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450:, which had been formed in 1859. The railroad wanted to gain the right-of-way across the Kickapoo Reservation and title to any surplus lands when the reservation was allotted. Pomeroy and Keith both met with and wrote letters to Commissioner Mix urging allotment and by 1862, a treaty was again made with the Kickapoo. June 28, 1862 agreement allowed for Chiefs to receive 320 acres (130 ha), heads of households to receive 160 acres (65 ha), and all other tribe members to get 40 acres (16 ha), with the bulk of the remaining 125,000 acres (510 km) to be sold to the railroad. Those who chose not to accept allotment could continue to hold their lands in common until such time as an arrangement could be made to locate a new reserve in Oklahoma, i.e.
497:. Temperatures topped 100 °F (38 °C) throughout the summer months of the mid-1930s, and in 1936 Kansas experienced the second hottest year on record. The reservation wells dried up, livestock had to be sold or given away as there was no way to hydrate them, gardens, which had been the main food source, withered. Kansas officials refused to provide welfare assistance to Native people, claiming inadequate funds, and federal programs to provide assistance to Indians were consistently delayed or blocked. The Kickapoo Agent George G. Wren reported destitution and near starvation in 1933 and 1934, alleviated only by the tribe's ability to help each other and work projects offered by the Indian Service.
501:
55:
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surveying and allotting the land, 2) 80 acres (32 ha) was allotted to each head of household, and 3) any lands remaining after allotment of the Kansas
Kickapoo be reserved for resettlement of the Mexican Kickapoo. Holding the lands not allotted for the Southern Kickapoo, was not in the interests of the railroad and Badger began pressuring tribal members for allotment. Though they complained, it was a political election, not the tribal issues with their agent, that removed Badger from office and replaced him with his brother-in-law Charles B. Keith in 1861.
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680:, allowed the Kansas Kickapoo to construct homes for seniors and single families; build a gymnasium, day care center, and senior center; and repurchase 2,400 acres (9.7 km) to build a farming and ranching enterprise. They were also able to build a Kickapoo Nation school which serves grades K–12. Most tribal members worked for the tribal enterprises or the local BIA but unemployment remained high and reached a crisis between 1980 and 1982 when it rose to 93%.
83:
461:, Warren William Guthrie, launched a grand jury hearing. The charges were considered serious enough that allotment was suspended and the new Commissioner of Indian Affairs, William P. Dole, appointed in 1863, traveled to Kansas to investigate. In the ensuing hearings, it was alleged that Guthrie's real interest in the matter stemmed from his involvement with rival railroad Hannibal and St. Joseph. Dole returned to
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95:
323:"Kickapoo" comes from their word "Kiwigapawa," which roughly translates into "he moves from here to there." The tribe is part of the central Algonquian group and has close ethnic and linguistic connections with the Sac and Fox. The Kickapoo were first recorded in history in about 1667–70 at the confluence of the
43:
434:
that the
Kickapoo were desirous of having their lands allotted. Considering that the tribe had always held their lands in common, it is unlikely that the tribe truly wanted allotment. However, in light of Badger's persuasion, Mix directed that allotment proceed if 1) the Indians paid for the costs of
469:
on April 4, 1864. Some of the frustrated
Kickapoo decided to leave Kansas, and a group of about 700 headed for Mexico to join kinsmen there in September 1864. In 1865, pressure from Pomeroy finally gained approval to continue with the Kickapoo allotment, although the tribe resisted. By 1869, only 93
696:, although the state legislature opposed the project. Negotiations continued with legislators and in 1995, the Kansas legislature established a State Gaming Agency. In 1996 the legislature adopted the Tribal Gaming Oversight Act, which established a regulatory board, funded by the tribes of Kansas.
537:
Act of 1946, Pub. L. No. 79-726, ch. 959, passed. Its purpose was to settle for all time any outstanding grievances or claims the tribes might have against the U.S. for treaty breaches, unauthorized taking of land, dishonorable or unfair dealings, or inadequate compensation. Claims had to be filed
570:
which transferred all jurisdiction for crimes committed on or against
Indians from federal jurisdiction to the State of Kansas. It did not preclude the federal government from trying native people, but it allowed the state into an area of law in which had historically belonged only to the federal
545:
or other tribes with which they had made joint treaties with the U. S. Government. The two largest awards were for "unconscionable consideration" (the government severely underpaid for ceded lands) from the Treaty of 1854 and the Treaty of 1866. Though the distribution was approved via passage of
423:
proved that the tide of settlers would not be stopped by the few hundred
Kickapoo. At the conclusion of the Texas Revolution, these groups moved south into Mexico. In 1854 the eastern portion of the Kansas lands was ceded to the United States leaving the Kickapoo the western 150,000 acres
424:(610 km). Two provisions of this treaty were to have long-lasting effects on the tribe. The treaty authorized a survey of the Kickapoo lands which could be used as the basis for fee simple allotment and it granted a railroad right-of-way across the reservation.
493:. A false sense of Native American prosperity based on glowing reports and images of fancily costumed Indians, caused many to reject the dire need that developed for aid. In addition to the economic issues, Kansas was in the midst of a severe drought, known as the
477:(February 8, 1887) and its subsequent renewals, another push toward allotting the Kansas Kickapoo began, though the Kickapoo continued to resist. A total of 237 allotments were assigned to the Kickapoo, of which all but 75 were no longer in tribal hands by 1938.
525:, adopting a Constitution and By-Laws, which established procedures for election of the Kickapoo Tribal Council. The Constitution, ratified on January 23, 1937 (by a 70-8 vote), provided for a Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Secretary, Treasurer, and three Councilmen.
227:
The Kansas
Kickapoo Tribe runs and owns 50 plus programs that include: a Boys and Girls Club, Kickapoo Head Start and Early Head Start, Senior Center, IHS Health Center, and the Kickapoo Nation school, which teaches grades from kindergarten through 12th grade.
652:(Indian name: Ke-waht-no-quah Wish-Ken-O) led the effort to stop termination. Tribal members sent petitions of protest to the government and multiple delegations went to testify at congressional meetings in Washington, D.C. Tribal Council members
546:
Public Law 92-467 in 1972, appeals were pending into the late 1970s, as the government was offsetting the amounts awarded to the
Oklahoma and Kansas Kickapoo, by the expenses incurred in capturing and relocating Mexican Kickapoo during the
521:, also known as the Indian Reorganization Act was passed by Congress on June 18, 1934, with the aim of increasing native tribes' self-governance and decreasing federal control over Indian affairs. The tribe created a government under the
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Rivers. Under pressure from the
Menominee, the Kickapoo and their allies moved south and west into southern Michigan, northern Iowa, Ohio and Illinois. A treaty dated June 7, 1803 between the U.S. Government and the
656:, Oliver Kahbeah, and Ralph Simon of the Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas traveled at their own expense to testify as well. The strong opposition from the Potawatomi and Kickapoo tribes helped them, as well as the
550:. The U.S. government had repatriated some of the Mexican Kickapoos to a reservation in Oklahoma and a later group to Kansas in the 1860s and 1870s. The final distribution plan was not approved until 1980.
641:, the government targeted the four tribes in Kansas for immediate termination. In February 1954, joint hearings for the Kansas tribes were held by the House and Senate Subcommittees on Indian Affairs.
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The tribe struggled with high unemployment and social issues from the 1950s through the 1980s, facing economic, medical and educational challenges. Government funding, which became available with the
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On May 18, 1996, the
Kickapoo Tribe opened the Golden Eagle Casino, the first casino in Kansas, on the Kickapoo Reservation. The casino has brought more than 300 jobs to the town of
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627:
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1979:
454:, and any Southern Kickapoo had one year to return to Kansas and take up their allotment, or it would be forfeit. When news of the treaty's approval broke, protest erupted.
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388:. By these treaties and succeeding treaties in 1809, 1815, 1816, 1819, and 1820 the tribe ceded all their lands on the Wabash, White and Vermilion Rivers and moved into
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618:. Termination of a tribe meant the immediate withdrawal of all federal aid, services, and protection, as well as the end of reservations. A memo issued by the
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At least 6 claims were filed by the
Kickapoo Tribe of Kansas with the Claims Commission – some on their own behalf, and some in conjunction with the
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within a five-year period, and most of the 370 complaints that were submitted were filed at the approach of the 5-year deadline in August 1951.
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The Kickapoo indicated that they were unaware that the agreement had been reached and thought that they were still negotiating terms. The
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tribes, including the Kickapoo were targeted for termination. One of the first pieces of legislation enacted during this period was the
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1565:"An Act to provide for the disposition of funds appropriated to pay judgments in favor of the Kickspoo Indians of Kansas and Oklahoma"
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1653:"The Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas v. Southern Plains Regional Director, Bureau of Indian Affairs"
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A mere decade later, in 1832, the tribe ceded their lands in Missouri and were granted a "permanent" home south of the
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Because jurisdiction over criminal matters had already been transferred to the State of Kansas by the passage of the
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Kickapoo had accepted fee simple allotment, the remainder preferring to continue holding their lands in common.
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1524:"USDOJ: Environment and Natural Resources Division : Lead up to the Indian Claims Commission Act of 1946"
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1331:"The Kickapoo Tribe of Kansas, The Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma, et al. vs. The United States of America"
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and generated revenues that have helped support the tribe's initiatives for schools and health care.
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1980:"Kickapoo Nation, Located in One of Kansas' Least Healthy Counties, Takes on Fight Against Diabetes"
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1229:(1. Bison book print., repr. Cleveland, 1919 ed.). Lincoln : Univ. of Nebraska Press. p.
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1494:"Constitution and By-laws of the Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation of Kansas"
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Constitution and By-Laws of the Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas
264:. The tribe is governed by an elected Kickapoo Tribal Council. The current administration is:
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is approximately five by six miles (8.0 by 9.7 km) in size or 19,200 acres (78 km).
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on January 21, 1954 clarified that the reference to "Potawatomi" in the Resolution meant the
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1624:"The Kickapoo Tribe Of Kansas, the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma et al. v. The United States"
1594:"The Kickapoo Tribe Of Kansas, the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma et al. v. The United States"
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Rivers and a subsequent treaty dated August 7, 1803 ceded lands previously granted in the
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The tribe owns and operates the Golden Eagle Casino, buffet, and snack bar, located in
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Termination Revisited: American Indians on the Trail to Self-Determination, 1933-1953
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88:
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Using these two clauses as a basis, the local agent, William Badger, convinced the
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407:. Around the same time as the Kickapoo moved into Kansas, some of them went to
209:
are a distinct subgroup of the Oklahoma Kickapoo and reside on a hacienda near
603:
595:
365:
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152:
1679:"Reassessing Concurrent Tribal–State–Federal Criminal Jurisdiction in Kansas"
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came to a close, the seeming prosperity which had existed, evaporated in the
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361:
2043:
821:
1934:
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A People's History of the Civil War Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom
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216:, Mexico; they also have a small band located in the Mexican states of
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Members of the Kansas Kickapoo speak English; formerly they spoke the
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100:
2444:‡This community also has portions in an adjacent county or counties.
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167:
1818:"1927 CENSUS FOR POTAWATOMI INDIANS OF POTAWATOMI AGENCY, KANSAS"
2192:
2261:
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1543:(2002 ed.). University of Nebraska Press. pp. 21–33.
872:
A Native American "encyclopedia": history, culture, and peoples
183:
Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas
36:
Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas
674:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975
2009:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
1456:
Fearon, Peter (2007). "Kansas History and the New Deal Era".
1181:. Norman OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 119–120.
2260:
2036:
1906:. St. Clair Shores MI: Somerset Publishers. p. 171.
1858:"Tribal History » Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation"
1782:
Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia
558:
During the period from the 1940s – 1960s, in which the
676:, and the final distribution of their claims with the
1340:. Indian Claims Commission. 1967–1968. pp. 10–11
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2315:
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315:. The tribe also runs a successful farm and ranch.
140:
123:
107:
74:
64:
2006:
1436:"The Great Depression Hits Potawatomi Reservation"
1222:
869:
582:which called for the immediate termination of the
1225:The American Indian in the Civil War, 1862 - 1865
260:The Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas is headquartered in
59:Location of Kickapoo Indian Reservation in Kansas
2489:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
688:In 1992, the tribe signed an agreement with the
1458:Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains
1633:. Indian Claims Commission. September 29, 1967
2143:
2064:
1409:Nichols, Roger L.; et al., eds. (1971).
876:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
504:Location of the Kickapoo Reservation and the
27:Federally recognized tribe of Kickapoo people
8:
364:tribes occupying the country drained by the
35:
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1957:"New sign means new commitment in Horton"
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1178:The Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border
602:, as well as all tribes in the states of
2504:Populated places in Brown County, Kansas
1895:
1893:
1891:
1295:. New York: The New Press. p. 404.
1124:Nunley, M. Christopher (June 15, 2010).
1017:"TREATY WITH THE WEA AND KICKAPOO, 1816"
499:
465:, and submitted his report to President
2265:Map of Kansas highlighting Brown County
935:"TREATY WITH THE EEL RIVER, ETC., 1803"
909:"TREATY WITH THE DELAWARES, ETC., 1803"
745:
743:
712:
2499:American Indian reservations in Kansas
1764:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1757:
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761:
438:Keith was a political ally of Senator
2361:Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Kansas
1935:"Kansas State Gaming Agency: History"
1903:Indians of Missouri: past and present
1882:
1413:. New York: Wiley. pp. 252–254.
1411:The American Indian: past and present
1386:"1891 Kansas Kickapoo Allotment Roll"
720:
718:
716:
238:Kickapoo Indian Reservation in Kansas
18:Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Kansas
7:
1434:Mitchell, Gary (February 26, 2010).
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
626:, the Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas, the
75:Regions with significant populations
199:Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas
193:. The other Kickapoo tribes in the
172:Ron McKinney (Kickapoo-Potawatomi),
2158:Municipalities and communities of
1978:Jessepe, Lorraine (May 23, 2012).
1136:Texas State Historical Association
25:
1955:Carter, Tyler (August 20, 2014).
1075:. August 30, 1819. Archived from
646:Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation
444:Atchison and Pike's Peak Railroad
2494:Native American tribes in Kansas
2080:
1832:"Potawatomi Historical Timeline"
1255:"TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1862"
1099:"TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1820"
1069:"TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1819"
1043:"TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1819"
991:"TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1815"
965:"TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1809"
941:. August 7, 1803. Archived from
415:and American expansionists. The
93:
81:
1788:. Routledge. pp. 286–287.
580:House Concurrent Resolution 108
271:Vice-Chairman: Priscilla Wakole
1900:Ricky, Donald B., ed. (1999).
1677:Francis, John J.; et al.
429:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
1:
1816:C. M. BLAIR (June 30, 1927).
725:"Kickapoo Tribal Government."
506:Sac and Fox Nation Trust Land
446:, the central section of the
129:traditional tribal religion,
1221:Abel, Annie Heloise (1993).
755:Retrieved September 15, 2013
737:Retrieved September 15, 2013
2013:. Oxford University Press.
1537:Philip, Kenneth R. (1999).
1472:"Indian Reorganization Act"
1360:"Executive Order: Kickapoo"
868:Pritzker, Barry M. (2000).
417:Mexican War of Independence
187:Federally recognized tribes
2520:
1279:Gibson (2006), pp. 129-135
1211:Gibson (2006), pp. 125-127
1175:Gibson, Arrell M. (2006).
620:Department of the Interior
543:Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma
473:With the enactment of the
203:Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma
2449:
2258:
2172:
2097:
1631:Oklahoma State University
1474:. Encyclopædia Britannica
1364:Oklahoma State University
1338:Oklahoma State University
1259:Oklahoma State University
1103:Oklahoma State University
1073:Oklahoma State University
1047:Oklahoma State University
1021:Oklahoma State University
995:Oklahoma State University
969:Oklahoma State University
939:Oklahoma State University
913:Oklahoma State University
828:Retrieved 22 January 2024
735:Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas.
730:December 6, 2013, at the
560:Indian termination policy
523:Indian Reorganization Act
513:Indian Reorganization Act
448:Transcontinental railroad
401:Delaware Nation in Kansas
145:
128:
112:
79:
69:
52:
40:
2484:Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas
2005:Pritzker, Barry (2000).
1289:Williams, David (2012).
678:Indian Claims Commission
600:Turtle Mountain Chippewa
535:Indian Claims Commission
508:joint-use area in Kansas
2367:Sac and Fox Reservation
2112:Prairie Band Potawatomi
1779:Davis, Mary B. (1996).
574:On August 1, 1953, the
533:On August 13, 1946 the
459:Kansas Attorney General
442:, the president of the
283:Member: Precilla Wakole
280:Member: Sharon Doxtator
277:Secretary: Howard Allen
175:Doniphan County, Kansas
2282:Kickapoo Tribal Center
2266:
1718:U.S. Statutes at Large
848:"The Kickapoo Indians"
554:Threats of termination
509:
268:Chairman: Gail Chatham
178:
131:Native American Church
2264:
1692:: 967. Archived from
1315:Gibson (2006), p. 135
824:"Golden Eagle Casino"
802:Kansas Kickapoo Tribe
692:to build a casino in
664:, avoid termination.
503:
384:, and Fort Wayne and
274:Treasurer: Grace Ross
171:
141:Related ethnic groups
2462:United States portal
2161:Brown County, Kansas
1838:on December 19, 2014
1156:on December 30, 2014
1079:on February 13, 2015
945:on February 19, 2015
378:Treaty of Greenville
307:Economic development
2347:Indian reservations
2087:Indian reservations
1959:. Kansas First News
1864:on November 4, 2015
1502:Library of Congress
1134:(online ed.).
997:. September 2, 1815
562:was enforced, four
485:As the years after
380:in 1795 by General
301:Algonquian language
286:Member: Sunny Boado
37:
2267:
1885:, pp. 286–287
1460:(Autumn): 207–208.
1126:"Kickapoo Indians"
971:. December 9, 1809
690:Governor of Kansas
639:Kansas Act of 1940
634:tribes in Kansas.
568:Kansas Act of 1940
519:Wheeler-Howard Act
510:
386:Vincennes, Indiana
179:
2471:
2470:
2355:Ioway Reservation
2125:
2124:
2020:978-0-19-513877-1
1686:Kansas Law Review
1571:. October 6, 1972
1526:. April 13, 2015.
1302:978-1-59558-747-3
1131:Handbook of Texas
887:978-0-19-513897-9
529:Claims Commission
481:Twentieth century
440:Samuel C. Pomeroy
297:Kickapoo language
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2037:Official website
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2008:
1984:. Retrieved
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
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1929:
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1902:
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1862:the original
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1836:the original
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1811:
1801:December 18,
1799:. Retrieved
1781:
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1750:December 28,
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1741:the original
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1701:. Retrieved
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1077:the original
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943:the original
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912:
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891:. Retrieved
871:
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851:. Retrieved
825:
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805:. Retrieved
801:
798:"Government"
792:
787:Pritzker 421
783:
778:Priztker 420
774:
769:Pritzker 422
752:
734:
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687:
671:
650:Minnie Evans
643:
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571:government.
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356:, Kickapoo,
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242:Brown County
237:
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207:Tribu Kikapú
182:
180:
70:1,653 (2006)
32:Ethnic group
29:
2319:communities
2176:County seat
2117:Sac and Fox
1986:January 19,
1963:January 19,
1940:January 19,
1919:January 19,
1868:November 4,
1662:January 19,
1637:January 19,
1608:January 18,
1598:Open Jurist
1575:January 19,
1569:govtrack.us
1508:January 18,
1478:January 18,
1391:January 18,
1370:January 18,
1344:January 18,
1265:January 18,
1194:January 18,
1160:January 20,
1109:January 18,
1083:January 18,
1053:January 18,
1027:January 18,
1001:January 18,
975:January 18,
949:January 18,
919:January 18,
893:January 18,
853:January 18,
807:January 22,
753:Ethnologue.
750:"Kickapoo."
628:Sac and Fox
487:World War I
394:Osage River
250:reservation
232:Reservation
116:, formerly
47:Tribal Flag
2478:Categories
2431:Washington
1883:Davis 1996
1441:January 4,
1150:"Kickapoo"
707:References
662:Iowa Tribe
624:Potawatomi
604:California
596:Potawatomi
358:Piankeshaw
342:Potawatomi
256:Government
2440:Footnotes
2416:Powhattan
2378:Townships
2231:Powhattan
592:Menominee
495:Dust Bowl
475:Dawes Act
362:Kaskaskia
350:Eel River
329:Wisconsin
108:Languages
2421:Robinson
2391:Hiawatha
2241:Robinson
2216:Hiawatha
2206:Fairview
2183:Hiawatha
2107:Kickapoo
1842:June 21,
1760:cite web
822:Location
728:Archived
660:and the
630:and the
608:New York
584:Flathead
419:and the
390:Missouri
334:Delaware
303:family.
291:Language
214:Coahuila
201:and the
197:are the
124:Religion
118:Kickapoo
2411:Padonia
2406:Morrill
2401:Mission
2337:Padonia
2332:Mercier
2246:Sabetha
2236:Reserve
2226:Morrill
2201:Everest
1720:67:B132
612:Florida
588:Klamath
578:passed
392:on the
338:Shawnee
319:History
222:Durango
211:Múzquiz
114:English
2426:Walnut
2396:Irving
2386:Hamlin
2252:Willis
2221:Horton
2211:Hamlin
2193:Cities
2091:Kansas
2017:
1910:
1792:
1786:(book)
1547:
1417:
1299:
1237:
1185:
884:
684:Gaming
614:, and
598:, and
564:Kansas
413:Mexico
370:Wabash
360:, and
248:. The
246:Kansas
218:Sonora
205:. The
177:(1974)
159:, and
146:other
101:Kansas
98:
86:
2327:Baker
2102:Ioway
1744:(PDF)
1737:(PDF)
1697:(PDF)
1682:(PDF)
1656:(PDF)
1627:(PDF)
1497:(PDF)
1334:(PDF)
616:Texas
409:Texas
403:near
374:Miami
346:Miami
2274:CDPs
2015:ISBN
1988:2015
1965:2015
1942:2015
1921:2015
1908:ISBN
1870:2015
1844:2015
1803:2014
1790:ISBN
1766:link
1752:2014
1705:2014
1664:2015
1639:2015
1610:2015
1577:2015
1545:ISBN
1510:2015
1480:2015
1443:2015
1415:ISBN
1393:2015
1372:2015
1346:2015
1297:ISBN
1267:2015
1235:ISBN
1196:2015
1183:ISBN
1162:2015
1111:2015
1085:2015
1055:2015
1029:2015
1003:2015
977:2015
951:2015
921:2015
895:2015
882:ISBN
855:2015
809:2024
644:The
632:Iowa
517:The
372:and
366:Ohio
327:and
236:The
220:and
181:The
157:Sauk
2089:in
1602:F2d
1231:230
878:463
354:Wea
325:Fox
189:of
153:Fox
150:and
2480::
2179::
2164:,
1890:^
1762:}}
1758:{{
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