51:
31:
305:, waste predator energy and risk their being injured. Nonetheless, researchers say animals surplus-kill whenever they can, in order to procure food for offspring and others, to gain valuable killing experience, and to create the opportunity to eat the carcass later when they are hungry again.
276:. John Lund, of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, said that he had never documented surplus killings that extreme from grey wolves. In Florida, laboratory experiments documented cases of surplus killing in larvae of the predatory midge
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585:
1411:
1347:
1424:
1032:
301:
are more likely to eat unspawned fish because of higher muscle quality, and high-energy parts such as brains and eggs. Surplus killing can deplete the overall
272:
and then dig them up and eat them on winter days when it is too cold to hunt. In March 2016, a pack of 9 grey wolves in
Wyoming was found to have killed 19
555:
1146:
1483:
393:"Bear Management and Sheep Husbandry in Norway, with a Discussion of Predatory Behavior Significant for Evaluation of Livestock Losses"
1461:
375:
257:
in Cape
Province killed 22 sheep in one night, eating only part of the buttock of one carcass. Up to 19 spotted hyenas once killed 82
486:
458:
350:
632:
956:"Surplus killing by introduced predators in Australia—evidence for ineffective anti-predator adaptations in native prey species?"
1445:
1171:
1265:
1195:
Stuart, C. T. (1986). "The incidence of surplus killing by
Panthera pardus and Felis caracal in Cape Province, South Africa".
506:
1408:
1378:
1090:"Surplus Killing by Predatory Larvae of Corethrella appendiculata: Prepupal Timing and Site-Specific Attack on Mosquito Prey"
687:
297:
In surplus killing, predators eat only the most-preferred animals and animal parts. Bears engaging in surplus killing of
1474:
85:
955:
765:
Odden, John; Linnell, John D. C.; Moa, Pål
Fossland; Herfindal, Ivar; Kvam, Tor; Andersen, Reidar (2002).
1341:
43:
245:, a single fox once killed around 74 penguins over several days, eating almost nothing. One leopard in
1058:
1303:
1101:
1059:"Prey-abundance affects zooplankton assimilation efficiency and the outcome of biogeochemical models"
967:
726:"Hopf bifurcation analysis in a diffusive predator-prey system with delay and surplus killing effect"
258:
1433:
601:"Optimal foraging or surplus killing: selective consumption and discarding of salmon by brown bears"
128:
1500:
1014:
936:
928:
786:
663:
579:
561:
537:
420:
242:
1033:"Suspected surplus killing of harbor seal pups (Phoca vitulina) by killer whales (Orcinus orca)"
1370:
1409:
SUSPECTED SURPLUS KILLING OF HARBOR SEAL PUPS (PHOCA VITULINA) BY KILLER WHALES (ORCINUS ORCA)
1374:
1329:
1212:
1127:
920:
881:
747:
551:
482:
454:
450:
443:
412:
371:
346:
112:
Some animals which have been observed engaging in surplus killing hunt alone, some are mainly
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88:
or abandon the remainder. The term was invented by Dutch biologist Hans Kruuk after studying
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703:
522:
285:
238:
214:
979:
1494:
1442:
1363:
565:
246:
197:
89:
1074:
940:
805:
995:"Raccoon Predation on Ancient Murrelets on East Limestone Island, British Columbia"
265:
250:
185:
50:
30:
17:
302:
278:
207:
113:
1208:
283:
against specific larval stages of different species of mosquitoes of the genus
1315:
1113:
867:
132:
124:
1216:
924:
416:
617:
600:
211:
39:
1406:
Joseph K. Gaydos, Stephen
Raverty, Robin W. Baird, and Richard W. Osborne,
1333:
1131:
885:
751:
343:
Conservation of wildlife populations: demography, genetics, and management
234:
77:
742:
725:
1088:
Lounibos, L. P.; Makhni, S.; Alto, B. W.; Kesavaraju, B. (March 2008).
1018:
994:
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790:
766:
667:
651:
547:
424:
254:
193:
166:
143:
101:
97:
633:"Far North Grizzlies Develop Taste for Muskoxen, Alaska Science Forum"
392:
852:""Reversed" intraguild predation: red fox cubs killed by pine marten"
806:"Surplus killing as exemplified by wolf predation on newborn caribou"
298:
222:
181:
177:
162:
139:
93:
55:
1010:
821:
782:
408:
916:
201:
117:
49:
35:
29:
1475:
Technical
Information on Wolf Ecology and Wolf/Prey Relationships
993:
Hartman, Lisa H.; Gaston, Anthony J.; Eastman, Donald S. (1997).
269:
218:
189:
158:
151:
147:
81:
500:
498:
253:
killed 51 sheep and lambs in a single incident. Similarly, two
1286:
L.P. Lounibos, S. Mahkni, B.W.Alto, B. Kesavaraju (Mar 2008).
273:
170:
899:
Oksanen, Tarja; Oksanen, Lauri; Fretwell, Stephen D. (1985).
850:
Brzeziński, Marcin; Rodak, Łukasz; Zalewski, Andrzej (2014).
1292:: Prepupal Timing and Site-Specific Attack on Mosquito Prey"
901:"Surplus Killing in the Hunting Strategy of Small Predators"
804:
Miller, Frank L.; Gunn, Anne; Broughton, Eric (2011-02-14).
445:
The
Spotted Hyena: A study of predation and social behaviour
1484:
Surplus killing of
Roseate Terns and Common Terns by a mink
1172:"Penguins killed in fox attack on Victoria's Middle Island"
345:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 148.
1262:"Wyoming wolf pack kills 19 elk in rare 'surplus killing'"
1369:( ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
542:. University of Texas Press. 2005-12-31. pp. 42–52.
954:
Short, Jeff; Kinnear, J.E.; Robley, Alan (2002-03-01).
1230:
Skinner, J. D. (1979). "Feeding behaviour in
Caracal
1057:
Montagnes, David; Fenton, Andy (24 September 2012).
599:
Lincoln, Alexandra E; Quinn, Thomas P (2019-03-04).
84:than they can immediately eat and then they either
442:
767:"Lynx Depredation on Domestic Sheep in Norway"
652:"Black Bear Predation on Livestock in Alberta"
1481:Pierre-Yves Daoust, Andrew Boyne, Ted D’Eon,
730:Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering: MBE
650:Horstman, Louise P.; Gunson, John R. (1982).
584:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
8:
1346:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1147:"Dog attack kills 58 penguins in Tasmania"
1459:Wolf pack wiped out for ‘surplus killing’
1323:
1121:
875:
741:
616:
1431:Wildlife Online: Foxes-Surplus Killing,
1288:"Surplus Killing by Predatory Larvae of
724:Shen, Zuolin; Wei, Junjie (2018-06-01).
336:
334:
332:
330:
1440:For Wolves: Ralph Maughan Wolf Report,
1397:Jennifer L. Maupin and Susan Reichert,
436:
434:
326:
261:and badly injured 27, eating just 16%.
1422:William G. George and Timothy Kimmel,
1339:
577:
472:
470:
1443:Jackson Trio makes some surplus kills
719:
717:
715:
713:
681:
679:
677:
7:
366:Moskowitz, David (4 February 2013).
341:Mills, L. Scott (17 December 2012).
76:, is a common behavior exhibited by
1425:A Slaughter of Mice by Common Crows
397:Bears: Their Biology and Management
27:Animal and human predatory behavior
1456:High Country News, Zachary Smith,
1248:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03979.x
999:The Journal of Wildlife Management
771:The Journal of Wildlife Management
704:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972.tb04087.x
523:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972.tb04087.x
25:
1075:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.05.006
688:"Surplus killing by carnivores"
635:. June 21, 2011. Archived from
507:"Surplus killing by carnivores"
1434:Why do foxes kill to excess...
1400:Superfluous killing in spiders
1:
980:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00139-2
370:. Timber Press. p. 144.
237:, in a single dog attack, 58
481:. Unwin Hyman. p. 224.
368:Wolves in the Land of Salmon
1170:Peacock, Sue (2017-08-10).
1145:Adamczyk, Ed (2018-10-17).
810:Canadian Journal of Zoology
54:Multiple sheep killed by a
1517:
1365:Bobcat: master of survival
1296:Journal of Insect Behavior
1209:10.1515/mamm.1986.50.4.553
1094:Journal of Insect Behavior
839:. London: Logos Press Ltd.
80:, in which they kill more
1472:Victor Van Ballenberghe,
1316:10.1007/s10905-007-9103-2
1290:Corethrella appendiculata
1114:10.1007/s10905-007-9103-2
868:10.1007/s13364-014-0179-8
656:Wildlife Society Bulletin
477:Macdonald, David (1987).
536:"Four Surplus Killing".
116:. Some opinions include
960:Biological Conservation
905:The American Naturalist
550:(inactive 2024-04-24).
391:Mysterud, Ivar (1980).
1361:Hansen, Kevin (2006).
58:
47:
618:10.1093/beheco/ary139
449:. BBC Books. p.
53:
44:Ernest Thompson Seton
33:
1063:Ecological Modelling
835:Ewer, R. F. (1968).
686:Kruuk, Hans (1972).
505:Kruuk, Hans (2009).
479:Running with the Fox
441:Kruuk, Hans (1972).
129:American black bears
1308:2008JIBeh..21...47L
1106:2008JIBeh..21...47L
972:2002BCons.103..283S
743:10.3934/mbe.2018031
539:Living with Coyotes
268:often surplus-kill
1464:2006-08-22 at the
1448:2006-09-07 at the
1414:2011-09-29 at the
1236:Journal of Zoology
837:Ethology ofmammals
692:Journal of Zoology
639:on August 7, 2011.
605:Behavioral Ecology
548:10.7560/706323-005
511:Journal of Zoology
243:mainland Australia
59:
48:
1037:Cascadia Research
856:Acta Theriologica
557:978-0-292-79696-6
259:Thomson's gazelle
70:henhouse syndrome
66:excessive killing
18:Killing for sport
16:(Redirected from
1508:
1385:
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1368:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1337:
1327:
1283:
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1264:. Archived from
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264:In late autumn,
241:were killed. In
64:, also known as
38:surplus killing
21:
1516:
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1507:
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1466:Wayback Machine
1450:Wayback Machine
1416:Wayback Machine
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315:Overkill (term)
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293:Possible causes
239:little penguins
231:
110:
62:Surplus killing
28:
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1278:
1253:
1242:(4): 523–525.
1222:
1203:(4): 556–558.
1187:
1162:
1137:
1080:
1049:
1024:
1005:(2): 377–388.
985:
966:(3): 283–301.
946:
917:10.1086/284420
911:(3): 328–346.
891:
862:(3): 473–477.
842:
827:
816:(2): 295–300.
796:
757:
736:(3): 693–715.
709:
698:(2): 233–244.
673:
642:
624:
611:(1): 202–212.
591:
556:
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517:(2): 233–244.
494:
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377:978-1604692273
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286:Toxorhynchites
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90:spotted hyenas
26:
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14:
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1268:on 2016-04-04
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1232:Felis caracal
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777:(1): 98–105.
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488:0-04-440199-X
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281:appendiculata
280:
275:
271:
267:
266:least weasels
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:Cape Province
244:
240:
236:
229:Example cases
228:
226:
224:
220:
217:, predaceous
216:
213:
209:
206:Invertebrae:
204:
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198:spotted hyena
195:
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186:honey badgers
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1392:Bibliography
1364:
1356:
1342:cite journal
1302:(2): 47–54.
1299:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:the original
1256:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1200:
1196:
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1179:. Retrieved
1175:
1165:
1154:. Retrieved
1150:
1140:
1100:(2): 47–54.
1097:
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1052:
1041:. Retrieved
1039:. 2015-12-11
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662:(1): 34–39.
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637:the original
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569:. Retrieved
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367:
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342:
296:
284:
277:
263:
251:South Africa
232:
205:
175:
156:
138:Large cats:
137:
122:
114:pack hunters
111:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:
403:: 233–241.
303:food supply
279:Corethrella
208:zooplankton
133:polar bears
125:brown bears
1380:0195183037
1272:2016-03-25
1181:2019-09-26
1156:2020-04-04
1043:2021-08-09
571:2022-08-10
321:References
1501:Predation
1217:0025-1461
925:0003-0147
580:cite book
566:243782280
417:1936-0614
212:damselfly
157:Canines:
98:red foxes
78:predators
40:chipmunks
1495:Category
1462:Archived
1446:Archived
1412:Archived
1334:19081802
1197:Mammalia
1176:ABC News
1132:19081802
941:84799770
886:24954928
752:30380326
309:See also
235:Tasmania
194:raccoons
176:Others:
144:leopards
74:overkill
1325:2600435
1304:Bibcode
1123:2600435
1102:Bibcode
1069:: 1–7.
1019:3802594
968:Bibcode
933:2461358
877:4058055
791:3802876
668:3781799
425:3872873
255:caracal
223:spiders
182:weasels
178:martens
167:red fox
163:coyotes
123:Bears:
108:Species
102:England
46:, 1909)
1377:
1332:
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789:
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485:
457:
423:
415:
374:
349:
299:salmon
215:naiads
159:wolves
152:lynxes
140:jaguar
118:humans
94:Africa
56:cougar
1015:JSTOR
937:S2CID
929:JSTOR
787:JSTOR
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