Kim Philby - Knowledge (XXG)

1735:. He said that there was no discipline there; he made friends with the archivist, which enabled him for years to take secret documents home, many unrelated to his own work, and bring them back the next day; his handler photographed them overnight. When he was instructed to remove and replace his boss, Felix Cowgill, he asked if it was proposed "to shoot him or something" but was told to use bureaucratic intrigue. He said: "It was a very dirty story—but after all our work does imply getting dirty hands from time to time but we do it for a cause that is not dirty in any way". Commenting on his sabotage of the operation to secretly send thousands of anti-communists into Albania to overthrow the communist government, Philby defended his actions by saying that he had helped prevent another world war. 1492: 1065:, soon to be liberated by the Soviet Union. The NKVD complained to Cecil Barclay, the SIS representative in Moscow, that information had been withheld. Barclay reported the complaint to London. Philby claimed to have overheard discussion of this by chance and sent a report to his controller. This turned out to be identical with Barclay's dispatch, convincing the NKVD that Philby had seen the full Barclay report. A similar lapse occurred with a report from the Japanese embassy in Moscow sent to Tokyo. The NKVD received the same report from Sorge but with an extra paragraph claiming that Hitler might seek a separate peace with the Soviet Union. These lapses by Philby aroused intense suspicion in Moscow. 1676: 1686: 1076:. She noted that they produced an extraordinary wealth of information on German war plans but next to nothing on the repeated question of British penetration of Soviet intelligence in either London or Moscow. Philby had repeated his claim that there were no such agents. She asked, "Could the SIS really be such fools they failed to notice suitcase-loads of papers leaving the office? Could they have overlooked Philby's Communist wife?" Modrzhinskaya concluded that all were double agents, working essentially for the British. 1666: 1456:

his intelligence activities on behalf of the Soviets. However, when Elliott asked him to sign a written statement, he hesitated and requested a delay in the interrogation. Another meeting was scheduled to take place in the last week of January. It has since been suggested that the whole confrontation with Elliott had been a charade to convince the KGB that Philby had to be brought back to Moscow, where he could serve as a British penetration agent of Moscow Central.

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Maclean's espionage, deeply compromised Philby's position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London. There, he underwent MI5 interrogation aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring. In July 1951, Philby resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal.

1384:, "I have no reason to conclude that Mr. Philby has at any time betrayed the interests of his country, or to identify him with the so-called 'Third Man', if indeed there was one." Following this, Philby gave a press conference in which—calmly, confidently, and without the stammer he had struggled with since childhood—he reiterated his innocence, declaring, "I have never been a communist." 951:, Ivan Chichayev (code-name Vadim), re-established contact and asked for a list of British agents being trained to enter the Soviet Union. Philby replied that none had been sent and that none was undergoing training at that time. This statement was underlined twice in red and marked with two question marks, clearly indicating confusion and questioning of this, by disbelieving staff at 1696: 1452:

drunk and incoherent with grief on the terrace of the flat," mourning the death of a little pet fox that had fallen from the balcony. When Elliott met Philby in late 1962, the first time since Golitsyn's defection, he found Philby too drunk to stand and with a bandaged head; he had fallen repeatedly and cracked his skull on a bathroom radiator, requiring stitches.

1201:, the Albanian Security Service. Clearly there had been leaks and Philby was later suspected as one of the leakers. His own comment was, "I do not say that people were happy under the regime but the CIA underestimated the degree of control that the Authorities had over the country." Philby later wrote of his attitude towards the operation in Albania: 33: 1723:- it was inconceivable that one "born into the ruling class of the British Empire" would be a traitor, to the amateurish and incompetent nature of the British organisation, and because of so many in MI6 having so much to lose if he was proven to be a spy. He had the policy of never confessing; a document in his own handwriting was dismissed as a 575:

that the name he went by was Arnold Deutsch. I think that he was of Czech origin; about 5 ft 7in, stout, with blue eyes and light curly hair. Though a convinced Communist, he had a strong humanistic streak. He hated London, adored Paris, and spoke of it with deeply loving affection. He was a man of considerable cultural background."

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In 1940, Philby began living with Aileen Furse in London. Their first three children, Josephine, John and Tommy, were born between 1941 and 1944. In 1946, Philby arranged a divorce from Litzi. He and Aileen were married on 25 September 1946, while Aileen was pregnant with their fourth child, Miranda.

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It was not until 1 July 1963 that Philby's flight to Moscow was officially confirmed. On 30 July, Soviet officials announced that they had granted him political asylum in the Soviet Union, along with Soviet citizenship. When the news broke, MI6 came under criticism for failing to anticipate and block

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in Britain for himself and his wife. For a large sum of money, Volkov offered the names of three Soviet agents inside Britain, two of whom worked in the Foreign Office and a third who worked in counterintelligence in London. Philby was given the task of dealing with Volkov by British intelligence. He

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that he had personally briefed Philby on the need "to discover the system of guarding Franco and his entourage". Maly was one of the Soviet Union's most powerful and influential illegal controllers and recruiters. With the goal of potentially arranging Franco's assassination, Philby was instructed to

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Lizzy came home one evening and told me that she had arranged for me to meet a "man of decisive importance". I questioned her about it but she would give me no details. The rendezvous took place in Regents Park. The man described himself as Otto. I discovered much later from a photograph in MI5 files

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In February 1934, Philby married Litzi Friedmann, an Austrian Jewish communist whom he had met in Vienna. They subsequently moved to Britain; however, as Philby assumed the role of a fascist sympathiser, they separated. Litzi lived in Paris before returning to London for the duration of the war; she

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correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. Following the death of his second wife in 1957 and Eleanor's subsequent divorce from Brewer, the two were married in London in 1959 and set up house together in Beirut. From 1960, Philby's formerly marginal work as a journalist became more substantial and he frequently

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encounters. His dissolution had a troubling effect on Philby; the morning after a particularly disastrous and drunken party, a guest returning to collect his car heard voices upstairs and found "Kim and Guy in the bedroom drinking champagne. They had already been down to the Embassy but being unable

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to cause skin disfigurations. She was sent to a clinic in Switzerland to recover. Upon her return to Istanbul in late 1948, she was badly burned in an incident with a charcoal stove and returned to Switzerland. Shortly afterward, Philby was moved to the job as chief SIS representative in Washington,

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The agents we sent into Albania were armed men intent on murder, sabotage and assassination ... They knew the risks they were running. I was serving the interests of the Soviet Union and those interests required that these men were defeated. To the extent that I helped defeat them, even if it caused

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on telephones which turned out to have been tapped by Soviet intelligence. Volkov had insisted that all written communications about him take place by bag rather than by telegraph, causing a delay in reaction that might plausibly have given the Soviets time to uncover his plans. Philby was thus able

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later described Philby as "disappointed in many ways" by what he found in Moscow. "He saw people suffering too much," but he consoled himself by arguing that "the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge." Pukhova said, "he was struck by

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Philby told Elliott that he was "half expecting" to see him. Elliott confronted him, saying, "I once looked up to you, Kim. My God, how I despise you now. I hope you've enough decency left to understand why." Prompted by Elliott's accusations, Philby confirmed the charges of espionage and described

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in the investigation into the embassy leak. Philby had undertaken to devise an escape plan that would warn Maclean, in England, of the intense suspicion he was under and arrange for him to flee. Burgess had to get to London to warn Maclean, who was under surveillance. In early May 1951, Burgess got

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to meet his Soviet contact twice a week. Philby had been briefed on the situation shortly before reaching Washington in 1949; it was clear to Philby that the agent was Maclean, who worked in the embassy at the time and whose wife, Melinda, lived in New York. Philby had to help discover the identity

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communications between Washington and London. Philby was also responsible for liaising with the CIA and promoting "more aggressive Anglo-American intelligence operations". A leading figure within the CIA was Philby's wary former colleague, James Jesus Angleton, with whom he once again found himself

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It is unclear whether Philby had been alerted, but Eleanor noted that as 1962 wore on, expressions of tension in his life "became worse and were reflected in bouts of deep depression and drinking". She recalled returning home to Beirut from a sight-seeing trip in Jordan to find Philby "hopelessly

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Even after his departure from MI6, suspicion towards Philby continued. Interrogated repeatedly regarding his intelligence work and his connection with Burgess, he continued to deny that he had acted as a Soviet agent. From 1952, Philby struggled to find work as a journalist, eventually—in August

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In February 1947, Philby was appointed head of British intelligence for Turkey and posted to Istanbul with his second wife, Aileen, and their family. His public position was that of First Secretary at the British Consulate; in reality, his intelligence work required overseeing British agents and

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correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. Following Eleanor's divorce, the couple married in January 1959. After Philby defected in 1963, Eleanor visited him in Moscow. In November 1964, after a visit to the US, she returned, intending to settle permanently. In her absence, Philby had begun an affair with

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Burgess, who had been given a post as Second Secretary at the British Embassy, took up residence in the Philby family home and rapidly set about causing offence to all and sundry. Philby's wife resented him and disliked his presence; Americans were offended by his "natural superciliousness" and

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Burgess had intended to aid Maclean in his escape, not accompany him in it. The "affair of the missing diplomats," as it was referred to before Burgess and Maclean surfaced in Moscow, attracted a great deal of public attention, and Burgess' disappearance, which identified him as complicit in

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that were known to him. When Jane Archer (who had interviewed Krivitsky) was appointed to Philby's section he moved her off investigatory work in case she became aware of his past. He later wrote "she had got a tantalising scrap of information about a young English journalist whom the Soviet

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During 1942–43, Philby's responsibilities were then expanded to include North Africa and Italy, and he was made the deputy head of Section Five under Major Felix Cowgill, an army officer seconded to SIS. In early 1944, as it became clear that the Soviet Union was likely to once more prove a

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under the cover of a research appointment, but in reality had been assigned to recruit the brightest students from Britain's top universities. Philby had come to the Soviets' notice earlier that year in Vienna, where he had been involved in demonstrations against the government of

1543:; they were not published in the Soviet Union until 1980. In the book, Philby says that his loyalties were always with the communists; he considered himself not to have been a double agent but "a straight penetration agent working in the Soviet interest." Philby continued to read 810:. Krivitsky claimed that two Soviet intelligence agents had penetrated the Foreign Office and that a third Soviet intelligence agent had worked as a journalist for a British newspaper in Spain. No connection with Philby was made at the time, and Krivitsky was found shot in a 689:, for the British embassy in Paris. When visiting Paris after the war, he was shocked to discover that the address that he used for Mlle Dupont was that of the Soviet embassy. His controller in Paris, a Latvian national named Ozolin-Haskins (code name Pierre), was shot in 1586:

documents, Philby inserted "sinister" paragraphs regarding US plans. The KGB would stamp the documents "top secret" and begin their circulation. For the Soviets, Philby was an invaluable asset, ensuring the correct use of idiomatic and diplomatic English phrases in their

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Their fifth child, Harry George, was born in 1950. Aileen suffered from psychiatric problems, which grew more severe during the period of poverty and suspicion following the flight of Burgess and Maclean. She lived separately from Philby, settling with their children in

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100, which I hoped would last me about a year in Vienna. She made some calculations and announced, "That will leave you an excess of £25. You can give that to the International Organisation for Aid for Revolutionaries. We need it desperately." I liked her determination.

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warned the Soviets of the attempted defection and travelled to Istanbul—ostensibly to handle the matter on behalf of SIS but, in reality, to ensure that Volkov had been neutralised. By the time he arrived in Turkey, three weeks later, Volkov had been removed to Moscow.

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In September 1949, the Philbys arrived in the United States. Officially, his post was that of First Secretary to the British Embassy; in reality, he served as chief British intelligence representative in Washington. His office oversaw a large amount of urgent and

838:(Russian term for spymaster) in France, probably Pierre at this time, suggested to Moscow that he suspected Philby's motives. Solomon introduced Philby to the woman who would become Philby's second wife, Aileen Furse. Solomon went to work for the British retailer 1308:

convertible that had been abandoned in the embassy car park. "If he did not act at once it would be too late," the telegram read, "because would send his car to the scrap heap. There was nothing more could do." On 25 May, Burgess drove Maclean from his home at

997:. On the strength of his knowledge and experience of Franco's Spain, he was put in charge of the subsection that dealt with Spain and Portugal. This entailed responsibility for a network of undercover operatives in several cities such as Madrid, Gibraltar, 1699: 1025:

significant adversary to Britain, SIS re-activated Section Nine, which dealt with anti-communist efforts. In late 1944 Philby, on instructions from his Soviet handler, maneuvered through the system successfully to replace Cowgill as head of Section Nine.

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and his communist guerillas to liberate Albania, now prepared to remove Hoxha. He trained Albanian commandos—some of whom were former Nazi collaborators—in Libya or Malta. From 1947, they infiltrated the southern mountains to build support for former

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and on being asked what the infamous spy was like, Hardy quipped, "He was always trying to get information out of me—most significantly the name of my tailor". Philby, "employed in a Department of the Foreign Office", was appointed an Officer of the

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disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'" Philby's drinking and depression continued; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.

681:. He also began working for both the Soviet and British intelligence, which usually consisted of posting letters in a crude code to a fictitious girlfriend, Mlle Dupont in Paris, for the Soviets. He used a simpler system for MI6, delivering post at 634:, an organization aiming at rebuilding and supporting a friendly relationship between Germany and the United Kingdom. The Anglo-German Fellowship, at this time, was supported both by the British and German governments, and Philby made many trips to 1471:, had left Beirut that morning so abruptly that cargo was left scattered over the docks; Philby claimed that he left Beirut on board this ship. However, others maintain that he escaped through Syria, overland to Soviet Armenia and thence to the 1368:

if he was determined "to cover up at all costs the dubious third man activities of Mr Harold Philby..." This was reported in the British press, leading Philby to threaten legal action against Lipton if he repeated his accusations outside

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Philby said that at the time of his recruitment as a spy there were no prospects of his being useful; he was instructed to make his way into the Secret Service, which took years, starting with journalism and building up contacts in the

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In 1940, on the recommendation of Burgess, Philby joined MI6's Section D, a secret organisation charged with investigating how enemies might be attacked through non-military means. Philby and Burgess ran a training course for would-be

1029:, an officer of German birth (born Wolfgang von Blumenthal) working for Richard Gatty in Belgium and later transferred to the Norwegian/Swedish border, voiced many suspicions of Philby and his intentions but was repeatedly ignored. 1558:

Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though he claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends,

824:, who had once met him in France, also defected. To protect his family, still living in the Soviet Union, Orlov said nothing about Philby, an agreement Stalin respected. On a short trip back from Spain, Philby tried to recruit 5233: 1419:, just outside Beirut. Following the departure of his father and stepbrothers for Saudi Arabia, he continued to live alone in Ajaltoun, but took a flat in Beirut after beginning an affair with Eleanor Brewer, the wife of 1483:, author of several works on espionage, speculated that MI6 might have left open the opportunity for Philby to flee to Moscow to avoid an embarrassing public trial. Philby himself thought this might have been the case. 1095:

The intervention of Philby in the affair and the subsequent capture of Volkov by the Soviets might have seriously compromised Philby's position. Volkov's defection had been discussed with the British embassy in

1440:. Golitsyn offered the CIA revelations of Soviet agents within American and British intelligence services. Following his debriefing in the US, Golitsyn was sent to SIS for further questioning. The head of MI6, 3151:

David Pryce-Jones: October 2004: The New Criterion published by the Foundation for Cultural Review, New York, a nonprofit public foundation as described in Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code,

1276:. The investigation into the embassy leak continued and the stress of it was exacerbated by the arrival in Washington, in October 1950, of Burgess—Philby's unstable and dangerously alcoholic fellow spy. 1518:

in late 2020 indicated that the British government had intentionally conducted a campaign to keep Philby's spying confidential "to minimise political embarrassment" and prevent the publication of his

778:...there had been a lot of criticism of British journalists from Franco officers who seemed to think that the British in general must be a lot of Communists because so many were fighting with the 5318: 737:

Philby in London on 24 May 1937, Maly wrote to the NKVD, "Though devoted and ready to sacrifice himself, does not possess the physical courage and other qualities necessary for this attempt."

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and served as chief British liaison with American intelligence agencies. During his career as an intelligence officer, he passed large amounts of intelligence to the Soviet Union, including the

1252:) was information that documents had been sent to Moscow from the British embassy in Washington. The intercepted messages revealed that the embassy source (identified as "Homer") travelled to 461:", in the words of his father, who went on to write: "The only serious question is whether Kim definitely intended to be disloyal to the government while in its service." Upon his graduation, 1292:

Burgess' presence was awkward for Philby, yet it was potentially dangerous for Philby to leave him unsupervised. The situation in Washington was tense. From April 1950, Maclean had been the

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community in Paris produced just two recruits. Turkish intelligence took them to a border crossing into Georgia but soon afterwards shots were heard. Another effort was made using a Turkish

766:. Johnson was killed outright, and Neil and Sheepshanks soon died of their injuries. Philby suffered only a minor head wound. As a result of this accident, Philby, who was well-liked by the 1627:

Donald Maclean's wife, Melinda. He and Eleanor divorced and she departed Moscow in May 1965. Melinda left Maclean and briefly lived with Philby in Moscow. In 1968, she returned to Maclean.

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a month (the average Soviet salary in 1960 was Rbls 80.60 a month and Rbls 122 in 1970) and his family was not immediately able to join him in exile. Philby was under virtual

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supply ships in the Western Mediterranean. Thanks to British counter-intelligence efforts, of which Philby's Iberian subsection formed a significant part, the project (Abwehr code-name

509:(born Alice Kohlmann), a young Austrian communist of Hungarian Jewish origins. Philby admired the strength of her political convictions and later recalled that at their first meeting: 2701: 5268: 1448:, an MI6 officer recently stationed in Beirut who was a friend of Philby's and had previously believed in his innocence, was tasked with attempting to secure his full confession. 1801: 720:

tanks deployed with Falangist forces in Spain. Philby told the British, after a direct question to Franco, that German troops would never be permitted to cross Spain to attack

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to transmit intelligence traffic. This mistake made it possible to break the normally impregnable code. Contained in the traffic (intercepted and decrypted as part of the

626:, as editor. After the magazine's owner changed the paper's role to covering Anglo-German trade, Philby engaged in a concerted effort to make contact with Germans such as 5313: 5303: 5243: 1511:, his closest KGB contact, explained that this was to guard his safety, but later admitted that the real reason was the KGB's fear that Philby would return to London. 3382: 332: 3540: 733:

report on vulnerable points in Franco's security and recommend ways to gain access to him and his staff. However, such an act was never a real possibility; upon

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in September 1939, Philby's contact with his Soviet controllers was lost and he failed to attend the meetings that were necessary for his work. During the

451: 1835: 1607:, Lady Lindsay-Hogg, an actress and aristocratic divorcée who was an admirer of Franco and Hitler. They travelled together in Spain through August 1939. 879: 4298: 2815: 798:

to France the previous year, travelled to the United States and published an account of his time in "Stalin's secret service". He testified before the

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The SIS planned to interrogate Maclean on 28 May 1951. On 23 May, concerned that Maclean had not yet fled, Philby wired Burgess, ostensibly about his

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was active in Spain, particularly around the British naval base of Gibraltar, which its agents hoped to watch with many detection stations to track

782:. After I had been wounded and decorated by Franco himself, I became known as 'the English-decorated-by-Franco' and all sorts of doors opened to me. 465:, a tutor in economics at Trinity, introduced him to the World Federation for the Relief of the Victims of German Fascism, an organization based in 3123: 1499:

Upon his arrival in Moscow in January 1963, Philby discovered that he was not a colonel in the KGB, as he had been led to believe. He was paid 500

767: 1301:, causing an official complaint to be made to the British ambassador. Burgess was sent back to England, where he met Maclean in his London club. 4357: 4313: 1381: 803: 745: 1392:

After being exonerated, Philby was no longer employed by MI6 and Soviet intelligence lost all contact with him. In August 1956 he was sent to

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and under guard, with all visitors screened by the KGB. It was ten years before he was given a minor role in the training of KGB recruits.

1362: 2777: 4194: 3272: 1910: 1805: 1515: 1158: 1154: 5263: 5238: 1887: 1583: 944: 771: 1412:"Charles Garner" when writing about subjects he considered too "fluffy"(distasteful), for example the subject of Arab slave girls. 4329: 1893: 1689: 1370: 1338:. Lacking access to material of value and out of touch with Soviet intelligence, he all but ceased to operate as a Soviet agent. 920:. His time at Section D, however, was short-lived; the "tiny, ineffective, and slightly comic" section was soon absorbed by the 3731: 1719:

intelligence agency, Philby attributed the failure of British intelligence to unmask him as due in great part to these things:

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The Fourth Man: The Definitive Account of Kim Philby, Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean and Who Recruited Them to Spy for Russia'

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On the evening of 23 January 1963, Philby vanished from Beirut, failing to meet his wife for a dinner party at the home of

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had urged. The first was ignored as a provocation, but the second, when confirmed by the Russo-German journalist and spy

538:, Philby and Friedmann married in February 1934, enabling her to escape to the United Kingdom with him two months later. 1197:, head of SIS, disliked the idea, which was promoted by former SOE men now in SIS. Most infiltrators were caught by the 1080: 1058: 921: 817: 315:. He was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1934. After leaving Cambridge, Philby worked as a journalist, covering the 3243: 5273: 5228: 1630:

In 1971, Philby married Rufina Pukhova, a 39-year-old Russo-Polish woman, with whom he lived until his death in 1988.

1134: 1062: 1037: 925: 611:. They remained friends for many years following their separation and divorced only in 1946, following the end of the 486: 324: 2748: 3006: 1675: 1036:, a young American counter-intelligence officer working in liaison with SIS in London. Angleton, later chief of the 5101: 4527: 4350: 4108: 1775: 1539:

In Moscow, Philby occupied himself by writing his memoirs, which were published in Britain in 1968 under the title

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The first three missions, overland from Greece, were trouble-free. Larger numbers were landed by sea and air under

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shell hit just in front of the car in which Philby was travelling along with correspondents Edward J. Neil of the

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complained that Burgess used British embassy automobiles to avoid arrest when he cruised Washington in pursuit of

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organisation, which sent information to both London and Moscow. Nevertheless, Angleton's suspicions went unheard.

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and his life in Istanbul, she experienced a breakdown, staging an accident and injecting herself with urine and

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by Franco on 2 March 1938. Philby found that the award proved helpful in obtaining access to fascist circles:

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while he lived first in London and later in Beirut. Weakened by alcoholism and frequent illness, she died of

2464: 1669: 1571: 1408:. There, his journalism served as cover for renewed work for MI6. He wrote under his own name and under the 1358: 642: 631: 427: 166: 3059: 1415:

In Lebanon, Philby at first lived in Mahalla Jamil, his father's large household located in the village of

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in Moscow. Philby confirmed that he had worked for the KGB and that "his purpose in life was to destroy

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Philby's defection, though Elliott was to claim he could not have prevented Philby's flight. Journalist

1138: 686: 490: 1373:. Lipton later withdrew his comments. This retraction came about when Philby was officially cleared by 1237:

working closely. Angleton remained suspicious of Philby but lunched with him every week in Washington.

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In late summer 1943, the SIS provided the GRU an official report on the activities of German agents in

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in Germany. It later emerged that the agent—known as Schmidt—had also worked as an informant for the

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By September 1941, Philby began working for Section Five of MI6, a section responsible for offensive

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and wife of a London stockbroker. At the same time, Burgess was trying to get her into MI6. But the

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in 1940, where she was then living at this time, Philby arranged for Friedmann's escape to Britain.

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after finally being unmasked as a Soviet agent in 1963. He lived in Moscow until his death in 1988.

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Philby's role as an instructor of sabotage agents again brought him to the attention of the Soviet

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Department churning out fabricated documents. Working from genuine unclassified and public CIA or

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A more serious threat to Philby's position had come to light. During the summer of 1945, a Soviet

570:. In June 1934, Deutsch recruited him to the Soviet intelligence services. Philby later recalled: 5106: 4858: 4675: 4607: 4577: 4422: 4412: 4100: 4000: 3534: 3487: 3277: 3268: 3060:"The national economy of the USSR for 70 years. Wages and incomes of the population. 'in Russian" 3014: 1343: 1121:

intelligence had sent to Spain during the Civil War. And here she was plunked down in my midst!"

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Both the British and the Soviets were interested in analyzing the combat performance of the new

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in December 1957. Through his son John, Philby's granddaughter is the author Charlotte Philby.

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travelled throughout the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait and Yemen.

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for a seaborne landing, but it never left port. Philby was implicated in a similar campaign in

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as a Soviet agent; she was the daughter of a Russian banker and gold dealer, a relative of the

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UK government launched campaign to block memoirs being published fearing damaging disclosures

358:

in May 1951. Under suspicion himself, Philby resigned from MI6 in July 1951 but was publicly

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SOE's Mastermind: the Authorised Biography of Major General Sir Colin Gubbins KCMG, DSO, MC

1210:

Philby's wife had suffered from psychological problems since childhood which caused her to

599:

In London, Philby began a career as a journalist. He took a job at a monthly magazine, the

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https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/my-grandfather-the-russian-spy-1764026.html

2501: 1655: 1579: 1281: 1194: 967: 603:, for which he wrote a large number of articles and letters (sometimes under a variety of 506: 417: 155: 5048: 664: 346:

Philby was suspected of tipping off two other spies under suspicion of Soviet espionage,

331:

he had become a high-ranking member. In 1949 Philby was appointed first secretary to the

1695: 1193:, which continued until 1951, increasingly under the influence of the newly formed CIA. 5121: 4931: 4916: 4868: 4807: 4798: 4771: 4650: 4645: 4592: 4572: 4442: 4324: 4026: 3799: 3794: 3772: 2173: 1659: 1588: 1249: 1117: 1073: 928:

and was subsequently fired, while Philby was appointed as an instructor on clandestine

799: 558: 514: 513:

A frank and direct person, Litzi came out and asked me how much money I had. I replied

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Treason in the Blood: H. St. John Philby, Kim Philby, and the Spy Case of the Century

2368: 1639: 1604: 1500: 1480: 1404: 1354: 1293: 1285: 1253: 1105: 975: 917: 901: 825: 807: 725: 702: 694: 531: 442:

in the Arabian desert. Following in the footsteps of his father, Philby continued to

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to evade suspicion. He also delivered clothes and money to refugees. Following the

470: 462: 328: 293: 285: 245: 94: 4005:"C": The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill 3959: 3466: 1927: 1260:

In January 1950, on evidence provided by the Venona intercepts, Soviet atomic spy

3725: 3514: 970:

intention to strike into southeast Asia instead of attacking the Soviet Union as

579:

Philby recommended to Deutsch several of his Cambridge contemporaries, including

5126: 5111: 4966: 4906: 4896: 4820: 4640: 4615: 4587: 4562: 4537: 4467: 4437: 4407: 1612: 1560: 1533: 1314: 1261: 1178: 1125: 698: 588: 431: 422: 406: 394: 359: 351: 304: 68: 1902: 1752: 4853: 4710: 4705: 4447: 4432: 4417: 4265: 4239: 3909:

Spycraft: The Secret History of the CIA's Spytechs, from Communism to Al-Qaeda

3637:

Double lives: Stalin, Willi Münzenberg, and the seduction of the intellectuals

1441: 1265: 1233: 1162: 929: 864: 734: 607:) and occasionally served as "acting editor." Meanwhile, Philby and Friedmann 526:, paying for the train tickets out of his remaining £75 and using his British 32: 1128:, who had served as an intelligence officer, recalled that Philby was in his 405:(ICS) at the time of Philby's birth, St John later became a civil servant in 4863: 4507: 4392: 4247: 1616: 1310: 1211: 937: 897: 795: 721: 717: 673: 656: 604: 458: 4335: 1700:

Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"

2850:"Kim Philby, the Observer connection and the establishment world of spies" 932:

at the SOE's finishing school for agents at the Estate of Lord Montagu in

630:, at that time the German ambassador in London. He became a member of the 4989: 4387: 2442: 1437: 1416: 1409: 1198: 1183: 1084: 982:, contributed to Stalin's decision to begin transporting troops from the 956: 913: 905: 883: 834: 754: 713: 527: 410: 369:

in 1955. He resumed his career as both a journalist and a spy for MI6 in

297: 591:, despite his personal reservations about Burgess' erratic personality. 4057:

The Second Oldest Profession: Spies and Spying in the Twentieth Century

1724: 1603:

While working as a correspondent in Spain, Philby began an affair with

1552: 1519: 1219: 1045: 1002: 763: 682: 678: 553:

agent–who first approached Philby about the possibility of working for

474: 439: 4270:

The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives

2231: 2229: 908:

less than 24 hours before France surrendered to Germany in June 1940.

450:, where he studied history and economics. He graduated in 1933 with a 4981: 3596:

Endgame: collected comic strips from the pages of Doctor Who magazine

3383:"Moscow square named after notorious British double agent Kim Philby" 1468: 1393: 1241: 1109: 1097: 1007: 998: 821: 690: 635: 542: 523: 502: 435: 386: 374: 370: 355: 292:, a spy ring that had divulged British secrets to the Soviets during 86: 60: 4320:"Kim Philby: The Spy Who Loved Me" by Charlotte Philby, 12 June 2018 886:

on 21 May, he returned to France in mid-June and began representing

541:

It is possible that it was a Viennese-born friend of Friedmann's in

3573:

Deceiving the deceivers: Kim Philby, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess

924:(SOE) in the summer of 1940. Burgess was arrested in September for 5030: 3956:

Looking For Trouble: The Life and Times of a Foreign Correspondent

3224:, 1994, published by Little, Brown & Company Limited, Canada, 2608: 2606: 1712: 1490: 1334:

1954—accepting a position with a diplomatic newsletter called the

1166: 979: 466: 446:, which he left in 1928 at the age of 16. He won a scholarship to 3907:

Wallace, Robert; Melton, H. Keith; Schlesinger, Henry R. (2009).

1622:

In 1956, Philby began an affair with Eleanor Brewer, the wife of

1547:, which was not generally available in the USSR, listened to the 1032:

While working in Section Five, Philby had become acquainted with

4222:

Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations

3063: 2376: 1650:

The USSR posthumously awarded numerous Soviet medals to Philby:

1153:

Philby planned to infiltrate five or six groups of émigrés into

1129: 1069: 729: 16:

British intelligence officer and Soviet double agent (1912–1988)

5234:

British intelligence personnel who defected to the Soviet Union

4339: 3174:(he chose sides early on in his life – saw no reason to change) 2443:"Kim Philby, British double agent, reveals all in secret video" 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 622:

In 1936, Philby began working at a failing trade magazine, the

3124:"Kim Philby: new revelations about spy emerge in secret files" 1888:"Philby, Harold Adrian Russell [Kim] (1912–1988), spy" 1787:"Obituary of Kim Philby: Briton who became Soviet super-spy." 677:, reporting from the headquarters of the pro-Franco forces in 281: 671:; from May 1937, he served as a first-hand correspondent for 3185:

London Gazette Issue 43735 published on 10 August 1965. p. 1

1214:. In 1948, troubled by Philby's heavy drinking and frequent 820:(born Lev Feldbin; code-name Swede), Philby's controller in 276:(1 January 1912 – 11 May 1988) was a British 3550:

Burgess and Maclean: a new look at the Foreign Office spies

1957:. Independent Digital News & Media Ltd. The Independent 438:, England. In his early teens, he spent some time with the 4310:

File release: Cold War Cambridge spies Burgess and Maclean

3443:

The Philby files: the secret life of master spy Kim Philby

2115:

Kim Philby, memorandum in Security Service Archives (1963)

4105:

The Infernal Grove: Chronicles of a Wasted Time: Number 2

3823:

A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century

3298: 3273:"Last Days of Kim Philby: His Russian Widow's Sad Story" 4151:

Conspiracy of Silence: the Secret Life of Anthony Blunt

3516:

Looking-glass wars: spies on British screens since 1960

3419:

The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5

3242:

Parfitt, Tom; Norton-Taylor, Richard (30 March 2011).

1079:

A more serious incident occurred in August 1945, when

1072:

headquarters in Moscow assessed all material from the

5157: 2091: 770:

forces whose victories he trumpeted, was awarded the

339:, a scheme to overthrow the pro-Soviet government of 3928:

The Prize: the Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power

1297:

three speeding tickets in a single day—then pleaded

323:. In 1940 he began working for the United Kingdom's 5319:

People granted political asylum in the Soviet Union

5067: 5028: 4979: 4844: 4806: 4796: 4749: 4606: 4380: 4371: 3084: 251: 233: 215: 194: 175: 148: 138: 128: 120: 101: 75: 42: 23: 3861: 3798: 3704:A Spy Among Friends: Philby and the Great Betrayal 3465: 3244:"Spy Kim Philby died disillusioned with communism" 1886: 1642:in Moscow in 1988. He was given a hero's funeral. 1578:Philby found work in the early 1970s in the KGB's 469:, which attempted to aid the people victimized by 457:At Cambridge, Philby exhibited a "leaning towards 3979:A Game of Moles: the Deceptions of an MI6 Officer 288:. In 1963, he was revealed to be a member of the 5279:People stripped of a British Commonwealth honour 3777:The Private Life of Kim Philby: the Moscow Years 3369: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3310: 3098:"The Cambridge Spies' West Hampstead connection" 2897: 2885: 2736: 2624: 2612: 2585: 2549: 2525: 2399: 2355: 2343: 2307: 2259: 2247: 2160: 2148: 2067: 2055: 2026: 1257:of "Homer", but also wished to protect Maclean. 1177:, an aristocratic Guards officer who had helped 4220:Trahair, Richard C. S.; Miller, Robert (2009). 3615:Guy Burgess: Revolutionary in an Old School Tie 2540:Issue 37412 published on 28 December 1945. p. 8 1112:, took political asylum in Canada and gave the 962:Philby provided Stalin with advance warning of 859:office in London. When Britain declared war on 2695: 2693: 2436: 2434: 2432: 1690:Order of the Great Patriotic War (First class) 1463:, First Secretary at the British Embassy. The 5269:People educated at Westminster School, London 4351: 3860:Seale, Patrick; McConnville, Maureen (1973). 3681:Stalin's Englishman: The Lives of Guy Burgess 2209:Cricinfo Player Profile of Ernest Sheepshanks 2191: 2189: 2187: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1341:On 25 October 1955, following revelations in 522:Philby acted as a courier between Vienna and 401:and his wife, Dora Johnston. A member of the 8: 3639:(Revised ed.). New York: Enigma Books. 2373:British intelligence in the Second World War 1897:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1150:working with the Turkish security services. 955:, according to Genrikh Borovik, who saw the 4299:Annotated bibliography of the Philby Affair 3775:; Lyubimov, Mikhail; Peake, Hayden (1999). 2843: 2841: 4803: 4377: 4358: 4344: 4336: 4244:The Guy Liddell Diaries: Vol. I: 1939–1942 3845:. Penzance: United Writers' Publications. 3598:. Tunbridge Wells, England: Panini Books. 3539:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1859: 1804:. International Spy Museum. Archived from 724:. Philby's Soviet controller at the time, 705:, suffered the same fate two years later. 31: 20: 5299:World War II spies for the United Kingdom 3755:Philby: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation 3046: 2873: 2684: 2597: 2411: 2124: 2103: 1753:"Kuntsevo Cemetery at Kim Philby's Grave" 882:headquarters. After being evacuated from 5314:Foreign Office personnel of World War II 4149:Penrose, Barrie; Freeman, Simon (1987). 3977:Bristow, Desmond; Bristow, Bill (1993). 1940: 1321:to France and then proceeded to Moscow. 1268:, a courier with whom Fuchs had worked, 1264:was arrested. His arrest led to others: 501:While working to aid German refugees in 473:and provide education on oppositions to 5304:World War II spies for the Soviet Union 5244:British people of the Spanish Civil War 5164: 4330:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3594:Hickman, Clayton; Barnes, Alan (2005). 3472:. New York: The Dial Press/James Wade. 2724: 2283: 2271: 1894:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1744: 3801:Guy Burgess: The Spy Who Knew Everyone 3532: 3299:Wallace, Melton & Schlesinger 2009 2801: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2672: 2561: 2319: 2295: 2235: 2136: 2079: 1975: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 804:House Un-American Activities Committee 641:In February 1937, Philby travelled to 477:. The organization was one of several 3034: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2573: 2488: 2423: 2220: 1380:on 7 November. The minister told the 1116:names of agents operating within the 583:, who at the time was working in the 416:Nicknamed "Kim" after the boy-spy in 7: 5224:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge 3232:. Introduction by Phillip Knightley. 2331: 1987: 1836:"Kim Philby and the Age of Paranoia" 1600:ultimately settled in East Germany. 663:against the government of President 561:, another Soviet agent, was sent to 354:, both of whom subsequently fled to 3826:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3749:Page, Bruce; Leitch, David (1968). 2700:Evans, Harold (20 September 2009). 1396:as a Middle East correspondent for 1317:, where both boarded the steamship 1083:, an NKVD agent and vice-consul in 5249:British spies for the Soviet Union 3868:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1953:Philby, Charlotte (29 July 2009). 878:first-hand correspondent with the 14: 3706:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 3085:Philby, Lyubimov & Peake 1999 2702:"The Sunday Times and Kim Philby" 1955:"My grandfather, the Russian spy" 945:Joint State Political Directorate 855:In July 1939, Philby returned to 790:(born Samuel Ginsberg), a former 615:. When the Germans threatened to 5284:British people in colonial India 5191: 5179: 5167: 3727:Conversations with John Le Carré 3684:. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 3197:"Kim Philby, Double Agent, Dies" 3195:Stephen Erlanger (12 May 1988). 2814:Roger Wilkes (27 October 2001). 1694: 1684: 1674: 1664: 1654: 1206:their deaths, I have no regrets. 959:much later in the KGB archives. 728:, reported in April 1937 to the 430:, an all-boys school located in 327:(SIS or MI6). By the end of the 238: 220: 3864:Philby: The Long Road to Moscow 3805:. London: Biteback Publishing. 3732:University Press of Mississippi 2199:magazine, London, 5 August 2010 1467:, a Soviet freighter bound for 814:hotel room the following year. 296:and in the early stages of the 3820:Richelson, Jeffrey T. (1997). 3617:. New York: Chelmsford Press. 2848:Robert McCrum (28 July 2013). 2776:Tom Carver (11 October 2012). 2441:Gordon Corera (4 April 2016). 2000:Natasha Walter (10 May 2003). 1834:Ron Rosenbaum (10 July 1994). 1776:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 1680:Order of Friendship of Peoples 1101:to evade blame and detection. 953:Moscow Central in the Lubyanka 867:from September 1939 until the 667:. Philby worked at first as a 373:, but was forced to defect to 203:Order of Friendship of Peoples 1: 4085:. London: Andre Deutsch Ltd. 3757:. London: Andre Deutsch Ltd. 2751:Hansard Parliamentary Debates 2238:, pp. 263, 263–272, 343. 1778:, retrieved 16 November 2009. 1514:Secret files released to the 1495:Philby on a 1990 Soviet stamp 1212:inflict injuries upon herself 1114:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 740:In December 1937, during the 645:, then embroiled in a bloody 481:operated by German communist 333:British Embassy in Washington 5254:Burials at Kuntsevo Cemetery 5102:Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov 4179:. Norwich: Michael Russell. 3370:Seale & McConnville 1973 3347:Seale & McConnville 1973 3335:Seale & McConnville 1973 3323:Seale & McConnville 1973 3311:Seale & McConnville 1973 3011:National Cold War Exhibition 2898:Seale & McConnville 1973 2886:Seale & McConnville 1973 2737:Seale & McConnville 1973 2625:Seale & McConnville 1973 2613:Seale & McConnville 1973 2586:Seale & McConnville 1973 2550:Seale & McConnville 1973 2526:Seale & McConnville 1973 2400:Seale & McConnville 1973 2356:Seale & McConnville 1973 2344:Seale & McConnville 1973 2308:Seale & McConnville 1973 2260:Seale & McConnville 1973 2248:Borovik & Knightley 1994 2161:Borovik & Knightley 1994 2149:Seale & McConnville 1973 2068:Borovik & Knightley 1994 2056:Borovik & Knightley 1994 2027:Borovik & Knightley 1994 1928:UK public library membership 1551:and was an avid follower of 922:Special Operations Executive 47:Harold Adrian Russell Philby 2816:"The spy who loved his mum" 1522:, according to a report by 1135:Order of the British Empire 1038:Central Intelligence Agency 1005:. At this time, the German 916:at Brickendonbury Manor in 896:. He briefly reported from 880:British Expeditionary Force 846:British intelligence career 772:Red Cross of Military Merit 624:Anglo-Russian Trade Gazette 325:Secret Intelligence Service 5335: 4528:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 4306:– Daily Telegraph obituary 4272:. New Haven, Connecticut: 4224:. New York: Engima Books. 4109:William Morrow and Company 4061:W. W. Norton & Company 3575:. New Haven, Connecticut: 2211:retrieved 27 November 2008 1274:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1021:) never came to fruition. 549:–herself, at this time, a 448:Trinity College, Cambridge 313:Trinity College, Cambridge 143:Trinity College, Cambridge 113:Ryabinovaya Ulitsa, Moscow 5077:Alexander Gregory Barmine 4882: 4155:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 4035:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 3983:Little, Brown and Company 3954:Beeston, Richard (1997). 3670:– via Google Books. 3613:Holzman, Michael (2013). 3447:Little, Brown and Company 3007:"Biography of Kim Philby" 2778:"Diary: Philby in Beirut" 2092:Purvis & Hulbert 2016 1711:In a 1981 lecture to the 1042:Counterintelligence Staff 794:officer in Paris who had 563:University College London 397:, to author and explorer 307:, Philby was educated at 259: 208: 30: 5264:People educated at Aldro 5239:English male journalists 4636:Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh 4366:Soviet and Russian spies 4031:Anthony Blunt: His Lives 3930:. New York: Touchstone. 3843:Philby: The Hidden Years 3797:; Hulbert, Jeff (2016). 3730:. Jackson, Mississippi: 3519:. Wilmington, Delaware. 2710:. London. Archived from 1289:to work had come back". 1161:, but efforts among the 426:, Philby attended Aldro 4268:; Tsarev, Oleg (1999). 3926:Yergin, Daniel (1991). 3571:Hamrick, S. J. (2004). 1670:Order of the Red Banner 1572:Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova 1359:parliamentary privilege 1068:Elena Modrzhinskaya at 632:Anglo-German Fellowship 601:World Review of Reviews 385:Kim Philby was born in 167:Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova 4952:John Alexander Symonds 4777:Harold James Nicholson 4631:Christopher John Boyce 3883:Smiley, David (1985). 3841:Riley, Morris (1990). 3779:. London: St Ermin's. 3464:Boyle, Andrew (1979). 3422:. London: Allen Lane. 2782:London Review of Books 1903:10.1093/ref:odnb/40699 1860:Page & Leitch 1968 1496: 1461:Glencairn Balfour Paul 1208: 784: 780:International Brigades 628:Joachim von Ribbentrop 577: 520: 5015:Stephen Joseph Ratkai 4314:The National Archives 4274:Yale University Press 4083:Philby: KGB Masterspy 3577:Yale University Press 3548:Fisher, John (1977). 3513:Burton, Alan (2018). 2506:Spartacus Educational 2465:"harry george philby" 2178:Spartacus Educational 1885:Clive, Nigel (2004). 1733:British establishment 1494: 1203: 1124:Years after the war, 802:(later to become the 776: 752:, Bradish Johnson of 659:forces under General 572: 511: 497:Communist sympathiser 266:Harold Adrian Russell 4553:Nadezhda Ulanovskaya 4325:Kim Philby biography 4126:Philby, Kim (1968). 3654:Lett, Brian (2016). 3271:(19 December 1997). 3164:. Kirkus. 1 May 1968 2822:. UK. Archived from 2749:Burgess and MacLean 1802:"The Cambridge Five" 1721:British class system 1568:Worcestershire sauce 1388:Return to journalism 1108:, a cipher clerk in 1034:James Jesus Angleton 1027:Charles Arnold-Baker 995:counter-intelligence 964:Operation Barbarossa 710:Messerschmitt Bf 109 669:freelance journalist 403:Indian Civil Service 278:intelligence officer 4736:John Anthony Walker 4686:Clayton J. Lonetree 4626:David Sheldon Boone 4548:Alexander Ulanovsky 4513:William Ward Pigman 4132:MacGibbon & Kee 4101:Muggeridge, Malcolm 4001:Brown, Anthony Cave 3889:Chatto & Windus 3885:Albanian Assignment 3488:Brown, Anthony Cave 3414:Andrew, Christopher 3269:Stanley, Alessandra 3102:West Hampstead Life 3049:, pp. 277–278. 2820:The Daily Telegraph 2687:, pp. 150–151. 2675:, pp. 237–239. 2528:, pp. 180–181. 2502:"Konstantin Volkov" 2426:, pp. 254–255. 2402:, pp. 164–165. 2358:, pp. 161–162. 2298:, pp. 110–111. 2262:, pp. 110–111. 2250:, pp. 207–208. 2223:, pp. 198–199. 1757:passportmagazine.ru 1584:US State Department 1428:Defection to Russia 1336:Fleet Street Letter 1299:diplomatic immunity 1244:clerk had reused a 889:The Daily Telegraph 871:, Philby worked as 840:Marks & Spencer 712:fighter planes and 555:Soviet intelligence 337:Albanian Subversion 5274:People from Ambala 5229:British communists 5107:Fyodor Raskolnikov 4942:Michael John Smith 4676:Andrew Daulton Lee 4666:Robert Lee Johnson 4578:Harry Dexter White 4413:Whittaker Chambers 4079:Knightley, Phillip 4053:Knightley, Phillip 3911:. London: Bantam. 3751:Knightley, Phillip 3439:Knightley, Phillip 3437:Borovik, Genrikh; 3278:The New York Times 3201:The New York Times 3130:. 30 December 2020 3104:. 16 December 2018 3015:RAF Museum Cosford 2195:Boris Volodarsky: 2002:"Spies and lovers" 1840:The New York Times 1497: 1344:The New York Times 1191:Operation Valuable 869:Dunkirk evacuation 760:Ernest Sheepshanks 568:Engelbert Dollfuss 536:Austrian Civil War 485:, a member of the 444:Westminster School 428:preparatory school 309:Westminster School 210:Espionage activity 133:Westminster School 5155: 5154: 4975: 4974: 4846:Portland spy ring 4792: 4791: 4661:Edward Lee Howard 4398:Elizabeth Bentley 4316:, 23 October 2015 4283:978-0-300-07806-0 4257:978-0-415-35213-0 4231:978-1-929631-75-9 4212:978-1-84275-004-9 4186:978-0-85955-202-8 4177:Irregular Regular 4164:978-0-374-12885-2 4141:978-0-586-02860-5 4118:978-0-688-00300-5 4092:978-0-233-00048-0 4070:978-0-393-02386-2 4044:978-0-374-10531-0 4018:978-0-02-517390-3 3992:978-0-316-90335-6 3969:978-1-85753-251-7 3937:978-0-671-79932-8 3918:978-0-593-06204-3 3898:978-0-7011-2869-2 3875:978-0-671-21509-5 3852:978-1-85200-029-5 3833:978-0-19-511390-7 3812:978-1-84954-913-4 3786:978-0-9536151-6-2 3764:978-0-233-96014-2 3741:978-1-57806-669-8 3713:978-1-4088-5178-4 3691:978-1-473-62738-3 3667:978-1-4738-6382-8 3660:. Pen and Sword. 3646:978-1-929631-20-9 3624:978-0-615-89509-3 3605:978-1-905239-09-2 3586:978-0-300-10416-5 3563:978-0-7091-6479-1 3526:978-1-62273-290-6 3505:978-0-395-63119-5 3479:978-0-8037-2321-4 3456:978-0-316-91015-6 3429:978-0-7139-9885-6 3389:. 9 November 2018 3230:978-0-316-91015-6 3220:Genrikh Borovik, 2386:978-0-11-630933-4 2163:, pp. 57–58. 2151:, pp. 72–73. 2106:, pp. 37–38. 2094:, pp. 47–48. 2082:, pp. 52–53. 1926:(Subscription or 1862:, pp. 30–39. 1646:Posthumous awards 1565:Lea & Perrins 1549:BBC World Service 1516:National Archives 1434:Anatoliy Golitsyn 1375:Foreign Secretary 1223:with his family. 1171:Communist Albania 1081:Konstantin Volkov 701:. His successor, 649:triggered by the 557:. In early 1934, 413:of Saudi Arabia. 364:Foreign Secretary 341:Communist Albania 317:Spanish Civil War 263: 262: 109:Kuntsevo Cemetery 5326: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5163: 5147:Stig Wennerström 5092:Walter Krivitsky 4957:Edith Tudor-Hart 4887:Michael Bettaney 4804: 4783:Illegals Program 4731:George Trofimoff 4701:Earl Edwin Pitts 4478:William Malisoff 4453:David Greenglass 4381:1940s and before 4378: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4337: 4287: 4261: 4235: 4216: 4190: 4168: 4145: 4122: 4096: 4074: 4048: 4022: 3996: 3973: 3941: 3922: 3902: 3879: 3867: 3856: 3837: 3816: 3804: 3790: 3768: 3745: 3717: 3695: 3671: 3650: 3628: 3609: 3590: 3567: 3544: 3538: 3530: 3509: 3496:Houghton Mifflin 3483: 3471: 3460: 3433: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3239: 3233: 3222:The Philby Files 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3062:. Archived from 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2845: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2826:on 16 March 2011 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2773: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2714:on 15 June 2011. 2707:The Sunday Times 2697: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2438: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2193: 2182: 2181: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1890: 1882: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1831: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1808:on 19 April 2019 1798: 1792: 1785: 1779: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1749: 1698: 1688: 1678: 1668: 1658: 1509:Mikhail Lyubimov 1446:Nicholas Elliott 1382:House of Commons 1378:Harold Macmillan 1270:David Greenglass 1227:Washington, D.C. 1089:political asylum 988:counteroffensive 986:in time for the 877: 788:Walter Krivitsky 750:Associated Press 742:Battle of Teruel 661:Francisco Franco 613:Second World War 547:Edith Tudor Hart 489:who had fled to 483:Willi Münzenberg 367:Harold Macmillan 329:Second World War 321:Battle of France 244: 242: 241: 226: 224: 223: 82: 56: 54: 35: 21: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5180: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5158: 5156: 5151: 5097:Kerttu Nuorteva 5087:Dieter Gerhardt 5069: 5063: 5039:Hirohide Ishida 5024: 5010:Gerda Munsinger 4995:Jeffrey Delisle 4971: 4947:Dave Springhall 4902:Litzi Friedmann 4878: 4840: 4826:John Cairncross 4788: 4757:Evgeny Buryakov 4745: 4741:Jerry Whitworth 4726:Robert Thompson 4602: 4598:Anatoli Yatskov 4558:Julian Wadleigh 4367: 4364: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4264: 4258: 4238: 4232: 4219: 4213: 4199:The Spying Game 4193: 4187: 4171: 4165: 4148: 4142: 4125: 4119: 4099: 4093: 4077: 4071: 4051: 4045: 4027:Carter, Miranda 4025: 4019: 3999: 3993: 3976: 3970: 3953: 3949: 3947:Further reading 3944: 3938: 3925: 3919: 3906: 3899: 3882: 3876: 3859: 3853: 3840: 3834: 3819: 3813: 3795:Purvis, Stewart 3793: 3787: 3771: 3765: 3748: 3742: 3720: 3714: 3698: 3692: 3674: 3668: 3653: 3647: 3631: 3625: 3612: 3606: 3593: 3587: 3570: 3564: 3547: 3531: 3527: 3512: 3506: 3486: 3480: 3463: 3457: 3436: 3430: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3387:The Independent 3381: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3167: 3165: 3162:"My Silent War" 3160: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3133: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3066:on 23 July 2021 3058: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2775: 2774: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2699: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2387: 2379:. p. 720. 2367: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2174:"Theodore Maly" 2172: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2033: 2025: 2021: 2011: 2009: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1884: 1883: 1866: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1833: 1832: 1821: 1811: 1809: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1786: 1782: 1768: 1764: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1709: 1648: 1638:Philby died of 1636: 1597: 1580:Active Measures 1489: 1430: 1390: 1327: 1282:J. Edgar Hoover 1229: 1195:Stewart Menzies 1147: 1126:Sir Hardy Amies 990:around Moscow. 926:drunken driving 892:in addition to 875: 853: 848: 818:Alexander Orlov 693:in 1937 during 597: 534:victory in the 507:Litzi Friedmann 499: 418:Rudyard Kipling 409:and advisor to 383: 239: 237: 221: 219: 201: 190: 171: 156:Litzi Friedmann 139:Alma mater 124:British, Soviet 116: 97: 84: 80: 71: 58: 52: 50: 49: 48: 38: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5332: 5330: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5198:United Kingdom 5188: 5176: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5122:Vitaly Shlykov 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5070:in combination 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4932:Geoffrey Prime 4929: 4924: 4919: 4917:Melita Norwood 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4869:Harry Houghton 4866: 4861: 4856: 4850: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4831:Donald Maclean 4828: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4808:Cambridge Five 4801: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4772:Robert Hanssen 4769: 4764: 4759: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4691:Richard Miller 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4656:Reino Häyhänen 4653: 4651:Robert Hanssen 4648: 4646:James Hall III 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4612: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4593:Flora Wovschin 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4573:Nathaniel Weyl 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4443:Harold Glasser 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4322: 4317: 4307: 4301: 4294: 4293:External links 4291: 4289: 4288: 4282: 4262: 4256: 4242:, ed. (2005). 4236: 4230: 4217: 4211: 4195:Smith, Michael 4191: 4185: 4169: 4163: 4146: 4140: 4123: 4117: 4097: 4091: 4075: 4069: 4049: 4043: 4023: 4017: 3997: 3991: 3974: 3968: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3936: 3923: 3917: 3904: 3897: 3880: 3874: 3857: 3851: 3838: 3832: 3817: 3811: 3791: 3785: 3773:Philby, Rufina 3769: 3763: 3746: 3740: 3722:Le Carré, John 3718: 3712: 3700:Macintyre, Ben 3696: 3690: 3676:Lownie, Andrew 3672: 3666: 3651: 3645: 3629: 3623: 3610: 3604: 3591: 3585: 3568: 3562: 3545: 3525: 3510: 3504: 3484: 3478: 3461: 3455: 3434: 3428: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3374: 3372:, p. 275. 3362: 3351: 3349:, p. 226. 3339: 3337:, p. 173. 3327: 3315: 3303: 3301:, p. 314. 3291: 3260: 3234: 3213: 3187: 3178: 3153: 3144: 3115: 3089: 3077: 3051: 3047:Macintyre 2015 3039: 3037:, p. 441. 3027: 2998: 2986: 2984:, p. 471. 2974: 2972:, p. 438. 2962: 2960:, p. 437. 2950: 2948:, p. 436. 2938: 2936:, p. 435. 2926: 2924:, p. 434. 2914: 2912:, p. 432. 2902: 2900:, p. 248. 2890: 2888:, p. 243. 2878: 2876:, p. 209. 2874:Macintyre 2015 2866: 2837: 2806: 2804:, p. 193. 2794: 2753: 2741: 2739:, p. 224. 2729: 2727:, p. 137. 2717: 2689: 2685:Macintyre 2015 2677: 2665: 2663:, p. 374. 2653: 2651:, p. 365. 2641: 2639:, p. 362. 2629: 2627:, p. 210. 2617: 2615:, p. 209. 2602: 2600:, p. 228. 2598:Richelson 1997 2590: 2588:, p. 201. 2578: 2576:, p. 344. 2566: 2554: 2552:, p. 187. 2542: 2538:London Gazette 2530: 2518: 2493: 2491:, p. 268. 2481: 2469:siwilaibkk.com 2456: 2428: 2416: 2414:, p. 135. 2412:Richelson 1997 2404: 2392: 2385: 2369:Hinsley, F. H. 2360: 2348: 2346:, p. 129. 2336: 2324: 2322:, p. 113. 2312: 2310:, p. 128. 2300: 2288: 2286:, p. 135. 2276: 2274:, p. 146. 2264: 2252: 2240: 2225: 2213: 2201: 2183: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2129: 2125:Macintyre 2015 2117: 2108: 2104:Macintyre 2015 2096: 2084: 2072: 2060: 2031: 2019: 1992: 1980: 1978:, p. 292. 1968: 1945: 1943:, p. 155. 1933: 1912:978-0198614128 1911: 1864: 1852: 1819: 1793: 1791:, 12 May 1988. 1780: 1762: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1692: 1682: 1672: 1662: 1660:Order of Lenin 1647: 1644: 1635: 1632: 1624:New York Times 1596: 1593: 1589:disinformation 1488: 1485: 1429: 1426: 1421:New York Times 1389: 1386: 1363:Prime Minister 1326: 1325:Public denials 1323: 1250:Venona project 1228: 1225: 1159:Soviet Georgia 1155:Soviet Armenia 1146: 1143: 1118:British Empire 1104:A month later 1074:Cambridge Five 904:, sailing for 852: 849: 847: 844: 800:Dies Committee 596: 593: 585:Foreign Office 581:Donald Maclean 559:Arnold Deutsch 498: 495: 454:in Economics. 411:King Ibn Sa'ud 399:St John Philby 382: 379: 348:Donald Maclean 290:Cambridge Five 261: 260: 257: 256: 255:Sonny, Stanley 253: 249: 248: 235: 231: 230: 228:United Kingdom 217: 213: 212: 206: 205: 199:Order of Lenin 196: 192: 191: 189: 188: 185: 183:St John Philby 179: 177: 173: 172: 170: 169: 164: 163:Eleanor Brewer 161: 158: 152: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 115: 114: 111: 105: 103: 99: 98: 85: 83:(aged 76) 77: 73: 72: 59: 57:1 January 1912 46: 44: 40: 39: 37:Philby in 1955 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5331: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5309:Double agents 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5289:MI6 personnel 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5165: 5161: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5137:Richard Sorge 5135: 5133: 5132:Siddiq Ghouse 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5082:Stig Bergling 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5054:Hotsumi Ozaki 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5044:Yotoku Miyagi 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 5000:Igor Gouzenko 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4978: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4922:Alan Nunn May 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4912:Percy Glading 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4816:Anthony Blunt 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4795: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4767:Peter Debbins 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4721:Oscar Seborer 4719: 4717: 4716:Robert Soblen 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4696:Ronald Pelton 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4568:Bill Weisband 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4543:Morton Sobell 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4533:Alfred Sarant 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4493:Isaiah Oggins 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4463:John Herrmann 4461: 4459: 4458:Theodore Hall 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4428:Judith Coplon 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 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