74:
1201:
29:
2435:
3703:
957:
covering at its height all the lands between the
Atlantic and the Rhine. Its fragmented several times into almost independent states, but was several times the preeminent military and cultural power in Europe. Its monarch evolved from "Francorum Rex Occidentalis" (king of the Western Franks) to
3387:
were non-landed titles held by the
Emperor-elect (sometimes during the lifetime of the previous Emperor, sometimes not), although there were anti-Kings at various points; Arles and Italy were either held directly by the Emperor or not at all. The
436:
1686:
429:
422:
3727:
1132:
2327:
569:
In a modern context, the title may refer to the ruler of one of a number of modern monarchies (either absolute or constitutional). The title of
2293:
3685:
3657:
3514:
1920:
1894:
3372:
2463:
1176:
911:
1479:
3649:
2641:
1879:
1172:
1602:
1168:
1082:
3624:
1047:
3409:
3417:
2334:
1925:
1721:
1124:
63:
3074:
2891:
2049:
1642:
1200:
963:
484:
when they hold the powers of government by right of birth or inheritance, and elective when raised to the throne by choice.
3755:
3449:
3421:
1761:
1270:
1143:
By the end of the Middle Ages, the kings of these kingdoms would start to place arches with an orb and cross on top as an
959:
870:
places kings at the head of a pyramid of relationships between liege lords and vassals, dependent on the regional rule of
1059:
3429:
2767:
2645:
2111:
726:
suffix. The literal meaning is that of a "scion of the kin", or perhaps "son or descendant of one of noble birth" (
703:. The Common Germanic term was borrowed into Estonian and Finnish at an early time, surviving in these languages as
3616:
2660:
2283:
2106:
1915:
1795:
1464:
555:
468:; he is a limited monarch if his power is restrained by fixed laws; and he is an absolute, when he holds the whole
3572:
The distinction of the title of "king" from "sultan" or "emir" in oriental monarchies is largely stylistics; the
3461:
3376:
2571:
2288:
2143:
1889:
1549:
1494:
3606:
2819:
2456:
1632:
1582:
1389:
1731:
550:
is understood to be the highest rank in the feudal order, potentially subject, at least nominally, only to an
2731:
2488:
2005:
1612:
1280:
1128:
493:
73:
3716:
3177:
3157:
3118:
2783:
2711:
2650:
2545:
2376:
2123:
1884:
1691:
1347:
480:, or when the legislative or judicial powers, or both, are vested in other people by the king. Kings are
3745:
3453:
3227:
3182:
2998:
2747:
2685:
2209:
2153:
1228:
1097:
967:
817:
20:
3413:
1716:
1504:
3359:
is the rank below a king, is more theoretical than historical. The only kingdom title held within the
3585:
2715:
2496:
2236:
1866:
1855:
1805:
1766:
1756:
1706:
1696:
1514:
946:
918:
836:
805:
689:
363:
40:
3531:
743:. The Germanic term is notably different from the word for "King" in other Indo-European languages (
488:
In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the title may refer to
3437:
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3054:
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2580:
2449:
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1839:
1826:
1813:
1539:
1489:
1337:
1051:
1020:
1016:
1012:
930:
856:
481:
3677:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3401:
3397:
3384:
3368:
3364:
3093:
3017:
2900:
2839:
2803:
2695:
2606:
2575:
2540:
2536:
2401:
2278:
2219:
2148:
1946:
1933:
1907:
1564:
1409:
1275:
1148:
1086:
1070:
1008:
982:
971:
942:
907:
895:
860:
848:
840:
825:
740:
44:
36:
3707:
3506:
3499:
47:. Due to his military accomplishments and conquests, he has been called the "Father of Europe".
3681:
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3630:
3620:
3573:
3510:
3469:
3360:
3335:
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3187:
3162:
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2610:
2590:
2555:
2492:
2406:
2391:
2310:
2000:
1871:
1818:
1800:
1746:
1726:
1711:
1701:
1534:
1519:
1469:
1449:
1317:
1265:
1260:
1238:
1233:
1185:
1101:
1074:
1043:
1004:
954:
903:
899:
832:
797:
757:
410:
55:
3560:
3079:
3042:
3037:
3007:
2982:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2859:
2828:
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2615:
2504:
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2317:
2266:
1751:
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1362:
1332:
1285:
1116:
1024:
922:
891:
813:
457:
322:
186:
3428:
which were themselves subordinate titles to the
Hungarian Kingdom and which were merged as
925:
there were a number of large and powerful kingdoms in Europe, which would develop into the
3602:
3581:
3484:, Bavaria, Württemberg and Saxony, with the Prussian king also holding the Imperial title.
3393:
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2439:
2010:
1938:
1902:
1834:
1741:
1736:
1681:
1554:
1529:
1474:
1108:
1055:
1039:
1028:
986:
801:
696:
489:
477:
379:
88:
28:
3750:
3643:
3610:
3577:
3433:
3295:
3089:
2972:
2895:
2864:
2855:
2751:
2484:
is used as official translation of the respective native titles held by the monarchs).
2248:
2170:
1676:
1434:
1357:
1312:
1144:
1120:
1093:
1066:
938:
766:
661:
559:
239:
213:
174:
2434:
3739:
3477:
3217:
3207:
2967:
2720:
2366:
2261:
2241:
2231:
2044:
1569:
1559:
1499:
1459:
1454:
1295:
1159:
in their own realm not subject even theoretically anymore to the Holy Roman
Emperor.
978:
821:
657:
636:
610:
405:
141:
136:
131:
3721:
705:
3441:
3285:
3256:
3232:
3202:
3128:
2226:
2101:
2066:
1850:
1671:
1544:
1509:
1367:
1136:
950:
752:
653:
621:
578:
563:
234:
198:
146:
121:
116:
2160:
3671:
3305:
3237:
3167:
3070:
2476:
Currently (as of 2023), seventeen kings are recognized as the heads of state of
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2133:
2091:
2037:
1995:
1965:
1790:
1524:
1404:
1305:
1032:
926:
887:
809:
735:
718:
714:
673:
631:
617:
469:
32:
3445:
3315:
3212:
3192:
3172:
3109:
3033:
2756:
2253:
2204:
2128:
2059:
1622:
1444:
1372:
1223:
1112:
594:
519:
461:
153:
3536:
History Crunch - History
Articles, Summaries, Biographies, Resources and More
3432:
in 1868), but the emperor and the respective kings were the same person. The
866:
With the breakup of the
Carolingian Empire in the 9th century, the system of
3667:
3494:
3197:
3152:
3048:
2386:
2371:
2322:
2273:
2182:
2138:
2118:
2086:
2030:
2020:
1975:
1970:
1592:
1399:
1382:
1352:
867:
852:
684:
539:
400:
296:
291:
281:
265:
100:
3355:
The notion of a king being below an emperor in the feudal order, just as a
3702:
3325:
3266:
2963:
2356:
2300:
2165:
2025:
1785:
1394:
1327:
1192:
1156:
1152:
990:
626:
586:
531:
498:
473:
384:
327:
306:
286:
276:
229:
224:
181:
158:
2413:
2305:
2214:
2096:
2054:
2015:
1484:
1342:
1322:
1290:
1218:
1100:
did not technically claim the status of kingdom until the early modern
1078:
998:
641:
574:
551:
453:
395:
358:
353:
244:
83:
517:
In the context of classical antiquity, king may translate in Latin as
3261:
2344:
1377:
989:, which came to preeminent and incorporated in once way or the other
958:"Franciae Rex" ("King of France") and in French "Roi de France" (see
921:
underwent a general trend of centralisation of power, so that by the
875:
844:
602:
582:
525:
465:
374:
348:
332:
301:
203:
169:
3645:
5,000 Years of
Royalty: Kings, Queens, Princes, Emperors & Tsars
733:
The
English term translates, and is considered equivalent to, Latin
796:
The
English word is of Germanic origin, and historically refers to
3320:
3300:
3290:
3273:
3222:
2349:
2339:
1439:
1300:
994:
871:
776:
770:
748:
677:
598:
510:
504:
337:
317:
255:
3612:
Rituals of
Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies
3634:
3356:
3330:
3310:
2177:
883:
879:
761:
606:
590:
260:
208:
193:
95:
727:
1135:, and by the end of the medieval period the pan-Scandinavian
3720:
3673:
Sacred Royalty: From the Pharaoh to the Most Christian King
573:
is used alongside other titles for monarchs: in the West,
656:, a title that is sometimes given to the husband of a
3557:
Why Europe?: The Medieval Origins of Its Special Path
3090:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
3498:
1151:had had before. This symbolized them holding the
464:without control, or the entire sovereignty over a
3731:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). pp. 805–806.
3129:Kingdom of Denmark and its autonomous territories
1089:were established in 1025 and 1198, respectively.
917:In the course of the European Middle Ages, the
3436:did not include any kingdoms. The short-lived
3271:
2457:
430:
8:
3588:are also categorised as absolute monarchies.
1123:, king of Denmark, England and Norway. The
1054:was claimed as a separate title held by the
496:traditions of tribal rulership (c.f. Indic
2509:
2464:
2450:
1180:
437:
423:
50:
835:begin with a fragmentation of the former
3505:. New York: Barnes & Noble. p.
3396:technically contained various kingdoms (
843:. In Western Europe, the kingdom of the
800:, in the pre-Christian period a type of
27:
3559:, University of Chicago Press (2010),
3501:Titles: How the King became His Majesty
3348:
1191:
1127:resulted in "consolidated" kingdoms of
630:. These were the kings of pre-Hispanic
456:in a variety of contexts. A king is an
62:
1895:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil
1115:by the 11th century expanded into the
1077:following the Christianisation of the
970:and under the constitutional monarchy
3480:(1871–1918) included the Kingdoms of
906:(centered on the nominal kingdoms of
820:, partly influenced by the notion of
7:
3650:Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers
3379:being nominal realms. The titles of
2487:Most of these are heads of state of
1177:List of current constituent monarchs
874:, and the intermediate positions of
695:, which in turn is derived from the
492:. Germanic kingship is cognate with
66:gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe
3440:(1804–1814/5) included a number of
1827:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy
1173:List of current reigning monarchies
894:were the territories of the former
739:and its equivalents in the various
709:. It is a derivation from the term
35:or Charles the Great (748–814) was
1169:List of current sovereign monarchs
14:
1048:Norman conquest of southern Italy
3701:
3532:"Aztec Emperors (Huey Tlatoani)"
2433:
1796:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire
1199:
214:Prince-elector, Princess-elector
72:
1926:Spanish transition to democracy
1603:Les Six livres de la République
1125:Christianization of Scandinavia
3642:Craughwell, Thomas J. (2009).
2892:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
1643:Democracy: The God That Failed
1046:was established following the
886:. The core of European feudal
1:
3420:, as well as the Kingdoms of
1921:Birth of the Italian Republic
1111:, the tribal kingdoms of the
1058:in 1324. In the Balkans, the
960:Style of the French sovereign
452:is the title given to a male
16:Title given to a male monarch
851:by the 8th century, and the
597:, and in the Islamic world,
199:Crown prince, Crown princess
3249:Titles translated as "king"
2768:Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
1880:Austro-Hungarian Compromise
1806:Birth of the Dutch Republic
3772:
3617:Cambridge University Press
3272:
3075:King of the United Kingdom
2661:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1916:Siamese revolution of 1932
1166:
941:, the western part of the
671:
460:if he holds the powers of
18:
2489:constitutional monarchies
1890:5 October 1910 Revolution
1786:Birth of the Roman Empire
953:) and developed into the
812:derived their claim from
780:and, e.g., modern German
154:Grand duke, Grand duchess
3555:see e.g. M. Mitterauer,
3530:History Crunch Writers.
3394:Austro-Hungarian Empires
2820:Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
1633:Considerations on France
1062:was established in 1217.
1011:, the petty kingdoms of
981:, coalescing around the
3728:Encyclopædia Britannica
3367:, with the Kingdoms of
2732:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2646:King of the Netherlands
2249:Emperor system of Japan
1007:, the remnants of the
717:
64:Imperial, royal, noble,
3717:Phillip, Walter Alison
3462:Kingdom of Württemberg
3158:Big man (anthropology)
2124:Enlightened absolutism
859:were unified into the
774:; however, see Gothic
704:
683:
538:In classical European
401:Gentleman, Gentlewoman
48:
3454:Kingdom of Westphalia
3418:Galicia and Lodomeria
3228:Royal and noble ranks
3183:Divine right of kings
2686:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1229:Divine right of kings
1167:Further information:
1098:Grand Duchy of Moscow
968:Emperor of the French
863:by the 10th century.
818:divine right of kings
672:Further information:
554:(harking back to the
482:hereditary sovereigns
277:Viscount, Viscountess
225:Marquess, Marchioness
159:Archduke, Archduchess
101:High king, High queen
31:
21:King (disambiguation)
3756:Gendered occupations
3710:at Wikimedia Commons
3586:United Arab Emirates
2716:King of Saudi Arabia
2691:koning / roi / König
2681:King of the Belgians
2497:King of Saudi Arabia
2491:; kings ruling over
1867:Unification of Italy
1856:Second French Empire
1019:, expanded into the
947:Francia Occidentalis
837:Western Roman Empire
806:monarchies of Europe
688:is derived from the
652:may also refer to a
287:Burgrave, Burgravine
230:Margrave, Margravine
41:King of the Lombards
19:For other uses, see
3438:First French Empire
3381:King of the Germans
3094:Commonwealth realms
3055:Kingdom of Eswatini
2948:Kingdom of Cambodia
2876:Kingdom of Thailand
2595:September 15, 1973
2493:absolute monarchies
2440:Politics portal
1840:First French Empire
1814:Glorious Revolution
1052:Kingdom of Sardinia
1021:kingdom of Portugal
931:Early Modern period
857:Anglo-Saxon England
847:developed into the
660:, but the title of
354:Baronet, Baronetess
3678:The Matheson Trust
3474:Kingdom of Holland
3466:Kingdom of Bavaria
3458:Kingdom of Etruria
3385:King of the Romans
3365:Kingdom of Bohemia
3098:September 8, 2022
3018:Kingdom of Lesotho
2844:February 14, 2002
2840:Kingdom of Bahrain
2804:Kingdom of Morocco
2696:Kingdom of Belgium
2279:List of monarchies
2080:Related ideologies
1947:Nepalese Civil War
1934:Iranian Revolution
1908:Russian Revolution
1903:Chinese Revolution
1885:German unification
1163:Contemporary kings
1149:Holy Roman Emperor
1081:. The kingdoms of
1071:Kingdom of Hungary
1009:Visigothic Kingdom
983:Kingdom of England
972:King of the French
943:Carolingian Empire
937:Most famously, in
896:Carolingian Empire
861:kingdom of England
849:Carolingian Empire
841:barbarian kingdoms
826:Germanic antiquity
741:European languages
546:as the ruler of a
49:
45:Holy Roman Emperor
37:King of the Franks
3706:Media related to
3687:978-1-908092-05-2
3659:978-1-60376-189-5
3574:Sultanate of Oman
3516:978-1-56619-085-5
3470:Kingdom of Saxony
3361:Holy Roman Empire
3188:Germanic kingship
3163:Buddhist kingship
3143:
3142:
3133:January 14, 2024
3022:February 7, 1996
2952:October 14, 2004
2916:December 9, 2006
2912:Kingdom of Bhutan
2880:October 13, 2016
2772:February 7, 1999
2736:January 23, 2015
2591:Kingdom of Sweden
2560:January 17, 1991
2556:Kingdom of Norway
2474:
2473:
1872:Meiji Restoration
1819:French Revolution
1801:Tsarist autocracy
1762:Popescu-Tăriceanu
1261:Abdication system
1239:Royal prerogative
1234:Mandate of Heaven
1147:, which only the
1102:Tsardom of Russia
1060:Kingdom of Serbia
1044:kingdom of Sicily
1031:with the ongoing
1005:Iberian Peninsula
955:Kingdom of France
929:of Europe in the
919:European kingdoms
904:Holy Roman Empire
900:kingdom of France
833:Early Middle Ages
808:in the Christian
798:Germanic kingship
784:and modern Dutch
682:The English term
447:
446:
411:Lord of the Manor
375:Knight, Chevalier
3763:
3732:
3724:
3705:
3691:
3663:
3638:
3603:Cannadine, David
3589:
3570:
3564:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3504:
3491:
3485:
3450:Kingdom of Italy
3430:Croatia-Slavonia
3414:Lombardy–Venetia
3353:
3277:
3276:
3038:King of Eswatini
2983:Kingdom of Tonga
2932:King of Cambodia
2928:Norodom Sihamoni
2860:King of Thailand
2642:Willem-Alexander
2626:Kingdom of Spain
2510:
2505:King of Eswatini
2478:sovereign states
2466:
2459:
2452:
2438:
2437:
2318:Philosopher king
1648:
1638:
1628:
1618:
1608:
1598:
1588:
1550:Kuehnelt-Leddihn
1286:Crowned republic
1271:Chinese Legalist
1210:Central concepts
1203:
1181:
1117:North Sea Empire
1073:was established
1025:Crown of Castile
923:Late Middle Ages
892:High Middle Ages
824:inherited from
814:Christianisation
664:is more common.
523:and in Greek as
508:, and Old Irish
458:absolute monarch
439:
432:
425:
84:Emperor, Empress
76:
51:
43:, and the first
3771:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3736:
3735:
3715:
3698:
3688:
3666:
3660:
3641:
3627:
3609:, eds. (1987).
3601:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3582:State of Kuwait
3571:
3567:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3444:kingdoms under
3354:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3243:Tribal kingship
3148:
3114:King of Denmark
3059:April 25, 1986
3003:King of Lesotho
2987:March 18, 2012
2905:འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་པོ་
2824:King of Bahrain
2788:King of Morocco
2665:April 30, 2013
2572:Carl XVI Gustaf
2501:King of Bahrain
2470:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2071:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1939:Modern Cambodia
1912:
1876:
1860:
1844:
1835:Trienio Liberal
1823:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1390:Self-proclaimed
1255:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1211:
1186:Politics series
1179:
1165:
1109:northern Europe
1056:Crown of Aragon
1040:southern Europe
1029:Crown of Aragon
987:King of England
822:sacral kingship
802:tribal kingship
794:
697:Common Germanic
680:
670:
542:, the title of
490:tribal kingship
478:executive power
443:
380:Imperial Knight
318:Baron, Baroness
256:Count, Countess
65:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3769:
3767:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3712:
3711:
3697:
3696:External links
3694:
3693:
3692:
3686:
3664:
3658:
3639:
3625:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3578:State of Qatar
3565:
3548:
3522:
3515:
3486:
3448:, such as the
3434:Russian Empire
3377:Burgundy/Arles
3347:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2898:
2896:King of Bhutan
2888:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2862:
2856:Vajiralongkorn
2852:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2808:July 23, 1999
2806:
2801:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2754:
2752:King of Jordan
2744:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2718:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:July 21, 2013
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2630:June 19, 2014
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2576:King of Sweden
2568:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:King of Norway
2533:
2532:
2531:Monarchy est.
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2480:(i.e. English
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:Related topics
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2112:Traditionalist
2109:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2013:
2008:
2006:Great Officers
2003:
1992:
1991:
1989:Administration
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1619:
1609:
1599:
1589:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1495:Crétineau-Joly
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1358:Personal union
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:Dynastic union
1310:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1281:Constitutional
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1164:
1161:
1145:Imperial crown
1141:
1140:
1121:Cnut the Great
1105:
1094:eastern Europe
1090:
1067:central Europe
1063:
1036:
1001:
975:
939:Western Europe
793:
790:
669:
666:
662:prince consort
646:
645:
644:of the Aztecs.
614:
567:
560:Roman Republic
536:
515:
445:
444:
442:
441:
434:
427:
419:
416:
415:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
390:
389:
388:
387:
382:
377:
369:
368:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
343:
342:
341:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
312:
311:
310:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
271:
270:
269:
268:
263:
258:
250:
249:
248:
247:
242:
240:Count palatine
237:
232:
227:
219:
218:
217:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
190:
189:
179:
178:
177:
164:
163:
162:
161:
156:
151:
150:
149:
144:
139:
134:
126:
125:
124:
119:
106:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
92:
91:
78:
77:
69:
68:
60:
59:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3768:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3626:0-521-33513-2
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:German Empire
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:King of Kings
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:king / morena
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:King of Tonga
2965:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:Orange-Nassau
2649:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:King of Spain
2608:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:Regnal number
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2294:Non-sovereign
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Authoritarian
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Crown Council
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:Privy council
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1767:Zourabichvili
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:Chateaubriand
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Non-sovereign
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:British Isles
976:
973:
969:
965:
964:French Empire
962:. Under the
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
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658:queen regnant
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637:Huey Tlatoani
633:
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38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3746:Royal titles
3726:
3722:"King"
3672:
3644:
3611:
3607:Price, Simon
3568:
3556:
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3535:
3525:
3500:
3489:
3351:
3291:Malik/Melekh
3286:Mepe (title)
3233:Royal family
3203:King consort
3123:
3084:
3047:
3012:
2977:
2958:1993 / 1953
2942:
2906:
2870:
2834:
2798:
2762:
2726:
2690:
2655:
2636:1978 / 1479
2620:
2585:
2550:
2525:Reign begin
2486:
2481:
2475:
2242:Illegitimate
2237:Family trees
2102:Conservatism
2067:Royal assent
1851:Liberal Wars
1641:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1429:Philosophers
1428:
1427:
1368:Principality
1184:Part of the
1142:
1137:Kalmar Union
951:West Francia
927:great powers
916:
865:
830:
795:
785:
781:
775:
769:
760:
751:
744:
734:
732:
723:
710:
700:
692:
681:
654:king consort
649:
647:
635:
625:
622:Aztec Empire
579:grand prince
570:
564:Roman Empire
556:client kings
547:
543:
530:
524:
518:
509:
503:
497:
449:
448:
235:Marcher lord
111:
25:
3238:Sacred king
3178:Designation
3168:Client king
3071:Charles III
2978:king / tu'i
2907:druk gyalpo
2784:Mohammed VI
2748:Abdullah II
2397:Interregnum
2362:Regnal list
2267:presumptive
2092:Bonapartism
2038:Royal guard
2001:Appointment
1966:Aristocracy
1791:Magna Carta
1757:Zhirinovsky
1660:Politicians
1587:(1265-1266)
1515:Kierkegaard
1033:Reconquista
898:, i.e. the
888:manorialism
810:Middle Ages
715:Old English
690:Anglo-Saxon
674:Rex (title)
632:Mesoamerica
624:each had a
618:city-states
470:legislative
33:Charlemagne
3740:Categories
3668:Hani, Jean
3596:References
3495:Pine, L.G.
3446:Napoleon I
3316:Rex (king)
3213:Petty king
3193:Great King
3173:Coronation
3119:Glücksburg
3110:Frederik X
3104:927 / 843
3034:Mswati III
2999:Letsie III
2581:Bernadotte
2546:Glücksburg
2382:Succession
2254:Figurehead
2205:Coronation
2154:Luxembourg
2134:Legitimism
2129:Jacobitism
1692:Metternich
1623:Patriarcha
1520:Dostoevsky
1450:Bellarmine
1423:Philosophy
1373:Real union
1338:Hereditary
1224:Monarchism
1155:and being
1113:Viking Age
1075:in AD 1000
595:grand duke
462:government
385:Druzhinnik
3198:High King
3153:Anointing
3049:ngwenyama
2901:Wangchuck
2869:กษัตริย์
2607:Felipe VI
2402:Rebellion
2387:Anti-king
2372:Sovereign
2323:Pretender
2274:Kingmaker
2210:Criticism
2161:Orléanism
2139:Miguelism
2119:Despotism
2087:Alfonsism
2031:Favourite
2021:Camarilla
2011:Household
1976:Oligarchy
1971:Autocracy
1747:Churchill
1613:Leviathan
1593:Monarchia
1535:Bainville
1410:Universal
1383:Coregency
1353:Pentarchy
1276:Composite
966:this was
868:feudalism
816:and the
747:"ruler";
722:) by the
668:Etymology
648:The term
540:feudalism
502:, Gothic
297:Advocatus
292:Landgrave
282:Castellan
266:Ealdorman
3719:(1911).
3670:(2011).
3635:86-29881
3584:and the
3541:18 April
3497:(1992).
3472:and the
3426:Slavonia
3406:Dalmatia
3390:Austrian
3363:was the
3326:Tlatoani
3267:Basileus
3146:See also
2964:Tupou VI
2677:Philippe
2601:12th c.
2566:11th c.
2537:Harald V
2522:Kingdom
2503:and the
2495:are the
2357:Regicide
2301:Nobility
2262:apparent
2166:Royalism
2144:Orangism
2026:Courtier
1752:Renouvin
1727:Bismarck
1722:Castillo
1712:Disraeli
1702:Polignac
1682:Consalvi
1583:De Regno
1555:Bogdanor
1405:Triarchy
1400:Tetrarch
1395:Signoria
1328:Ethnarch
1318:Elective
1266:Absolute
1193:Monarchy
1157:emperors
1153:imperium
1027:and the
1017:Pamplona
1013:Asturias
991:Scotland
902:and the
853:kingdoms
758:Sanskrit
706:kuningas
701:kuningaz
640:was the
627:tlatoani
587:archduke
532:basileus
514:, etc.).
474:judicial
328:Lendmann
307:Starosta
182:Princess
56:a series
54:Part of
3482:Prussia
3422:Croatia
3410:Illyria
3402:Bohemia
3398:Hungary
3369:Germany
3336:Tagavor
3080:Windsor
3043:Dlamini
3008:Moshesh
2941:ស្ដេច
2937:Norodom
2829:Khalifa
2616:Bourbon
2513:Monarch
2414:Usurper
2306:Peerage
2284:Current
2232:Descent
2215:Dynasty
2178:Toryism
2149:Belgium
2097:Carlism
2060:Riksråd
2055:Makhzen
2016:Retinue
1780:History
1742:Metaxas
1737:Maurras
1707:Decazes
1697:Villèle
1687:Plessis
1672:Pius VI
1667:Mazarin
1560:Scruton
1530:Maurras
1485:Novalis
1470:Maistre
1465:Bossuet
1435:Aquinas
1378:Regency
1363:Popular
1343:Khanate
1333:Federal
1323:Emirate
1291:Diarchy
1219:Monarch
1087:Bohemia
1079:Magyars
1003:In the
999:Ireland
977:On the
945:became
908:Germany
890:in the
792:History
713:"kin" (
711:*kunjom
642:emperor
620:of the
575:emperor
558:of the
552:emperor
548:kingdom
454:monarch
396:Esquire
359:Fidalgo
245:Voivode
187:consort
175:consort
142:dowager
137:consort
132:regnant
122:dowager
117:consort
89:dowager
3684:
3656:
3633:
3623:
3580:, the
3576:, the
3513:
3476:. The
3468:, the
3464:, the
3460:, the
3456:, the
3452:, the
3442:client
3281:Kabaka
3262:Archon
2865:Chakri
2793:Alaoui
2757:Hashim
2712:Salman
2656:koning
2586:konung
2499:, the
2392:Crisis
2345:Empire
2289:Former
2227:Family
1959:Polity
1717:Cortés
1647:(2001)
1637:(1796)
1627:(1680)
1617:(1651)
1607:(1576)
1597:(1313)
1570:Yarvin
1525:Youwei
1510:Balmes
1505:Cortés
1490:Balzac
1475:Bonald
1460:Hobbes
1455:Filmer
1175:, and
1133:Norway
1129:Sweden
1119:under
1096:, the
1083:Poland
1069:, the
1050:. The
1042:, the
1023:, the
985:, the
882:) and
876:counts
872:barons
845:Franks
804:. The
724:-inga-
693:cyning
634:. The
613:, etc.
603:sultan
583:prince
526:archon
476:, and
466:nation
364:Nobile
349:Ritter
333:Primor
302:Vidame
204:Herzog
170:Prince
147:mother
128:Queen
3751:Kings
3708:Kings
3561:p. 28
3373:Italy
3343:Notes
3301:Negus
3296:Mwami
3274:Lugal
3223:Realm
3218:Queen
3124:Konge
3065:1968
3028:1966
2993:1970
2973:Tupou
2922:1907
2886:1782
2871:kasat
2850:1971
2835:malik
2814:1956
2799:malik
2778:1946
2763:malik
2742:1932
2727:malik
2706:1830
2671:1815
2551:konge
2519:Title
2516:House
2377:Style
2350:Reich
2340:Realm
2311:Realm
2258:Heir
2220:Lists
2171:Ultra
1996:Court
1732:Mella
1677:Ruffo
1576:Works
1565:Hoppe
1545:Evola
1500:Gogol
1445:Bodin
1440:Dante
1306:Grand
1301:Duchy
1254:Types
995:Wales
912:Italy
884:dukes
880:earls
839:into
782:Reich
777:reiks
767:Irish
762:rājan
749:Latin
745:*rēks
678:Knyaz
611:hakim
599:malik
505:reiks
499:rājan
338:Boyar
323:Thane
3682:ISBN
3654:ISBN
3631:LCCN
3621:ISBN
3543:2021
3511:ISBN
3424:and
3416:and
3392:and
3383:and
3375:and
3357:duke
3331:Shah
3311:Raja
3257:Khan
3139:710
3092:and
3085:King
2943:sdac
2833:ملك
2797:ملك
2761:ملك
2725:ملك
2721:Saud
2482:king
2419:list
2335:Rank
2328:List
2183:High
1540:Seca
1296:Dual
1131:and
1085:and
1015:and
997:and
910:and
878:(or
831:The
786:rijk
765:and
719:cynn
685:king
676:and
650:king
616:The
607:emir
591:duke
571:king
562:and
544:king
450:King
261:Earl
209:Jarl
112:King
3306:Oba
3136:56
2621:rey
2528:Age
2407:War
1107:In
1092:In
1065:In
1038:In
914:).
855:of
788:).
753:rēx
736:rēx
730:).
728:OED
609:or
593:or
529:or
520:rex
3742::
3725:.
3680:.
3676:.
3652:.
3648:.
3629:.
3619:.
3615:.
3605:;
3534:.
3509:.
3507:86
3412:,
3408:,
3404:,
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3371:,
3321:Rí
3112:,
3101:75
3073:,
3062:56
3036:,
3025:61
3001:,
2990:65
2966:,
2955:71
2930:,
2919:44
2894:,
2883:72
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2847:74
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2775:62
2750:,
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511:rí
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699:*
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