1130:, "purity of arms" is one of the key features of 'the conventional Zionist account or old history' whose 'popular-heroic-moralistic version of the 1948 war' is 'taught in Israeli schools and used extensively in the quest for legitimacy abroad'. Morris adds that 'he Israelis' collective memory of fighters characterized by "purity of arms" is also undermined by the evidence of of rapes committed in conquered towns and villages.' According to him, 'after the war, the Israelis tended to hail the "purity of arms" of its militiamen and soldiers to contrast this with Arab barbarism, which on occasion expressed itself in the mutilation of captured Jewish corpses.' According to him, 'this reinforced the Israelis' positive self-image and helped them "sell" the new state abroad and (...) demonized the enemy'.
1405:
Palestinian historiography describes the events differently. According to it, it was civilians that had taken refuge in the mosque, thinking that the
Israelis would not dare to profane the sanctuary. The Israelis killed all the people there making 93 to 176 dead. Alon Kadish and Avraham Sela write that there is a confusion between two mosques. According to them, detainees were only gathered around the Great Mosque, where no incident occurred and it is a group of 50-60 armed Arabs who barricaded in the Dahmash mosque. Its storming resulted in the death of 30 Arab militiamen and civilians, including elderly, women and children.
1031:. For example, the Deir Yassin massacre is considered to have generated more panic among the Arab population than all other previous operations together and to have caused a mass flight of Palestinians in numerous areas, partly because the actual events at Deir Yassin were greatly embellished by the media. Additionally, the Deir Yassin massacre became a strong argument for the Arab states to intervene against Israel. Arab League chief Azzam Pasha stated that 'The massacre of Deir Yassin was to a great extent the cause of the wrath of the Arab nations and the most important factor for sending the Arab armies'.
1314:. The poorly armed inhabitants showed unexpected resistance to the attack by fighting back. The assailants suffered four dead. Jacques de Reynier, head of the International Red Cross delegation in Palestine, visited Deir Yassin on April 11, 1948, and observed "a total of more than 200 dead, men, women, and children." After the fighting, some villagers were executed after being exhibited in the streets of Jerusalem. A group of prisoners were executed in a nearby quarry and others at Sheikh Bader. Historians estimate today the total number of deaths at 100 to 120.
1401:
erupted. The skirmish made Lydda's townspeople believe that the Arab Legion was counter-attacking and probably a few dozen snipers fired against the occupying troops. Israeli soldiers felt threatened, vulnerable because they were isolated among thousands of hostile townspeople and 'angry they had understood that the town had surrendered'. ' were told to shoot 'at any clear target' or, alternatively, at anyone 'seen on the streets'. The Arab inhabitants panicked. Many rushed in the streets and were killed.
1224:
failed to take any settlements and the Arab armies that invaded in mid-May overran fewer than a dozen Jewish settlements". He considers too that belligerents behaved reasonably well and that the "1948 is noteworthy for the relatively small number of civilian casualties both in the battles themselves and in the atrocities that accompanied them" in comparison, for example, "with the
Yugoslav wars of the 1990s or the Sudanese civil wars of the past fifty years".
1093:" was used to distinguish between the respective attitudes of the Irgun and Haganah towards Arabs, with the latter priding itself on its adherence to this principle. Generally speaking, this precept requires that "weapons remain pure they are employed only in self-defence and against innocent civilians and defenceless people". But if it "remained a central value in education" it was "rather vague and intentionally blurred" at the practical level.
1267:, studied the evolution of Palestinian historiography on the 1948 war. She argues that the Deir Yassin massacre long remained the only one discussed 'as if it sufficed to summarize the tragedy of Palestinian victims'. She thinks that during the period for which 'collective memory conflated with Palestinian nationalist mobilization, one exemplary event sufficed to express the tragedy'. Referring to the study performed in 2007 by
2775:, the US Consul in Jerusalem, reported to the State Department on April 17, 1948 : "... queried as to whether convoy included armoured cars, Haganah guards, arms and ammunition in addition to doctors, nurses and patients, Kohn replied in affirmative saying it was necessary to protect convoy." - Telegram 455, Jerusalem Consular Files, Series 800 Palestine, Record Group 84, National Archives. Quoted in Stephen Gree,
5401:
1351:, at Jerusalem from where it dominated several Arab quarters. On 14 April, a convoy carrying medical personnel, some injured fighters, munitions and some reinforcement troops, that was protected by Haganah soldiers and armoured cars, tried to reach the enclave. Arab fighters had been informed by an Australian officer that the convoy's mission was to use the enclave to attack Arab quarters and cut off the road to
1393:. The first attack on Lydda occurred on the afternoon of 11 July when the 89th battalion mounted on armoured cars and jeeps raided the city "spraying machine-gun fire at anything that moved". "Dozens of Arabs (perhaps as many as 200)" were killed. According to Morris, the description of this raid written by one of the soldiers "combine elements of a battle and a massacre".
2759:, the US Consul in Jerusalem, reported to the State Department on April 15, 1948 : "American correspondent eye witnessed removal from trucks large quantities arms and ammunition and speculated whether for escort or other purpose." - Telegram 439, Jerusalem Consular Files, Series 800 Palestine, Record Group 84, National Archives. Quoted in Stephen Gree,
1740:, 'Palestine 1948', p. 20; The Scotsman newspaper, 6 January 1948; Walid Khalidi states that 25 civilians were killed, in addition to the military targets. 'Before Their Diaspora', 1984. p. 316, picture p. 325; Benny Morris, 'The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949', Cambridge University Press, p. 46.
1223:
To explain the difference in the number of killings and massacres, Morris speculates that "his was probably due to the circumstance that the victorious
Israelis captured some four hundred Arab villages and towns during April–November 1948, whereas the Palestinian Arabs and the Arab Liberation Army
1074:
was indeed threatened with extinction and feared what would happen if the Arabs won. Gelber, on the other hand, regards these public statements as 'meaningless' and judges that the 'actions imply that the aims of the Arab invasion were decidedly limited and focused mainly on saving Arab
Palestine
1366:
While the whole event is usually seen as a massacre, Morris considers it to have been, rather, a battle, given that there was shooting between Arab and
Haganah militia and targeted a supply convoy headed for Mount Scopus. He points out however that the death toll incurred by medical personal, who
1404:
There is controversy among historians about the events that followed. According to Morris, at the
Dahmash mosque some prisoners tried to break out and escape, probably fearing to be massacred. IDF threw grenades and fired rockets at the compound and several dozens Arabs were shot and killed. The
1254:
considers that the testimonies of former
Alexandroni soldiers and Palestinian refugees prove, on the contrary, that at least 200 unarmed Tantura villagers were killed, whether in revenge for the death of Israeli soldiers due to sniper shots or later when they were unjustifiably accused of hiding
1400:
and irregulars. Detention compounds were arranged in the mosques and the churches for adult males and 300–400 Israeli soldiers garrisoned the town. In the morning of 12 July, the situation was calm but around 11:30 an incident occurred; two or three armored cars entered the town and a firefight
1332:
were the result of a battle and not of a massacre. Moreover, he goes further and rejects the reality of the atrocities that followed the attack on the village. Morris considers that the capture of the village, insignificant on the military point of view, can hardly be considered as a "battle".
1215:
consider that lack of discipline cannot explain the violence. Gelber points out the "hard feelings towards the
Palestinians" and the fact that the Palestinians had not fled like in former operations. Benny Morris thinks that they were related to a "general vengefulness and a desire by local
1149:
operatives had been cautioned against harming women and children but the Irgun and Lehi were less observing this distinction, while "Palestinian Arab militias often deliberately targeted civilians." Due to the fact the
British Mandate was not yet over, neither side could set up regular
1355:. A large Arab force then ambushed the convoy, and, in the fight, several vehicles were shot up, and couldn't withdraw. The battle raged for seven hours and British intervention was late in coming. 79 people from the convoy were killed, mainly civilians. Following the incident,
1069:
According to the
Israeli traditional historiography, these statements reflected the Arab intentions. While Benny Morris considers the real picture of the Arab aims to be more complex, notably because they were well aware they could not defeat the Jews, he argues that the
1142:, massacres targeting Palestinians took place in the context of an ethnic cleansing that "carr with it atrocious acts of mass killing and butchering of thousands of Palestinians were killed ruthlessly and savagely by Israeli troops of all backgrounds, ranks and ages."
2623:, p. 308. "Deir Yassin’s dignitaries were reluctant to be involved in hostilities and undertook to either frustrate on their own future attempts by gangs to use their village, or to report the al-Najada’s presence to the Jews if they could not expel them."
1100:, Ben-Gurion predicted a confrontation between the Arabs of Palestine and the Arab states. Concerning the "principle of purity of arms", he stressed that: "The end does not justify all means. Our war is based on moral grounds" and during the 1948 War, the
1275:, she writes that the massacres engaged Palestinian historians' concerns relatively late, but that when "Palestinians began to write their history, the issue of massacres inevitably became one of the relevant factors in accounting for the mass exodus."
1278:
Picaudou underlines that "Palestinian historiography has retained the nakba paradigm, which reduces the Palestinians to the status of passive victims of Israeli policies, as the limited attention accorded by researchers to the 1947–48 battles (...)".
1762:
Larry Collins/Dominique Lapierre, 'O Jerusalem'.History Book Club Weidenfeld and Nicolson. London. 1972. p. 135: 'two fifty-gallon oil drums packed tight with old nails, bits of scrap iron, hinges, rusty metal filings. At their center was a core of
2002:. "On January 4, 1948, the Irgun used a car bomb to blow up the government center in Jaffa, killing twenty-six Arab civilians. Three days later, they planted explosives at Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem, and another twenty-five Arab civilians were killed.
92:
against the Palestinian Jews, while the region was still fully under British rule. The day after the vote, Arabs launched attacks against the Jews, killing 126 of them during the first two weeks and 75 were massacred in a refugee camp in
1433:
97:
as a retaliation. In Jerusalem, attacks targeted Jewish businesses and residents of Jewish neighborhoods, some of whom were stabbed in the street or murdered on buses. Jews were also attacked in Arab neighborhoods. In the Kibbutz of
1154:
and therefore take prisoners. During the Arab-Israeli War, the fighting armies were more or less disciplined and "the killings of civilians and prisoners of war almost stopped, except for the series of atrocities committed by the
5447:
1301:
The village of Deir Yassin was located west of Jerusalem, but its strategic importance was debatable and its inhabitants had not participated in the war until one week before the attack. On 9 April, around 120 men from the
4089:
5320:
5295:
1639:, Israeli historian who served as director of the IDF archives who stated : "In almost every conquered village (...), Zionist forces committed war crimes such as indiscriminate killings, massacres and rapes."
3381:
1191:
protected them from the mob and even wounded or shot dead other Arabs. Atrocities committed by the Arab armies included women being dismembered in Nitzanim in June, 14 Jewish civilians killed while supplying an
1162:
Morris also said that despite their rhetoric, Arab armies committed few atrocities and no large-scale massacre of prisoners took place when circumstances might have allowed them to happen, as when they took the
2616:
2286:
3171:
654:
290:
that had been reported to hide Arab militiamen, killing 24 people. The next day, Irgun members in a stolen police van rolled a barrel bomb into a large group of civilians who were waiting for a bus by the
2527:
1892:
Scotsman 24 February 1948: 'Jerusalem (Monday) - The 'High Command' of the Arab military organisation issued a communique to the newspapers here to-day claiming full responsibility for the explosion in
5305:
243:, accounts of the death toll vary. Saleh Abd al-Jawad reports 100-200 casualties, Morris has estimated "hundreds" and also reports the IDF investigation which concluded 100 villagers had been killed.
3599:
1066:
After the Partition vote, some Arab leaders threatened the Jewish population of Palestine. For example, they spoke of "driving the Jews into the sea" or ridding Palestine "of the Zionist Plague".
263:
At the beginning of the Civil War, Jewish militias organized several bombing attacks against civilians and military Arab targets. On 12 December 1947, the Irgun placed a car bomb opposite the
4873:
1412:
calls it "an orgy of indiscriminate killing." Morris writes that the "jittery Palmahniks massacr detainees in a mosque compound." According to Gelber, it was a "bloodier massacre" than at
203:, both Israeli archives and Palestinian testimonies confirm killings occurred in numerous Arab villages. Most of these killings occurred as villages were overrun and captured during the
4627:
5462:
5275:
5270:
4858:
4728:
1438:
4198:
3164:
3133:
5290:
4376:
3747:
1245:
Gelber wrote that based on a counting of the inhabitants, the refugees, the POW's and the deaths, there were no people missing and therefore no massacre could have occurred.
1022:
327:
During the first months of 1948, the railway between Cairo and Haifa was often targeted. On 31 March, it was mined near Binyamina, a Jewish settlement in the neighborhood of
5132:
4590:
4584:
2547:
110:, while the consulates of Poland and Sweden, which voted in favor of partition, were attacked. In December 1947, one of the striking images remains the attack on the new
3592:
5085:
3311:
3157:
1204:.Jewish combatants captured by Arab militias, were frequently tortured and mutilated in particularly violent ways. Pregnant women have also been found disembowelled.
2913:
2866:
5260:
4572:
4562:
4544:
4538:
4534:
2613:
2283:
1376:
1120:
986:
Hula was captured without resistance. The commander, first lieutenant Shmuel Lahis, was given seven years in jail for his role in the incident but served only one.
228:
1363:
protection. This was quickly agreed to. He also asked that the enclave be demilitarised under similar conditions, but this was refused by the Zionist authorities.
306:
From 1 February 1948, supporters of Amin al-Husseini organised, with the help of British deserters, three attacks against the Jewish community in Jerusalem. Using
4421:
4415:
4409:
4396:
4386:
4380:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4334:
5300:
3376:
2524:
1248:
Morris's analysis concludes that the documentation and the interviews do not prove that a massacre occurred but that the hypothesis cannot be simply dismissed.
4650:
85:
48:
331:, killing 40 persons and wounding 60. The casualties were all civilians, mostly Arabs. Although there were some soldiers on the train, none were injured. The
897:
News of the massacre was suppressed by both Israeli (to prevent UN scrutiny) and Arab forces (in order to prevent morale from collapsing as it did after the
3585:
192:
where around 120-150 residents and defenders were killed by Arab irregulars, according to some accounts with the participation of Arab Legion soldiers. The
5355:
4878:
4317:
4311:
78:
4642:
4632:
5280:
204:
564:
Killing 49 to 58 Jewish civilians and injuring 140. Arab High Command took responsibility, imploring the Jewish community to stick to the rules of war.
177:
lists 68 villages where acts of indiscriminate killing of prisoners, and civilians took place, where no threat was posed to Yishuv or Israeli soldiers.
5442:
4053:
3896:
2049:
1287:
In the context of the 1948 war, several historians pointed out the nuance, sometimes polemically, that can exist between a "battle" and a "massacre".
4637:
4191:
3608:
2196:
Gilbert, Martin (1977) "Jerusalem - Illustrated History Atlas". Published in conjunction with the Board of Deputies of British Jews. Map 50, page 93.
5157:
4071:
2995:
1396:
Later, Israeli troops entered the city and took up position in the town center. The only resistance came from the police fort that was held by some
3126:
869:
By Israeli accounts at least 250 men, women and children were shot on sight by the 3rd Battalion. Arab sources give a higher estimate at 400–1700.
5452:
4868:
3697:
3854:
121:
the previous day, the armies of a number of Arab countries invaded what had just ceased to be Mandatory Palestine, turning the conflict into the
5457:
5365:
5222:
4121:
4105:
4748:
4738:
4001:
2715:
2148:
5360:
5265:
5102:
5075:
4823:
3965:
1424:
write that it was "an intense battle where the demarcation between civilians, irregular combatants and regular army units hardly existed."
4184:
669:
1123:
and the fact Palmach officers had been responsible for the "outrage that had encouraged the Arabs' flight made the party uncomfortable."
5370:
5285:
4687:
4045:
3918:
141:, it might have been slightly higher or much higher than the Jewish one. In his book, Morris mentions an estimate of 12,000 provided by
118:
102:, six Jewish teenage girls were murdered. In major cities, snipers (including mercenaries) fired at Jewish pedestrians and traffic. The
4305:
4229:
4097:
4061:
3119:
295:, killing 20. Another Irgun bomb went off in the Ramla market on 18 February, killing 7 residents and injuring 45. On 28 February, the
4923:
4733:
3457:
3371:
2486:
Hillel Cohen , Good Arabs, The Israeli Security Agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 19481967 , University of California Press,June 1, 2010
544:
60 Arabs killed inside their houses, including small children; 16 houses were demolished. Considered a model raid by Israeli forces.
5350:
5345:
5162:
3981:
3366:
2744:
2184:
2059:
2032:
1952:
812:
4149:
4131:
4113:
3095:
2570:
2206:
5167:
5112:
5070:
5060:
4893:
4773:
4743:
2544:
1342:
1007:
718:
271:
of Jerusalem, killing 20 people. On 4 January 1948, the Lehi detonated a lorry bomb against the headquarters of the paramilitary
193:
5315:
5090:
4883:
4803:
4798:
4753:
4552:
3757:
3638:
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74:
4478:
4472:
4208:
5340:
5310:
5227:
5182:
5142:
5030:
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4928:
4793:
4788:
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4350:
2088:
4400:
4257:
3991:
5409:
5202:
5152:
5147:
5080:
5040:
4898:
4853:
3386:
2910:
2863:
1894:
317:
4139:
5232:
5217:
5117:
5065:
5050:
5020:
5000:
4978:
4948:
4913:
4903:
4833:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4783:
4778:
3705:
3422:
3361:
3291:
1187:. On 28 May, when the inhabitants and fighters of the Old City surrendered, in fear for their lives, the Transjordanian
5437:
5212:
5207:
5197:
5137:
5127:
5122:
5107:
5045:
5015:
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4938:
4918:
4908:
4863:
4838:
4828:
4344:
3914:
3799:
2302:
Larry Collins interview with Hazem Nusseibeh, May 1968, Larry Collins papers, Georgetown University library, cited in
1443:
1184:
658:
449:
415:
404:
181:
106:
was also attacked and grenades were thrown in the Jewish quarters. Across the country, Jewish cars were the target of
4468:
17:
5414:
5237:
5192:
5187:
5177:
5172:
5055:
5025:
5010:
5005:
4995:
4958:
4943:
4888:
4848:
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4556:
4490:
4404:
552:
4235:
3630:
3142:
122:
52:
44:
5097:
5035:
4973:
4968:
4456:
4340:
4287:
3936:
3356:
66:
4037:
4019:
1674:
4953:
4708:
4251:
4247:
3926:
3820:
3206:
2734:
434:
321:
165:
the Yishuv (or later Israeli) soldiers killed roughly 800 Arab civilians and prisoners of war in 24 massacres.
4293:
2588:
4680:
4518:
3321:
2127:'s blowing up of the Cairo-Haifa passenger train (forty Arab civilians killed, sixty injured) in March 1948"
1217:
1116:
1028:
994:
961:
13 were executed, 11 from Eilabun (Christians) and 2 refugees (Muslims). Massacre was documented by the UN.
482:
287:
4500:
4496:
3973:
3904:
3880:
3254:
1156:
1051:
742:
2477:
Friedman, Saul S. , A History of the Middle East. , McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers,2005
4933:
4596:
4269:
3791:
3447:
3412:
3301:
3244:
2791:, "La Question de Palestine: L'accomplissement des prophéties, 1947-1967", (tome 3) Fayard, 2007, p. 76.
1356:
4159:
1787:
530:
2179:
Allon, Yigal, (1970) "Shield of David - The Story of Israel's Armed Forces". Weidenfeld and Nicolson;
4578:
4484:
4027:
3862:
3731:
3564:
3507:
3432:
3417:
3306:
2556:
1413:
1329:
1296:
1164:
1151:
1055:
898:
877:
767:
731:
689:
617:
592:
403:
Grenades thrown into a crowd of Arab workers outside the Haifa Oil Refinery. Attack precipitates the
268:
252:
224:
189:
142:
89:
2858:
2350:
1636:
166:
4356:
4281:
4263:
4241:
3765:
843:
790:
500:
Bomb planted which killed 24-26 people, including the Spanish vice-consul, Manuel Allende Salazar.
474:
Lehi detonated a truck bomb outside National Committee building, killing 26 and injuring hundreds.
236:
58:
2712:
5404:
4673:
4566:
4522:
4390:
3773:
3623:
3462:
3351:
2886:
1417:
1311:
1268:
1176:
818:
373:
312:
248:
158:
62:
31:
2121:
Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of "Transfer" in Zionist Political Thought, 1882-1948
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4528:
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3723:
3689:
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3229:
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2740:
2632:
2303:
2180:
2144:
2138:
2084:
2055:
2028:
1948:
1802:
1794:
1597:
1545:
1408:
The deaths of July 12 are regarded in the Arab world and by several historians as a massacre.
1207:
With regard to massacres perpetrated by the IDF at the end of the war and particularly during
661:
along with five members of a British military convoy who had been escorting them to the city.
328:
174:
73:, the British decided in February 1947 to terminate the Mandate and, on 29 November 1947, the
2601:
4616:
4439:
4011:
3838:
3681:
3211:
2772:
2756:
2698:, "Dayr Yasin: Friday, 9 April 1948". Centre of Palestinian Studies, Beirut. 1999. (Arabic).
1239:
1233:
949:
834:
244:
232:
170:
70:
4622:
4275:
3957:
3888:
3828:
3739:
3341:
3225:
2970:
2917:
2893:(2005) "Myths and historiography of the 1948 Palestine War revisited: the case of Lydda,"
2870:
2719:
2620:
2551:
2531:
2290:
2262:
Simha Flapan, 1987, 'The Palestinian Exodus of 1948', J. Palestine Studies 16 (4), p.3-26.
1382:
1208:
1089:
During the conflict between Arabs and Jews in Palestine before the war, the criterion of "
978:
909:
212:
200:
1880:
1843:
Embassy of Israel, London, website. 2002. Quoting Zeev Vilnai - 'Ramla past and present'.
2842:
2840:
921:
Between 52 and 70 Arab men shot, killed, and burned in a pit. Several women were raped.
426:
Jewish workers of the Haifa Oil Refinery killed by Arab co-workers after Irgun bombing.
347:
Here is a non-exhaustive list of killings and massacres that took place during the war:
3872:
3846:
3715:
3543:
3538:
3512:
3346:
2416:
1200:
and Arab fighters parading with the heads of two Israeli soldiers impaled on stakes in
1109:
1090:
1084:
1045:
858:
796:
216:
208:
107:
77:
adopted Resolution 181 (II) recommending the adoption and implementation of a plan of
5431:
4081:
3665:
3517:
3286:
3066:
3056:
3046:
2906:
2788:
2695:
2429:
2396:
2345:
1944:
1409:
1251:
1180:
1139:
969:
756:
573:
264:
103:
1242:, with some historians such as Yoav Gelber denying that a massacre had taken place.
727:
79 Jewish doctors, nurses, members of Haganah and scientists and 1 British soldier.
251:
reports on the village's mukhtar account that 455 people were missing following the
4462:
3781:
3559:
3336:
3249:
3090:
3026:
3016:
3006:
2933:
2890:
2846:
2831:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2800:
2707:
2679:
2644:
2465:
2363:
2333:
2271:
1852:
1822:
1691:
1474:
Itamar Radai, Palestinians in Jerusalem and Jaffa, 1948: A Tale of Two cities, 2015
1421:
1348:
1323:
1318:
1307:
888:
699:
674:
642:
466:
162:
138:
111:
3391:
2996:
Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War
1602:
Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War
1550:
Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War
1359:
urged that in future all convoys be relieved of military escorts and placed under
1273:
Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War
145:
in 1950. These numbers amount to around 1 percent of the population of each side.
2022:
4512:
3673:
3646:
3502:
3296:
3036:
2980:
2960:
2945:
2660:
2511:
2444:
2375:
2116:
1868:
1737:
1397:
1212:
1188:
1172:
240:
134:
2834:, 'The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited', footnote 78, p. 473
1010:
taken near Eilabun and shot. One survived. Village was completely obliterated.
169:
list 10 major massacres with more than 50 victims each. Palestinian researcher
4299:
3220:
2411:
2124:
2024:
Social Mobilization in the Arab/Israeli War of 1948: On the Israeli Home Front
1197:
1127:
509:
292:
272:
2380:
1675:"Interview with Benny Morris by Ari Shavit in Ha'aretz on September 1st 2004"
84:
The vote was rejected by the Arab parties, and was immediately followed by a
4427:
3331:
3281:
2080:
1782:
1367:
were unarmed, was massive and that seventy-eight people were "slaughtered".
1360:
1193:
283:
196:, with 80 deaths, included the mass killing of medical personnel by Arabs.
1806:
4697:
1434:
List of towns and villages depopulated during the 1947–1949 Palestine war
1352:
307:
154:
3111:
1115:
When he was criticized by Mapam members for his attitude concerning the
173:
lists 33 massacres, half of them occurring during the civil war period.
4506:
3497:
3452:
3427:
2849:, 'The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited', pp. 427–428
2420:, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 27:3, 1995, pp. 287–304
1201:
1146:
1105:
1097:
973:
839:
777:
748:
703:
631:
622:
606:
597:
536:
488:
440:
378:
296:
4665:
3487:
3482:
3239:
3234:
1486:
Efraim Karsh, The Arab-Israeli conflict: The Palestine war 1948 ,2008
1168:
1071:
929:
826:
100 people were wounded and 42 killed in an attack on a bus station.
220:
133:) suffered between 5,700 and 5,800 casualties. The death toll on the
130:
126:
99:
1897:
on Sunday. It was said to be in reprisal for an attack by Irgun at
1465:
Martin Gilbert, Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 2005.
3522:
3492:
3437:
3326:
3316:
3258:
3215:
2822:, 'The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited', p.426.
1898:
1834:
Palestine Post, 9 January 1948, p.1: "Jaffa Gate toll reaches 20".
1390:
1303:
1101:
884:
804:
In 1995, a mass grave near the site with 52 bodies was unearthed.
695:
515:
492:
460:
300:
276:
185:
2975:
Under the Cover of War. The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians
180:
The main massacres and attacks against Jewish civilians were the
1798:
1062:
Arab warnings and threats of massacres against Jews of Palestine
452:. The raiding unit's orders were to 'kill maximum adult males.'
94:
4669:
4180:
3581:
3153:
3115:
2805:
One State, Two States: Resolving the Israeli/Palestine conflict
2497:
Symbolism in Terrorism: Motivation, Communication, and Behavior
759:
completely depopulated after the Palmach captured the village.
35:
resulted in the deaths of many civilians and unarmed soldiers.
1593:
1591:
1589:
1386:
324:'s offices, killing 22, 53 and 13 Jewish people respectively.
2737: : Tome 3 - L’accomplissement des prophéties (1947-1967)
1347:
In 1948, Hadassah hospital was located in the enclave of the
3106:
5448:
Massacres in Israel during the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
3061:
A History of Israel - From the Rise of Zionism to our Time
1608:, Berlin, Heidelberg, New-York : Springer, pp. 59-127
1027:
Violence against Palestinians had a strong impact on the
3021:
The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited
2592:, Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, November 2008.
1857:
The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem revisited
1751:
The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited
938:
60 - 70 Arab men and women killed after surrendering.
2499:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Maryland, 2014
1439:
List of killings and massacres in Mandatory Palestine
1556:, Berlin, Heidelberg, New-York: Springer, pp. 59-127
1096:
In 1946, at a meeting held between the heads of the
88:
between Palestinian Arabs who were supported by the
18:
Killings and massacres during the 1948 Palestine War
5379:
5331:
5246:
4762:
4717:
4605:
4448:
4326:
4215:
3949:
3812:
3657:
3615:
3552:
3531:
3475:
3405:
3274:
3267:
3197:
2874:, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol 27, issue 4, p.
1724:
1722:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1054:Israeli historians challenged the official Israeli
1023:
Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
153:According to several historians, between 10 and 70
1811:It killed fourteen Arabs and wounded forty others.
1786:
1238:There was a significant controversy regarding the
3080:, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000.
2329:
2327:
2325:
1567:Massacres, Psychological Warfare and Oblitaration
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
188:members had thrown a bomb into the crowd and the
2574:, Journal of Palestine Studies, 2001, pp. 19-39.
2525:Folklore versus History: The Tantura Blood Libel
1659:Folklore versus History. The Tantura Blood Libel
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
279:'s Town Hall, killing 15 Arabs and injuring 80.
184:where 39 Jews were killed by Arab workers after
2407:
2405:
2354:, on the website of the Jewish Virtual Library.
1789:The faithful city: the siege of Jerusalem, 1948
1377:1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle
1108:, asked for "a strict observance of the Jewish
848:Unknown. Estimates range from "dozens" to 200+
299:organised a bombing attack against a garage in
2649:The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Revisited
1669:
1667:
627:Unknown. Estimates range from "dozens" to 30+
219:. Morris said that the "worst cases" were the
5463:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel
4681:
4192:
3593:
3165:
3127:
3031:1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War
2882:
2880:
2675:
2673:
2507:
2505:
2440:
2438:
282:During the night between 5 and 6 January, in
8:
2952:, Sussex Academic Press, 2001, pp. 162, 318.
2077:Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
2582:
2580:
2392:
2390:
1696:1948: An History the First Arab-Israeli War
1494:
1492:
1310:attacked the village in the context of the
4688:
4674:
4666:
4651:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement
4199:
4185:
4177:
3600:
3586:
3578:
3271:
3172:
3158:
3150:
3134:
3120:
3112:
3101:Crimes of War: What the Public Should Know
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
883:IDF, 89th Commando Battalion, with former
349:
4361:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242
4335:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194
1461:
1459:
1029:exodus of the Palestinian Arab population
3043:, Institute for Palestine Studies, 1992.
2143:. Yale University Press. pp. 279–.
2137:Professor Efraim Karsh (27 April 2010).
2000:The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities
1825:, 8 January 1948: 16 killed, 41 injured.
1381:In July 1948, the Israelis launched the
1112:to secure the moral character of war".
894:80 to 200 Arab men, women and children.
679:40 Arab civilians killed, sixty injured
650:9 British soldiers and Jewish civilians
49:1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
3698:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon
2967:, University of California Press, 1998.
1482:
1480:
1455:
4643:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement
4633:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement
2739:, t. 3, Fayard, 13 juin 2007, 838 p. (
2103:Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins,
558:British deserters and Arab irregulars
386:15 Arabs dead including five children
2807:, Yale University Press, 2009, p. 55.
2535:, Appendix III of Yoav Gelber (2006).
1772:Collins/Lapierre. Page 138: 17 killed
7:
4638:Israel–Sudan normalization agreement
4377:Israel–Syria disengagement agreement
4054:Southern Israel cross-border attacks
3966:Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
3897:Iraqi missile attacks against Israel
1317:In 2007, Israeli military historian
1104:, the political party affiliated to
255:, including 170 women and children.
57:After about 30 years of conflict in
3103:, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999.
3023:, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
3001:Israel and the Palestinian Refugees
2909:, Introduction to Spiro Munayyer's
2589:The Historiography of the 1948 Wars
2253:Morris (2004), pp. 481,487,501,502.
1606:Israel and the Palestinian Refugees
1554:Israel and the Palestinian Refugees
1265:The Historiography of the 1948 Wars
119:Israeli Declaration of Independence
4628:Israel–UAE normalization agreement
4519:Beirut Summit and peace initiative
3372:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front
3107:Film about the massacre in Eilabun
3073:, Stanford University Press, 1992.
2924:(1998), Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 80-98.
1793:. Simon and Schuster. p. 56.
137:side is unclear, but according to
30:Killings and massacres during the
25:
3051:The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine
2977:, Arabicus Books and Media, 2009.
2304:Morris 2004, footnote 572, p. 295
2244:Morris (2004), pp. 475, 479, 499.
1635:Esber (2009), p.356 referring to
813:1948 Tel Aviv bus station bombing
310:aimed at the headquarters of the
5443:Massacres in Mandatory Palestine
5400:
5399:
4874:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4557:Agreement on Movement and Access
2965:The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry
2048:Chalk, Peter (1 November 2012).
1343:Hadassah medical convoy massacre
1321:published a controversial book,
955:Golani Brigade's 12th Battalion
941:Village completely depopulated.
719:Hadassah medical convoy massacre
194:Hadassah medical convoy massacre
4591:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
4585:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
4553:Israeli disengagement from Gaza
3758:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114
3639:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency
3397:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
2723:, on the website of the author.
1119:, Ben-Gurion reminded them the
1075:from total Jewish domination'.
983:35 and 58 male Arab villagers.
339:attributed the attack to Lehi.
320:market and the backyard of the
75:United Nations General Assembly
5453:1948 massacres of Palestinians
4230:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence
4046:Palestinian militancy campaign
3033:, Yale University Press, 2008.
2987:, Sussex Academic Press, 2006.
2021:Naor, Moshe (21 August 2013).
1657:Gelber (2006), Appendix III -
445:Between 60-70 Arab villagers.
394:Bombing at Haifa Oil Refinery
343:List of killings and massacres
235:with between 40–200+, and the
117:On 15 May 1948, following the
1:
5458:Massacres committed by Israel
4318:American trusteeship proposal
3387:Popular Resistance Committees
3041:Expulsion of the Palestinians
2999:, in E. Benvenisti & al,
1955:, pp, 465, 491, 546, quoting
1604:, in E. Benvenisti & al,
1552:, in E. Benvenisti & al,
918:52-70 Arab villagers killed.
205:Second phase of the Civil War
5276:Eritrean War of Independence
5271:Croatian War of Independence
2922:Journal of Palestine Studies
1626:Karsh (2002), pp. 33, 44, 51
1328:in which he claims that the
1228:Tantura massacre controversy
1216:commanders to precipitate a
3915:Palestinian suicide attacks
1444:List of massacres in Israel
1263:Nadine Picaudou, author of
657:four Jewish workers for an
450:Haifa Oil Refinery massacre
416:Haifa Oil Refinery massacre
405:Haifa Oil Refinery massacre
267:, the main entrance to the
182:Haifa Oil Refinery massacre
5479:
4491:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum
4479:Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement
4473:Israel–Jordan peace treaty
4405:Palestinian autonomy talks
3099:, in Roy Gutman (Editor),
3013:, Osprey Publishing, 2002.
2779:, Faber & Faber, 1984.
2763:, Faber & Faber, 1984.
2571:The Tantura case in Israel
2027:. Routledge. p. 140.
1617:Gelber (2006), pp. 21, 77.
1374:
1340:
1324:Blood Libel at Deir Yassin
1294:
1231:
1145:During the Civil War, the
1082:
1043:
1020:
1008:Khirbat al-Wa'ra al-Sawda'
576:headquarters in Jerusalem
561:49 to 58 Jewish civilians
247:gave the figure of 70–80.
223:with 60 to 70 killed, the
42:
5395:
5291:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
4704:
4401:Egypt–Israel peace treaty
4258:Faisal–Weizmann agreement
4176:
3577:
3292:al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
3149:
2713:Blood Libel at Dir Yassin
2317:1949: The First Israelis,
2054:. ABC-CLIO. p. 113.
2051:Encyclopedia of Terrorism
1707:Morris, 2004, p. 469–470.
1385:to conquer the cities of
1121:events of Lydda and Ramla
958:14 Arab villagers killed
863:3rd Battalion of the IDF
776:157 Jewish residents and
730:Arab retaliation for the
670:Cairo–Haifa train bombing
582:13 Jewish non-combatants
553:Ben Yehuda Street bombing
286:, the Haganah bombed the
4709:List of massacres at sea
4440:Israel–Lebanon agreement
4252:Anglo-French Declaration
4248:Declaration to the Seven
3821:Misgav Am hostage crisis
3076:Malka Hillel Shulewitz,
2735:La Question de Palestine
2619:27 February 2008 at the
2530:13 February 2009 at the
2289:27 February 2008 at the
2075:Gilbert, Martin (2005).
2011:Benvenisti, 2000, p. 107
1648:Pappé (2006), pp.133-137
1536:Morris 2008, pp. 404-06.
1283:"Battles" or "massacres"
1259:Palestinian perspectives
1050:In the 1980s a group of
435:Balad al-Shaykh massacre
129:( now officially called
5091:List of Palestine lists
5086:Palestinian territories
4132:Israel–Palestine crisis
3983:Bringing Home the Goods
3322:Guardians of the Cedars
2895:The Middle East Journal
2545:"The Tantura "Massacre"
1337:Hadassah medical convoy
995:Arab al-Mawasi massacre
483:Semiramis Hotel bombing
5356:Indigenous Australians
4824:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4549:Sharm El Sheikh Summit
4469:Gaza–Jericho Agreement
4351:Tripartite Declaration
3974:Ain es Saheb airstrike
3855:South Lebanon conflict
3078:The Forgotten Millions
3011:The Palestine War 1948
2718:3 January 2011 at the
2633:Hirst 2003, pp. 252–53
2205:Benvenisti, 1996, p.
1565:Esber (2009), section
743:Ein al-Zeitun massacre
708:93-140 Arab villagers
659:electric cable company
79:partition of Palestine
5133:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4597:John Kerry Parameters
4270:Churchill White Paper
4236:Sykes–Picot Agreement
3792:Coastal Road massacre
3413:Arab Higher Committee
3302:Arab Liberation Front
3245:Palestinian Authority
3143:Arab–Israeli conflict
3053:, OneWorld Publishing
2417:The Debate About 1948
2381:The Jihad that wasn't
2217:Morris (2004), p. 205
2170:Morris (2004), p. 289
1967:Morris (2004), p. 101
1716:Pappé (2006), p. 196.
1330:events of Deir Yassin
1165:Old City of Jerusalem
1152:Prisoner of War camps
1044:Further information:
1021:Further information:
935:7th Armoured Brigade
915:7th Armored Brigade.
801:60-70 Arab villagers
423:39-41 Jewish workers
303:, killing 30 people.
231:with around 250, the
123:1948 Arab–Israeli War
53:1948 Arab–Israeli War
45:Arab–Israeli conflict
5410:Massacres by country
4579:Annapolis Conference
4573:UNSC Resolution 1701
4563:UNSC Resolution 1850
4545:UNSC Resolution 1583
4539:UNSC Resolution 1566
4535:UNSC Resolution 1559
4485:Wye River Memorandum
4341:Armistice agreements
4098:Gaza border protests
4020:Gaza–Israel conflict
3732:Lod Airport massacre
3565:United Arab Republic
3508:United Arab Emirates
3418:Arab Liberation Army
2897:, 22 September 2005.
2557:The Jerusalem Report
2550:23 June 2016 at the
2456:Pappé (2006), p.197.
2384:, Autumn 2008, n°34.
2235:Morris (2004) p. 487
2226:Morris (2004) p. 494
1583:Esber (2009), p. 356
1297:Deir Yassin massacre
1117:Arab refugee problem
1056:historical narrative
1006:15 Bedouin men from
1003:14 Arab Bedouin men
899:Deir Yassin massacre
878:Al-Dawayima massacre
768:Kfar Etzion massacre
732:Deir Yassin massacre
690:Deir Yassin massacre
634:'s Third Battalion.
618:al-Husayniyya, Safad
609:'s Third Battalion.
593:al-Husayniyya, Safad
448:Retaliation for the
420:Mob of Arab workers
253:al-Dawayima massacre
225:Deir Yassin massacre
190:Kfar Etzion massacre
157:occurred during the
143:Haj Amin al-Husseini
90:Arab Liberation Army
4729:Mandatory Palestine
4422:UNSC Resolution 497
4416:UNSC Resolution 478
4410:UNSC Resolution 452
4397:UNSC Resolution 446
4387:UNSC Resolution 425
4381:UNSC Resolution 350
4371:UNSC Resolution 339
4367:UNSC Resolution 338
4357:Khartoum Resolution
4345:Lausanne Conference
4294:Morrison–Grady Plan
4264:San Remo conference
4242:Balfour Declaration
4114:Gaza–Israel clashes
4106:Gaza–Israel clashes
3881:Mothers' Bus attack
3458:Revolutionary Cells
2911:"The Fall of Lydda"
2554:, 9 February 2004,
2514:(2006), pp.227-228.
2495:Jonathan Matusitz,
2468:(2008), pp. 219-20.
2366:(2004), pp.589-590.
2274:(2004), pp.239-240.
1989:Morris (2004) p.103
1728:Karsh (2002), p. 32
1498:Morris (2008) p.406
1167:or the villages of
1134:Causes of massacres
866:250-1700 civilians
844:Alexandroni Brigade
791:Abu Shusha massacre
753:70+ Arab villagers
655:attacked and killed
237:Abu Shusha massacre
67:British authorities
59:Mandatory Palestine
5438:1948 Palestine war
5321:WWII in Yugoslavia
5296:Sudanese civil war
5261:Algerian Civil War
5256:1948 Palestine war
4879:Dominican Republic
4567:Quartet Principles
4501:Clinton Parameters
4391:Camp David Accords
3774:Savoy Hotel attack
3624:1948 Palestine war
3463:South Lebanon Army
3352:Muslim Brotherhood
2916:2011-07-18 at the
2869:2011-07-18 at the
2140:Palestine Betrayed
1998:Flapan, S. (1987)
1943:All That Remains,
1911:The Palestine Post
1901:several days ago.'
1357:Jacques de Reynier
1312:Operation Nachshon
1269:Saleh Abd al-Jawad
819:Egyptian Air Force
602:15 Arab villagers
541:60 Arab villagers
520:25 Arab civilians
463:'Saraya' building
383:15 Arab villagers
374:Al-Khisas massacre
249:Saleh Abd al-Jawad
229:the Lydda massacre
32:1948 Palestine war
5425:
5424:
5415:Massacres by year
5387:List of genocides
5306:Greco-Turkish War
5281:Finnish Civil War
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4529:Geneva Initiative
4497:Camp David Summit
4457:Madrid Conference
4434:Reagan peace plan
4407:
4312:UN Partition Plan
4306:London Conference
4288:London Conference
4224:Damascus Protocol
4172:
4171:
4073:Pillar of Defense
3724:Sabena Flight 571
3690:Battle of Karameh
3609:Armed engagements
3573:
3572:
3471:
3470:
3443:Japanese Red Army
3198:Primary countries
3003:, Springer, 2007.
2991:Saleh Abdel Jawad
2864:The Fall of Lydda
2586:Nadine Picaudou,
2150:978-0-300-12727-0
1895:Ben Yehuda Street
1598:Saleh Abdel Jawad
1398:Arab Legionnaires
1014:
1013:
614:16-17 March 1948
549:22 February 1948
431:31 December 1947
412:30 December 1947
391:30 December 1947
370:18 December 1947
318:Ben Yehuda Street
227:with around 112,
175:Saleh Abdel Jawad
63:Palestinian Arabs
16:(Redirected from
5470:
5403:
5402:
5301:Syrian civil war
4739:Ottoman Bulgaria
4690:
4683:
4676:
4667:
4617:Trump peace plan
4609:
4403:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4178:
4163:
4160:Israel–Hamas war
4155:
4151:Shield and Arrow
4145:
4135:
4127:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4090:Wave of violence
4085:
4077:
4067:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4023:
4015:
4007:
3997:
3987:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3942:
3932:
3922:
3910:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3824:
3805:
3795:
3787:
3777:
3769:
3766:Ma'alot massacre
3761:
3753:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3682:War of Attrition
3677:
3669:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3631:Arab–Israeli War
3626:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3579:
3476:Other countries
3272:
3212:Egyptian Kingdom
3174:
3167:
3160:
3151:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3113:
3096:Arab-Israeli War
2953:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2904:
2898:
2884:
2875:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2808:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2773:Thomas C. Wasson
2770:
2764:
2757:Thomas C. Wasson
2754:
2748:
2730:
2724:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2677:
2668:
2658:
2652:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2584:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2542:
2536:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2500:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2409:
2400:
2394:
2385:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2134:
2128:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1792:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1595:
1584:
1581:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1499:
1496:
1487:
1484:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1240:Tantura massacre
1234:Tantura massacre
1185:Mishmar Hayarden
1079:"Purity of arms"
991:2 November 1948
966:31 October 1948
950:Eilabun massacre
946:30 October 1948
926:30 October 1948
906:29 October 1948
874:28 October 1948
855:11–12 July 1948
835:Tantura massacre
497:24-26 civilians
350:
245:David Ben-Gurion
233:Tantura massacre
171:Salman Abu-Sitta
71:Palestinian Jews
21:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5391:
5375:
5361:Nizari Ismailis
5334:
5327:
5249:
5242:
5158:Solomon Islands
5076:North Macedonia
4767:
4765:
4758:
4722:
4720:
4719:By past country
4713:
4700:
4694:
4664:
4655:
4623:Abraham Accords
4607:
4601:
4444:
4426:1981–1982
4322:
4276:Peel Commission
4211:
4209:peace proposals
4205:
4168:
4158:
4148:
4138:
4130:
4120:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4070:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4000:
3990:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3958:Second Intifada
3956:
3945:
3938:Grapes of Wrath
3935:
3925:
3913:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3827:
3819:
3808:
3798:
3790:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3746:
3740:Munich massacre
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3672:
3664:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3622:
3611:
3606:
3569:
3548:
3527:
3467:
3423:Black September
3401:
3342:Lebanese Forces
3263:
3259:Ba'athist Syria
3255:Syrian Republic
3200:and authorities
3199:
3193:
3192:
3178:
3145:
3140:
3087:
2971:Rosemarie Esber
2957:
2956:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2918:Wayback Machine
2905:
2901:
2885:
2878:
2871:Wayback Machine
2857:
2853:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2811:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2771:
2767:
2755:
2751:
2732:Henry Laurens,
2731:
2727:
2720:Wayback Machine
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2678:
2671:
2659:
2655:
2643:
2639:
2631:
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2621:Wayback Machine
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
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2552:Wayback Machine
2543:
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2532:Wayback Machine
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2291:Wayback Machine
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2020:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
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1984:
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1971:
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1962:
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1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1430:
1383:Operation Danny
1379:
1373:
1345:
1339:
1299:
1293:
1285:
1261:
1236:
1230:
1218:civilian exodus
1209:Operation Hiram
1136:
1087:
1081:
1064:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1025:
1019:
979:Carmeli Brigade
910:Safsaf massacre
787:13–19 May 1948
702:, supported by
572:Bomb attack at
531:Sa'sa' Massacre
527:14-15 Feb 1948
508:Bomb attack at
505:7 January 1948
479:5 January 1948
457:4 January 1948
345:
288:Semiramis Hotel
261:
259:Bombing attacks
239:with 60–70. In
221:Saliha massacre
213:Operation Hiram
201:Rosemarie Esber
161:. According to
151:
55:
43:Main articles:
41:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5476:
5474:
5466:
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5396:
5393:
5392:
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5389:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5371:Turkish people
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5337:
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5332:
5329:
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5018:
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4998:
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4991:
4981:
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4971:
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4956:
4951:
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4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4869:Czech Republic
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
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4702:
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4695:
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4678:
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4393:
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4363:
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4330:
4328:
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4321:
4320:
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4308:
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4296:
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4284:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4207:Diplomacy and
4206:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4181:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4156:
4146:
4136:
4128:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4068:
4063:Returning Echo
4058:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4016:
4008:
3998:
3988:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3928:Accountability
3923:
3911:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3873:First Intifada
3869:
3859:
3851:
3847:Bus 300 affair
3843:
3835:
3825:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3788:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3716:Yom Kippur War
3712:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3582:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3544:United Nations
3541:
3539:European Union
3535:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3513:United Kingdom
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3347:al-Mourabitoun
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Ba'athist Iraq
3223:
3218:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3086:
3085:External links
3083:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3071:Land and power
3064:
3063:, Knopf, 2007.
3054:
3044:
3034:
3024:
3014:
3004:
2988:
2985:Palestine 1948
2978:
2968:
2955:
2954:
2950:Palestine 1948
2938:
2936:(2008), p.290.
2926:
2899:
2876:
2859:Spiro Munayyer
2851:
2836:
2824:
2809:
2793:
2781:
2765:
2749:
2725:
2700:
2696:Khalidi, Walid
2688:
2669:
2665:Palestine 1948
2653:
2637:
2625:
2606:
2594:
2576:
2561:
2537:
2516:
2501:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2458:
2449:
2447:(2006), p. 291
2434:
2432:(1992), p. 295
2422:
2401:
2399:(1992), p. 252
2386:
2368:
2356:
2338:
2336:(2008), p.396.
2321:
2308:
2295:
2276:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2198:
2189:
2172:
2163:
2149:
2129:
2109:
2096:
2089:
2067:
2060:
2040:
2033:
2013:
2004:
1991:
1982:
1969:
1960:
1957:New York Times
1927:
1925:, 1 April 1948
1923:New York Times
1915:
1913:, 1 April 1948
1903:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1815:
1774:
1765:
1755:
1749:Benny Morris,
1742:
1730:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1684:
1663:
1650:
1641:
1637:Aryeh Yitzhaki
1628:
1619:
1610:
1585:
1571:
1558:
1538:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1375:Main article:
1372:
1369:
1341:Main article:
1338:
1335:
1295:Main article:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1260:
1257:
1232:Main article:
1229:
1226:
1135:
1132:
1110:Purity of arms
1091:purity of arms
1085:Purity of arms
1083:Main article:
1080:
1077:
1063:
1060:
1046:New Historians
1041:
1040:New Historians
1038:
1036:
1035:Historiography
1033:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1001:
998:
992:
988:
987:
984:
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916:
913:
907:
903:
902:
895:
892:
881:
875:
871:
870:
867:
864:
861:
859:Lydda massacre
856:
852:
851:
849:
846:
837:
832:
828:
827:
824:
821:
816:
810:
806:
805:
802:
799:
797:Givati Brigade
794:
788:
784:
783:
781:
774:
771:
765:
761:
760:
754:
751:
746:
740:
736:
735:
728:
725:
722:
716:
715:13 April 1948
712:
711:
709:
706:
693:
687:
683:
682:
680:
677:
672:
667:
666:31 March 1948
663:
662:
651:
648:
645:
640:
639:18 March 1948
636:
635:
628:
625:
620:
615:
611:
610:
603:
600:
595:
590:
589:13 March 1948
586:
585:
583:
580:
577:
570:
569:11 March 1948
566:
565:
562:
559:
556:
550:
546:
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542:
539:
534:
528:
524:
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521:
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381:
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367:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
344:
341:
337:New York Times
333:Palestine Post
313:Palestine Post
260:
257:
217:Operation Yoav
209:Operation Dani
167:Aryeh Yizthaki
150:
147:
108:stone throwing
40:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5475:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
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5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5351:Hazara people
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5330:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5314:
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5254:
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5251:
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5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:United States
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
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5199:
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5019:
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5012:
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5002:
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4994:
4990:
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4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
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4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:Great Britain
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
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4805:
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4800:
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4785:
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4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4734:Ottoman Syria
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4691:
4686:
4684:
4679:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4604:
4598:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4304:1946–47
4303:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4141:Breaking Dawn
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4003:Autumn Clouds
3999:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:Samu incident
3663:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:Former states
3551:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:Transnational
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:United States
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:Holy War Army
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Army of Islam
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:Organizations
3266:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:Iraqi Kingdom
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:All-Palestine
3205:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3189:Organizations
3188:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3067:Anita Shapira
3065:
3062:
3058:
3057:Howard Sachar
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2907:Walid Khalidi
2903:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2789:Henry Laurens
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2745:9782213633589
2742:
2738:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2686:, pp. 125–127
2685:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2667:, pp.309-310.
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2430:Anita Shapira
2426:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:Anita Shapira
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2346:Mitchell Bard
2342:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:0-297-00133-7
2182:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2061:9780313308956
2057:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2034:9781136776489
2030:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:0-88728-224-5
1950:
1946:
1945:Walid Khalidi
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1883:, 2002, p.36.
1882:
1877:
1874:
1871:(2006), p. 24
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1661:, pp. 319-27.
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:, pp. 355–59.
1568:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:Walid Khalidi
1406:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1211:, Morris and
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1138:According to
1133:
1131:
1129:
1126:According to
1124:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1016:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
989:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
971:
970:Hula massacre
968:
965:
964:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
924:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
904:
900:
896:
893:
890:
886:
882:
879:
876:
873:
872:
868:
865:
862:
860:
857:
854:
853:
850:
847:
845:
841:
838:
836:
833:
830:
829:
825:
822:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
785:
782:
779:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
762:
758:
757:Ein al-Zeitun
755:
752:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
737:
733:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
713:
710:
707:
705:
701:
697:
694:
691:
688:
686:9 April 1948
685:
684:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
665:
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:
646:
644:
641:
638:
637:
633:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
613:
612:
608:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
588:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
574:Jewish Agency
571:
568:
567:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:
543:
540:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
525:
522:
519:
517:
514:
511:
507:
504:
503:
499:
496:
494:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
477:
473:
470:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
455:
451:
447:
444:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
429:
425:
422:
419:
417:
414:
411:
410:
406:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
389:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
369:
368:
364:
361:
359:Perpetrators
358:
355:
352:
351:
348:
342:
340:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
322:Jewish Agency
319:
315:
314:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:Damascus Gate
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:According to
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
104:Carmel Market
101:
96:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
54:
50:
46:
38:
36:
34:
33:
27:
19:
5366:Palestinians
5346:Azerbaijanis
5316:World War II
5255:
5163:South Africa
4766:or territory
4749:Soviet Union
4721:or territory
4565: /
4555: /
4551: /
4547: /
4537: /
4521: /
4499: /
4471: /
4463:Oslo Accords
4408: /
4399: /
4389: /
4379: /
4369: /
4359: /
4343: /
4250: /
4150:
4140:
4122:
4072:
4062:
4028:
4002:
3993:Summer Rains
3992:
3982:
3937:
3927:
3917:(1993–2008;
3906:Bramble Bush
3905:
3863:
3829:
3800:
3782:
3748:
3706:
3560:Soviet Union
3250:Saudi Arabia
3100:
3094:
3091:Benny Morris
3077:
3070:
3060:
3050:
3040:
3030:
3027:Benny Morris
3020:
3017:Benny Morris
3010:
3007:Efraim Karsh
3000:
2994:
2984:
2974:
2964:
2949:
2941:
2934:Benny Morris
2929:
2921:
2902:
2894:
2891:Avraham Sela
2862:
2854:
2847:Benny Morris
2832:Benny Morris
2827:
2820:Benny Morris
2804:
2801:Benny Morris
2796:
2784:
2777:Taking Sides
2776:
2768:
2761:Taking Sides
2760:
2752:
2733:
2728:
2711:
2708:Uri Milstein
2703:
2691:
2683:
2680:Benny Morris
2664:
2656:
2648:
2645:Benny Morris
2640:
2628:
2609:
2597:
2587:
2569:
2568:Ilan Pappé,
2564:
2555:
2540:
2523:
2519:
2496:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2466:Benny Morris
2461:
2452:
2425:
2415:
2379:
2371:
2364:Benny Morris
2359:
2349:
2341:
2334:Benny Morris
2316:
2311:
2298:
2279:
2272:Benny Morris
2267:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2201:
2192:
2175:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2139:
2132:
2120:
2112:
2105:O Jerusalem!
2104:
2099:
2076:
2070:
2050:
2043:
2023:
2016:
2007:
1999:
1994:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1963:
1956:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1888:
1881:EfraĂŻm Karsh
1876:
1864:
1856:
1853:Benny Morris
1848:
1839:
1830:
1823:The Scotsman
1818:
1810:
1788:
1777:
1768:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1733:
1712:
1703:
1695:
1692:Benny Morris
1687:
1678:
1658:
1653:
1644:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1566:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1470:
1422:Avraham Sela
1407:
1403:
1395:
1380:
1365:
1349:Mount Scopus
1346:
1322:
1319:Uri Milstein
1316:
1300:
1286:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1237:
1222:
1206:
1161:
1144:
1137:
1125:
1114:
1095:
1088:
1068:
1065:
1049:
1026:
831:22 May 1948
809:19 May 1948
773:Arab forces
764:13 May 1948
724:Arab forces
721:, Jerusalem
692:, Jerusalem
579:Arab forces
555:, Jerusalem
512:, Jerusalem
485:, Jerusalem
346:
336:
332:
326:
311:
305:
281:
262:
198:
179:
163:Benny Morris
152:
139:Benny Morris
116:
112:Mamilla Mall
83:
56:
29:
28:
26:
5311:World War I
5266:Bosnian War
5173:South Sudan
5168:South Korea
5113:Puerto Rico
5103:Philippines
5071:North Korea
5061:New Zealand
4894:El Salvador
4774:Afghanistan
4744:Roman Judea
4513:Taba Summit
4282:White Paper
4162:(2023–2024)
4092:(2015–2016)
4040:(2008–2009)
4032:(2007–2008)
4012:Lebanon War
3960:(2000–2005)
3875:(1987–1993)
3839:Lebanon War
3752:(1972–1979)
3700:(1968–1982)
3684:(1967–1970)
3674:Six-Day War
3647:Suez Crisis
3641:(1949–1956)
3633:(1948–1949)
3503:North Korea
3297:Arab League
3186:Authorities
3037:Nur Masalha
2981:Yoav Gelber
2961:Joel Beinin
2946:Yoav Gelber
2887:Alon Kadish
2661:Yoav Gelber
2614:Gelber 2006
2602:Morris 2004
2512:Yoav Gelber
2445:Yoav Gelber
2376:Yoav Gelber
2319:1986, p.89.
2315:Tom Segev,
2284:Gelber 2006
2156:10 November
2117:Nur Masalha
1869:Yoav Gelber
1783:Joseph, Dov
1738:Yoav Gelber
1679:haaretz.com
1418:Alon Kadish
1414:Deir Yassin
1291:Deir Yassin
1213:Yoav Gelber
1189:Arab Legion
1173:Neve Yaakov
1052:revisionist
997:, Tiberias
952:, Tiberias
815:, Tel Aviv
739:2 May 1948
275:located in
241:Al-Dawayima
5432:Categories
5286:Kosovo War
4884:East Timor
4804:Bangladesh
4799:Azerbaijan
4764:By country
4754:Yugoslavia
4649:2022
4621:2020
4615:2019
4595:2016
4589:2013
4583:2010
4577:2007
4571:2006
4561:2006
4543:2005
4533:2004
4527:2003
4517:2002
4511:2001
4505:2000
4495:2000
4489:1999
4483:1998
4477:1995
4467:1994
4461:1993
4455:1991
4438:1983
4432:1982
4420:1981
4414:1980
4395:1979
4385:1978
4375:1974
4365:1973
4355:1967
4349:1950
4339:1949
4333:1948
4316:1948
4310:1947
4300:Bevin Plan
4298:1947
4292:1946
4286:1939
4280:1939
4274:1937
4268:1922
4262:1920
4256:1919
4246:1918
4240:1917
4234:1916
4228:1915
4222:1914
4216:Background
4123:Black Belt
4029:Hot Winter
3889:Tunis raid
3864:Wooden Leg
3221:Hamas Gaza
3047:Ilan Pappé
2412:Avi Shlaim
2187:, pg. 196.
2125:Stern Gang
2090:0415359015
1450:References
1252:Ilan Pappé
1198:Ben Shemen
1157:IDF forces
1140:Ilan Pappé
1128:Avi Shlaim
630:Attack by
605:Attack by
510:Jaffa Gate
293:Jaffa Gate
273:al-Najjada
39:Background
5405:Massacres
5341:Armenians
5228:Venezuela
5183:Sri Lanka
5143:Singapore
5031:Lithuania
4989:Jerusalem
4964:Indonesia
4929:Guatemala
4794:Australia
4789:Argentina
4698:massacres
4696:Lists of
4449:1991–2016
4428:Fahd Plan
4327:1948–1983
3950:2000–2021
3813:1980–1999
3658:1960–1979
3616:1947–1959
3392:as-Sa'iqa
3332:Hezbollah
3282:Abu Nidal
3183:Countries
2747:), p. 76.
2293:, p. 314.
2081:Routledge
1859:, p. 221.
1753:, p. 123.
1698:, p. 333.
1361:Red Cross
1255:weapons.
1194:orphanage
891:members.
880:, Hebron
780:soldiers
770:, Hebron
471:26 Arabs
308:car bombs
284:Jerusalem
155:massacres
149:Massacres
86:civil war
5380:See also
5333:By group
5203:Thailand
5153:Slovenia
5148:Slovakia
5081:Pakistan
5041:Malaysia
4899:Ethiopia
4854:Colombia
4523:Road map
4082:Gaza War
4038:Gaza War
3216:Republic
2914:Archived
2867:Archived
2716:Archived
2651:, p. 237
2617:Archived
2548:Archived
2528:Archived
2351:1948 War
2287:Archived
2119:, 1992,
1976:Morris,
1799:60-10976
1785:(1960).
1694:(2008),
1600:(2007),
1548:(2007),
1428:See also
1353:Ramallah
1306:and the
1177:Nitzanim
932:, Safed
912:, Safed
793:, Ramle
745:, Safed
533:, Safed
491:perhaps
437:, Haifa
400:6 Arabs
362:Victims
335:and the
329:Caesarea
269:Old City
159:1948 war
61:between
5233:Vietnam
5218:Ukraine
5118:Romania
5066:Nigeria
5051:Myanmar
5021:Lebanon
5001:Jamaica
4979:Ireland
4954:Iceland
4949:Hungary
4914:Germany
4904:Finland
4859:Croatia
4834:Burundi
4819:Bolivia
4814:Belgium
4809:Belarus
4784:Algeria
4779:Albania
4608:present
4507:Isratin
4022:(2006–)
3968:(2001–)
3783:Entebbe
3749:Bayonet
3498:Morocco
3453:Palmach
3428:Haganah
3382:PFLP-GC
2604:, p.91.
2123:. "The
1980:, p100.
1763:TNT...'
1202:Eilabun
1147:Haganah
1106:Palmach
1098:Haganah
1017:Effects
974:Lebanon
840:Haganah
778:Haganah
749:Palmach
704:Palmach
632:Palmach
623:Palmach
607:Palmach
598:Palmach
537:Palmach
489:Haganah
441:Palmach
379:Palmach
297:Palmach
5248:By war
5213:Uganda
5208:Turkey
5198:Taiwan
5138:Serbia
5128:Rwanda
5123:Russia
5108:Poland
5046:Mexico
5016:Latvia
4984:Israel
4939:Guyana
4934:Guinea
4919:Greece
4909:France
4864:Cyprus
4839:Canada
4829:Brazil
4154:(2023)
4144:(2022)
4134:(2021)
4126:(2019)
4116:(2019)
4108:(2018)
4100:(2018)
4084:(2014)
4076:(2012)
4066:(2012)
4056:(2011)
4048:(2010)
4014:(2006)
4006:(2006)
3996:(2006)
3986:(2006)
3976:(2003)
3941:(1996)
3931:(1993)
3909:(1992)
3899:(1991)
3891:(1988)
3883:(1988)
3867:(1985)
3857:(1985)
3849:(1984)
3841:(1982)
3833:(1981)
3823:(1980)
3804:(1978)
3801:Litani
3794:(1978)
3786:(1976)
3776:(1975)
3768:(1974)
3760:(1973)
3742:(1972)
3734:(1972)
3726:(1972)
3718:(1973)
3710:(1968)
3692:(1968)
3676:(1967)
3668:(1966)
3649:(1956)
3488:Kuwait
3483:France
3406:Former
3337:Kataeb
3275:Active
3240:Jordan
3235:Israel
2743:
2183:
2147:
2107:(1971)
2087:
2058:
2031:
1951:
1899:Ramleh
1807:266413
1805:
1797:
1169:Atarot
1072:Yishuv
930:Saliha
887:, and
653:Arabs
647:Arabs
397:Irgun
365:Notes
356:Event
316:, the
131:Israel
127:yishuv
125:. The
100:Gvulot
65:, the
51:, and
5238:Yemen
5193:Syria
5188:Sudan
5178:Spain
5056:Nepal
5026:Libya
5011:Kenya
5006:Japan
4996:Italy
4959:India
4944:Haiti
4889:Egypt
4849:China
4844:Chile
4606:2019–
3830:Opera
3523:Yemen
3493:Libya
3438:Irgun
3327:Hamas
3317:Fatah
1546:Jawad
1391:Ramle
1387:Lydda
1371:Lydda
1304:Irgun
1181:Gezer
1102:Mapam
885:Irgun
696:Irgun
516:Irgun
493:Irgun
461:Jaffa
353:Date
301:Haifa
277:Jaffa
186:Irgun
5098:Peru
5036:Mali
4974:Iraq
4969:Iran
3919:list
3707:Gift
3448:Lehi
3377:PFLP
3312:DFLP
3287:Amal
3257:and
3228:and
3214:and
2889:and
2741:ISBN
2684:1948
2181:ISBN
2158:2012
2145:ISBN
2085:ISBN
2056:ISBN
2029:ISBN
1978:1948
1949:ISBN
1803:OCLC
1795:LCCN
1420:and
1389:and
1308:Lehi
1183:and
1000:IDF
889:Lehi
700:Lehi
698:and
675:Lehi
643:Acre
467:Lehi
215:and
135:Arab
95:Aden
69:and
3367:PLO
3362:PLF
3357:PIJ
2207:248
1220:".
1196:in
1159:".
901:).
823:42
5434::
3093:,
3069:,
3059:,
3049:,
3039:,
3029:,
3019:,
3009:,
2993:,
2983:,
2973:,
2963:,
2948:.
2920:,
2879:^
2861:,
2839:^
2812:^
2803:,
2710:,
2682:,
2672:^
2663:,
2647:,
2579:^
2504:^
2437:^
2414:,
2404:^
2389:^
2378:,
2348:,
2324:^
2083:.
2079:.
1947:;
1930:^
1855:,
1809:.
1801:.
1721:^
1677:.
1666:^
1588:^
1574:^
1503:^
1491:^
1479:^
1458:^
1416:.
1271:,
1179:,
1175:,
1171:,
1058:.
972:,
842:,
734:.
407:.
211:,
207:,
114:.
81:.
47:,
4689:e
4682:t
4675:v
4200:e
4193:t
4186:v
3921:)
3601:e
3594:t
3587:v
3173:e
3166:t
3159:v
3135:e
3128:t
3121:v
2635:.
2306:.
2160:.
2093:.
2064:.
2037:.
1681:.
1326:,
20:)
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