soviet Union–United States relations 3021:reprinted an editorial from China's 101:adding citations to reliable sources 4408:Vol VI, Issue 9, October 04, 2018 ( 3691:and remained noncommittal during a 3603:East Germany–Soviet Union relations 2603:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2601:. Since the mid-1950s, despite the 2578:(1953) to the political ouster of 1046:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 592:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 194:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 3542:Soviet Union–Yugoslavia relations 3336:followed, leading to the rise of 3062:Rehabilitation during this period 47:This article has multiple issues. 4577: 4521: 4213:Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant 3973: 3912: 3862: 3805:with a key issue to use against 2621: 2531: 1425: 1358: 1110:End of communist rule in Hungary 1056:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration 482: 449: 436: 241: 179: 77: 36: 3811:1960 U.S. presidential election 3693:Chinese border clash with India 3536:Yugoslavia and the Eastern Bloc 3363:Agriculture in the Soviet Union 3229:the absolute power Stalin had. 3175:Like Molotov, Foreign Minister 2711:freed from captivity, that the 2443:Not internationally recognized. 1127:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 694:Occupation of the Baltic states 88:needs additional citations for 55:or discuss these issues on the 4455:. New York: William Morrow Co. 4348:A., Hosking, Geoffrey (1993). 3748:US military-industrial complex 3302: 3283:Khrushchev voted out of office 3183:conference, Khrushchev deputy 3118:Defeat of the Anti-Party Group 2437: 1901:General Secretariat of Ukraine 946:Mozambican War of Independence 643:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933 1: 4451:Nenarokov, Albert P. (1968). 4436:. New Jersey: Prentice−Hall. 4236:Garthoff, Raymond L. (1957). 3784:Algeria's war of independence 3730:1960 US presidential election 3652:. Soviet ambassador to China 3113:Khrushchev consolidates power 2611:General Secretary of the CPSU 2451: 1669:Great Stand on the Ugra River 1005:Death and funeral of Brezhnev 432: 4410:Alexander Hamilton Institute 4283:Hosford, David; et al. 3558:Tito's foreign policy stance 3181:Communist Party of Kirghizia 2969:1956 Georgian demonstrations 2704:Ministry of Internal Affairs 2677:, was a direct clone of the 811:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 806:1956 Georgian demonstrations 767:East German uprising of 1953 709:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 394:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 370:East German uprising of 1953 4464:. New York: Vintage Books. 4183:The Cold War: A New History 4094:"On The Question Of Stalin" 3850:Economy of the Soviet Union 3780:wars of national liberation 3768:Kennedy's inaugural address 3579:Yugoslavian Communist Party 2685:Policy Innovations by Beria 2644:Premier of the Soviet Union 1965:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 936:Angolan War of Independence 793:"On the Cult of Personality 746:Death and funeral of Stalin 476:History of the Soviet Union 4719: 4460:Schapiro, Leonard (1971). 4422: 4301:Hardy, Jeffrey S. (2016). 4008: 3943: 3893: 3847: 3766:Khrushchev was pleased by 3702: 3637: 3600: 3539: 3511: 3475: 3425: 3360: 3331:Impact on the Eastern Bloc 3314: 3263: 3236: 3190:Soviet Academy of Sciences 3121: 2985:Response from Soviet youth 2966: 2938:Among Soviet intellectuals 2922: 2898: 2799: 1137:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 721:Soviet famine of 1946–1947 633:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 602:Death and funeral of Lenin 4688:1960s in the Soviet Union 4683:1950s in the Soviet Union 4647: 4628: 4586: 4575: 4528: 4519: 4432:Baradat, Leon P. (1986). 3590:Chinese embassy in Moscow 3260:22nd Congress of the CPSU 3233:21st Congress of the CPSU 2963:Pro-Stalin demonstrations 2895:20th Congress of the CPSU 2622:Stalin's immediate legacy 2407: 2386: 2368:Luhansk People's Republic 2365: 2347:Donetsk People's Republic 2344: 2323: 2306: 2289: 2110: 2099: 1963: 1942: 1931: 1920: 1899: 1788: 1777: 1766: 1755: 1744: 1549:Principality of Chernigov 445: 435: 427: 307: 302: 4703:Modern history of Russia 4434:Soviet Political Society 3953:, local party leader in 3738:, preferring Kennedy to 3710:Khrushchev visits the US 3666:People's Liberation Army 3388:Machine Tractor Stations 2994:in the country and even 2836:declared a major amnesty 1974: 1644: 1568: 1486: 1476: 1466: 1197:independence declaration 968:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 956:South African Border War 623:Socialism in one country 3826:Kennedy's assassination 3668:shelled the islands of 3572:After Hungarian leader 3224:Khrushchev was elected 3220:Election to Premiership 3162:Chinese Communist Party 3032:International reception 3002:, then a member of the 2821:Lysenko's pseudoscience 2706:(MVD) to reexamine the 2605:(CPSU) having disowned 2226:Eurasian Economic Union 2075:Parade of sovereignties 1539:Principality of Polotsk 1365:Soviet Union portal 1100:Fall of the Berlin Wall 1066:Lithuanian independence 777:1954 transfer of Crimea 679:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 572:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 209:more precise citations. 4143:Wydra, Harald (2007). 4042:Novocherkassk massacre 3984:is missing information 3508:Science and technology 3348:In November 1956, the 3254:seventh five-year plan 1816:Provisional Government 1757:Grand Duchy of Finland 1635:Principality of Moscow 1020:: Decline and collapse 414:Novocherkassk massacre 322:(1959) and before the 252:is missing information 4038:anti-Soviet agitation 4009:Further information: 3944:Further information: 3894:Further information: 3756:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3720:trans-Atlantic travel 3644:Sino–Soviet relations 3512:Further information: 3428:Virgin Lands Campaign 3422:Virgin Lands Campaign 3369:collective leadership 2909:in a speech entitled 2856:collective leadership 2854:During the period of 2800:Further information: 2796:Collective leadership 2457:Not fully controlled. 2291:Republic of Tatarstan 2184:Constitutional crisis 772:Virgin Lands campaign 597:National delimitation 406:1959 Tibetan uprising 398:Virgin Lands campaign 4404:': Edward Shvets in 3819:Cuban Missile Crises 3514:Soviet space program 3350:Hungarian Revolution 3250:Sixth Five-Year Plan 3073:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 2944:Soviet intellectuals 2599:spheres of influence 2230:Annexation of Crimea 1838:Constituent Assembly 1715:Second Patriotic War 1192:Ukrainian revolution 1120:German reunification 1078:Latvian independence 993:1984 Olympic boycott 988:1980 Olympic boycott 978:1980 Summer Olympics 951:Mozambican Civil War 841:Cuban Missile Crisis 821:Peaceful coexistence 689:Operation Barbarossa 418:Cuban Missile Crisis 97:improve this article 3782:along the lines of 3478:Soviet Armed Forces 2973:In Stalin's native 2907:cult of personality 2834:The new leadership 2776:Opposition to Beria 2713:Ministry of Justice 2410:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 2242:Invasion of Ukraine 2031:Great Patriotic War 2003:Cultural revolution 1944:Transcaucasian SFSR 1812:February Revolution 1699:Emancipation reform 1597:Council of Uvetichi 1447: • 1443: • 1115:Romanian Revolution 1095:Peaceful Revolution 1090:Pan-European Picnic 1085:Revolutions of 1989 1026:Invasion of Grenada 902:Cambodian Civil War 856:: Era of Stagnation 741:First Indochina War 716:Soviet deportations 684:Great Patriotic War 657:Cultural Revolution 587:New Economic Policy 541:February Revolution 422:1963 Moscow protest 316:sphere of influence 4242:The Russian Review 4177:Gaddis, John Lewis 3959:Great Leap Forward 3924:. You can help by 3874:. You can help by 3689:Great Leap Forward 3194:Kliment Voroshilov 3143:Vyacheslav Molotov 2990:called for proper 2753:Titoist Yugoslavia 2700:Vyacheslav Molotov 2326:Republic of Crimea 2277:Russian Federation 2220:Presidential terms 2112:Karelo-Finnish SSR 2065:Chernobyl disaster 1805:Russian Revolution 1703:Russo-Japanese War 1691:1812 Patriotic War 1605:Battle of Kulikovo 1593:Council of Liubech 1347:Post-Soviet states 1051:Singing Revolution 1041:Chernobyl disaster 961:Rhodesian Bush War 562:October Revolution 4670: 4669: 4222:978-0-691-01093-9 4187:. Penguin Press. 4007: 4006: 3942: 3941: 3892: 3891: 3836:programs and the 3772:US Postal Service 3640:Sino-Soviet split 3531:Foreign relations 3392:farming equipment 3342:Polish Communists 3338:Władysław Gomułka 3297:Central Committee 3105:, was renamed to 3103:great WWII battle 3093:Changing toponymy 3000:Mikhail Gorbachev 2948:Central Committee 2655:socialist realism 2628:Nikita Khrushchev 2580:Nikita Khrushchev 2572: 2571: 2538:Russia portal 2466: 2465: 2160:Belavezha Accords 2142: 2141: 2053:Era of Stagnation 2019:Industrialization 1985: 1984: 1862:Soviet-Polish War 1798: 1797: 1779:Russian Manchuria 1725:Tsardom of Russia 1711:October Manifesto 1695:Decembrist Revolt 1687:Petrovian reforms 1655: 1654: 1615:Novgorod Republic 1579: 1578: 1495: 1494: 1399: 1398: 1228:Soviet leadership 1214:Alma-Ata Protocol 1209:Belovezha Accords 1105:Velvet Revolution 1071:Economic blockade 973:Soviet–Afghan War 941:Angolan Civil War 892:Laotian Civil War 867:Era of Stagnation 862:Brezhnev Doctrine 831:Sino-Soviet split 761:: Khrushchev Thaw 652:Industrialization 567:Russian Civil War 461: 460: 457: 456: 410:Sino–Soviet split 360:Nikita Khrushchev 324:Sino-Soviet split 293: 292: 285: 275: 274: 235: 234: 227: 173: 172: 165: 147: 70: 16:(Redirected from 4710: 4693:De-Stalinization 4581: 4525: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4481: 4475: 4456: 4447: 4413: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4385: 4377: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4332: 4324: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4186: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4150: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4123:www.marxists.org 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4098:www.marxists.org 4090: 4002: 3999: 3993: 3977: 3969: 3965:During 1959-1964 3951:Alexsei Larionov 3937: 3934: 3916: 3909: 3905:During 1956-1958 3887: 3884: 3866: 3859: 3855:During 1953-1955 3813:—the so-called ' 3786:against France. 3650:US Seventh Fleet 3377:collective farms 3214:Rodin Malinovsky 3202:Lazar Kaganovich 3198:Nikolai Bulganin 3167:Marxist-Leninist 3124:Anti-Party Group 3086:Nikolai Bukharin 3078:Grigory Zinoviev 2998:. A 25 year old 2925:De-Stalinisation 2919:De-Stalinisation 2846:in the economy. 2840:De-Stalinisation 2741:satellite states 2586:, including the 2564: 2557: 2550: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2522: 2460: 2459: 2446: 2445: 2422: 2401: 2380: 2359: 2338: 2318: 2308:Chechen Republic 2301: 2284: 2273: 2272: 2170:USSR dissolution 2086: 2085: 2015:Collectivization 1933:Byelorussian SSR 1890:Russian Republic 1886: 1885: 1721: 1720: 1683:Treaty of Nystad 1611: 1610: 1525: 1524: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1429: 1419: 1401: 1391: 1384: 1377: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1342:Soviet republics 1182:New Union Treaty 983:Olympic boycotts 801:We will bury you 787:De-Stalinization 704:Battle of Berlin 628:Collectivization 509:World revolution 486: 463: 453: 440: 433: 402:Cuban Revolution 390:De-Stalinization 320:Cuban Revolution 312: 295: 288: 281: 270: 267: 261: 245: 237: 230: 223: 219: 216: 210: 205:this article by 196:inline citations 183: 182: 175: 168: 161: 157: 154: 148: 146: 105: 81: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 21: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4643: 4640: 4624: 4621: 4582: 4573: 4570: 4526: 4515: 4508: 4478: 4472: 4459: 4450: 4444: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4416: 4399: 4395: 4378: 4366: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4325: 4313: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4059: 4013: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3987: 3978: 3967: 3948: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3922:needs expansion 3907: 3898: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3872:needs expansion 3857: 3852: 3846: 3803:John F. Kennedy 3799:Patrice Lumumba 3764: 3732: 3712: 3707: 3701: 3646: 3638:Main articles: 3636: 3616:Walter Ulbricht 3605: 3599: 3553:Josip Broz Tito 3544: 3538: 3533: 3516: 3510: 3480: 3474: 3458: 3444:and increasing 3430: 3424: 3400: 3365: 3359: 3333: 3319: 3317:Khrushchev Thaw 3313: 3311:Khrushchev Thaw 3305: 3285: 3268: 3262: 3246:Seven-Year Plan 3241: 3235: 3222: 3185:Leonid Brezhnev 3177:Dmitri Shepilov 3135:Georgy Malenkov 3126: 3120: 3115: 3095: 3064: 3034: 2987: 2971: 2965: 2940: 2927: 2921: 2903: 2897: 2872:social democrat 2868:capitulationist 2852: 2804: 2798: 2778: 2769:Walter Ulbricht 2749: 2696:Lavrentiy Beria 2692: 2690:Domestic policy 2687: 2648:Lavrentiy Beria 2640:Georgy Malenkov 2632:First Secretary 2624: 2619: 2568: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2476: 2468: 2467: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2435: 2434: 2420: 2399: 2378: 2357: 2336: 2316: 2299: 2282: 2271: 2266:2022 annexation 2250:Mass emigration 2238:2020 amendments 2221: 2179: 2165: 2152: 2151: 2143: 2084: 2070: 2048: 1995: 1994: 1986: 1884: 1867: 1830:Kornilov affair 1808: 1807: 1799: 1768:Congress Poland 1746:Russian America 1719: 1707:1905 Revolution 1674: 1665: 1664: 1656: 1625:Vladimir-Suzdal 1609: 1601:Mongol conquest 1589: 1588: 1580: 1523: 1518:Russkaya Pravda 1513:Baptism of Rus' 1505: 1504: 1496: 1461:pre-9th century 1439: 1437: 1417: 1410: 1395: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1292: 1284: 1283: 1229: 1221: 1220: 1142:April 9 tragedy 1021: 1010: 1009: 857: 846: 845: 782:Khrushchev Thaw 762: 751: 750: 731:Berlin Blockade 618: 607: 606: 557: 556:: Establishment 546: 545: 524:Bolshevik Party 519:Bolshevik split 494: 431: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 358: 356:Georgy Malenkov 327: 289: 278: 277: 276: 271: 265: 262: 255: 246: 231: 220: 214: 211: 201:Please help to 200: 184: 180: 169: 158: 152: 149: 106: 104: 94: 82: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4716: 4714: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4675: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4543:Czechoslovakia 4540: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4477: 4476: 4470: 4457: 4448: 4442: 4428: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4393: 4364: 4340: 4312:978-1501702792 4311: 4293: 4275: 4254:10.2307/126117 4228: 4221: 4200: 4193: 4168: 4162:978-0521851695 4161: 4135: 4110: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4066: 4065:(Brezhnev era) 4058: 4055: 4005: 4004: 3981: 3979: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3940: 3939: 3919: 3917: 3906: 3903: 3890: 3889: 3869: 3867: 3856: 3853: 3848:Main article: 3845: 3842: 3830:Lyndon Johnson 3792:Minuteman ICBM 3763: 3760: 3731: 3728: 3711: 3708: 3703:Main article: 3700: 3697: 3682:Andrei Gromyko 3678:Formosa Strait 3635: 3632: 3601:Main article: 3598: 3595: 3540:Main article: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3509: 3506: 3489:fighter planes 3476:Main article: 3473: 3470: 3457: 3454: 3426:Main article: 3423: 3420: 3404:Trofim Lysenko 3399: 3396: 3361:Main article: 3358: 3355: 3332: 3329: 3315:Main article: 3312: 3309: 3304: 3301: 3284: 3281: 3273:Old Bolsheviks 3264:Main article: 3261: 3258: 3237:Main article: 3234: 3231: 3221: 3218: 3122:Main article: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3094: 3091: 3063: 3060: 3051:People's Daily 3033: 3030: 3024:People's Daily 2996:free elections 2986: 2983: 2967:Main article: 2964: 2961: 2939: 2936: 2923:Main article: 2920: 2917: 2899:Main article: 2896: 2893: 2851: 2848: 2813:Trofim Lysenko 2797: 2794: 2777: 2774: 2748: 2747:Foreign policy 2745: 2725:Vladimir Lenin 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2552: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2527: 2526: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2425: 2424: 2413: 2404: 2403: 2392: 2389:Kherson Oblast 2383: 2382: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2350: 2341: 2340: 2329: 2320: 2319: 2310: 2303: 2302: 2293: 2286: 2285: 2279: 2270: 2269: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2083: 2082: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1883: 1882: 1846:Bolshevik Coup 1802: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1790:Uryankhay Krai 1785: 1784: 1781: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1735:Russian Empire 1731: 1730: 1727: 1718: 1717: 1662:Tsarist Russia 1659: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1608: 1607: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1522: 1521: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1490: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1468:Rus' Khaganate 1463: 1462: 1459: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1422: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1393: 1386: 1379: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1293: 1291:Related topics 1290: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1172:The Barricades 1169: 1167:January Events 1164: 1162:Dushanbe riots 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1063: 1058: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 996: 995: 990: 980: 975: 970: 965: 964: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 931:Wars in Africa 928: 927: 926: 916: 914:Yom Kippur War 911: 910: 909: 907:Fall of Saigon 904: 899: 897:Operation Menu 894: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 858: 852: 851: 848: 847: 844: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 797: 796: 784: 779: 774: 769: 763: 757: 756: 753: 752: 749: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 712: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 671: 670: 669: 659: 654: 649: 648: 647: 646: 645: 640: 625: 619: 613: 612: 609: 608: 605: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 558: 552: 551: 548: 547: 544: 543: 538: 533: 531:Russian Empire 528: 527: 526: 521: 516: 506: 501: 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 479: 478: 472: 471: 459: 458: 455: 454: 444: 425: 424: 367: 363: 362: 353: 349: 348: 343: 339: 338: 333: 329: 328: 313: 305: 304: 300: 299: 298:Khrushchev era 291: 290: 273: 272: 249: 247: 240: 233: 232: 187: 185: 178: 171: 170: 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 18:Khrushchev era 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4715: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4591:Soviet Russia 4589: 4588: 4585: 4580: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4513: 4505: 4500: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4482: 4473: 4471:0-394-70745-1 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4443:0-13-823592-9 4439: 4435: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4418: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4344: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4294: 4286: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4229: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4196: 4194:1-59420-062-9 4190: 4185: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4139: 4136: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4033:Novocherkassk 4028: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4001: 3991: 3985: 3982:This section 3980: 3976: 3971: 3970: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3936: 3927: 3923: 3920:This section 3918: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3902: 3897: 3886: 3877: 3873: 3870:This section 3868: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3834:Great Society 3831: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3807:Richard Nixon 3804: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3740:Richard Nixon 3737: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3706: 3699:United States 3698: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3672:(Quemoy) and 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3412:Roswell Garst 3410:farmer named 3409: 3405: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3318: 3310: 3308: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3131:Georgy Zhukov 3125: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3068:Moscow Trials 3061: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2902: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2844:forced labour 2841: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2811:of biologist 2810: 2809:pseudoscience 2803: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2761:Mátyás Rákosi 2758: 2754: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2718:Russification 2714: 2709: 2708:Doctors' Plot 2705: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2576:Joseph Stalin 2565: 2560: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2471: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2321: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234:War in Donbas 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2216:Five-Days War 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2188:Privatization 2185: 2181: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2149:Modern Russia 2137: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1954:Russian State 1952: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1923: 1922:Ukrainian SSR 1919: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872:War Communism 1869: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1821:Dvoyevlastiye 1817: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1651: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1575: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1559:Rostov-Suzdal 1557: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1529:Novgorod Land 1527: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1413: 1408: 1402: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1332:Soviet Empire 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1147:Black January 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1069: 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