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political elites that became known either officially or informally as Tutsi. Previously, they had mostly been local chieftains who were now finding themselves as part of a complex network that allowed the Mwami to build national cohesion in newly acquired regions. The appointed chieftains were occasionally met with local resistance. For example, in the
Northwest region the Balera group challenged the power of the Nduga who had been appointed to the region by the royal court. The contestation was along clan, rather than ethnic, lines, as both groups were considered Tutsi under the then ethnic understanding. During this period, there was an increase in the long-standing traditions of
273:, a practice of vassalage under which labor and resources are exchanged for political favor. Many of the lands that Rwabugiri had annexed, such as Bugoyi, Bwishaza and Kingogo in the east had no previous contact with Tutsi pastoralists and had been entirely inhabited by Hutu. The period following annexation saw a heavy influx of Tutsi into these areas. At first, the relationship between Tutsi and Hutu in these areas were mostly peaceful and commercial. After Rwabugiri instated a stronger administrative machinery, however, he used force to pacify resistance which led to a series of brutal encounters between Hutu and Rwabugiri's forces.
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old and new mwami belonged, was also weak at this particular time because Kigeli IV had killed chiefs from this lineage of clans who had showed too much independence. As such, the Bega clan was in a unique position after the death of Kigeli IV to change the status quo and assume power. Together with her brother Kabare, chief of the Bega clan, Kanjogera carried out a coup d'Ă©tat at
Rucunshu where Rutalindwa was killed and Kanjogera's own son, Musinga, was named king under the name
868:
29:
314:. Kanjogera and her brother were effectively in charge at his point, as Musinga was still too young to rule. The two continued to purge the Nyinga who had survived Kigeli IV's purge, as to avoid the possibility that they would return to power. It was under this conflict that German colonialists began to exercise control over the Mwami by supporting their royal forces.
301:. Germany had made little effort to establish a colonial administration at the time, as they had limited forces in East Africa, and Rwanda was a densely populated territory with an existing strict administrative network. The death of Kigeli IV, however, and the subsequent coup weakened the state and opened a window for German direct colonization in 1897.
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chieftainships which were conglomerated during the 10th century by Tutsi pastoralists from the North who brought ideas of caste systems and a political society. By the 19th century, the state had become much more centralized. Rwabugiri established a royal court that collected labor dues and claimed
309:
After Kigeli IV died, his son
Rutalindwa was declared king. The new monarch's queen mother, however, was not his biological mother but was another wife of Kigeli IV; Kanjogera of the Bega clan. Rutalindwa's birth mother was from a politically weak clan, the Abakono. The Nyiginya Clan, to which the
255:
around 1870. This served the purpose of channeling food across the country and becoming a center of commerce. During periods of food shortages, most of the country would suffer while the very rich Tutsi who resided in
Rubengera would be able to find food and livestock. The royal court was prepared
264:
Ethnicity became an important factor during the period of state expansion that began in the late 19th century. Rwabugiri gained increasing control over land, cattle, and people in
Central Africa. Rwabugiri not only saw a personal increase in power over the land, but also consolidated power among
218:
He defended the borders of the
Rwandan kingdom against invading neighboring kingdoms, slave traders, and Europeans. Rwabugiri was a warrior king and is regarded as one of Rwanda's most powerful kings. Some Rwandans see him as the last true King of Rwanda due to the tragic assassination of his
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for this situation usually, however, and controlled the production of produce as to always create a surplus. This was meant to serve as a famine strategy. This surplus would then be distributed by the king's order to the poorest citizens in exchange for their labor
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was divided into a standardized structure of provinces, districts, hills, and neighborhoods, administered by a hierarchy of chiefs. The chiefs were predominantly Tutsi at the higher levels and with a greater degree of mutual participation by
341:
Généalogies de la noblesse (les
Batutsi) du Ruanda : dans l'Afrique centrale, région du Lac Kivu, une des sources du Congo and du fleuve Kagera, la source du Nil
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Vansina, Jan. 2004. Antecedents to Modern Rwanda : The
Nyiginya Kingdom. Africa and the Diaspora. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
522:
Pottier, Johan P. (April 1986). "The
Politics of Famine Prevention: Ecology, Regional Production and Food Complementarity in Western Rwanda".
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180:. He was the first king in Rwanda's history to come into contact with Europeans. He established an army equipped with guns he obtained from
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Rwanda was unlike other
African states as it was initially not divided among the colonial powers during the
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Rwabugiri held authority from 1867 to 1895. He died in September 1895, during an expedition in modern-day
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Lemarchand, René (April 1998). "Genocide in the Great Lakes: Which Genocide? Whose Genocide?".
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We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda
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Courts in Conflict: Interpreting the Layers of Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda Front Cover
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The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience
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293:. Still, there were no expeditions made until 1894, when the German explorer, Count
591:
Lemarchand, René (1966). "Power and Stratification in Rwanda: A Reconsideration".
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successor Rutarindwa and coup by his stepmother Kanjogera who installed her son
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Annalen - Koninklijke Museum voor Midden-Afrika, Tervuren, België. Reeks in-80
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kings in a ruling dynasty that had traced its lineage back four centuries to
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Cambridge University Press (1946). "Abstracts of Some Recent Papers".
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Rwabugiri is sometimes attributed for the tactics used by the
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in the mid-nineteenth century. He was among the last
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429:. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. pp.
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285:in 1884. Instead, Rwanda was assigned to the
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184:and prohibited most foreigners, especially
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154:(1840? - September 1895) was the king (
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246:was originally occupied by a number of
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242:Tradition has it that the kingdom of
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665:Généalogie de la Noblesse du Ruanda.
536:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097775
946:Mibamwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura
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981:Mibambwe III Mutabazi II Sentabyo
891:Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi
234:to retain unity among Rwandans .
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391:"RwandaNet - Documents histoire"
289:in the later 1890 conference in
206:By the end of Rwabugiri's rule,
203:, was proclaimed the next king.
1084:19th-century monarchs in Africa
629:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda
406:International African Institute
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626:Twagilimana, Aimable (2007).
197:Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen
188:, from entering his kingdom.
147:Diadem of Kigeli IV Rwabugiri
932:Mutara I Nsoro III Semugeshi
680:, see Historical Perspective
593:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
423:Gourevitch, Philip (1999).
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277:German Colonial influence
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455:"UF Digital Collections"
412:: 126 – via JSTOR.
137:Nyirakigeri Murorunkwere
557:Palmer, Nicola (2015).
297:led an expedition into
295:Gustav Adolf von Götzen
1009:Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa
939:Kigeli II Nyamuheshera
780:Kanyarwanda I Gahima I
712:Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa
489:African Studies Review
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68:Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa
605:10.3406/cea.1966.3083
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49:1867 - September 1895
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1023:Mutara III Rudahigwa
974:Kigeli III Ndabarasa
905:Ndahiro II Cyamatare
898:Yuhi wa II Gahima II
176:with the birth name
1002:Kigeli IV Rwabugiri
967:Cyilima II Rujugira
305:Last True Rwabugiri
238:Pre-colonial Rwanda
199:. His adopted son,
152:Kigeli IV Rwabugiri
22:Kigeli IV Rwabugiri
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230:during the
119:Abanyiginya
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1040:Pretenders
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318:References
375:ignored (
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271:ubureetwa
260:Expansion
253:Rubengera
160:) of the
64:Successor
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645:28 April
576:28 April
299:Tanzania
291:Brussels
166:Nyiginya
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248:Bantu
213:Hutus
193:Congo
186:Arabs
174:Tutsi
157:mwami
103:Issue
46:Reign
647:2019
634:ISBN
578:2019
565:ISBN
435:ISBN
377:help
269:and
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