503:
529:
42:
629:
511:
587:
the 15 days he spent in
Jerusalem, he held Christian ceremonies and solemn festivities in the Holy Sepulchre. He was greatly comforted by his visits to the places of the pilgrims. He was still in Jerusalem when he received a certificate from the Khan, bestowing him Jerusalem and the surrounding country. He then returned to join Ghazan in Damas, and spend the winter with him
490:
672:, still part of the Christian Kingdom of Armenia, possibly as part of a wider plan to place the province under his own control. Hethum conveyed his worries about these plans by letter to Öljaitü. He was subsequently summoned by Bilarghu to a meeting on November 17, 1307, in an encampment beneath the walls of the royal stronghold of
863:
version of the 'Chronicle of the
Kingdom', but this passage was in fact inserted into the translation of the chronicle by its editor, Dulaurier, and originates in the (unreliable) work of Nerses Balienc... The "Arab chroniclers" cited are Mufaddal (actually a Copt; the edition of Blochet), al-Maqrizi
586:
The king of
Armenia, back from his raid against the Sultan, went to Jerusalem. He found that all the enemies had been put to flight or exterminated by the Tatars, who had arrived before him. As he entered into Jerusalem, he gathered the Christians, who had been hiding in caverns out of fright. During
450:
In 1295, Thoros III asked Hethum to resume the throne to help renew the Mongol alliance. Hethum made the long journey to the Mongol capital, and was successfully able to request aid from the
Mongols. When he returned to Armenia in 1296, further good news manifested from the Byzantine Empire, with an
351:
to the west, a vassal relationship with the aggressive Mongol Empire in the East, and defending itself from attacks from the South, from the Muslim
Mamluks out of Egypt. The Crusades had lost European support and were winding down, and Islamic forces were sweeping northwards from Egypt, re-taking
857:, p. 14. "At one point, 'Arab chroniclers' are cited as being in support of an absurd claim made by a later Armenian source, but on inspection of the citations, they do no such thing." Also Footnote #55, where Stewart further criticizes Schein's work: "The Armenian source cited is the
607:
Hethum's gains against the
Mamluks were short-lived, as in 1303, the Mamluks counter-attacked from Egypt. The Armenians again joined forces with a sizable number of Mongol troops, 80,000, on a Syrian offensive, but they were defeated at Homs on March 30, 1303, and at the decisive
346:
Hethum II took the throne in his early 20s, when his father Leon II died in 1289. At the time, Cilician
Armenia was in a precarious position between major powers, balancing between friendly relations with the Christian Europeans and Byzantine Empire, aggression from the Turkish
864:(Quatremere's translation) and al-Nuwayrf. None of these sources confirm Nerses' story in any way; in fact, as is not made clear in the relevant footnote, it is not the text of al-Nuwayrf that is cited, but D.P. Little's discussion of the writer in his
868:(Montreal 1970; 24–27), and in that there is absolutely no mention made of any Armenian involvement at all in the events of the year. It is disappointing to find such a cavalier attitude to the Arabic source material." and "Echoes of Hayton's
375:
was sent by Hethum to Rome, Paris, and London to advocate another crusade to support the
Armenians; he failed in this, but returned with additional clerics to support the mission and advocate the reunification of the
569:
in 1300 during this time. However, historians disagree as to whether or not the visit actually occurred. Angus Donal
Stewart points out that the source of the tradition, a medieval account by the Armenian historian
659:
exercised less control over outlying countries under Mongol protection and reduced the military campaigns against the
Mamluks in Syria. According to contemporary Arabic and Persian accounts, one of his generals,
554:, and Hethum was able to regain all of the Armenian territory which had previously been lost to the Mamluks. One group of Mongols split off from Ghazan's army and was even able to launch some
644:, and succeeded in taking back all the lands which the Armenians had acquired during the Mongol invasion. The Mamluks wanted to punish the Armenians for allying with the Mongols.
343:. As part of this relationship, Cilician Armenia routinely supplied troops to the Mongols, cooperating in battles against the Mamluks and other elements of the Islamic empire.
1226:
1199:
1172:
574:, does not match with any other accounts by any other historians of the time period, and was simply written as Armenian propaganda of the time. However, Claude Mutafian, in
427:, which was defended by Hethum's uncle, Raymond, but fell after a siege of 33 days. To stave off further invasion, Hethum II abandoned the cities of Marash, Behesni, and
1958:
1983:
1978:
1075:
542:
In 1299, Hethum, recovered at least partially from his blindness, ousted Constantin and once again resumed the crown. Soon thereafter, he again sought assistance from
612:(Merj-us-Safer), south of Damas, on April 21, 1303. This campaign is considered to be the last major Mongol invasion of Syria. Hethum retreated to Ghazan's court in
872:
especially can be found in many works that touch on the kingdom, while this is an extremely tendentious work, designed to be a piece of propaganda." Stewart, p. 15
704:, however, had learnt of Hethum's letter and ordered his men to massacre the Armenian king and his guests upon their arrival. When the Armenians arrived for the
1030:
486:. Thoros was murdered in Partzerpert in 1298; but Constantine turned against Sempad, usurped the throne for himself, imprisoned Sempad and freed Hethum.
407:
had earlier broken the treaty of 1285, was marching North through Palestine with his troops, and also demanded the surrender of the Armenian cities of
1266:
438:
and entered the Franciscan monastery at Mamistra. He did stay active in the politics of the kingdom though, and negotiated with the Egyptian leader
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on their western borders as self-interest in acquiring territory to the east, albeit short-lived. Following the conversion of the Mongol Ilkhan
1968:
1012:
971:
371:. They had been repeatedly jailed in Italy for their strong condemnations of luxury in the church but they won favor at the Armenian court.
616:, and then again resigned his crown. His brother Thoros III having been killed in 1298, Hethum passed the crown to Thoros's teenaged son,
596:
647:
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia's alignment with the Mongol Empire continued, motivated as much by the need for self-protection from the
1953:
289:, while still remaining the power behind the throne as "Grand Baron of Armenia" and later as Regent for his nephew. He was the son of
1745:
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1064:
1038:
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Speculation aside, the Mongols retreated northwards a few months later, and the Mamluks reclaimed Palestine with little resistance.
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1877:
609:
415:. Qalawun died before the campaign was completed, but Khalil continued his father's advance northwards, and had conquered the
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1686:
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471:
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for the return of the prisoners who had been taken at Hromgla, as well as for some church relics which had been pillaged.
620:. Hethum retired to a monastery, although as Leo was not yet an adult, Hethum retained the office of Regent of Armenia.
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546:'s Mongols, and fought against the Mamluks in Syria. The combined forces achieved a major victory at the December 1299
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Demurger, p.142 "The Mongols pursued the retreating troops towards the south, but stopped at the level of Gaza"
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itself had been a vassal state of the Mongol Empire, from an agreement made by Hethum II's grandfather,
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470:. However, during their absence Sempad usurped the Armenian throne with the aid of another brother,
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The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks: War and diplomacy during the reigns of Het'um II (1289–1307)
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offer of a marital alliance. Hethum and Thoros placed Armenia under the regency of their brother
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land which had earlier been lost to the Crusaders, and pushing back against the Mongol advance.
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The Armenians fought with the Mongols (left) and vanquished the Mamluks (right) at the 1299
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1076:"The Assassination of King Het'um II: The Conversion of The Ilkhans and the Armenians"
1937:
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277:– November 17, 1307), also known by several other romanizations, was king of the
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423:. Khalil's forces continued on from there, sacking the Armenian city of
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985:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University.
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had no heirs since he was too young to marry when he was murdered.
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1053:
The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane
983:
The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies 23
558:, pursuing the retreating Egyptian Mamluk troops as far south as
1248:
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and his soldiers and confirmed his support of Oshin as king as
692:. Hethum attended with about 40 noblemen and his young nephew
532:
Hethum II (left) parting from Ghazan and his Mongols in 1303 (
929:(1987). "Mongol Raids into Palestine (AD 1260 and 1300)".
664:, a devout Muslim, had indicated his intention to erect a
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According to modern traditions, Hethum may have visited
313:, who himself was later executed for this by the Mongol
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upon their return, and imprisoned in the fortress of
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285:. He abdicated twice in order to take vows in the
712:. Following this assassination, Hethum's brother
493:King Hethum II in prayer from a decorative plate
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550:(sometimes called the Battle of Homs), taking
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632:The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1199–1375
474:. Hethum and Thoros were both captured in
29:
1099:
966:(in French). Editions Payot&Rivages.
720:, who ordered the immediate execution of
482:. There, Hethum was partially blinded by
1959:Kings of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
627:
506:1299/1300 Mongol offensive in the Levant
1984:14th-century rulers of Armenian Cilicia
1979:13th-century rulers of Armenian Cilicia
791:
781:
737:
944:. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
866:Introduction to Mamluk Historiography
7:
1080:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
932:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
597:Recueil des Historiens des Croisades
688:), either to hold counsel or for a
46:King Hethum II, in Franciscan gown
25:
883:Mongol Raids into Palestine, 1987
855:Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks
655:to Islam in 1295, his successor
40:
942:The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
599:, Historiens Armeniens I, p.660
403:. His father the Mamluk sultan
1964:14th-century murdered monarchs
1027:Le Royaume Armenien de Cilicie
576:Le Royaume Arménien de Cilicie
562:, pushing them back to Egypt.
1:
1117:Stewart, Angus Donal (2001).
1969:13th-century Armenian people
1007:. Indo-European Publishing.
981:Edwards, Robert W. (1987).
894:Historiens Armeniens, p.660
640:continued their assault on
556:Mongol raids into Palestine
548:Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar
279:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
2000:
1954:Christians of the Crusades
821:Claude Mutafian, pp. 73–75
744:His name has been written
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700:he was acting as regent.
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132:King of Cilician Armenia
90:King of Cilician Armenia
39:
940:Boase, T. S. R. (1978).
580:Saint James of Jerusalem
301:, being the grandson of
53:King of Cilician Armenia
27:King of Cilician Armenia
1074:Stewart, Angus (2005).
649:Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm
459:to bestow their sister
331:Armeno-Mongol relations
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468:Michael IX Palaeologus
373:St Thomas of Tolentino
309:by the Mongol general
297:, and was part of the
835:Demurger, pp. 142–143
809:Kurkjian, pp. 204–205
631:
535:History of the Tatars
531:
521:History of the Tatars
513:
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492:
361:Spiritual Franciscans
1784:(prince, later king)
1005:A History of Armenia
417:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1712:1198–1375 (kingdom)
1687:Hovhannes-Smbat III
369:Armenian Christians
1568:Tiridates III (IV)
1057:Brockhampton Press
1001:Kurkjian, Vahan M.
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1276:Armenian monarchs
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1234:Succeeded by
1207:Succeeded by
1180:Succeeded by
1014:978-1-60444-012-6
973:978-2-228-90235-9
870:Flor des estoires
610:Battle of Shaqhab
465:Byzantine Emperor
357:Angelo da Clareno
291:Leo II of Armenia
260:
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210:(aged 40–41)
206:November 17, 1307
16:(Redirected from
1991:
1974:Hethumid dynasty
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1548:Hormizd-Ardashir
1523:Aurelius Pacorus
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1840:Constantine I
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1603:Vologases III
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1425:Artavasdes IV
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1395:Artavades III
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1371:Artavasdes II
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1220:Constantine I
1215:
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1194:
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1128:90-04-12292-3
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1066:1-86019-407-9
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1040:2-271-05105-3
1036:
1032:
1031:CNRS Editions
1029:(in French).
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
992:0-88402-163-7
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951:0-7073-0145-9
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38:
31:
19:
1543:Tiridates II
1533:Vologases II
1440:Artaxias III
1420:Ariobarzanes
1413:Non-dynastic
1381:Tigranes III
1356:Artavasdes I
1225:
1198:
1171:
1148:
1118:
1086:(1): 45–61.
1083:
1079:
1052:
1026:
1004:
982:
963:
941:
930:
920:Bibliography
909:
900:
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869:
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858:
854:
849:
840:
792:Stewart 2005
761:
757:
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677:
646:
635:
606:
603:
585:
575:
564:
541:
533:
519:
449:
446:Second reign
433:
386:
354:
345:
335:Since 1247,
334:
262:
261:
208:(1307-11-17)
134:(3rd reign)
92:(2nd reign)
56:(1st reign)
1949:1307 deaths
1944:1266 births
1628:Artaxias IV
1573:Khosrov III
1513:Vologases I
1493:Tiridates I
1475:Tigranes VI
1470:Tiridates I
1465:Rhadamistus
1460:Mithridates
1450:Mithridates
1400:Tigranes IV
1386:Tigranes IV
1376:Artaxias II
1366:Tigranes II
1308:Orontes III
698:Grand Baron
624:Later years
498:Third reign
480:Partzerpert
472:Constantine
429:Tel Hamdoun
363:arrived to
325:First reign
148:Predecessor
106:Predecessor
70:Predecessor
1938:Categories
1782:Leo II (I)
1776:Roupen III
1613:Vramshapuh
1608:Khosrov IV
1598:Arshak III
1558:Khosrov II
1430:Tigranes V
1361:Tigranes I
1351:Artaxias I
1333:Orontes IV
1323:Arsames II
1303:Orontes II
1287:336 BC–428
1231:1299–1303
1204:1295–1296
1193:Thoros III
1183:Thoros III
1177:1289–1293
1145:Hethum II
1101:10023/1563
935:: 236–255.
860:RHC Arm. I
772:References
436:Thoros III
399:sultan of
367:among the
365:missionize
329:See also:
127:Thoros III
109:Thoros III
84:Thoros III
1845:Hethum II
1830:Hethum II
1820:Hethum II
1802:Hethumids
1764:Roupen II
1758:Thoros II
1672:Ashot III
1642:Bagratids
1618:Khosrov V
1583:Arshak II
1538:Khosrov I
1343:Artaxiads
1284:Antiquity
1121:. BRILL.
1025:(2001) .
853:Stewart,
777:Citations
710:King Leon
694:King Leon
674:Anazarbus
567:Jerusalem
463:upon the
440:Ketbougha
387:In 1292,
355:In 1289,
263:Hethum II
225:Hethumids
213:Anazarbus
176:1303–1307
158:Successor
143:1299–1303
114:Successor
101:1295–1296
80:Successor
65:1289–1293
33:Hethum II
1911:Lusignan
1870:Lusignan
1835:Smbat IV
1810:Hethum I
1788:Isabella
1778:(prince)
1772:(prince)
1766:(prince)
1760:(prince)
1754:(prince)
1748:(prince)
1742:(prince)
1740:Thoros I
1736:(prince)
1730:(prince)
1728:Roupen I
1720:Rubenids
1697:Gagik II
1692:Ashot IV
1677:Smbat II
1662:Ashot II
1645:884–1045
1593:Varazdat
1528:Sohaemus
1518:Sohaemus
1503:Axidares
1498:Sanatruk
1485:Arsacids
1445:Arshak I
1295:Orontids
1110:55809524
1051:(2004).
1003:(1958).
962:(2007).
881:Amitai,
722:Bilarghu
702:Bilarghu
678:Caesarea
662:Bilarghu
614:Moussoul
590:—
552:Damascus
476:Caesarea
341:Hethum I
311:Bilarghu
303:Hethum I
271:Հեթում Բ
267:Armenian
251:Religion
124:Co-ruler
35:Հեթում Բ
1850:Leo III
1707:Cilicia
1682:Gagik I
1657:Smbat I
1652:Ashot I
1435:Vonones
1318:Arsames
1237:Leo III
762:Hethoum
746:Haython
726:Leo III
718:Öljaitü
706:banquet
690:banquet
686:Cilicia
680:in the
657:Öljaitü
638:Mamluks
618:Leo III
425:Hromgla
413:Behesni
405:Qalawun
319:Öljaitü
307:Leo III
220:Dynasty
185:Leo III
181:Monarch
173:Regency
162:Leo III
1888:Neghir
1860:Leo IV
1825:Thoros
1815:Leo II
1792:Philip
1790:&
1667:Abas I
1623:Shapur
1553:Narseh
1455:Orodes
1402:&
1388:&
1328:Xerxes
1210:Sempad
1166:Leo II
1125:
1108:
1063:
1037:
1011:
989:
970:
948:
760:, and
758:Hetoum
754:Het'um
750:Hayton
666:mosque
653:Ghazan
544:Ghazan
453:Sempad
409:Marash
397:Mamluk
395:, the
393:Khalil
317:ruler
315:Ilkhan
275:
273:; 1266
241:Mother
235:Leo II
231:Father
118:Sempad
74:Leo II
1919:Leo V
1855:Oshin
1752:Leo I
1578:Tiran
1404:Erato
1390:Erato
1313:Sames
1106:S2CID
732:Notes
714:Oshin
595:, in
401:Egypt
380:with
140:Reign
98:Reign
62:Reign
1770:Mleh
1123:ISBN
1061:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1009:ISBN
987:ISBN
968:ISBN
946:ISBN
560:Gaza
518:. (
461:Rita
411:and
382:Rome
293:and
203:Died
198:1266
195:Born
1588:Pap
1096:hdl
1088:doi
684:of
670:Sis
1940::
1104:.
1094:.
1084:15
1082:.
1078:.
1059:.
1055:.
1033:.
826:^
814:^
798:^
784:^
756:,
752:,
748:,
582:.
384:.
321:.
269::
1268:e
1261:t
1254:v
1131:.
1112:.
1098::
1090::
1069:.
1043:.
1017:.
995:.
976:.
954:.
764:.
676:(
538:)
524:)
265:(
20:)
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