143:(دية, "blood money"/"ransom"). In cases of severe crimes such as murder and rape, blood revenge is the prescribed punishment. If a murder occurs, clansmen of the victim have the right to kill the murderer or one of his male clansmen with impunity. Certain crimes justify multiple acts of revenge, for example, the murder of women and children is avenged fourfold. Crimes considered treacherous, such as the murder of a guest, are also avenged fourfold.
339:
152:
insults and other offenses committed during a violent conflict. The collective payment of fines for such crimes is viewed as a justified contribution to the welfare of the injured party rather than a penalty to the perpetrator. Other offenses given a blood-price are crimes against property and crimes against honor. Concepts based on the
Arabian laws of blood revenge and blood money are found in Islamic
190:
parents, siblings, spouse, and children were executed. When the offense was punishable by death and public display of the body, the offender's family was subject to imprisonment with hard labor. When the offender's sentence was exile, their kin was exiled along with them. The most severe punishment, given for capital offenses, was the
194:(zú zhū (族誅), literally "family execution", and miè zú (灭族/滅族)), implemented by tyrannical rulers. This punishment entailed the execution of all the close and extended kin of the individual, categorized into nine groups: four generations of the paternal line, three from the maternal line, and two from the wife's. In the case of
151:
differentiate between crimes in which the group must pay as a standing obligation without reimbursement from the perpetrator of the offense, and crimes where the latter must reimburse them. Crimes where the clan is obligated to pay a joint fee without any reimbursement are murder, violent assault, or
301:
in July 2002 accepted the legality of expelling family members of suspected terrorists from the West Bank to the Gaza Strip if they were found to have abetted their activities. They argued that it was not a general deterrent because it limited the use of expulsion to cases where "that person, by his
292:
within territories occupied in 1967 was condemned as collective punishment on account that the homes of militants are often family homes. As a result of internal and international pressure against the practice an appeals process against demolition was established in 1989, and consequently the number
189:
China historically adhered to the concept of liability among blood relatives. During the Qin and Han dynasties, families were subject to various punishments according to the punishment of the offending member. When the offense was punishable by death by severing the body at the waist, the offender's
872:
En el caso de un acusado de participar en la
Operación Gedeón (una incursión marítima en mayo de 2020), relató que en su audiencia preliminar, agentes de la Dirección General de Contrainteligencia Militar (DGCIM) "lo torturaron y le dijeron que aplicarían el Sippenhaft (una táctica de castigo
276:
protocols and lies outside the formal legal system. Relatives are not told why they fell under suspicion and the punishment extends to children born in prison. The association system was introduced with the North Korean state's founding in 1948, having previously existed under the
960:
He told the
Control Court that after refusing to make declarations posed to him during the interrogation session, the DGCIM members told him they would apply 'Sippenhaft' (a collective punishment tactic used by the Nazis), involving the imprisonment of his relatives as a form of
841:
Un acusado de participar en la
Operación Gedeón dijo al Tribunal de Control en su audiencia preliminar que agentes de la Dgcim lo torturaron y le dijeron que aplicarían el 'Sippenhaft', una táctica de castigo colectivo utilizada por los
146:
Alternatively, a crime punishable by blood revenge can be commuted to a severe fine if the family of the offended party agrees to it. Blood money is paid jointly by the clan of the offending member to the clan of the victimized member.
933:
Un acusado de participar en la
Operación Gedeón dijo al Tribunal de Control en su audiencia preliminar que agentes de la DGCIM lo torturaron y le dijeron que aplicarían el 'Sippenhaft'. Detuvieron posteriormente a sus hermanas y a su
316:
293:
of demolitions declined. However, in subsequent periods of violence the house demolition policy has been frequently employed as a deterrent against
Palestinians. In an effort to stop suicide bombings during the
26:, either in place of or in addition to the perpetrator of the crime. It refers to the principle in which a family shares responsibility for a crime which is committed by one of its members, and it is a form of
854:
495:
289:
221:. Ten members of the women's families were also beheaded, while a further 20 were enslaved and gifted to ministers. Collective punishment was officially repealed by the government of the
171:
for which the state of Saudi Arabia is responsible,” Khashoggi's sons pardoned the five convicted officials on 22 May 2020, which means the officials would not be executed but their
526:
311:
377:
252:, this concept was revived so that the relatives of persons accused of crimes against the state, including desertion, were held responsible for those crimes.
904:
Además, dijo al
Tribunal de Control que, tras negarse a hacer las declaraciones que le plantearon, los funcionarios le dijeron que aplicarían el Sippenhaft.
92:) in reparation for murder or other major crimes. In the case of homicide, if the attacker fled, the fine had to be paid by the tribe to which he belonged.
886:
302:
own deeds, constitutes a danger to security of the state." Expulsion to Gaza was discontinued after Israel's unilateral disengagement from the Gaza Strip.
491:
272:, under which three to eight generations of a political offender's family can be summarily imprisoned or executed. Such punishment is based on internal
248:(before the widespread adoption of Roman canon law) accepted that the clan of a criminal was liable for offenses committed by one of its members. In
917:
999:
994:
823:
794:
475:
946:
617:
768:
164:
979:
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559:
518:
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327:, using methods including and kidnapping and detention of relatives of critics, real or perceived, to accomplish arrests.
321:
concluded in a
September 2021 report that Venezuelan security and intelligence agents reportedly applied the principle of
95:
In medieval Welsh law, the kin of an offender was liable to make compensation for his wrongful act. This penalty (called
989:
721:
412:
387:
191:
184:
273:
172:
948:
Detailed findings of the independent international factfinding mission on the
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
891:
298:
210:
131:
recognize two main forms of penalty for a crime against a member. These are blood revenge, referred to as
855:"Qué es el Sippenhaft, el método de persecución nazi usado por la dictadura chavista que denunció la ONU"
693:
261:
168:
27:
447:
984:
382:
668:
433:
105:
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613:
555:
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245:
124:
43:
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47:
22:
is the practice of punishing the family members of someone who is accused of committing a
427:
955:
887:"¿Qué es el Sippenhaft, el método de persecución nazi usado por las fuerzas de Maduro?"
799:
372:
746:
519:"Khashoggi's children 'pardon' their father's killers, sparing them the death penalty"
167:, which the United Nations rapporteur on summary executions, Agnès Callamard, called "
973:
517:
Tawfeeq, Mohammed; Karadsheh, Jomana; Qiblawi, Tamara; Robertson, Nic (22 May 2020).
352:
249:
222:
206:
195:
160:
51:
824:"Sippenhaft, el patrón alemán con el que torturan a presos políticos en Venezuela"
576:
338:
269:
199:
109:
67:
63:
39:
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344:
334:
323:
239:
35:
828:
31:
694:"North Korean officials, businessmen bankroll poor flight-risk relatives"
112:
88:
918:"El Sippenhaft, la táctica nazi que según ONU usan agentes venezolanos"
859:
218:
148:
128:
97:
278:
153:
71:
583:
Veritable
Records of the Ming: Veritable Records of Shizong of Ming
202:, his students and peers were uniquely included as a tenth group.
139:
133:
59:
55:
23:
467:
Bedouin Law from Sinai and the Negev: Justice Without Government
127:, strongly adheres to the concept of collective responsibility.
492:"Turkey, rights groups decry Saudi verdict on Khashoggi murder"
610:
Family Punishment in Nazi Germany, Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth
548:
Historians, National Committee of Japanese (1 January 1990).
312:
Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela
156:
law, and are thus variously adhered to in Islamic states.
50:
states. Kin punishment has been practiced historically in
16:
Punishment of family members of someone accused of a crime
795:"Court Says Israel Can Expel 2 of Militant's Kin to Gaza"
86:
Traditional Irish law required the payment of a tribute (
722:"Escapee Tells of Horrors in North Korean Prison Camp"
674:(Report) (2nd ed.). Human Rights in North Korea
413:"Israel: Collective Punishment against Palestinians"
108:fine functioned similarly to the Anglo-Saxon and
290:The Israeli government's use of home demolition
662:
660:
378:Family members of a traitor to the Motherland
264:confirm the practice of kin punishment (연좌제,
8:
769:"Oppression wird um Sippenhaft angereichert"
551:Historical Studies in Japan (VII): 1983-1987
30:. Kin punishment has been used as a form of
747:"Israel Destroys Homes to Deter Terrorists"
715:
713:
585:] (in Chinese). Vol. 267. Ctext.
426:Wake, Charles Staniland (1 January 1878).
244:In traditional Germanic law, the law of
404:
209:of China (1368–1644), 16 palace women
498:from the original on 23 December 2019
7:
873:colectivo utilizada por los nazis)".
720:Harden, Blaine (December 11, 2008).
589:from the original on August 30, 2017
175:will be paid to Khashoggi's family.
268:literally "association system") in
123:Traditional Arab society, which is
101:) was generally limited to murder.
958:. 16 September 2021. p. 109.
137:(قصا, "revenge") and blood money,
14:
432:. Trübner & Company. p.
217:. All were sentenced to death by
916:Itriago, Andreína (2021-09-16).
822:Casanova, Mayreth (2022-10-02).
639:. New York: Henry Holt. p.
529:from the original on 22 May 2020
494:. Al Jazeera. 23 December 2019.
337:
165:assassination of Jamal Khashoggi
863:(in Spanish). 16 September 2021
464:Bailey, Clinton (14 May 2014).
692:Kim, Joonho (March 24, 2015).
1:
1000:Victims of familial execution
995:Political and cultural purges
885:García, Eileen (2021-09-17).
575:History Office, ed. (1620s).
436:– via Internet Archive.
612:. Palgrave. pp. 53–88.
388:Nine familial exterminations
192:nine familial exterminations
185:Nine familial exterminations
1016:
237:
182:
564:– via Google Books.
480:– via Google Books.
470:. Yale University Press.
429:The Evolution of Morality
163:trial and verdict of the
608:Loeffel, Robert (2012).
260:Numerous testimonies of
211:attempted to assassinate
636:Plotting Hitler's Death
299:Supreme Court of Israel
169:extrajudicial execution
633:Fest, Joachim (1996).
262:North Korean defectors
980:Collective punishment
225:(1644–1912) in 1905.
28:collective punishment
749:. September 30, 2002
667:Hawk, David (2012).
383:Guilt by association
104:The medieval Polish
77:Traditional examples
990:Kinship and descent
803:. September 4, 2002
775:. November 20, 2014
773:Süddeutsche Zeitung
726:The Washington Post
66:; and presently in
448:"Welsh tribal law"
368:Cycle of violence
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669:The Hidden Gulag
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358:Blood vengeance
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295:Second Intifada
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229:Modern examples
215:Jiajing Emperor
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373:Eye for an eye
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274:Workers' Party
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238:Main article:
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183:Main article:
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20:Kin punishment
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353:Ancestral sin
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324:Sippenhaftung
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161:Saudi Arabian
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119:Arabic states
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44:authoritarian
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
959:
947:
941:
932:
926:. Retrieved
924:(in Spanish)
921:
911:
903:
897:. Retrieved
895:(in Spanish)
890:
880:
871:
865:. Retrieved
858:
849:
840:
834:. Retrieved
832:(in Spanish)
827:
817:
807:February 23,
805:. Retrieved
798:
789:
777:. Retrieved
772:
763:
753:February 23,
751:. Retrieved
741:
729:. Retrieved
725:
701:. Retrieved
697:
687:
676:. Retrieved
635:
628:
609:
603:
591:. Retrieved
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577:
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531:. Retrieved
522:
512:
500:. Retrieved
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428:
421:
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322:
309:
288:
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250:Nazi Germany
243:
234:Nazi Germany
223:Qing dynasty
219:slow slicing
207:Ming dynasty
204:
188:
158:
145:
138:
132:
122:
110:Scandinavian
106:Główszczyzna
103:
96:
94:
87:
85:
52:Nazi Germany
48:totalitarian
19:
18:
985:Determinism
892:El Nacional
502:23 December
315: [
270:North Korea
256:North Korea
205:During the
200:Fang Xiaoru
173:blood money
68:North Korea
64:South Korea
40:persecution
974:Categories
928:2022-11-07
899:2022-11-07
867:2021-09-17
836:2022-11-07
779:January 6,
731:August 23,
703:2022-07-03
678:2022-07-03
650:0080504213
593:August 30,
561:9004092927
399:References
393:Sippenhaft
345:Law portal
240:Sippenhaft
159:After the
125:clan-based
36:harassment
961:pressure.
829:El Pitazo
578:明實錄：明世宗實錄
554:. BRILL.
306:Venezuela
281:kingdom.
266:yeonjwaje
196:Confucian
32:extortion
587:Archived
527:Archived
496:Archived
331:See also
198:scholar
149:Bedouins
129:Bedouins
113:weregild
860:infobae
98:Galanas
934:cuñado
842:nazis.
647:
616:
558:
533:22 May
474:
297:, the
285:Israel
279:Joseon
154:Sharia
82:Europe
72:Israel
62:, and
38:, and
952:(PDF)
672:(PDF)
581:[
451:(PDF)
319:]
179:China
140:Diyya
134:Qisas
89:Éraic
60:Japan
56:China
24:crime
809:2016
781:2016
755:2016
733:2010
645:ISBN
614:ISBN
595:2017
556:ISBN
535:2020
504:2019
472:ISBN
310:The
213:the
70:and
46:and
641:303
523:CNN
434:363
42:by
976::
954:.
931:.
920:.
902:.
889:.
870:.
857:.
839:.
826:.
797:.
771:.
724:.
712:^
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659:^
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521:.
317:es
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415:.
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