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to walk normally for safety reasons, because in their opinion the mind and attitude of the worshipper is more important than such symbolism. As long as worshippers have the right motivation and show respect towards Buddha in their mind, they have nothing to fear from turning their back towards the deities. Lodoi also points out, that there are usually paintings of deities on all sides of the khurul and it is therefore impossible to never face them with one's back.
20:
1080:
1219:
1807:(Thesis) (in Russian). Vol. 5. Иркутск. pp. 314–319. 195.206.39.222:36040/cgi-bin/irbis64r_15/cgiirbis_64.exe?LNG=&Z21ID=&I21DBN=SPEC&P21DBN=SPEC&S21STN=1&S21REF=3&S21FMT=fullwebr&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=1&S21P03=A=&S21STR=Асалханова%2C Екатерина Владимировна
1093:
930:) on the throne and then perform another three bows. For these bows, one does the forementioned hand gestures and then touches the throne with one's forehead while bowing to receive blessings. One can then go up the altair section and perform further ritual bowings before the other deities of the khurul.
1020:
The monks' prayers are for the well-being of all worshippers and all living beings, but if someone needs the monks to pray for them individually, then this can be done by writing down the name of the person on the prayer sheet. The monks will then stand up during the prayers and read out those names.
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Kalmyks also have a tradition of never turning their backs towards the images of the deities and Buddha inside a khurul, that's why a lot of people leave the altair section somewhat walking backwards. But, accoroding to Lodoi, the monks of the khurul recommend to not be too strict about this rule and
909:
Non-full prostration: this is done if someone for some reason cannot perform the full prostration (e.g., due to health issues). It follows the same pattern as the full prostration, except that it is not necessary to stretch out completely on the ground, but instead one performs a "five point touch",
948:
There can be daily prayers in some khuruls. The khuruls are not closed for those prayers and people are welcome to join them, if they wish. The prayers concern topics like well-being, health, longevity, and appeasements to the deities. During those prayers, the monks perform a special ritual called
658:
or too revealing shirts when visiting. Furthermore, it is not allowed to visit in an intoxicated state. It is recommended to not consume alcohol for at least one day before visiting a khurul. One should also refrain from smoking for at least a few hours before the visit. The reason for this is that
827:
Full prostration: the hands are put in the 'lotus bud' mudra position and go from touching the top of the head, to the forehead, to the throat, and to the chest. All this is done while visualizing that one is bowing before the living Buddha himself. When doing those gestures, one can utter a
612:, as an "independent" state since 1921, was spared until 1929, but then the Communist Party started to systematically arrest lamas and monks. A lot of khuruls in Tuva and Kalmykia were burned down. It wasn't until the 1940s that the repression eased, and a new Buddhist temple —
1200:
700:
When entering the courtyard of a khurul, it is custom to bow three times before the khurul and thus before its deities. To do so, the hands are put together into a position, where the thumbs touch each other and are folded into the palm ('lotus bud'
1962:
1571:
204:, Bardanova states that the differentiation of Mongolian monastery types was based on the number of lamas and the status of the institution. Asalkhanova, on the other hand, distinguishes them based on layout and location in her work on
184:
during their stops, with the yurt of the leader being in the center. This formation served a protective purpose in case of a sudden enemy attack. Later, this formation became the standard planning concept for those monasteries.
653:
When visiting a khurul, it is important to wear decent clothes: the clothes should neither be too revealing nor provocative. This not only applies to women, but also to men, for whom, for example, it is not appropriate to wear
678:
564:
Historically, khuruls played an important role in the spiritual and cultural lives of
Kalmyks. The monasteries were not only meant as a place of worship, but also as an institution of learning where people would study the
1697:
1671:
1980:
377:
In pre-revolutionary
Mongolia, monasteries were most often assigned, as part of their names, the type that characterized them at the time of construction, regardless of current social realities. Nowadays, only
1002:) in Russian, though, the Russian term isn't completely accurate as the purpose of the service isn't commemoration. Instead, the monks recite special benevolent, well-wishing prayers for the deceased during
278:
of which does not live at the site of the temple constantly, gathering only on major holidays; or a separate temple in a large monastery. They are usually dedicated to particular individuals of the
Buddhist
4056:
904:
After the hand gesture, one kneels down, touches the ground with one's palms, stretches out with the full body on the ground, touching the ground with one's forehead, and then quickly gets up again.
3315:Министерство образования и науки Республики Калмыкия. МКОУ «Харбинская средняя общеобразовательная школа». Районный заочный конкурс исследовательских краеведческих работ обучающихся "Бичкн Төрскм"
180:(хурал) which means "assembly" or "religious service", in a more religious context. The reference to "circles" is explained by the ancient custom of the nomadic people to form circles with their
735:, if there is one, and bows before the statue to appease the lords of the locality and the lords of the place one lives at. Following tradition, it is then necessary to walk around the khurul
530:
3072:
600:
by 1846, but by 1935 about one third of them were emptied because the clergy fled or was repressed. One year later, more than two thirds of all
Buryatian datsans were closed, and the
767:(i.e., walk around the 'outer' circle), one stops at every statue that surrounds the khurul to bow before it and to then walk around it clockwise. This creates a karmic bond to the
553:
The choice of construction and the place of laying the foundation of khuruls was and still is made by
Buddhist monks. In the center of the base of the pit, a sword, a bowl of rice (
2160:
705:). In this position, the hands first touch the top of the head, then the forehead, next the throat (or mouth), and the chest, and finally one bows. The hand gestures are meant as
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1232:
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the smell of alcohol and cigarettes is, on the one hand, disliked by the deities, and on the other hand, can lead to punishment by those deities that have not yet reached
1851:
3043:
1794:
981:, or another liquid, depending on regional traditions. The tea is poured in a special container and then used by the monks as an offer to the deities during the ritual.
557:— alms to the Buddhist gods), and many paper rolls with Buddhist prayers are placed. The set-up is similar to the ceremony of construction and ascension of Buddhist
1363:
4889:
517:), i.e. "temple". It refers to separate buildings, which are attached to a monastery (or are separate temples) and are dedicated to particular deities (e.g., the
451:
is a separate temple attached to a large monastery, not necessarily associated with the educational process. Datsans in
Buryatia have the same circular layout as
447:
studies are conducted, or a temple with privileged rights. Among the
Buryats, the word has the meaning of "Buddhist monastery" in general. Whereas for Mongols, a
808:(i.e., walk around the 'inner' circle which is right around the khurul). Once again, the prayer wheels on this walk are spinned clockwise. After finishing the
3678:
1438:
4975:
3770:
1946:
1448:
111:
2579:[The history of the construction of the Iki-Burulsky Khurul "Orgyen Samye Ling" and the Stupa "Chzhanchub Dudul Chorten"] (in Russian). 2005-05-20
3730:
1876:
1575:
624:. Nowadays, there are about 22 khuruls in Kalmykia, 16 in Tuva, and more than 30 in Buryatia. Some Buddhist centers can also be found in big cities like
569:
and Indo-Tibetan medicine. Sacred
Buddhist texts, books on medicine, and fine ritual accessories were kept in khuruls. A lot of books were imported from
2004:Батырева, С.Г. (2005). "Старокалмыцкое искусство XVII — начала XX века" [Oldkalmykian art from the XVII till the beginning of the XX century].
307:) of said individual. In Kalmykia, these sculptures tend to be made out of wood, while in Buryatia it's common to use wood or metal. Rinchen refers to
2465:
2321:
2294:
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692:
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4192:
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4012:
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1253:
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961:). In the ritual, a "Golden Drink", which is brought in by the worshippers, is offered to the tutelary deities. In Kalmykia, the drink, called
723:
4792:
4408:
4071:
3750:
1917:
1591:
592:'s rule, many khuruls were closed, repurposed (e.g., as kindergartens), or even destroyed, due to the ideological struggle against religion.
3707:
1918:"Monasteries and Temples of Bogdiin Khьree, Ikh Khьree or Urga, the Old Capital City of Mongolia in the First Part of the Twentieth Century"
4742:
4454:
3016:
3629:
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4685:
2326:[Speaking about the importance of a ritual tour around the sanctuary in the central khurul of Kalmykia] (in Russian). 2022-12-16
1063:
796:
and spinning them not only equals reading them all but also strengthens any prayer one does. To multiply the effect, one can repeat the
3480:
2344:
4187:
3806:
464:
4620:
4509:
4444:
3745:
1988:
1631:
1623:
3604:
1384:
215:— large monasteries, at which the clergy lived permanently. They are located in the steppe and were built in the form of a circle.
4368:
4351:
4017:
1380:
1284:
2716:
2441:
4162:
3700:
1855:
3048:[A new khurul will be opened in Kalmykia. Namka Drime Rinpoche will come to consecrate the temple, giving teachings].
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1088:
800:
several times. Monks traditionally walk around the khurul three, seven, or twenty one times for this purpose. Once the 'big'
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984:
Aside from such daily prayers, there are also occasional prayers or other regularly recurring prayers. One such prayer is
366:
349:) — literally: "lonely abode" — are monasteries that are situated on the slopes of high mountains and similarly difficult
4849:
4829:
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4197:
4042:
4007:
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4217:
4207:
4172:
4052:
3927:
3912:
3566:
3532:
2894:["Aldr Diilvrin Syume" - temple of the Great Victory (Bolshe-Tsarynsky khurul)] (in Russian). Archived from
2597:
2376:[The meanings of the rituals "serzhem" and "dallaga"] (in Russian). Пресс-служба Санкт-Петербургского дацана
4955:
4807:
4640:
4422:
4403:
4303:
4293:
4288:
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1396:
1058:
1029:
It is also custom to make offerings in khuruls. There are various types of offerings, such as light in the form of
664:
91:
1911:
Rinchen, B.; Maidar, D., ed. (1979). Mongol ard ulsiin ugsaatnii sudlal, khelnii shinjleliin atlas . Ulaanbaatar.
4970:
4859:
4839:
4812:
4568:
4328:
4087:
3966:
3895:
3775:
2823:
1519:
1504:
660:
481:
426:
60:
3335:
4373:
4212:
4182:
4047:
3961:
3870:
3833:
3500:
2115:[Telo Tulku Rinpoche consecrated the place where the khurul "Jerome Koshar" of the Volga Kalmyks was].
1444:
1264:
1176:
687:
107:
1880:
2921:[The khurul "Tashi Gomang" was opened in the village of Tsagan-Nur, Oktyabrsky District] (in Russian)
2234:
Bräker, Hans (1981). Der
Buddhismus in der Sowjetunion, Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique 22 (2/3), p. 333
2063:
1725:
4879:
4854:
4690:
4539:
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4202:
4147:
4032:
3900:
1692:
1666:
1296:
1126:
812:
one can enter the khurul. Before entering, though, it is necessary to take of one's shoes and any headgear.
362:
297:
2300:
4817:
4675:
4645:
4600:
4551:
4546:
4479:
4363:
4323:
4283:
4117:
4027:
4022:
3843:
3755:
3622:
3525:
2417:
2192:
Timasheff, N. S. (1955). "Urbanization, Operation
Antireligion and the Decline of Religion in the USSR".
1227:
1195:
620:, in Buryatia. Restorations of destroyed temples and constructions of new temples began in the period of
4844:
4585:
4558:
4519:
4459:
4258:
4227:
4137:
3885:
3821:
1391:
1332:
1212:
1102:
914:
After this the believer is permitted to proceed to the altair section where the throne and image of the
284:
2066:[Today we have witnessed another page in the history of Kalmykia – a khurul was opened today].
2446:[Pagodas and stupas of Elista. The indescribable Buddhist atmosphere of the city] (in Russian)
910:
where one kneels and bows down to the ground, so that the knees, palms, and forehead touch the ground.
459:
4874:
4782:
4777:
4529:
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4222:
4157:
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1541:
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1279:
103:
99:
23:
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3021:[Know your roots]. Информационное агентство Республики Калмыкия «Бумбин орн». Archived from
4869:
4625:
4575:
4494:
4398:
4232:
4177:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4077:
4037:
4002:
3944:
3789:
3651:
2019:
1494:
1344:
617:
443:
3313:["Village and people. History in faces." (pages of the annals of the village of Kharba)].
2740:
2112:
1924:
4797:
4772:
4762:
4752:
4737:
4722:
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3990:
3976:
3971:
3917:
3853:
3663:
2217:
1551:
1317:
1241:
768:
752:
505:" in the understanding of Buryats and Mongols. In Buryatia the word is used interchangeably with
438:
358:
354:
330:
318:
161:
51:
3022:
2518:
2394:
1409:
4915:
4667:
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4268:
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3557:
2721:[The khurul "Sera Tosam Ling" opened its doors for believers] (in Russian). 2021-04-30
2620:
2574:
2209:
2168:
1984:
1637:
1627:
1617:
1587:
1499:
1147:
613:
227:
monastery, which later settled and grew to the size of a city (now: the capital of Mongolia —
2371:
206:"Architectural-spatial and figurative-compositional features of temples of Northern Buddhism"
4864:
4802:
4757:
4700:
4605:
4524:
4489:
4298:
3949:
3848:
3656:
2201:
1831:
Xiongnu Archaeology: Multidisciplinary Perspectives of the First Steppe Empire in Inner Asia
1796:Архитектурно-пространственные и образно-композиционные особенности храмов северного буддизма
1734:] (Thesis) (in Russian). Улан-Удэ: Типография Буддийского университета «Даши Чойнхорлин»
1687:Жуковская, Н. Л. (1992). "Хурэ" [Khure]. In Жуковская, Н. Л.; Корнев, В. И. (eds.).
1661:Бакаева, Э. П. (1992). "Хурул" [Khurul]. In Жуковская, Н. Л.; Корнев, В. И. (eds.).
1509:
1452:
637:
629:
416:
288:
267:
115:
87:
2064:"Сегодня мы стали свидетелями еще одной страницы истории Калмыкии – сегодня открылся хурул"
1801:
Architectural-spatial and figurative-compositional features of temples of Northern Buddhism
4924:
4884:
4787:
4727:
4717:
4705:
4650:
4469:
3863:
3838:
3617:
3045:В Калмыкии откроют новый хурул. Освятить храм приедет Намка Дриме Ринпоче, дарующий учения
2602:[Strict retreat of Nyungne in Kalmykia on 10th-12th June] (in Russian). 2014-06-01
2576:История создания Ики-Бурульского Хурула «Оргьен Самье Линг» и Ступы «Чжанчуб Дудул Чортен»
1010:
989:
970:
954:
923:
776:
744:
510:
471:
408:
394:" are used. In the Russian regions of the settlement of the Mongolian peoples, aside from
342:
280:
242:
224:
169:
34:
19:
2993:
792:) along the walk are to be spinned clockwise, as well. Those wheels contain thousands of
3340:[A Khurul will be erected in the Yashaltinsky District] (in Russian). 2021-07-24
2799:
4822:
4695:
3956:
3922:
3646:
3599:
2551:
1757:
1514:
633:
2113:"Тэло Тулку Ринпоче освятил место, где у волжских калмыков стоял хурул "Джером Кошар""
4944:
4929:
4834:
4343:
4082:
3673:
2323:В центральном хуруле Калмыкии рассказали о важности ритуального обхода вокруг святыни
1826:
1472:
1073:
1014:
772:
518:
369:-like monasteries that are meant for retreats. Rinchen uses the word "monastery" for
937:
Before leaving the khurul, one can once again bow before Buddha, and then walk out.
4710:
3695:
3685:
1613:
1375:
732:
683:
547:
543:
1009:
Furthermore, there are prayers for certain deities on certain days (e.g., for the
398:, the following nomenclature was entrenched and in parts modified in its meaning:
3905:
3712:
3589:
3079:
3050:
2918:В поселке Цаган-Нур Октябрьского района состоялось открытие хурула «Таши Гоманг»
2777:
2750:
816:
621:
228:
216:
3385:
2161:"Buddhism flourishes in Siberia, opening window on its pre-Soviet past.(World)"
3934:
3594:
3584:
3458:
2866:
2270:
1966:
1825:
Chunag, Amartuvshin; Jamiyan-Ombo, Gantulga; Garamjav, Dondog (January 2011).
1619:
Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
1169:
915:
188:
There are different types of Buddhist monasteries in the Mongolian tradition:
2643:
2213:
2172:
2138:
1006:, so that the deceased would live a good life following their reincarnation.
176:), which means "circle", "ring", "inclosure", and/or from the Mongolian word
3579:
2470:[Construction of the Dharma center Samyeling in Elista] (in Russian)
2275:[Lessons on the basics of Buddhism. The rules of visiting a Khurul]
1109:
736:
593:
585:
498:
383:
220:
3412:
3204:[Khurul in the village of Komsomolsky] (in Russian). Archived from
2399:[The ceremony of offerring the "Golden Drink" Serzhem] (in Russian)
2694:[Khurul in the village of Godzhursky] (in Russian). Archived from
2349:[Life extension rituals will take place in the khurul in Elista].
1079:
2027:
713:
605:
578:
147:
143:
135:
712:
to achieve the same enlightenment as Buddha one day. They represent the
3939:
2804:[Buddhist temple in the city of Lagan] (in Russian). 1995-06-02
2221:
1351:
1034:
1030:
350:
79:
731:
After bowing before the khurul, the visitor proceeds to the statue of
3548:
1976:
1583:
1531:
1051:
829:
820:
793:
655:
625:
597:
589:
566:
502:
403:
391:
152:
127:
95:
83:
2205:
2041:
2891:«Алдр Диилврин Сюме» - Храм Великой Победы (Больше-Царынский хурул)
2843:
2141:[The Khosheutovsky khurul must be in Kalmykia] (in Russian)
1580:Термины российского архитектурного наследия: Архитектурный словарь
1218:
965:, is a strongly-brewed black tea. In Buryatia, the drink is called
823:. There are two ways of prostration: a full one and none-full one.
134:(хурул) is the common name for Buddhist monasteries and temples in
3517:
3417:[A Buddhist temple will be built in Astrkhan] (in Russian)
2516:[Tantric Monasetry of Vladika Tsongkhapa, Gorodovikovsk].
2443:Пагоды и ступы Элисты. Непередаваемая буддистская атмосфера города
1641:
1408:
1367:
1362:
1217:
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1078:
978:
919:
722:
709:
706:
702:
677:
574:
570:
558:
529:
434:
18:
4057:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
3077:[The Troitsky Khurul in Kalmykia is recruiting novices].
2747:Общественно-политическая газета «Хальмг үнн» («Калмыцкая правда»)
538:
Initially, Buddhism and khuruls were promoted and founded by the
1546:
717:
609:
601:
539:
275:
181:
139:
3521:
2848:[Galsang-khurul in Dzhalykovo] (in Russian). 2017-12-18
2775:[The Tsagan-khurul of Ulankholsk turned 15 years old].
2299:[A Tour around the Khurul] (in Russian). Archived from
608:, 79 khuruls were closed down between the years 1917 and 1937.
3150:[Baga-Chonosovsky Khurul] (in Russian). Archived from
2666:
1968:Термины российского архитектурного наследия: Словарь-глоссарий
1805:Вестник Иркутского Государственного Технического Университета
492:
3310:«Село и люди. История в лицах» (страницы летописи села Харба)
3130:[Iki-Chonosovsky khurul] (in Russian). Archived from
2671:[Kalmykia in old photos. Khurul complex] (in Russian)
1879:[History of Ulaanbaatar] (in Russian). Archived from
3501:"In Photos: His Holiness the Dalai Lama visits Philadelphia"
3285:[Tsagan-Amansky khurul] (in Russian). Archived from
3110:[Nayntakinovsky Khurul] (in Russian). Archived from
1973:
Terms of Russian architectural heritage: Dictionary-glossary
720:, the speech of Buddha, and the enlightened mind of Buddha.
2091:
1118:
Khomutnikovsky Khurul "Tashi Lkhunpo" (Таши Лхунпо) (ruins)
604:
expelled based on accusations of treason and espionage. In
3364:
3286:
3259:
3232:
3231:[Arteziannsky Khurul] (in Russian). Archived from
3205:
3178:
3177:[Tsekertinsky Khurul] (in Russian). Archived from
3151:
3131:
3111:
2972:
2945:
2944:[Uldyuchinsky Khurul] (in Russian). Archived from
2895:
2695:
2530:
3390:[Buddhist khurul of the village of Vostochnoye].
2718:Хурул «Сера Тосам линг» распахнул свои двери для верующих
2493:[Blessing of Green Tara] (in Russian). 2011-08-18
1941:
3363:[Yashkulsky khurul] (in Russian). Archived from
3074:В Калмыкии Троицкий хурул осуществляет набор послушников
2998:[Bogdakhinsky khurul in Khar-Buluk] (in Russian)
2422:[Buddhist rituals in October] (in Russian). 2019
3258:[Adykovsky khurul] (in Russian). Archived from
2745:[A khurul in the birthplace of Geshe Wangyal].
65:
1827:"On the walled site of Mangasyn Khuree in Galbyn Gobi"
632:, and some eastern regions of Russia, for example, in
521:) and/or a particular purpose (e.g., medical studies).
202:"Decor in the architecture of Buryat Buddhist temples"
2971:[Arshan-Zelmensky Iki-Khurul]. Archived from
2513:Тантрический монастырь Владыки Зонкавы, Городовиковск
302:
231:). Rinchen used the term "monastic city" to describe
2625:[Bogdo Dalai Lamin Rashi Lunpo] (in Russian)
1732:
Decor in the architecture of Buryat Buddhist temples
787:
253:
45:
4666:
4421:
4245:
3989:
3788:
3723:
3565:
3556:
2346:Ритуалы продления жизни состоятся в хуруле в Элисте
2022:[Album of Buryat cult sculpture released].
867:
274:) — a small, quadrangular, specialized temple, the
2668:Калмыкия на старых фотографиях. Хурульный комплекс
1418:Ulan-Ude Datsan Khambyn Khure / Hambyn-Hure Datsan
78:) is a Buddhist monastery (temple, abode) in
1121:Orgakinsky Khurul "Bogdo Dalai Lamin Rashi Lunpo"
90:. Some of the most famous Kalmyk khuruls are the
1727:Декор в архитектуре бурятских буддийских храмов
2467:Строительство Дхарма Центра Самьелинг в Элисте
2272:Уроки основ буддизма. Правила посещения Хурула
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
977:) and can be either freshly-brewed tea, milk,
3533:
2824:"New Maitreya Statue Consecrated in Kalmykia"
2772:Уланхольскому Цаган-хурулу исполнилось 15 лет
2139:"Хошеутовский хурул должен стоять в Калмыкии"
2020:"Вышел альбом бурятской культовой скульптуры"
1762:[Rituals and Ceremonies] (in Russian)
1484:Kalmyk Hurul of Saint Zonkava in Philadelphia
1303:Tsekertinsky Khurul in the village of Burovoy
1037:, flowers, food items and drinks, and so on.
997:
365:on the Shireet Ulaan Uul mountain. Khiid are
8:
2599:10-12 июня Строгий ретрит Ньюнгнэ в Калмыкии
1947:Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона
804:is completed, one proceeds with the 'small'
739:before entering it. This practice is called
2086:
2084:
1793:Асалханова, Екатерина Владимировна (2015).
846:
663:, according to Lodoi, the administrator of
4427:
4251:
3995:
3794:
3562:
3540:
3526:
3518:
2396:Обряд подношения «Золотого напитка» Сержем
836:
3337:В Яшалтинском районе будет возведен хурул
2264:
2262:
2260:
1916:Majer, Zsuzsa; Teleki, Krisztina (2006).
3083:(in Russian). 2018-12-12. Archived from
2556:[Orgyen Samye Ling] (in Russian)
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2194:American Slavic and East European Review
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
918:are located. There, one can place one's
4193:Collective Security Treaty Organization
1752:
1750:
1748:
1724:Барданова, Туяна Иннокентьевна (2006).
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1563:
1324:Tsagan Amansky Khurul "Tugmyud-gavdzhi"
1089:Tantric Monastery of Vladika Tsongkhapa
1083:Tantric Monastery of Vladika Tsongkhapa
437:, originally refers to a department, a
3751:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
2373:Значение обрядов «сэржэм» и «даллага»
1949:: в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). 1890-1907
1339:Yashaltinsky Khurul (in construction)
771:who are represented by such statues.
7:
4890:Unified Sports Classification System
3414:В Астрахани построят буддийский храм
2871:[Malye Derbety] (in Russian)
1443:(used to be on the territory of the
150:, though, they have been renamed to
16:Buddhist monastery in Kalmyk Lamaism
2648:[Khurul] (in Russian). 2009
1260:Khar-Buluksky Khurul "Bogdokhinsky"
1064:Geden Sheddup Choikorling Monastery
996:), also called "memorial service" (
4976:Religious buildings and structures
4188:Commonwealth of Independent States
2822:Klasanova, Lyudmila (2019-09-23).
1586:: Искусство—XXI век. p. 368.
1139:Sarpinsky Khurul "Sera Tosam Ling"
14:
3440:[Ak-Burkhan] (in Russian)
2283:(in Russian). Bumba Mediaholding.
1624:Central European University Press
223:, used to be the largest nomadic
3481:"Dalai Lama visits Philadelphia"
1068:Samye Tinlei Kunkyab Pelbar Ling
3387:Буддийский Хурул села Восточное
2995:Богдахинский хурул в Хар-Булуке
2968:Аршань-Зельменьский Ики — Хурул
2801:Буддийский храм в городе Лагань
815:Inside the main prayer hall, a
4951:Buddhist monasteries in Russia
3479:O'Reilly, David (2008-07-16).
3307:Сейсенгалиева, Алтана (2021).
2117:Ассоцация "Будизм в Интернете"
2068:Ассоцация "Будизм в Интернете"
1852:"Brief history of Ulaanbaatar"
1413:Hambyn-Hure Datsan in Ulan-Ude
671:Paying respect and performing
1:
4098:Political abuse of psychiatry
3411:Тодар Бактемир (2021-05-19).
2742:Хурул на родине Геше Вангьяла
2165:The Christian Science Monitor
1471:Kuree-Datsan "Ak-Burkhan" in
993:
958:
927:
819:is performed in front of the
780:
748:
727:A worshipper praying barefoot
346:
246:
173:
106:(which was originally in the
38:
4743:Traditions and superstitions
2622:Богдо Далай Ламин Раши Лунпо
2529:(in Russian). Archived from
2419:Буддийские ритуалы в октябре
2269:Лодой, Йонтен (2020-06-14).
2026:(in Russian). Archived from
2008:(in Russian). Москва: 81–82.
1963:Плужников, Владимир Иванович
868:
788:
441:at a large monastery, where
254:
46:
4409:Water supply and sanitation
2739:Менке КОНЕЕВ (2019-04-29).
2464:Tenpa Sherab (2008-01-19).
2137:БАЛАКАЕВА, Надежда (2009).
1622:. Budapest; New York City:
1248:Arshan-Zelmensky Iki-Khurul
493:
303:
66:
4992:
4966:Buddhist temples in Russia
2490:Благословение Зеленой Тары
1923:. Budapest. Archived from
1455:, just like the above one)
1112:Khurul "Orgyen Samye Ling"
1059:Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume
974:
941:Prayers and the ritual of
847:
665:Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume
514:
475:
412:
92:Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume
4909:
4430:
4254:
3998:
3797:
3459:"Temple of Saint Zonkava"
2845:Галсанг-хурул в Джалыково
1265:Urzhin Nuutsn Tyarni Sume
1162:Ulankholsky Tsagan-Khurul
1041:List of khuruls and sumes
998:
756:
688:Urzhin Nuutsn Tyarni Sume
485:
430:
420:
334:
322:
292:
271:
55:
4183:Prime Minister of Russia
3436:
3413:
3386:
3359:
3336:
3309:
3281:
3254:
3227:
3201:Хурул в п. Комсомольский
3200:
3173:
3146:
3126:
3106:
3073:
3054:(in Russian). 2017-08-16
3044:
3017:
2994:
2967:
2940:
2917:
2890:
2867:
2844:
2800:
2781:(in Russian). 2017-09-08
2771:
2741:
2717:
2690:
2667:
2644:
2621:
2598:
2575:
2552:
2512:
2489:
2466:
2442:
2418:
2395:
2372:
2353:(in Russian). 2013-11-26
2345:
2322:
2295:
2271:
2111:Павлов, Валерий (2012).
2062:Павлов, Валерий (2019).
1967:
1795:
1758:
1726:
1479:United States of America
1177:Maloderbetovsky District
497:— "assembly hall") — a "
156:in the latter. The word
122:Etymology and morphology
114:, but is now located in
4621:Social entrepreneurship
4510:Forced public apologies
4445:Anti-American sentiment
2042:"Miracle Stupa - Stupa"
1297:Chernozemelsky District
1291:Baga-Chonosovsky Khurul
1165:Lagan Dargyeling Khurul
1133:Altsyn-Khutinsky Khurul
1127:Ketchenerovsky District
1033:, scent in the form of
888:Worshipping the Teacher
219:, the residence of the
4369:Social security system
4352:Science and technology
4018:Classified information
3844:Central Russian Upland
3147:Бага-Чоносовский хурул
1693:Respublika (publisher)
1691:(in Russian). Москва:
1667:Respublika (publisher)
1665:(in Russian). Москва:
1451:but is now located in
1414:
1371:
1223:
1183:Maloderbetovsky Khurul
1158:
1084:
728:
697:
535:
357:on the south slope of
26:
4830:Russian tsars regalia
4163:Intelligence agencies
3886:Great Russian Regions
3630:Expansion (1500-1800)
3127:Ики-Чоносовский хурул
3107:Найнтакиновский хурул
1877:"ИСТОРИЯ УЛАН-БАТОРА"
1520:Baldan Bereeven Khiid
1505:Amarbayasgalant Khiid
1412:
1366:
1333:Yashaltinsky District
1276:Nayntakinovsky Khurul
1221:
1213:Priyutnensky District
1156:
1103:Iki-Burulsky District
1082:
841:Original Kalmyk Oirat
761:to walk around smth.
726:
681:
533:
351:topographical reliefs
22:
4961:Buddhism in Kalmykia
4897:World Heritage sites
4274:Droughts and famines
3827:Environmental issues
3575:Proto-Indo-Europeans
3282:Цаган-Аманский хурул
2751:АУ РК «РИА Калмыкия»
2440:Liora (2017-03-28).
2092:"Buddhism in Russia"
1975:] (in Russian).
1626:. pp. 144–145.
1542:Buddhism in Buryatia
1537:Buddhism in Kalmykia
1429:Khosheutovsky khurul
1115:Baga-Burulsky Khurul
875:Bursñ Khuvrgt Mürgmü
763:). During the 'big'
104:Khosheutovsky khurul
100:Republic of Kalmykia
24:Khosheutovsky khurul
4748:Forms of addressing
4357:Academy of Sciences
4314:Financial districts
4178:President of Russia
4103:Political divisions
4063:Freedom of assembly
3945:West Siberian Plain
3691:Great Patriotic War
3652:February Revolution
2691:Хурул в селе Годжур
2296:Экскурсия по хурулу
2159:Weir, Fred (2018).
2024:Информ Полис онлайн
1944:[Burkhan].
1702:. pp. 262–263.
1500:Zayiin Gegeen Khiid
1345:Yashkulsky District
1228:Uldyuchinsky Khurul
1222:Uldyuchinsky Khurul
1196:Aldr Diilvrin Syume
1189:Oktyabrsky District
894:Worshipping Sangha
883:English translation
854:Бурсң Хувргт Мүргмү
686:statue of Troitsky
618:Ivolginsky District
616:— was built in the
390:in the meaning of "
382:in the meaning of "
4798:Russian given name
4384:Telecommunications
4334:Petroleum industry
4198:State of emergency
4043:Far-right politics
4008:Capital punishment
3854:Meshchera Lowlands
3708:Russian Federation
3664:October Revolution
3228:Артезианский хурул
3174:Цекертинский хурул
2941:Ульдючинский хурул
1689:Буддизм. Словарь.
1663:Буддизм. Словарь.
1578:[Khurul].
1552:Buddhism in Russia
1415:
1392:Tsechenling Khuree
1372:
1368:Khuree Tsechenling
1318:Yustinsky District
1309:Arteziansky Khurul
1306:Komsomolsky Khurul
1242:Sarpinsky District
1224:
1159:
1085:
999:поминальная служба
892:Worshipping Dharma
890:Worshipping Buddha
884:
863:
842:
729:
698:
584:With the raise of
546:, the inventor of
536:
359:Bogd Khan Mountain
126:Among Kalmyks and
102:, Russia, and the
94:(contemporary) in
27:
4956:Gelug monasteries
4938:
4937:
4905:
4904:
4485:Domestic violence
4417:
4416:
4339:Russian oligarchs
4264:Aircraft industry
4241:
4240:
4218:Mass surveillance
4208:Search and rescue
4173:Political parties
4053:Foreign relations
3985:
3984:
3784:
3783:
3776:Historical cities
3635:Tsardom of Russia
2553:Оргьен Самье Линг
1593:978-5-98051-087-9
1327:Kharbinsky Khurul
1254:Tselinny District
1168:Galsan Khurul in
1148:Lagansky District
1136:Godzhursky Khurul
900:
899:
882:
861:
840:
786:
614:Ivolginsky Datsan
534:Ivolginsky Datsan
491:
301:
252:
160:derives from the
64:
44:
4983:
4971:Tibetan Buddhism
4918:
4865:Russian language
4808:National symbols
4428:
4347:
4304:Fishing industry
4294:Economic regions
4289:Defence industry
4252:
3996:
3950:Russian Far East
3849:Northwest Russia
3807:Cities and towns
3795:
3657:Russian Republic
3563:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3519:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3360:Яшкульский хурул
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3255:Адыковский хурул
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3018:Знать свои корни
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2527:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2266:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1922:
1909:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1854:. Archived from
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1790:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1759:Ритуалы и обряды
1754:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1721:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1572:Плужников, В. И.
1568:
1547:Buddhism in Tuva
1495:Choijin Lama Sum
1458:Kerede khurl in
1453:Astrakhan Oblast
1442:
1423:Astrakhan Oblast
1400:
1388:
1312:Adykovsky Khurul
1288:
1273:
1236:
1204:
1097:
1001:
1000:
995:
976:
960:
929:
877:
856:
855:
837:
791:
785:romanized:
784:
782:
758:
750:
696:
638:Zabaykalsky Krai
630:Saint-Petersburg
516:
496:
490:romanized:
489:
487:
482:Standard Tibetan
477:
468:
432:
427:Standard Tibetan
422:
414:
348:
336:
324:
306:
296:
294:
273:
257:
251:romanized:
250:
248:
175:
116:Astrakhan Oblast
69:
59:
57:
49:
43:romanized:
42:
40:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4921:
4914:
4901:
4860:Public holidays
4855:Political jokes
4840:Personification
4793:Names of Russia
4662:
4581:Life expectancy
4413:
4345:
4237:
4088:Law enforcement
3981:
3967:Protected areas
3864:Smolensk Upland
3859:Oka–Don Lowland
3839:European Russia
3780:
3719:
3605:Mongol invasion
3552:
3546:
3516:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3464:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3370:
3368:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3320:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3292:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3263:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3238:
3236:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3182:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3155:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3090:
3088:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3055:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3028:
3026:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2978:
2976:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2951:
2949:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2828:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2782:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2755:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2521:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2206:10.2307/3000744
2191:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:. p. 158.
1969:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1707:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1634:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1528:
1491:
1481:
1468:
1436:
1434:Limansky Khurul
1425:
1407:
1394:
1378:
1361:
1282:
1280:Choyorya-Khurul
1267:
1230:
1198:
1142:Shin Mer Khurul
1091:
1048:
1043:
1027:
1015:Medicine Buddha
975:сэржэм / сержем
946:
901:
896:
893:
891:
889:
885:
879:
874:
872:
870:
864:
858:
853:
851:
849:
843:
757:эргех / эргэцэх
690:
676:
651:
646:
528:
519:Medicine Buddha
462:
353:. For example,
200:. In her study
124:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4989:
4987:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4943:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4920:
4919:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4374:Space industry
4371:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4349:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4213:Urban planning
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4065:
4060:
4050:
4048:Federal budget
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3957:North Caucasus
3954:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3898:
3893:
3891:Highest points
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3836:
3834:Extreme points
3831:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3647:Russian Empire
3644:
3643:
3642:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551: articles
3547:
3545:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3513:
3492:
3471:
3450:
3427:
3403:
3377:
3350:
3327:
3299:
3272:
3245:
3218:
3191:
3164:
3137:
3134:on 2012-05-17.
3117:
3114:on 2012-05-17.
3097:
3064:
3035:
3008:
2985:
2958:
2931:
2908:
2881:
2858:
2835:
2814:
2791:
2762:
2749:(in Russian).
2731:
2708:
2681:
2658:
2635:
2612:
2589:
2566:
2543:
2503:
2480:
2456:
2432:
2409:
2386:
2363:
2336:
2313:
2286:
2236:
2227:
2200:(2): 224–238.
2184:
2151:
2129:
2103:
2080:
2054:
2033:
2030:on 2012-05-17.
2011:
1996:
1989:
1954:
1933:
1930:on 2009-02-27.
1893:
1868:
1843:
1817:
1772:
1744:
1705:
1679:
1676:. p. 262.
1653:
1632:
1605:
1592:
1582:(in Russian).
1574:, ed. (2011).
1562:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1466:Altai Republic
1464:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1389:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1341:
1340:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1277:
1274:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1238:
1237:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1185:
1184:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1099:
1098:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:insence sticks
1026:
1023:
945:
939:
912:
911:
906:
905:
898:
897:
886:
880:
871:Burkhnd Mürgmü
865:
859:
844:
835:
834:
833:
832:. For example:
675:
669:
650:
647:
645:
642:
634:Altai Republic
548:Kalmyk writing
527:
524:
523:
522:
456:
375:
374:
355:Manjusri Khiid
312:
236:
123:
120:
67:khure / khüree
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4988:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:Seven Wonders
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4845:Playing cards
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4540:Mental health
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:Ethnic groups
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:Civil defense
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4148:Media freedom
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:Criminal code
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4013:Civil Service
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3674:Russian state
3672:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3531:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3439:
3431:
3428:
3416:
3407:
3404:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3378:
3367:on 2012-05-16
3366:
3362:
3354:
3351:
3339:
3331:
3328:
3316:
3312:
3303:
3300:
3289:on 2012-05-17
3288:
3284:
3276:
3273:
3262:on 2012-05-17
3261:
3257:
3249:
3246:
3235:on 2012-05-17
3234:
3230:
3222:
3219:
3208:on 2012-05-17
3207:
3203:
3195:
3192:
3181:on 2012-05-17
3180:
3176:
3168:
3165:
3154:on 2012-05-17
3153:
3149:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3098:
3087:on 2021-06-24
3086:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3068:
3065:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3036:
3025:on 2013-11-29
3024:
3020:
3012:
3009:
2997:
2989:
2986:
2975:on 2012-05-17
2974:
2970:
2962:
2959:
2948:on 2012-05-17
2947:
2943:
2935:
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2898:on 2012-05-17
2897:
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2868:Малые Дербеты
2862:
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2698:on 2012-05-17
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2351:Kalmykia News
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2303:on 2020-02-04
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2015:
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1986:
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1858:on 2008-02-18
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1633:9789639241688
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1614:Polian, Pavel
1609:
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1074:Gorodovikovsk
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850:Бурхнд Мүргмү
839:
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363:Tövkhön Khiid
360:
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32:
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4818:Coat of arms
4778:Martial arts
4686:Army culture
4676:Architecture
4646:Witch trials
4601:Prostitution
4547:Human rights
4480:Demographics
4394:Trade unions
4364:Shipbuilding
4324:Homelessness
4284:Central Bank
4279:Car industry
4118:Conservatism
4028:Constitution
4023:Conscription
3696:Eastern Bloc
3686:Soviet Union
3679:Russian SFSR
3609:Feudal Rus'
3505:. Retrieved
3503:. 2008-07-17
3495:
3484:. Retrieved
3474:
3463:. Retrieved
3461:. 2018-04-08
3453:
3442:. Retrieved
3430:
3419:. Retrieved
3406:
3395:. Retrieved
3391:
3380:
3369:. Retrieved
3365:the original
3353:
3342:. Retrieved
3330:
3319:. Retrieved
3317:(in Russian)
3314:
3302:
3291:. Retrieved
3287:the original
3275:
3264:. Retrieved
3260:the original
3248:
3237:. Retrieved
3233:the original
3221:
3210:. Retrieved
3206:the original
3194:
3183:. Retrieved
3179:the original
3167:
3156:. Retrieved
3152:the original
3140:
3132:the original
3120:
3112:the original
3100:
3089:. Retrieved
3085:the original
3080:RIA Kalmykia
3078:
3067:
3056:. Retrieved
3051:RIA Kalmykia
3049:
3038:
3027:. Retrieved
3023:the original
3011:
3000:. Retrieved
2988:
2977:. Retrieved
2973:the original
2961:
2950:. Retrieved
2946:the original
2934:
2923:. Retrieved
2911:
2900:. Retrieved
2896:the original
2884:
2873:. Retrieved
2861:
2850:. Retrieved
2838:
2827:. Retrieved
2817:
2806:. Retrieved
2794:
2783:. Retrieved
2778:RIA Kalmykia
2776:
2765:
2754:. Retrieved
2746:
2734:
2723:. Retrieved
2711:
2700:. Retrieved
2696:the original
2684:
2673:. Retrieved
2661:
2650:. Retrieved
2638:
2627:. Retrieved
2615:
2604:. Retrieved
2592:
2581:. Retrieved
2569:
2558:. Retrieved
2546:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:the original
2517:
2506:
2495:. Retrieved
2483:
2472:. Retrieved
2459:
2448:. Retrieved
2435:
2424:. Retrieved
2412:
2401:. Retrieved
2389:
2378:. Retrieved
2366:
2355:. Retrieved
2350:
2339:
2328:. Retrieved
2316:
2305:. Retrieved
2301:the original
2289:
2280:
2230:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2176:. Retrieved
2164:
2154:
2143:. Retrieved
2132:
2121:. Retrieved
2119:(in Russian)
2116:
2106:
2095:. Retrieved
2072:. Retrieved
2070:(in Russian)
2067:
2057:
2046:. Retrieved
2036:
2028:the original
2023:
2014:
2005:
1999:
1972:
1957:
1945:
1936:
1925:the original
1913:according to
1912:
1885:. Retrieved
1881:the original
1871:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:the original
1846:
1835:. Retrieved
1830:
1820:
1809:. Retrieved
1804:
1800:
1764:. Retrieved
1736:. Retrieved
1731:
1688:
1682:
1662:
1656:
1645:. Retrieved
1618:
1608:
1597:. Retrieved
1579:
1566:
1515:Ongiin Khiid
1510:Khamar Khiid
1376:Ustuu-Khuree
1343:
1342:
1331:
1330:
1316:
1315:
1295:
1294:
1252:
1251:
1240:
1239:
1211:
1210:
1207:Tashi Gomang
1187:
1186:
1175:
1174:
1146:
1145:
1125:
1124:
1110:Iki-Burulsky
1101:
1100:
1072:
1071:
1050:
1049:
1028:
1019:
1008:
1003:
985:
983:
966:
962:
950:
947:
942:
936:
932:
928:хадак / хадг
913:
887:
866:
845:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
764:
760:
740:
730:
699:
672:
652:
583:
563:
554:
552:
544:Zaya Pandita
537:
506:
478:
458:
452:
448:
442:
423:
402:
395:
387:
379:
376:
370:
338:
326:
314:
311:as "temple".
308:
283:and contain
263:
259:
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232:
212:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
187:
177:
165:
157:
151:
131:
125:
84:Mongol-Oirat
75:
71:
56:хурэ / хүрээ
30:
28:
4870:tea culture
4723:Fairy tales
4586:Open access
4559:Immigration
4520:Gun control
4259:Agriculture
4228:Term limits
4138:Martial law
4133:Nationalism
4128:Irredentism
4123:Imperialism
3906:Caspian Sea
3822:Environment
3817:Earthquakes
3713:Union State
3701:Dissolution
3600:Kievan Rus'
3590:Early Slavs
2522: [
2281:youtube.com
1696: [
1670: [
1460:Vostochnoye
1449:Kalmyk ASSR
1437: [
1395: [
1379: [
1283: [
1268: [
1231: [
1199: [
1092: [
873:Nomd Mürgmü
869:Lamd Mürgmü
852:Номд Мүргмү
848:Ламд Мүргмү
817:prostration
691: [
622:Perestroika
463: [
272:сумэ / сюме
229:Ulaanbaatar
221:Bogd Gegeen
130:, the term
118:, Russia).
112:Kalmyk ASSR
4945:Categories
4875:Television
4850:Philosophy
4783:Mass media
4773:Literature
4768:Inventions
4530:Healthcare
4465:Corruption
4455:Censorship
4346:(currency)
4223:Separatism
4168:Opposition
4153:Neo-Nazism
4143:Monarchism
4113:Liberalism
4108:Propaganda
4068:Government
3935:North Asia
3736:Journalism
3595:East Slavs
3585:Sarmatians
3507:2024-07-14
3486:2024-07-14
3465:2024-07-14
3444:2023-03-27
3421:2023-09-10
3397:2023-09-10
3371:2023-03-20
3344:2023-03-20
3321:2023-04-16
3293:2023-03-20
3266:2023-03-14
3239:2023-03-14
3212:2023-03-14
3185:2023-03-14
3158:2023-03-14
3091:2023-03-14
3058:2023-03-14
3029:2011-12-28
3002:2023-02-12
2979:2011-12-19
2952:2023-02-12
2925:2023-02-12
2902:2023-02-12
2875:2023-03-20
2852:2023-02-12
2829:2024-07-14
2808:2023-02-12
2785:2023-02-12
2756:2023-02-12
2725:2023-02-12
2702:2023-02-12
2675:2023-02-12
2652:2023-02-12
2629:2023-02-12
2606:2023-02-12
2583:2023-02-12
2560:2023-02-12
2537:2023-02-12
2519:Khalmg Unn
2497:2023-09-04
2474:2023-09-04
2450:2023-09-04
2426:2023-04-16
2403:2023-04-16
2380:2023-04-16
2357:2023-04-16
2330:2023-04-10
2307:2023-07-22
2178:2019-11-12
2145:2023-02-13
2123:2023-02-13
2097:2023-02-13
2074:2023-02-13
2048:2023-02-13
2044:. stupa.pl
1887:2016-06-11
1862:2010-05-28
1837:2023-03-11
1811:2023-02-19
1766:2023-04-16
1738:2023-03-11
1647:2023-02-13
1642:2003019544
1599:2023-02-12
1558:References
1352:Yashkulsky
1170:Dzhalykovo
916:Dalai Lama
733:Tsagan Aav
684:Tsagan Aav
526:Background
285:sculptures
4733:Festivals
4626:Sociology
4576:Languages
4495:Education
4399:Transport
4233:Terrorism
4078:Judiciary
4072:Apparatus
4038:Elections
4003:Anarchism
3977:Far North
3928:Volcanoes
3913:Mountains
3790:Geography
3669:Civil war
3580:Scythians
3437:Ак-Бурхан
2214:1049-7544
2173:0882-7729
1981:Искусство
1833:: 509–514
1445:Kalmyk AO
1263:Troitsky
1025:Offerings
1017:, etc.).
862:Romanized
753:Mongolian
737:clockwise
644:Practices
594:Buryatiya
586:communism
499:eukterion
384:monastery
367:hermitage
331:Mongolian
319:Mongolian
298:romanized
217:Ikh-khure
162:Mongolian
108:Kalmyk AO
61:romanized
52:Mongolian
4925:Category
4803:Nobility
4763:Internet
4758:Heraldry
4753:Graffiti
4738:Folklore
4681:Armorial
4611:Religion
4596:Polygamy
4535:HIV/AIDS
4515:Funerals
4505:Feminism
4475:Deafness
4460:Citizens
4450:Cannabis
4435:Abortion
4379:Taxation
4319:Gambling
4309:Forestry
4158:Military
3991:Politics
3972:Wildlife
3918:Caucasus
3881:Glaciers
3761:Military
3746:Internet
3724:By topic
3618:Vladimir
3613:Novgorod
3567:Timeline
1965:(1995).
1942:"Бурхан"
1616:(2004).
1526:See also
1489:Mongolia
1405:Buryatia
1370:in Kyzyl
1046:Kalmykia
1031:lampadas
963:serdzhim
951:serdzhim
943:Serdzhim
769:teachers
714:Ushnisha
606:Kalmykia
579:Mongolia
494:du-khang
281:pantheon
148:Buryatia
144:Mongolia
136:Kalmykia
4916:Outline
4728:Fashion
4718:Fashion
4706:Cuisine
4668:Culture
4656:in army
4641:Wedding
4636:Suicide
4631:Smoking
4616:Slavery
4591:Orphans
4564:Illegal
4440:Alcohol
4423:Society
4389:Tourism
4269:Banking
4247:Economy
4092:Prisons
3940:Siberia
3896:Islands
3876:Geology
3812:Climate
3802:Borders
3766:Outline
3741:Judaism
3731:Economy
3558:History
2277:(video)
2222:3000744
1803:].
1576:"Хурул"
967:serzhem
959:серджим
794:mantras
759:, lit.
598:datsans
596:had 34
486:འདུ་ཁང།
444:tsannid
439:faculty
433:) — in
431:གྲྭ་ཚང།
417:Russian
304:burkhan
300::
289:Russian
268:Russian
225:Khalkha
168:(хурэ,
146:, and
88:Lamaism
63::
4930:Portal
4885:Sports
4813:Anthem
4701:Cinema
4696:Ballet
4606:Racism
4569:Labour
4525:Health
4490:Doping
4344:Ruble
4329:Mining
4299:Energy
3962:Rivers
3871:Fjords
3771:Postal
3623:Moscow
3549:Russia
3392:vk.com
2220:
2212:
2171:
2006:Наука
1987:
1977:Moscow
1951:. СПб.
1640:
1630:
1590:
1584:Москва
1532:Datsan
1354:Khurul
1052:Elista
1013:, the
1004:yoryâl
990:Kalmyk
986:yoryâl
971:Buryat
955:Kalmyk
924:Kalmyk
920:khadak
830:mantra
821:Buddha
789:kyurde
777:Kalmyk
745:Kalmyk
707:karmic
656:shorts
626:Moscow
590:Stalin
577:, and
567:Dharma
559:stupas
555:arshan
542:, and
511:Buryat
503:shrine
501:" or "
472:Buryat
449:datsan
409:Buryat
404:Datsan
396:khurul
392:temple
386:" and
343:Kalmyk
293:бурхан
243:Kalmyk
196:, and
178:khural
170:Kalmyk
158:khurul
153:datsan
132:khurul
128:Tuvans
96:Elista
80:Kalmyk
76:küriye
47:khurul
35:Kalmyk
31:khurul
4835:Opera
4788:Music
4651:Women
4552:LGBTQ
4470:Crime
4404:Waste
3923:Urals
3901:Lakes
2645:Хурул
2526:]
2218:JSTOR
1971:[
1928:(PDF)
1921:(PDF)
1799:[
1730:[
1700:]
1674:]
1441:]
1399:]
1387:]
1287:]
1272:]
1235:]
1203:]
1096:]
994:йорял
979:vodka
810:ergts
806:ergts
802:ergts
798:ergts
781:кюрдэ
765:ergts
741:ergts
710:seals
703:mudra
695:]
673:Ergts
602:lamas
575:China
571:Tibet
476:дуган
467:]
460:Dugan
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