50:
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460:(SPD). The following day, the new government offered the Allies the truce on which Ludendorff had insisted, and, on the fifth, the German public was informed of the dismal situation that its military was facing. Even up to that late point, government propaganda and the press had led the people to believe that the war would still be won. The shock of the impending defeat caused a "paralytic bitterness and deep resignation" that eased the way for those who wanted an immediate ceasefire.
475:
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Filmförderung
Hamburg Schleswig-Holstein. The film highlights in detail the events in November 1918 in Kiel and presents them in a larger historical frame. The authors employ historical film and photo material, footage from original locations, interviews from the 1970s and 1980s with contemporary witnesses (among them Lothar Popp, one of the leaders of the uprising) and explanations by the historian, peace researcher and Noske biographer Prof.
838:
725:
169:
157:
122:
739:, the governor of the naval station, initially asked for outside troops to help suppress the uprising but revoked his request when his staff claimed the situation was under control. Souchon had been sent to Kiel only a few days earlier, on 30 October 1918, and therefore had to rely heavily on his staff. On 4 November, however, the request was renewed, and six infantry companies were brought to Kiel.
643:
708:(peace and bread) was raised, showing that the sailors and workers demanded not only the release of the imprisoned seamen but also the end of the war and the improvement of food provisions. The protestors cheered Artelt's call to free the prisoners, and they set off in the direction of the military prison.
711:
A Lieutenant Steinhäuser, commanding the troops who had orders to stop the demonstrators, ordered his patrol to fire warning shots and then to shoot directly into the crowd. Seven men were killed and 29 seriously wounded. Some demonstrators also opened fire. Steinhäuser was shot and beaten with rifle
856:
from the USPD ensured that the initially spontaneously formed, unstructured soldiers' councils had a solid base through elections in all units and through the establishment of the
Supreme Soldiers' Council, of which he was the elected chairman. During the following weeks Noske was able to reduce the
548:
When we think of the end of the war in 1918, we have to imagine admirals who had hoped throughout the war to be able to fight a major naval battle, perhaps even to defeat the
British. The naval leadership was basically itself mutinous; it was an admirals' rebellion, because contrary to the orders of
869:
noted: "... the Kiel signal ... did not point in the direction of a council state according to the
Bolshevist example. Instead it stood ... for the demand for the fastest possible ending of the war. Secondly it pointed – starting with the 'Kiel 14 points' – ... in the direction of a liberal, social
833:
Dirk Dähnhardt, in his 1978 doctoral thesis, came to the conclusion that "the 14 Points of Kiel were ... mainly an attack on the military system; political objectives were lacking." Dähnhardt attributes this to the heterogeneous composition of the bodies and to the intention to first of all issue a
384:
did not want to risk losing additional ships that it would be unable to replace. The fleet had consequently lain for the most part idly at anchor since the battle. Many officers transferred to submarines and light vessels, which still had a role to play in the fighting. They were generally replaced
746:
Soldiers and workers brought public and military institutions in Keil under their control. When, against
Souchon's promise, additional troops came to put down the rebellion, they were intercepted by the mutineers and either sent back or joined the sailors and workers. By the evening of 4 November,
679:
The sailors and stokers sought to prevent the fleet from setting sail again and to gain the release of their comrades. Some 250 met on the evening of 1 November in the Union House at Kiel. The delegations they sent to their officers requesting the mutineers' release were rebuffed. With the sailors
629:
After a brief standoff during which the ships that had mutinied and those that had not stood with their cannons pointed at each other, the mutineers yielded. The naval command nevertheless had to drop its plans to attack the
British fleet, since they felt that the crews' loyalty could no longer be
884:
Detachments of revolutionary sailors moved out from Kiel to all major German cities beginning on 4 November. They encountered almost no resistance in their takeover of civil and military power; only in LĂĽbeck and
Hanover did two local commanders attempt to maintain military discipline by force of
742:
On the morning of 4 November, groups of mutineers marched through central Kiel accompanied by striking workers. They were joined in the afternoon by sailors from the barracks north of the city. After the soldiers sent in to reinforce the local troops sided with the demonstrators, Admiral
Souchon
567:: "We are seized with horror and shame at the thought that the fleet could be consigned to internal ruin without having come to blows." Levetzow replied: "As long as we are still able to fight, we will never, ever agree to a peace treaty that is based on the degradation or atrophy of our fleet."
408:
after a free watch and a movie showing were cancelled. Eleven were arrested and imprisoned. The next day, almost the entire crew of 600 men walked off in support of their comrades. Two of the ringleaders were later executed and others sentenced to prison. During the remaining months of the war,
596:
off
Wilhelmshaven refused to put their lives at risk for a "death voyage" that they saw as militarily pointless. During the night of 30 to 31 October 1918, sailors on board a number of ships from the Third Navy Squadron declined to weigh anchor. Incidents of insubordination occurred aboard the
1055:
Documentary film "In Kiel ist
Revolution!" 53 minutes, 2018 (German version as DVD, English version as high definition mp4 format). By Kay Gerdes and Klaus Kuhl, published by the Gesellschaft fĂĽr Kieler Stadtgeschichte e.V. as "Historische Filmdokumente Nr. 9". Sponsored by City of Kiel and
783:, who had been sent by the government in Berlin to negotiate an end to the uprising. At the meeting, the soldiers presented the Kiel 'Fourteen Points', which were promulgated as orders of the soldiers' council that were to be binding for every military person:
521:, the Chief of the German Admiralty Staff, the government made the concession on 20 October, and the submarines at sea were recalled on 21 October. The following day, Scheer, on his own authority and without the knowledge of the new German government, ordered
702:, both members of the USPD, the sailors called for a large meeting the following day at the same place. The call was heeded by several thousand people on the afternoon of 3 November, with workers' representatives also present. The slogan
857:
influence of the councils, but he could not prevent the sailors from spreading the revolution across Germany. On the morning of 5 November, the red flag of the revolution was hoisted on the ships of the Imperial Navy in Kiel's harbor.
441:'s demand that the imperial government be democratized. His aim was to protect the reputation of the Imperial Army by placing the responsibility for the capitulation and its consequences at the feet of the democratic parties and the
529:, to prepare to attack the British with the main battle fleet, reinforced by the newly available submarines. Hipper's order was promulgated on 24 October, and Scheer approved it on 27 October. The fleet then began to concentrate at
394:, a system of shop stewards began to be established as early as March. During the following months, a number of sailors expressed dissatisfaction with their poor rations and treatment to representatives of the anti-war
235:
860:
During the ensuing events, councils all over Germany oriented themselves on Kiel's 14 points. Dähnhardt saw the political shortsightedness as a major reason for the dissolution of soldiers' councils after six months.
823:
Officers who declare themselves in agreement with the measures of the newly established soldiers' council are welcomed in our midst. All the others must quit their duty without entitlement to provision.
743:
freed the imprisoned sailors and asked the insurgents to send a delegation to discuss the situation. On the same day, Karl Artelt organized the first soldiers' council, and soon many more were set up.
904:
and those who wanted Germany to become a parliamentary republic began to engage in bloody street battles. The latter group had the support of what remained of the German Army and of the paramilitary
885:
arms. On 6 November, Wilhelmshaven was in the hands of a workers' and soldiers' council; by 7 November all the larger coastal cities plus Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart and Munich were as well. King
852:, since as a Social Democrat he was seen to be on their side. He was elected chairman of the council and reinstated peace and order in Kiel. Some days later he took over the governor's post, while
680:
looking for closer ties to the socialist labor unions, the police closed the Union House, leading to an even larger open-air meeting of sailors and workers on 2 November at a large drill ground.
1981:
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344:
228:
1816:
Kuhl, Klaus (2020). "Matrosenaufstand 1918, Räte und die Politik Gustav Noskes" [Sailors' Uprising 1918, Councils and the Policies of Gustav Noske]. In Heidenreich, Frank (ed.).
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of Bavaria was overthrown on the same day, making him the first German federal prince to fall. The revolution reached Berlin on 9 November, and on the same day the abdication of Emperor
343:
that the Admiralty had ordered without the knowledge or approval of the German government. The mutineers, who saw the planned battle as a futile "death voyage", took over Kiel with
221:
866:
1264:
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by young officers who did not know how to handle the more experienced crews. The discipline and spirit of those who remained with the battleships consequently suffered.
395:
1845:
Wette, Wolfram (2006). "Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918" [The November Revolution – Kiel 1918]. In Fleischhauer, Carsten; Turkowski, Guntram (eds.).
1956:
49:
1376:
1976:
1440:
1100:
676:, where nearly 150 mutineers were put under arrest to be transported to the military prison in Kiel and to Fort Herwarth in the north of the city.
1236:
Oppelland, Torsten (2 June 2016). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.).
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Lieber für die Ideale erschossen werden, als für die sogenannte Ehre fallen. Albin Köbis, Max Reichpietsch und die deutsche Matrosenbewegung 1917
901:
1829:
1670:
1639:
1579:
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1220:
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1042:
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Late in the evening of 4 November, sailors' and workers' representatives met in the Union House with Souchon and two representatives of the
755:
1752:
Jones, Mark (19 May 2016). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.).
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the political Reich leadership to hold back, especially in regard to the armistice, it made plans that were not politically legitimized.
926:
245:
1858:
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Better to be shot for ideals than to fall for so-called honor. Albin Köbis, Max Reichpietsch and the German sailors' movement in 1917
1961:
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1000:
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Kiel was firmly in the hands of approximately 40,000 rebellious sailors, soldiers and workers, as was Wilhelmshaven two days later.
41:
1966:
1508:
1421:
1237:
580:
1075:
Interview with Lothar Popp; interviews with further contemporary witnesses; evaluations; detailed time-line with documents etc.
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that the military situation was hopeless in the face of the enemy's overwhelming advantage in manpower and equipment. General
1946:
503:
469:
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the new imperial chancellor on 3 October. The Prince was considered a liberal and was a representative of the royal family.
1323:. Translated by Forster, Elborg; Jones, Larry Eugene. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 11–12.
1971:
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called the shooting of Steinhäuser the first shot of the Revolution, following which the sailors could no longer go back.
514:
954:
879:
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gathered here during the sailors' mutiny and gave the decisive impulse for the proclamation of the first German republic
274:
103:
934:(his war diary is a valuable source for information on the relationship between officers and enlisted men in the navy)
820:
Unlimited personal freedom of every man from the end of his tour of duty until the beginning of his next tour of duty
949:
449:
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spoke later of going down with "the flag flying". The Chief of Staff of the High Seas Fleet Command, Rear Admiral
1779:
442:
964:
399:
299:
264:
56:
1180:
829:
All measures to be introduced in the future can only be introduced with the consent of the soldiers' council.
662:. When it "functioned perfectly", he believed he was in command of his crews again. While moving through the
1951:
814:
All measures for the protection of private property will be determined immediately by the soldiers' council.
1208:
1045:; published as special edition from the Gesellschaft fĂĽr Kieler Stadtgeschichte, by JĂĽrgen Jensen, Band 64
510:
491:
289:
886:
698:, who worked in the repair shipyard for torpedo boats in Kiel-Wik, and by the mobilized shipyard worker
683:
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For the admirals, the battle was a matter of saving their honor and their futures. The commander of the
487:
352:
279:
1903:
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butts but survived. After the incident, the demonstrators dispersed and the patrol withdrew. Historian
1407:
From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904–1919: Victory and Aftermath
612:
499:
422:
294:
139:
127:
1479:[The Policy of the Naval Command and the Rebellion of the Fleet at the End of October 1918]
969:
592:
When word of the planned battle reached the sailors, some of the men on the ships at anchor in the
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495:
474:
284:
1060:. Hints for teachers, information on the used sources and the complete text are available online:
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and democratic political system, in which especially militarism ... should no longer have place."
979:
974:
921:
335:. The mutiny broke out on 3 November 1918 when some of the ships' crews refused to sail out from
1753:
1543:
780:
1692:
1014:
War, Mutiny and Revolution in the German Navy – The World War I Diary of Seaman Richard Stumpf.
1883:
1854:
1825:
1780:"The Kiel Sailors' Revolt: Fourteen Points Raised by the Soldiers' Council (November 4, 1918)"
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1656:
1635:
1575:
1567:
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1324:
1299:
1216:
1188:
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1038:
1024:
996:
713:
541:
377:
348:
1738:(in German). NeumĂĽnster: Landeszentrale fĂĽr Polit. Bildung Schleswig-Holstein. pp. 83 f.
659:
598:
560:
555:
522:
430:
328:
269:
437:. In hopes of more favorable peace terms, he also recommended accepting American president
1081:
highlights women's role in the German Revolution of 1918, with a particular focus on Kiel.
909:
736:
729:
672:, who were seen as the ringleaders, arrested. On its way to Kiel, the squadron stopped at
526:
518:
479:
360:
324:
316:
191:
1379:["Down with the Government! Death to Capitalism!" The Sailors' Uprisings 1918].
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1695:[The Kiel Sailors' Uprising in November 1918 – Background and Consequences]
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1072:
841:
776:
667:
605:
410:
203:
1477:"Die Politik der Seekriegsleitung und die Rebellion der Flotte Ende Oktober 1918"
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663:
655:
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1181:"The experiences of revolution: Soldiers, sailors, civilians, young people"
844:, the SPD politician who was elected chairman of the Kiel soldiers' council
17:
1377:""Nieder die Regierung! Tod dem Kapitalismus!" Die Matrosenaufstände 1918"
1298:] (in German). Vol. 1. Munich: C.H. Beck. pp. 363–364, 366.
1016:
Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey (USA) 1967, VI,442 S.,
1693:"Der Kieler Matrosenaufstand im November 1918 – Vorgeschichte und Folgen"
673:
530:
482:, who ordered the attack on the British Navy that sparked the Kiel mutiny
388:
Significant unrest in the fleet began in the summer of 1917. On the SMS
1079:
Kiel Uprising: Women's activism and the German Revolution November 1918
802:
No punishment for comrades on returning from ships and to the barracks.
1103:[Naval battle in the Skagerrak: "Like a gigantic slaughter"].
993:
Revolution in Kiel. Der Ubergang vom Kaiserreich zur Weimarer Republik
826:
Every member of the soldiers' council is to be released from any duty.
805:
The launching of the fleet is to be prevented under all circumstances.
62:
The sign reads, "Soldiers' council...long live the socialist republic"
1882:] (in German). Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. p. 106.
433:
said that a request for an immediate ceasefire should be sent to the
1758:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1242:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1187:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. pp. (e-book).
1009:, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey (USA), 1969.
754:
682:
1824:] (in German). Hamburg: VSA: Verlag Hamburg. pp. 25–28.
1663:
Political Upheavals of the Modern Era - Revolutions of the Masses
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of all the other German states had abdicated without bloodshed.
760:
647:
631:
563:, wrote to the Chief of Staff of the Naval War Command, Captain
409:
secret sailors' councils were formed on a number of the fleet's
332:
88:
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Any defensive measures involving bloodshed are to be prevented.
217:
1365:. Vol. V. London: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 367.
908:. Their victory cleared the way for the establishment of the
1409:. Vol. 5. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 171.
1628:
Kiel 1918: Revolution – Aufbruch zu Demokratie und Republik
1607:
Woodward, David (1 December 1968). "Mutiny at Kiel, 1918".
811:
The withdrawal of all troops not belonging to the garrison.
654:
During the squadron's return, its commander, Vice Admiral
513:. One of his preconditions was the cessation of Germany's
1658:
Politische Umstürze der Neuzeit – Revolutionen der Massen
630:
relied upon. The Third Navy Squadron was ordered back to
1134:] (in German). Wiesbaden: Marix Verlag. p. 45.
1101:"Seeschlacht im Skagerrak: "Wie ein gigantischer Mord""
817:
Superiors will no longer be recognized outside of duty.
27:
Revolt by sailors of the German High Seas Fleet in 1918
1632:
Kiel 1918: Revolution – Dawn of Democracy and Republic
398:(USPD). On 1 August, 49 men from the dreadnaught SMS
1424:[The Kiel Sailors' Uprising of 3 November].
867:
German Armed Forces Military History Research Office
1099:Meyer, Christoph; Gupta, Oliver Das (31 May 2016).
790:
The release of all inmates and political prisoners.
658:, exercised a maneuver with his battleships in the
351:that was triggered by the councils swept aside the
1535:
786:Resolutions and demands of the soldiers' council:
1665:] (in German). Johannes Leucht. p. 106.
544:describes the action as a mutiny by the admirals:
1634:] (in German). Kiel: Wachholtz. p. 54.
1542:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p.
1238:"Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Germany)"
690:, one of the leaders of the Kiel mutiny, in 1917
355:within a few days, brought about the end of the
347:and then helped spread them across Germany. The
1215:. New York: Time-Life Books. pp. 158–159.
34:
1822:Sailors' Uprising and November Revolution 1918
1982:Battles of the German Revolution of 1918–1919
1784:GHDI (German History in Documents and Images)
893:was proclaimed. By the end of the month, the
456:included, for the first time, members of the
229:
8:
1818:Matrosenaufstand und Novemberrevolution 1918
1422:"Der Kieler Matrosenaufstand am 3. November"
1035:Gustav Noske und die Revolution in Kiel 1918
799:Appropriate treatment of crews by superiors.
703:
1853:] (in German). Heide, Germany: Boyens.
1267:[From Empire to Republic 1918/19].
1185:Debates on the German Revolution of 1918-19
995:. Karl Wachholtz Verlag, NeumĂĽnster, 1978,
848:The sailors elected Noske chairman of the
236:
222:
214:
31:
1803:
1381:Bundesarchiv: 100 Jahre Weimarer Republik
1021:Gustav Noske – eine politische Biographie
793:Complete freedom of speech and the press.
339:for the final battle against the British
1574:(in German). Munich: Knaur. p. 58.
1166:
1154:
836:
723:
641:
579:
473:
323:) was a revolt by sailors of the German
1927:
1847:Schleswig-Holsteinische Erinnerungsorte
1721:
1594:
1343:
1091:
960:HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën (1909)#Mutiny
900:Early in January 1919, supporters of a
874:Aftermath: German Revolution of 1918-19
732:, governor of the naval station at Kiel
650:to commemorate the 1918 sailors' mutiny
1511:[The Sailors' Uprising 1918].
1265:"Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik 1918/19"
1880:The Home Army and the 1918 Revolution
1747:
1745:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1321:The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy
1269:Bundeszentrale fĂĽr politische Bildung
7:
1485:Vierteljahrshefte fĂĽr Zeitgeschichte
1443:[Twilight of the Emperor on the
1263:Sturm, Reinhard (23 December 2011).
1007:German Naval Mutinies of World War I
359:and led to the establishment of the
396:Independent Social Democratic Party
380:in mid-1916, the leadership of the
1439:Thaler, Martin (30 October 2018).
494:, the new German government under
404:disembarked without permission at
25:
1977:Events that led to courts-martial
1851:Schleswig-Holstein memorial sites
1507:Scriba, Arnulf (15 August 2015).
1420:Langels, Otto (3 November 2018).
1290:Winkler, Heinrich August (2000).
1037:. Boyens Buchverlag, Heide 2010,
834:catalogue of immediate measures.
796:The abolition of mail censorship.
1874:Schmidt, Ernst-Heinrich (1981).
509:on 5 October 1918 to mediate an
197:
185:
167:
155:
133:
120:
48:
1615:(12): 830 – via ProQuest.
1572:Die deutsche Revolution 1918/19
1538:Jutland. The German Perspective
345:workers' and soldiers' councils
1957:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1876:Heimatheer und Revolution 1918
1691:Kuhl, Klaus (28 August 2014).
1441:"Kaiserdämmerung am Jadebusen"
927:German Revolution of 1918–1919
765:workers' and soldiers' council
618:, with outright mutiny on the
470:Naval order of 24 October 1918
464:Naval order of 24 October 1918
247:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
1513:Deutsches Historisches Museum
945:Soldat fusillé pour l'exemple
759:Plaque at the Union House in
637:
448:Emperor Wilhelm II appointed
372:Morale in the High Seas Fleet
1126:Regulski, Christoph (2014).
955:Chilean naval mutiny of 1931
880:German Revolution of 1918-19
517:. Despite the objections of
104:German Revolution of 1918-19
42:German Revolution of 1918–19
1509:"Der Matrosenaufstand 1918"
666:he had 47 sailors from the
537:to prepare for the battle.
498:, at the insistence of the
1998:
1760:. Freie Universität Berlin
1244:. Freie Universität Berlin
950:Spithead and Nore mutinies
877:
467:
450:Prince Maximilian of Baden
421:On 29 September 1918, the
1626:Rackwitz, Martin (2018).
1296:The Long Road to the West
1292:Der Lange Weg nach Westen
584:Sailors demonstrating at
329:maritime military command
275:People's State of Bavaria
255:
145:
113:
67:
54:Soldiers' council of the
47:
39:
1962:Naval history of Germany
1734:Dähnhardt, Dirk (1978).
1655:Kattner, Oliver (2022).
1179:Stibbe, Matthew (2023).
965:Royal Indian Navy Mutiny
300:Bavarian Soviet Republic
265:Abdication of Wilhelm II
57:SMS Prinzregent Luitpold
1967:Mutinies in World War I
1534:Tarrant, V. E. (2001).
1023:. Droste Verlag, 1987,
773:Social Democratic Party
638:Sailors' revolt in Kiel
458:Social Democratic Party
321:Kieler Matrosenaufstand
1319:Mommsen, Hans (1996).
845:
768:
750:
733:
704:
691:
651:
589:
551:
492:Hundred Days Offensive
483:
320:
290:Bremen Soviet Republic
146:Commanders and leaders
1947:Rebellions in Germany
1904:"The End of Monarchy"
840:
758:
727:
686:
645:
583:
546:
490:successes during the
477:
353:Hohenzollern monarchy
280:1918 Christmas crisis
1972:November 1918 events
1012:Horn, Daniel (Ed.),
576:Wilhelmshaven mutiny
500:Supreme Army Command
423:Supreme Army Command
401:Prinzregent Luitpold
295:Berlin March Battles
1105:SĂĽddeutsche Zeitung
970:Kronstadt rebellion
565:Magnus von Levetzow
525:, commander of the
496:Prince Max of Baden
391:Frederick the Great
285:Spartacist uprising
1736:Revolution in Kiel
1568:Haffner, Sebastian
1169:, p. 151–160.
1157:, pp. 77, 86.
1073:Homepage from Kiel
980:Revolt of the Lash
975:Invergordon Mutiny
922:End of World War I
846:
769:
734:
692:
652:
590:
588:, 10 November 1918
484:
75:3–11 November 1918
1831:978-3-96488-063-5
1672:978-3-754678-11-4
1641:978-3-529-05174-6
1581:978-3-426038-1-30
1403:Marder, Arthur J.
1305:978-3-406-66049-8
1222:978-0-705406-28-4
1194:978-1-526157-47-8
1141:978-3-843804-76-9
1043:978-3-8042-1322-7
850:soldiers' council
714:Sebastian Haffner
542:Michael Epkenhans
425:informed Emperor
417:Political changes
378:Battle of Jutland
349:German Revolution
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1213:The Dreadnoughts
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1123:
1117:
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1096:
991:Dirk Dähnhardt:
912:in August 1919.
902:council republic
781:Conrad Haussmann
763:saying that the
751:Sailors' demands
720:Takeover of Kiel
707:
705:Frieden und Brot
660:Heligoland Bight
561:Adolf von Trotha
431:Erich Ludendorff
270:Anif declaration
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32:
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1019:Wolfram Wette:
988:
939:Naval mutinies:
918:
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895:dynastic rulers
882:
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737:Wilhelm Souchon
730:Wilhelm Souchon
722:
640:
578:
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527:High Seas Fleet
480:Reinhard Scheer
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325:High Seas Fleet
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1952:Naval mutinies
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1860:978-3804212046
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1804:Dähnhardt 1978
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1553:978-0304358489
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1357:Newbolt, Henry
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594:Schillig Roads
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531:Schillig Roads
523:Admiral Hipper
519:Admiral Scheer
507:Woodrow Wilson
486:Following the
468:Main article:
465:
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439:Woodrow Wilson
435:Entente powers
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376:Following the
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1806:, p. 91.
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1754:"Kiel Mutiny"
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1609:History Today
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646:Sculpture in
644:
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597:dreadnoughts
595:
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586:Wilhelmshaven
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515:submarine war
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382:German Empire
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66:
59:
58:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1928:Mommsen 1996
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1907:
1898:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1757:
1735:
1729:
1722:Haffner 1991
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1700:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1595:Haffner 1991
1590:
1571:
1562:
1537:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1512:
1488:
1484:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1448:
1434:
1428:(in German).
1425:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1361:
1351:
1344:Mommsen 1996
1339:
1320:
1314:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1268:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1241:
1231:
1212:
1203:
1184:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1104:
1094:
1034:
1020:
1013:
1006:
992:
938:
937:
899:
883:
859:
847:
842:Gustav Noske
832:
785:
777:Gustav Noske
770:
745:
741:
735:
710:
693:
678:
668:
653:
628:
623:
619:
614:
607:
600:
591:
571:The uprising
554:
552:
547:
539:
485:
447:
420:
400:
390:
387:
375:
327:against the
312:
310:
259:
204:Gustav Noske
114:Belligerents
55:
40:Part of the
29:
1703:(in German)
1515:(in German)
1491:(4): 353 f.
1453:(in German)
1450:Der Spiegel
1383:(in German)
1271:(in German)
1107:(in German)
854:Lothar Popp
700:Lothar Popp
696:Karl Artelt
688:Karl Artelt
454:His cabinet
341:Grand Fleet
313:Kiel mutiny
260:Kiel mutiny
174:Lothar Popp
162:Karl Artelt
35:Kiel mutiny
18:Kiel Mutiny
1941:Categories
1701:kurkuhl.de
1445:Jade Bight
1086:References
986:Literature
891:Wilhelm II
887:Ludwig III
664:Kiel Canal
656:Hugo Kraft
540:Historian
427:Wilhelm II
367:Background
1908:Bavarikon
906:Freikorps
865:from the
624:Helgoland
620:ThĂĽringen
615:Helgoland
613:SMS
606:SMS
601:ThĂĽringen
599:SMS
556:ThĂĽringen
511:armistice
504:President
443:Reichstag
1913:30 April
1789:29 April
1764:29 April
1707:28 April
1570:(1991).
1519:28 April
1475:(1966).
1457:27 April
1405:(1969).
1359:(1931).
1211:(1979).
1111:26 April
916:See also
728:Admiral
674:Holtenau
669:Markgraf
608:Kaiserin
502:, asked
478:Admiral
80:Location
1447:].
694:Led by
1886:
1857:
1828:
1669:
1638:
1578:
1550:
1327:
1302:
1219:
1191:
1138:
1041:
1027:
999:
488:Allied
317:German
100:Result
1878:[
1849:[
1820:[
1697:(PDF)
1661:[
1630:[
1481:(PDF)
1387:3 May
1294:[
1275:3 May
1248:3 May
1130:[
1050:Films
1915:2024
1884:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1791:2024
1766:2024
1709:2014
1667:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1521:2024
1459:2024
1389:2024
1325:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1277:2024
1250:2024
1217:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1113:2024
1039:ISBN
1025:ISBN
997:ISBN
779:and
761:Kiel
648:Kiel
632:Kiel
622:and
611:and
533:off
333:Kiel
311:The
89:Kiel
87:and
72:Date
1544:252
331:in
1943::
1906:.
1782:.
1756:.
1744:^
1699:.
1681:^
1613:18
1611:.
1546:.
1497:^
1489:14
1483:.
1240:.
1183:.
775:,
634:.
626:.
604:,
445:.
413:.
363:.
319::
91:,
1917:.
1892:.
1863:.
1834:.
1793:.
1768:.
1711:.
1675:.
1644:.
1584:.
1556:.
1523:.
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1391:.
1333:.
1308:.
1279:.
1252:.
1225:.
1197:.
1144:.
1115:.
315:(
237:e
230:t
223:v
20:)
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