1111:
exposed to entertainment media like movies, music, mobile phone, newspapers etc., in Hindi. Kinnauri songs beings produced show heavy influence of Hindi. Young learners are encouraged to learn and speak Hindi in order to benefit in education and employment in future. Fluent speakers of
Kinnauri are only the elders or the mid aged people who have little exposure to the outer world or are still unaffected by the modernity. But whether the next generation will inherit the cultural knowledge or the legacy of ancestors is doubted. From UNESCO factors study, all languages in Kinnaur region are definitely endangered, inter-generational transmission is unsafe, number of speakers using Kinnauri as first language is very low, domains are shifting, Hindi is replacing Kinnauri in most domains, there is lack of literary traditions, government support towards the protection and promotion of Kinnaur language or culture is absent, very little is known about the linguistic structure of the languages in the region. Like other tribal languages, Kinnauri too may lose much of its linguistic characteristics due to lack of proper documentation and government support and community apathy as well. Among urgent measures, Kinnauri languages need community collaborative efforts to document and discuss among the locals, scholars, linguists and researchers.
343:
43:
1110:
Kinnaura people are bilinguals who speak Hindi along with their mother tongue. Hindi is the main lingua franca for people from different language groups in
Kinnaur. It is also the main language in schools, colleges, government offices, market place, banks and more such domains. Younger generation is
1093:
language, it shows agreement in person number features, adjective precedes head in the noun phrase, modifiers precede the head noun, causative occurs after main verb, marker of comparison follows the standard of comparison, negatives are pre-verbal, auxiliary follows the main verb, anaphor follows
525:
In absence of a detailed sociolinguistic survey on language use, the actual number of fluent speakers of KLs is unknown. The actual number of speakers is much lower than the total population. Census data include native as well as the non native and the migratory workers in the survey.
1094:
the antecedent and main clause precedes the subordinate clause. It exhibits some exceptions in SOV language features. SOV language should have preposed genitives and adjective should follow noun. But
Kinnauri has postpositional genitive and the adjective precedes the noun.
1295:
490:. It has a population of around 700. The language is considered a variety of Bhoti Kinnauri but is shows enough characteristics to stand as an independent language.
286:(Grierson 1909). It is the language of upper caste in lower Kinnaur. It is also spoken in Moorang tehsil and, Ropa and Giabong villages in upper Kinnaur. It is a
1411:
1294:
Takahashi, Yoshiharu (2001). "A descriptive study of
Kinnauri (Pangi dialect): A preliminary report". In Nagano, Yasuhiko; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.).
2154:
1209:
NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “Typological
Characteristics of Kinnauri.” Interdisciplinary Journal of LinguisticC, KU Srinagar, India 5 (2012): 329–48.
1218:
NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International
Journal of Dravidian Linguistics , 2023.
1200:
NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International
Journal of Dravidian Linguistics , 2023.
1191:
NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International
Journal of Dravidian Linguistics , 2023.
2144:
2134:
466:. The language shows slight phonemic variations in the valley. Main varieties are spoken in Poo Hangrang and Nako villages. It is a generic
1369:
Takahashi, Yoshiharu (2012). Nakamura, Wataru; Kikusawa, Ritsuko (eds.). "On a Middle Voice Suffix in
Kinnauri (Pangi dialect) Yoshiharu".
522:
spoken mainly by the
Scheduled Caste community of Nichar, Kalpa, Sangla and Moorang tehsils in Kinnaur. It has a population of 9000.
2149:
1335:
Takahashi, Yoshiharu (2007). "On the deictic patterns in Kinnauri (Pangi dialect)". In Bielmeier, Roland; Haller, Felix (eds.).
301:
236:
1273:
1404:
1883:
1086:
212:
1782:
1820:
1289:. Vol. Himachal Pradesh. New Delhi: Language Division, Office of the Registrar General India. pp. 935–1028.
1242:
331:
1264:(1993a). "カナウル語" [Kanauru language]. In 亀井 Kamei, 孝 Takashi; 河野 Kōno, 六郎 Rokurō; 千野 Chino, 栄一 Eichi (eds.).
1457:
2139:
1689:
1428:
903:
91:
1755:
1643:
1607:
1420:
1397:
1124:
507:
246:
85:
20:
1684:
319:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
990:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
869:
864:
857:
835:
821:
814:
807:
789:
782:
774:
762:
755:
735:
728:
705:
698:
693:
688:
682:
672:
665:
660:
655:
639:
632:
627:
622:
601:
596:
589:
584:
287:
80:
1953:
850:
515:
342:
1800:
1565:
1526:
994:
800:
714:
557:
270:. The languages have seen different nomenclatures in written literature. Kinnauri was mentioned as
2035:
1916:
1795:
1715:
1699:
1315:
552:
547:
411:
315:
177:
1991:
1344:
Takahashi, Yoshiharu (2009). Nagano, Yasuhiko (ed.). "On the Verbal Affixes in West Himalayan".
1182:
NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “Languages of Kannaura Tribe.” Languages of INDIAN HIMALAYAS, , 2021.
2070:
1981:
1943:
1648:
1592:
1357:
1269:
720:
616:
610:
572:
562:
483:
467:
387:
156:
1145:
452:(in Kanam, Labrang, Spilo, Shyaso, Taling, and Rushkaling villages) by a population of 2500.
2060:
2001:
1891:
1838:
1790:
1745:
1694:
1612:
1583:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1478:
1378:
1349:
1301:
1120:
519:
501:
487:
463:
449:
445:
435:
427:
423:
405:
401:
379:
375:
327:
305:
294:
188:
53:
2093:
2080:
2065:
2055:
2050:
1896:
1868:
1750:
1725:
1638:
1544:
1515:
1483:
1327:
1284:
1025:
828:
579:
567:
290:
72:
430:(in Jangi, Lippa, and Asrang villages). These villages have a population of nearly 2600.
2109:
2088:
2021:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1961:
1911:
1906:
1873:
1848:
1843:
1810:
1805:
1765:
1760:
1740:
1735:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1520:
1510:
1462:
1044:
493:
475:
457:
367:
323:
311:
166:
120:
204:
2128:
1971:
1901:
1664:
1617:
1090:
1037:
927:
747:
649:
397:
350:
Kinnaur has nearly ten linguistic varieties, with Kinnauri being the major language.
1146:"Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011"
1730:
1633:
1389:
1261:
65:
all Kinnauri varieties: 84,000; Kinnauri proper: about 45,000 (2011 census)
1833:
1170:
939:
922:
393:
227:
217:
1828:
970:
932:
352:
1361:
486:
language spoken in Nesang and Kunnu Charan villages of Poo division in upper
997:
955:
197:
135:
374:
to Morang. Mainly the Kinnauri-speaking area is located in lower parts of
183:
172:
161:
151:
144:
1720:
1268:(in Japanese). Vol. 5. Tokyo: 三省堂 Sanseido Press. pp. 75b–86b.
1051:
361:
356:
lists the following locations for Kinnauri proper and related languages.
254:
242:
267:
250:
1382:
1353:
1306:
1300:. Vol. 19. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology. pp. 97–119.
441:
419:
371:
42:
382:. The estimated population of Kinnauri speaking people is 45,000.
1152:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
341:
298:
1236:. Bon studies. Vol. 3. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.
16:
Sino-Tibetan dialect cluster centered on Himachal Pradesh, India
1393:
500:
language is spoken in Sunnam village of Poo division in upper
1348:. 75: Issues in Tibeto-Burman Historical Linguistics: 21–49.
1102:
The language does not have a script. It is an oral language
1297:
New research on Zhangzhung and related Himalayan languages
1234:
New research on Zhangzhung and related Himalayan languages
253:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1072:
1065:
1058:
534:
This description is of the Pangi dialect of Kinnauri.
2102:
2079:
2043:
2034:
2014:
1952:
1936:
1929:
1882:
1861:
1819:
1781:
1774:
1708:
1657:
1626:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1536:
1503:
1496:
1471:
1445:
1438:
1427:
1266:三省堂言語学大辞典 The Sanseido Encyclopaedia of Linguistics
223:
211:
195:
133:
128:
114:
69:
59:
49:
30:
1232:Nagano, Yasuhiko; LaPolla, Randy J., eds. (2001).
338:Linguistic varieties and geographical distribution
1243:"A Sociolinguistic profile of the Kinnaura tribe"
1171:Endangered Languages Project data for Jangshung
36:𑚊𑚝𑚦𑚤𑚮𑚎𑚨𑚶𑚊𑚛, Kanawaringskad, ཀནབརིངསྐད
1405:
914:Kinnauri has six pairs of long/short vowels:
8:
1283:Perumalsamy, P (2022). "Kinnauri language".
314:, once thought to be Kinnauri, is closer to
2040:
1933:
1778:
1597:
1588:
1500:
1442:
1435:
1412:
1398:
1390:
916:
27:
19:For the Indo-Aryan Kinnauri language, see
1305:
541:
1337:Linguistics of the Himalayas and beyond
1137:
247:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1339:. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 341–354.
1323:
1313:
470:language spoken by nearly 7000 people.
392:is spoken by a thousand people in the
366:is spoken in the villages from Badhal
1127:, mutually intelligible with Kinnauri
113:
7:
1050:Kinnauri has the following types of
504:. It has a population of about 700.
408:(in Chitkul and Rakchham villages).
266:is the most widely used language in
462:is spoken in Poo division of upper
14:
1821:Lahuli–Spiti (Western Innovative)
1421:Bodic (Tibeto-Kanauri) languages
346:A signboard in Kinnauri Language
41:
2155:Languages written in Devanagari
1783:Ladakhi–Balti (Western Archaic)
1073:
1066:
1059:
274:(Gerard 1842, Cunninham 1844),
326:(locally called Chhoyuli) are
1:
2145:Endangered languages of India
2135:Languages of Himachal Pradesh
1043:All consonants may occur in
968:
953:
937:
148: – Kinnauri proper
1036:) do not occur in syllable
2171:
1371:Senri Ethnological Studies
1346:Senri Ethnological Studies
1286:Linguistic Survey of India
370:to Sangla and north along
18:
2150:West Himalayish languages
1608:Central Tibetan (Ü-Tsang)
1085:Word order in Kinnari is
849:
827:
799:
713:
609:
578:
544:
233:
40:
35:
1241:Negi, Harvinder (2012).
1125:Malana, Himachal Pradesh
21:Pahari Kinnauri language
400:in Nichar subdivision,
1150:www.censusindia.gov.in
347:
235:This article contains
345:
1930:Tshangla-East Bodish
1721:Dzongkha (Bhutanese)
1250:Nepalese Linguistics
418:is spoken in Morang
1829:Lahuli (Stod Bhoti)
1047:and word-medially.
898:are post-alveolar.
1262:Nishi 西, Yoshio 義郎
348:
282:(Bailey 1909) and
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2030:
2029:
2010:
2009:
1925:
1924:
1857:
1856:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1492:
1491:
1458:Chitkuli Kinnauri
1383:10.15021/00002533
1354:10.15021/00002556
1307:10.15021/00002143
1106:Language vitality
983:
982:
877:
876:
777:
750:
723:
685:
652:
619:
440:is spoken in Poo
388:Chitkuli Kinnauri
261:
260:
243:rendering support
239:phonetic symbols.
157:Chitkuli Kinnauri
2162:
2140:Kinnaur district
2041:
1934:
1779:
1613:Standard Tibetan
1598:
1589:
1501:
1443:
1436:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1391:
1386:
1365:
1340:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1309:
1290:
1279:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1121:Kanashi language
1076:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
992:
917:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:Note on palatals
871:
866:
859:
837:
823:
816:
809:
791:
784:
773:
764:
757:
746:
737:
730:
719:
707:
700:
695:
690:
681:
674:
667:
662:
657:
648:
641:
634:
629:
624:
615:
603:
598:
591:
586:
542:
450:Himachal Pradesh
446:Kinnaur district
428:Himachal Pradesh
424:Kinnaur district
406:Himachal Pradesh
402:Kinnaur district
380:Himachal Pradesh
376:Kinnaur district
306:Himachal Pradesh
295:Kinnaur district
293:centered on the
207:
186:
175:
164:
154:
147:
138:
75:
54:Himachal Pradesh
45:
28:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2098:
2075:
2026:
2006:
1948:
1921:
1878:
1853:
1815:
1770:
1756:Chochangachakha
1704:
1653:
1622:
1601:Central Tibetan
1570:
1532:
1488:
1467:
1430:
1429:West Himalayish
1423:
1418:
1377:(77): 157–175.
1368:
1343:
1334:
1322:
1312:
1293:
1282:
1276:
1260:
1245:
1240:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1117:
1108:
1100:
1083:
988:
912:
904:alveolo-palatal
540:
532:
510:Pahari Kinnauri
340:
291:dialect cluster
241:Without proper
203:
182:
181:
171:
170:
160:
159:
150:
149:
143:
142:
134:
110:
92:West Himalayish
76:
73:Language family
71:
62:
61:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1884:Kyirong–Kagate
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1844:Bhoti Kinnauri
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1658:Kham (Eastern)
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1366:
1341:
1332:
1324:|journal=
1291:
1280:
1274:
1258:
1238:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1163:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1091:postpositional
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1063:
987:
984:
981:
980:
978:
975:
973:
967:
966:
963:
961:
958:
952:
951:
948:
945:
942:
936:
935:
930:
925:
920:
911:
908:
875:
874:
872:
867:
862:
860:
855:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
833:
831:
825:
824:
819:
817:
812:
810:
805:
803:
797:
796:
794:
792:
787:
785:
780:
778:
770:
769:
767:
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
743:
742:
740:
738:
733:
731:
726:
724:
717:
711:
710:
708:
703:
701:
696:
691:
686:
678:
677:
675:
670:
668:
663:
658:
653:
645:
644:
642:
637:
635:
630:
625:
620:
613:
607:
606:
604:
599:
594:
592:
587:
582:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
539:
536:
531:
528:
458:Bhoti Kinnauri
368:Rampur Bushahr
339:
336:
320:Bhoti Kinnauri
278:(Konow 1905),
259:
258:
245:, you may see
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
209:
208:
201:
193:
192:
139:
131:
130:
129:Language codes
126:
125:
124:
123:
116:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
86:Tibeto-Kanauri
79:
77:
70:
67:
66:
63:
60:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2167:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
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1060:(C)V(C)(C)(C)
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1862:Sherpa-Jirel
1634:Amdo Tibetan
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1154:. Retrieved
1149:
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396:area of the
386:
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372:Satluj river
360:
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351:
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310:
288:Sino-Tibetan
283:
279:
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263:
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196:
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81:Sino-Tibetan
25:
1954:East Bodish
1834:Spiti Bhoti
851:Approximant
394:Baspa river
249:instead of
2129:Categories
1801:Changthang
1566:Chaudangsi
1527:Zhangzhung
1431:(Kanauric)
1275:4385152144
1256:: 101–105.
1132:References
1089:, it is a
998:obstruents
538:Consonants
516:Indo-Aryan
353:Ethnologue
141:Variously:
1917:Gyalsumdo
1796:Zangskari
1716:Sikkimese
1700:Zitsadegu
1446:Kinnauric
1362:0387-6004
1326:ignored (
1316:cite book
1052:syllables
995:aspirated
986:Syllables
801:Fricative
775:aspirated
748:voiceless
715:Affricate
683:aspirated
650:voiceless
558:Retroflex
530:Phonology
414:Jangshung
272:Kunawaree
228:Jangshung
198:Glottolog
178:Jangshung
136:ISO 639-3
2071:Chantyal
2036:Tamangic
1982:Bumthang
1944:Tshangla
1937:Tshangla
1709:Southern
1690:Dongwang
1649:mDungnag
1472:Lahaulic
1453:Kinnauri
1115:See also
553:Alveolar
548:Bilabial
478:Chhoyuli
362:Kinnauri
316:Tamangic
284:Kunawari
280:Kanawari
264:Kinnauri
255:Help:IPA
218:Kinnauri
205:kinn1250
191:(Thebor)
180:(Thebor)
169:(Thebor)
115:Dialects
100:Kinnauri
31:Kinnauri
2061:Thakali
1892:Kyirong
1839:Nyamkat
1791:Ladakhi
1775:Western
1746:Brokkat
1695:Drugchu
1644:Khalong
1593:Tibetic
1561:Dhuleli
1556:Byangsi
1551:Darmiya
1504:Central
1497:Eastern
1479:Pattani
1439:Western
1081:Grammar
1024:), and
928:Central
611:Plosive
573:Glottal
563:Palatal
520:Kinnaur
502:Kinnaur
496:Sunnami
488:Kinnaur
484:Tibetic
468:Tibetan
464:Kinnaur
297:of the
276:Kanauri
268:Kinnaur
251:Unicode
189:Shumcho
96:Kanauri
88: ?
2094:Kutang
2066:Manang
2056:Gurung
2051:Tamang
1992:Kurtöp
1897:Kagate
1869:Sherpa
1751:Brokpa
1736:Lunana
1726:Khamba
1685:Zhongu
1639:Gserpa
1584:Bodish
1545:Rangas
1537:Almora
1516:Rongpo
1484:Tinani
1360:
1272:
1156:7 July
1098:Script
1067:CCV(C)
1045:onsets
1028:(i.e.
1026:glides
1022:/t͡ʃʰ/
1018:/t͡sʰ/
1000:(i.e.
910:Vowels
894:, and
721:voiced
617:voiced
514:is an
442:tehsil
436:Sumcho
420:tehsil
328:Bodish
299:Indian
224:
50:Region
2110:Kaike
2103:Kaike
2089:Ghale
2081:Ghale
2022:Basum
2015:Basum
1997:Nupbi
1987:Kheng
1977:Chali
1967:Dzala
1962:Takpa
1912:Nubri
1907:Yolmo
1874:Jirel
1849:Tukpa
1811:Balti
1806:Purgi
1766:Naapa
1761:Lakha
1741:Groma
1680:Choni
1675:Baima
1670:Tseku
1618:Mugom
1521:Sunam
1511:Bunan
1463:Sunam
1246:(PDF)
1074:CCCVC
1038:codas
940:Close
923:Front
892:/tʃʰ/
829:Trill
580:Nasal
568:Velar
482:is a
324:Tukpa
312:Kaike
302:state
167:Sunam
121:Sunam
2044:TGTM
2002:ʼOle
1972:Nyen
1902:Tsum
1731:Laya
1627:Amdo
1358:ISSN
1328:help
1270:ISBN
1158:2018
1014:/kʰ/
1010:/ʈʰ/
1006:/tʰ/
1002:/pʰ/
971:Open
933:Back
888:/tʃ/
884:/dʒ/
322:and
1379:doi
1350:doi
1302:doi
1123:of
1087:SOV
1040:.
1034:/j/
1030:/w/
991:/h/
956:Mid
902:is
900:/ɲ/
896:/ʃ/
890:,
882::
790:tʃʰ
783:tsʰ
378:in
334:).
304:of
237:IPA
213:ELP
184:scu
173:jna
162:ssk
152:cik
145:kfk
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