1648:
1542:
1601:
910:
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49:
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1575:. The Catholics wanted religious teachings to be a fundamental basis for the state and society and opposed all attempts by the liberals to attack the Church's official privileges. Initially, these factions existed only as informal groups with which prominent politicians were generally identified. The liberals held power through much of Leopold I's reign. An official
3335:
465:
1583:
was only established in 1869. Leopold, who was himself a
Protestant, tended to favor liberals and shared their desire for reform, even though he was not partisan. On his own initiative, in 1842, Leopold proposed a law which would have stopped women and children from working in some industries, but
1533:
was effectively useless. The
Netherlands and the Dutch colonies in particular, which had been profitable markets for Belgian manufacturers before 1830, were totally closed to Belgian goods. The period between 1845 and 1849 was particularly hard in Flanders, where harvests failed and a third of the
578:
in 1830. The
Belgian government offered the position to Leopold because of his diplomatic connections with royal houses across Europe, and because as the British-backed candidate, he was not affiliated with other powers, such as France, which were believed to have territorial ambitions in Belgium
1319:
Leopold of Saxe-Coburg had been proposed at an early stage, but had been dropped because of French opposition. The problems caused by the French candidates and the increased international pressure for a solution led to his reconsideration. On 22 April, he was finally approached by a
Belgian
1647:
765:. Napoleon offered him the position of adjutant, but Leopold refused. Instead, he went to Russia to take up a military career in the Imperial Russian cavalry, which was at war with France at the time. He campaigned against Napoleon and distinguished himself at the
1009:, but she favoured Leopold. Although the Regent was displeased, he found Leopold to be charming and possessing every quality to make his daughter happy, and so approved their marriage. The same year Leopold received an honorary commission to the rank of
1281:
could be first stage of a coup against him, but that his son would also be unacceptable to other
European powers suspicious of French intentions. Nemours refused the offer. With no definitive choice in sight, Catholics and Liberals united to elect
1344:, surrounded by the names of revolutionaries fallen during the fighting in 1830. After a ceremony of resignation by the regent, Leopold, dressed in the uniform of a Belgian lieutenant-general, swore loyalty to the constitution and became king.
1402:
Leopold was generally unsatisfied with the amount of power allocated to the monarch in the
Constitution, and sought to extend it wherever the Constitution was ambiguous or unclear while generally avoiding involvement in routine politics.
1534:
population became dependent on poor relief, and have been described as the "worst years of
Flemish history". The economic situation in Flanders also increased the internal migration to Brussels and the industrial areas of
1385:. The small Belgian army was overwhelmed by the Dutch assault and was pushed back. Faced with a military crisis, Leopold appealed to the French for support. The French promised support, and the arrival of their
4993:
832:
An Act far exhibiting a Bill in this present
Parliament, for naturalizing His Serene Highness Leopold George Frederick Duke of Saxe, Margrave of Meissen, Landgrave of Thuringuen, Prince of Cobourg of Saalfeld.
5033:
4998:
1025:, though the plan was abandoned due to government fears that it would draw Leopold into party politics and would be viewed as a demotion for Charlotte. The couple lived initially at Camelford House on
1632:
and, during fighting, seven émigrés were killed and most of the rest were captured. To defuse tension, Leopold theatrically offered his abdication, if this was the wish of the majority of his people.
1092:. But, by mid-1829, the liaison was over, and the actress and her mother returned to Berlin. Many years later, in memoirs published after her death, she declared that she and Leopold had engaged in a
4978:
5003:
927:
An Act for the
Naturalization of His Serene Highness Leopold George Frederick Duke of Saxe, Margrave of Meissen, Landgrave of Thuringuen, Prince of Cobourg of Saalfeld; and settling his Precedence.
559:). Leopold and Charlotte's marriage was happy, but it ended after a year and a half when Charlotte died after delivering a stillborn son. Leopold continued to enjoy considerable status in Britain.
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in
Belgium forced the Dutch to accept a diplomatic mediation and retreat back to the pre-war border. Skirmishes continued for eight years, but in April 1839, the two countries signed the
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The choice of candidates for the position was one of the most controversial issues faced by the revolutionaries. The Congress refused to consider any candidate from the Dutch ruling
4399:
1731:(1853–56), Belgium remained officially neutral throughout the reigns of Leopold I and II, although Belgian historian Jan Anckaer has interpreted Leopold's diplomatic efforts in the
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4913:
4619:
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2488:"Park Lane Pages 264–289 Survey of London: Volume 40, the Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 2 (The Buildings). Originally published by London County Council, London, 1980"
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The defeat at Risquons-Tout effectively ended the revolutionary threat to Belgium, as the situation in Belgium began to recover that summer after a good harvest, and
1620:, Belgian migrant workers living in Paris were encouraged to return to Belgium to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic. Around 6,000 armed émigrés of the "
1052:
son on 5 November 1817. She suffered complications and, just after midnight on 6 November, also died. Leopold was said to have been heartbroken by Charlotte's death.
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1972:
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The success of economic reforms partially mitigated the effects of the economic downturn and meant that Belgium was not as badly affected as its neighbors by the
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1612:. Nevertheless, in early 1848, a large number of radical publications appeared. The most serious threat of the 1848 revolutions in Belgium was posed by Belgian
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4744:
1946:
1100:. The son of Baron Stockmar denied that these events ever happened, and indeed no records have been found of a civil or religious marriage with the actress.
720:
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that created an independent Greek state, but turned it down, believing it to be too precarious. Instead, he accepted the throne of Belgium in 1831 following
990:
552:
246:
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622:. Leopold's reign was marked by attempts by the Dutch to recapture Belgium and, later, by internal political division between liberals and Catholics. As a
497:
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1667:
Because of his family connections and position at the head of a neutral and unthreatening power, Leopold was able to act as an important intermediary in
1247:
1120:. Though initially showing interest in the position, Leopold eventually turned down the offer on 17 May 1830. The role would subsequently be accepted by
1525:
Leopold I's reign was also marked by an economic crisis which lasted until the late 1850s. In the aftermath of the revolution, the Dutch had closed the
1541:
1096:
and that he had bestowed upon her the title of Countess Montgomery. He would have broken this marriage when the possibility arose that he could become
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on 26 March 1848. The second group crossed the border on 29 March and headed for Brussels. They were confronted by Belgian troops at the hamlet of
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1434:
688:
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1347:
The enthronement is generally used to mark the end of the revolution and the start of the Kingdom of Belgium and is celebrated each year as
638:, Leopold was able to slightly expand the monarch's powers during his reign. He also played an important role in stopping the spread of the
139:
4953:
1709:
1866:
near Brussels on 10 December 1865. His funeral was held on 16 December, on what would have been his 75th birthday. He is interred in the
1584:
the bill was defeated. Leopold was an early supporter of railways, and Belgium's first stretch of railway, between northern Brussels and
3509:
1600:
1336:. Travelling to Brussels, he was greeted with patriotic enthusiasm along his route. The accession ceremony took place on 21 July on the
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1500:
1341:
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464:
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4149:
3301:
2797:
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1898:
1453:
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626:, Leopold was considered liberal and encouraged economic modernisation, playing an important role in encouraging the creation of
324:
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4191:
3942:
3844:
1307:
1064:
3723:
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3138:
1787:
1438:
1283:
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419:
86:
1460:
1780:, which made the marriage unrecognized by law, on 12 December 1909 on his deathbed. They already had two illegitimate sons.
4893:
4139:
3813:
2514:"Pall Mall Pages 123–139 Old and New London: Volume 4. Originally published by Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, 1878"
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31:
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1231:
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334:
228:
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3854:
1732:
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1132:
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48:
1624:" attempted to cross the Belgian frontier. The first group, travelling by train, was stopped and quickly disarmed at
134:
3256:(in French). Vol. VII: De la Révolution de 1830 à la Guerre de 1914 (2nd ed.). Brussels: Maurice Lamertin.
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on 22 August 1853. They had three daughters and one son who died young. He religiously but not civilly remarried
1617:
1449:
1181:
1166:
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563:
1854:
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4573:
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4326:
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1791:
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1165:, pushed the Dutch army back, and the rebels defended themselves against a Dutch attack. International powers
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1567:" governments. The liberals were opposed to the Church's influence in politics and society, while supporting
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1890:
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Small power diplomacy and commerce. Belgium and the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Leopold I, 1831–1865
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Less than two weeks after Leopold's accession, on 2 August, the Netherlands invaded Belgium, starting the
1337:
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1254:
1223:
1117:
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in 1852. At Leopold's request, in 1862 his two sons were created Freiherr von Eppinghoven by his nephew,
1169:
agreed to support the independence of Belgium, even though the Dutch refused to recognize the new state.
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in 1840 and Belgium's manufacture of arms for Russia during the Crimean War as breaches of neutrality.
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279:
196:
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65:
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1689:. In the later part of his reign, his role in managing relations between the United Kingdom and the
1604:
Engraving of Leopold's theatrical offer in 1848 to abdicate if it was the will of the Belgian people
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4201:
4129:
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3058:]. Freiherrlichen Häuser (in German). Vol. Band XXI. C. A. Starke. 1999. pp. 101–103.
1910:. His likeness has also appeared on postage stamps and commemorative coins issued since his death.
1609:
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1266:
1093:
1014:
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1269:. All the candidates were French and the choice between them was principally between choosing the
1253:
Eventually the Congress was able to draw up a shortlist. The viable possibilities were felt to be
1048:
After already having suffered a miscarriage the previous year, Princess Charlotte gave birth to a
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1088:. She came to England with her mother and took up residence at Longwood House, a few miles from
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311:
200:
17:
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2947:"Dangerous Opportunities? Reassessing Belgian Neutrality during the Crimean War (1853–1856)"
1777:
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1685:. Leopold played a particularly important role in moderating relations between the hostile
1067:. Despite Charlotte's death, the Prince Regent granted Prince Leopold the British style of
3880:
3698:
3191:
3174:
1185:
1089:
758:
548:
551:. After Napoleon's defeat, Leopold moved to the United Kingdom, where in 1816 he married
775:
division. By 1815, the time of the final defeat of Napoleon, he had reached the rank of
731:
In 1797, at just six years old, Leopold was given an honorary commission of the rank of
3693:
3688:
3657:
3371:
3126:
1903:
1652:
1621:
1588:, was completed in 1835. When completed, it was one of the first passenger railways in
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1239:
1137:
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1081:
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556:
492:
382:
154:
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3249:
1824:
1629:
1311:
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1084:, who bore a striking resemblance to Charlotte. Caroline was a cousin of his advisor
751:
619:
124:
3911:
1907:
1694:
1332:
On 17 July 1831, Leopold travelled from Calais to Belgium, entering the country at
950:
855:
30:"King Leopold I" redirects here. For the king of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, see
4678:
3318:
1625:
1613:
1176:
was established in Belgium to create a constitution for the new state. Fears of "
1059:
on the death of her father and Leopold presumably would have assumed the role of
4719:
4374:
3790:
1728:
1416:
1278:
1270:
1243:
1041:
544:
3310:
2591:
Denkwürdigkeiten aus den Papiere des Freihernn Christian Friedrich von Stockmar
1324:
to officially offer him the throne. Leopold, however, was reluctant to accept.
4096:
3859:
3556:
3233:
3183:
3166:
1829:
1568:
1246:
also worried that a candidate from another state could risk destabilizing the
1136:
Leopold taking the constitutional oath during his enthronement. By the artist
1018:
771:
715:. The dynasty of this name was therefore founded by Leopold's eldest brother,
623:
3157:
4379:
3488:
3208:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΒ΄: Η Ελληνική Επανάσταση (1821 - 1832)
1277:
of Louis-Philippe. Louis-Philippe realized that the choice of either of the
1049:
1026:
998:
937:
842:
3212:
History of the Greek Nation, Volume XII: The Greek Revolution (1821 - 1832)
1513:
3334:
1772:(9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909), the future King Leopold II. He married
4233:
2781:
1705:
1585:
1535:
1333:
1177:
1162:
1116:, Leopold was offered the throne of an independent Greece as part of the
762:
704:
540:
453:
2546:
757:
When French troops occupied the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg in 1806 during the
3536:
1559:
Politics in Belgium under Leopold I were polarized between liberal and
1530:
1526:
1441: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
732:
684:
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into Belgium. He died in 1865 and was succeeded by his son Leopold II.
502:
405:
3377:
1807:. They had no issue. She adopted two sons, the grandsons of the first
761:, Leopold went to Paris where he became part of the Imperial Court of
3615:
3460:
3426:
1863:
1815:
Queen Louise-Marie died of tuberculosis on 11 October 1850, aged 38.
1719:
In foreign policy, Leopold's principal object was the maintenance of
1287:
965:
870:
676:
658:
91:
2462:
The Lost Queen: The Life and Tragedy of the Prince Regent's Daughter
1124:
in May 1832 who ruled until he was finally deposed in October 1862.
618:. The King had another two sons, George and Arthur, by his mistress
3206:
Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K., eds. (1975).
1671:
during his reign. As a result of this, he earned the nickname the "
4670:*Titled as Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld before 11 February 1826
1853:
1742:
1681:
1676:
1646:
1599:
1540:
1512:
1203:
1131:
1035:
786:
696:
649:
3096:"Monument à la Dynastie – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural"
4682:
3915:
3505:
3492:
3381:
3280:
Blood, Iron & Gold: How the Railways transformed the World
3266:
My Dearest Uncle: A Life of Leopold First King of the Belgians
3024:
Sur les traces d'Arcadie Claret: le Grand Amour de Léopold Ier
1727:. Despite pressure from the Great Powers, especially over the
1410:
1188:
in France, led the Congress to decide that Belgium would be a
2850:
2848:
1563:
political factions, though before 1847 they collaborated in "
1290:
to buy more time for a definitive decision in February 1831.
1846:; in 1863 Arcadie was also created Baronin von Eppinghoven.
2541:, p. 241, London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-89298-5.
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
1700:
In 1835–1836, he promoted the marriage between his nephew
1340:
in Brussels. A stand had been erected on the steps of the
1080:
From 1828 to 1829, Leopold had an affair with the actress
997:
on 2 May 1816. Charlotte was the only legitimate child of
750:. Six years later, he received a promotion to the rank of
4994:
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree
2777:"Why does Belgium celebrate its National Day on 21 July?"
1893:
was erected in Brussels at the initiative of Leopold II.
1823:
Leopold had two sons, George and Arthur, by his mistress
1747:
Leopold's funeral cortege in Brussels on 16 December 1865
791:
Engraving of the wedding of Charlotte and Leopold in 1816
3006:
De kinderen van de koning: Alle erfgenamen van Leopold I
2687:
2685:
2606:
3131:
The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo
2894:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Leopold I".
2877:
2875:
2823:
2821:
2578:
Aus meinem Bühnenleben. Erinnerungen von Karoline Bauer
1896:
Belgian naval vessels named in his honour include the
1399:, whereby the Dutch recognised Belgium's independence.
1161:
rose up against Dutch rule. The rising, which began in
5034:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
4999:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
528:, reigning from 21 July 1831 until his death in 1865.
4979:
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
2560:"Royal Styles and Titles of Great Britain: Documents"
524:; 16 December 1790 – 10 December 1865) was the first
5004:
Knights Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
2595:
Baron Stockmar. Eine coburgisch-englische Geschichte
2093:
Princess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1790:
on 25 April 1867. They had five children, including
1005:. The Prince Regent had hoped Charlotte would marry
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3799:
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3732:
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3635:
3604:
3544:
3299:Polasky, Janet L. (2004). "Leopold I (1790–1865)".
2656:Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan; Meynen, Alain (2009).
2067:
Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
976:
964:
959:
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944:
931:
921:
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881:
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594:on 21 July 1831, an event commemorated annually as
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404:
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310:
235:
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41:
5014:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
3277:
3232:. La Monarchie Belge. Monarchie.be. Archived from
1273:of Beauharnais or Leuchtenberg and supporting the
555:, the only child of the Prince Regent (the future
4868:** became prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1826
2645:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
1766:(24 July 1833 – 16 May 1834) who died in infancy.
897:Naturalization of Prince Leopold (No. 2) Act 1816
2367:Countess Ferdinande Henriette of Stolberg-Gedern
1184:, as well as the example of the recent, liberal
687:on 16 December 1790. He was the youngest son of
5024:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
5019:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
4718:The generations are numbered from the union of
2335:Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg
1786:(24 March 1837 – 17 November 1905) who married
673:Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duke of Saxony
5039:Commanders of the Military Order of Max Joseph
4989:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
4031:King Ferdinand II of Portugal and the Algarves
3876:Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution
2658:Political History of Belgium from 1830 Onwards
2455:
2453:
2005:Princess Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
1973:Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
1529:to Belgian shipping, meaning that the port of
1055:Had Charlotte survived, she would have become
1017:. The Regent also considered making Leopold a
4694:
3927:
3517:
3393:
2444:
2247:Countess Sophie Theodora of Castell-Remlingen
2125:Princess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1902:, a frigate acquired by Belgium in 2007. His
1799:(7 June 1840 – 19 January 1927). She married
8:
4833:Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom
4012:Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom
3364:Portraits of Leopold I, King of the Belgians
3305:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3214:] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon.
2906:
2904:
2593:, Brunswick, 1873 ; R. VON WANGENHEIM,
1947:Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
1906:features on the flag of the Flemish town of
1759:) on 9 August 1832. They had four children:
1387:
721:Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom
695:. In 1826, Saxe-Coburg acquired the city of
4914:Burials at the Church of Our Lady of Laeken
2940:
2938:
2936:
661:, where Leopold was born in 1790, pictured
5044:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
4701:
4687:
4679:
4611:
4526:
4364:
4218:
4086:
3995:
3934:
3920:
3912:
3524:
3510:
3502:
3489:
3400:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3152:(Rev. ed.). Ghent: E.Story-Scientia.
3036:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2925:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1927:
1918:
1242:with the Netherlands like Luxembourg. The
1180:" associated with republicanism after the
892:
797:
47:
38:
4959:Russian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
3017:
3015:
2854:
2804:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 417.
1708:. He promoted the marriage of his niece,
1538:, which continued throughout the period.
1501:Learn how and when to remove this message
1153:At the end of August 1830, rebels in the
802:Naturalization of Prince Leopold Act 1816
4929:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Belgium)
4827:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
3664:List of members of the National Congress
3070:"Belgium – Last moments of King Leopold"
2881:
2827:
2802:Places of Refuge: The Belgian Experience
2800:. In Aldo E. Chircop; O. Lindén (eds.).
2309:George August, Count of Erbach-Schönberg
1844:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1659:) (center) and rest of the family in an
1358:
1001:(later George IV), and therefore second
634:. As a result of the ambiguities in the
3302:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3008:(in Dutch). House of Books. p. 96.
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2676:
2426:
1764:Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium
1675:of Europe", after the wise mediator in
717:Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
320:Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium
299:
266:
122:
3845:Treaty of the Eighteen Articles (1831)
3029:
2918:
2913:Leopold I. De eerste koning van Europa
2866:
2839:
2288:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2046:
1936:
1932:
1881:, aged 30, who would rule until 1909.
1774:Archduchess Marie Henriette of Austria
1714:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1579:was formed in 1846, although a formal
1372:Belgium in the long nineteenth century
1086:Baron Christian Friedrich von Stockmar
353:
181:Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
27:King of the Belgians from 1831 to 1865
5009:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
4974:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter
3056:Genealogical Handbook of the Nobility
2364:
2354:
2350:
2338:
2332:
2322:
2306:
2296:
2292:
2276:
2270:
2260:
2244:
2234:
2230:
2218:
2212:
2202:
2186:
2176:
2172:
2148:
2138:
2122:
2112:
2108:
2096:
2090:
2080:
2064:
2054:
2050:
2034:
2031:Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
2028:
2018:
2002:
1992:
1988:
1976:
1970:
1960:
1944:
1940:
1828:
1250:and lobbied for a neutral candidate.
689:Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
566:(1821–1830), Leopold was offered the
533:Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
434:Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
295:
7:
4864:* prince of Saxe-Saalfeld until 1699
3901:1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross
3724:Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst
2621:Greece: Biography of a Modern Nation
2215:Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss-Ebersdorf
2189:Heinrich XXIX, Count Reuss-Ebersdorf
1710:Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom
1639:returned a strong Liberal majority.
1439:adding citations to reliable sources
4984:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
1230:had hoped to offer the position to
693:Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf
535:, Leopold took a commission in the
444:Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf
5029:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz
4176:Tsar Ferdinand I of the Bulgarians
1877:Leopold was succeeded by his son,
1784:Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders
1702:Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
602:, with whom he had four children:
392:Leopold George Christian Frederick
378:Léopold Georges Christian Frédéric
330:Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders
262:
25:
3801:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
3583:Provisional Government of Belgium
3368:National Portrait Gallery, London
3052:Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels
1922:Ancestors of Leopold I of Belgium
1342:Church of St. James on Coudenberg
1238:, which would bring Belgium into
598:. The following year, he married
387:Leopold Joris Christiaan Frederik
372:Leopold Georg Christian Friedrich
4939:People of the Belgian Revolution
4934:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
4924:Belgian people of German descent
4416:Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold
3943:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
3819:Ten Days' Campaign (August 1831)
3585:(September 1830 – February 1831)
3333:
3188:Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
3133:(New ed.). London: Granta.
2660:(New ed.). Brussels: ASP. p. 25
2273:Countess Augusta Reuss-Ebersdorf
1415:
1297:
1128:Acceptance of the Belgian throne
1118:London Protocol of February 1830
915:Parliament of the United Kingdom
908:
820:Parliament of the United Kingdom
813:
463:
325:Leopold II, King of the Belgians
4710:Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
3612:Érasme, Baron Surlet de Chokier
2954:Journal of Belgian History XLIV
2465:. Pen and Sword History. 2020.
1770:Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant
1643:Role in international relations
1426:needs additional citations for
1286:, a minor Belgian nobleman, as
1065:Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
989:in March 1816. Leopold married
291:
258:
4944:Imperial Russian Army generals
3982:King Leopold I of the Belgians
3740:Étienne Constantin de Gerlache
1788:Princess Marie of Hohenzollern
1723:imposed by Article VII of the
1284:Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier
1248:international balance of power
699:from the neighboring Duchy of
140:Chevalier de Theux de Meylandt
87:Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier
18:King Leopold I of the Belgians
1:
4909:19th-century Belgian monarchs
3628:; July 1831 – December 1865)
1797:Princess Charlotte of Belgium
1655:, the Duke of Oporto (future
1550:
1377:Consolidation of independence
1213:
1003:in line to the British throne
971:Statute Law Revision Act 1873
876:Statute Law Revision Act 1873
662:
488:Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
54:
32:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
3618:; February 1831 – July 1831)
3589:National Congress of Belgium
3346:Leopold I: Un Roi Protestant
3319:UK public library membership
2983:. Istanbul: The Isis Press.
2915:. Antwerp. pp. 500–537.
2607:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους
1872:Church of Our Lady of Laeken
1697:was particularly important.
1349:the Belgian national holiday
1157:(modern-day Belgium) of the
1063:, later taken by his nephew
999:Prince George, Prince Regent
679:in the tiny German duchy of
592:oath as King of the Belgians
543:after French troops overran
335:Charlotte, Empress of Mexico
229:Church of Our Lady of Laeken
4954:5th Dragoon Guards officers
4060:Crown Prince Louis Philippe
3855:Treaty of Maastricht (1843)
3648:Alexandre Dechet (Jenneval)
2623:. Allen Lane. p. 111.
1803:on 27 July 1857 and became
1733:Second Egyptian-Ottoman War
1704:and the Queen of Portugal,
1519:first Belgian postage stamp
1104:Refusal of the Greek throne
1057:queen of the United Kingdom
991:Princess Charlotte of Wales
553:Princess Charlotte of Wales
5065:
3284:. London: Grove Atlantic.
3100:monument.heritage.brussels
2979:Anckaer, Jan (2013). "3".
2796:Eric Van Hooydonk (2006).
2282:
2166:
2040:
1934:
1739:Second marriage and family
1616:groups. Shortly after the
1369:
1142:
890:United Kingdom legislation
795:United Kingdom legislation
600:Princess Louise of Orléans
576:the country's independence
29:
4860:
4716:
4667:
3840:London Conference of 1830
3499:
3494:Links to related articles
3415:
3150:The Fair Face of Flanders
3148:Carson, Patricia (1974).
2352:
2344:
2316:
2294:
2290:
2254:
2232:
2224:
2196:
2174:
2170:
2132:
2110:
2102:
2074:
2052:
2048:
2012:
1990:
1982:
1954:
1938:
1571:, personal liberties and
1338:Place Royale/Koningsplein
1236:William, Prince of Orange
1182:French Revolution of 1789
1007:William, Prince of Orange
907:
902:
812:
807:
779:at only 25 years of age.
581:European balance of power
579:which might threaten the
564:Greek War of Independence
511:
475:
471:
361:
352:
46:
4839:Ferdinand II of Portugal
4553:Prince Johannes Heinrich
4239:Hereditary Prince Alfred
3860:Iron Rhine Treaty (1873)
3755:Albert Goblet d'Alviella
3535:and the independence of
3268:. London: Jonathan Cape.
3004:Goddyn, Reinout (2002).
2911:Deneckere, Gita (2011).
2619:Beaton, Rodrick (2019).
1874:, next to Louise-Marie.
1792:King Albert I of Belgium
1547:Franz Xaver Winterhalter
1517:Leopold depicted on the
4426:Prince Friedrich Josias
4301:Prince Joseph Ferdinand
3886:Civic Guard Merit Medal
3850:Treaty of London (1839)
3824:Siege of Antwerp (1832)
3595:Constitution of Belgium
3421:Baron Surlet de Chokier
3022:Capron, Victor (2006).
2896:Encyclopedia Britannica
1753:Louise-Marie of Orléans
1725:Treaty of London (1839)
1255:Auguste of Leuchtenberg
1210:Samuel William Reynolds
1194:constitutional monarchy
1149:Constitution of Belgium
1040:Portrait of Leopold by
630:in 1835 and subsequent
628:Belgium's first railway
4949:British field marshals
4286:Prince Leopold Clement
3733:de Gerlache Government
3676:Provisional Government
3605:First Belgian monarchs
3311:10.1093/ref:odnb/41227
3026:(in French). Brussels.
2518:British History Online
2492:British History Online
1891:monument in his memory
1859:
1840:Arthur von Eppinghoven
1838:was born in 1849, and
1836:George von Eppinghoven
1801:Maximilian I of Mexico
1748:
1664:
1651:Leopold (right), with
1605:
1556:
1522:
1450:"Leopold I of Belgium"
1388:
1367:
1263:Louis, Duke of Nemours
1224:house of Orange-Nassau
1219:
1140:
1045:
792:
668:
521:
386:
377:
371:
345:Arthur von Eppinghoven
342:George von Eppinghoven
4296:Prince August Leopold
4249:Duke Charles Edward I
3869:Monuments and honours
2945:Anckaer, Jan (2014).
1857:
1746:
1650:
1603:
1544:
1516:
1362:
1259:Eugène de Beauharnais
1207:
1135:
1039:
995:Carlton House, London
790:
783:Marriage to Charlotte
748:Imperial Russian Army
713:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
653:
537:Imperial Russian Army
420:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
145:Jean-Baptiste Nothomb
4894:Leopold I of Belgium
4810:Leopold I of Belgium
4306:Prince Ludwig Gaston
4291:Prince Pedro Augusto
4229:Prince Albert Victor
4171:Prince Ludwig August
3786:Charles de Brouckère
3760:Sylvain Van de Weyer
3745:Charles de Brouckère
3704:Sylvain Van de Weyer
3626:King of the Belgians
3568:La muette de Portici
3342:at Wikimedia Commons
3340:Leopold I of Belgium
3254:Histoire de Belgique
3171:Encyclopedia of 1848
2643:Schroeder, Paul W.,
2580:, Berlin, 1876–1877.
2537:Holme, Thea (1976),
2151:Leopold I of Belgium
1850:Death and succession
1618:revolution in France
1435:improve this article
1265:, son of the French
1200:Search for a monarch
1172:In November 1830, a
701:Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
681:Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
636:Belgian Constitution
596:Belgian National Day
583:created by the 1815
572:1830 London Protocol
531:The youngest son of
526:King of the Belgians
414:Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
298:; died
265:; died
197:Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
150:Sylvain Van de Weyer
66:King of the Belgians
4969:Belgian Protestants
4964:Protestant monarchs
3891:1830 Star of Honour
3769:Lebeau I Government
3750:Alexandre Gendebien
3719:Joseph Vanderlinden
3709:Feuillien de Coppin
3684:Alexandre Gendebien
3409:Monarchs of Belgium
2486:Sheppard, F. H. W.
1610:Revolutions of 1848
1267:King Louis-Philippe
1208:Prince Leopold, by
1122:Otto of Wittelsbach
1094:morganatic marriage
1015:Order of the Garter
987:British citizenship
769:at the head of his
640:Revolutions of 1848
539:and fought against
219:, Brussels, Belgium
130:Comte de Muelenaere
4919:People from Coburg
4739:Christian Ernst II
4442:Prince Luís Filipe
3781:Étienne de Sauvage
3653:Frédéric de Mérode
3552:Belgian Revolution
3545:Belgian Revolution
3533:Belgian Revolution
3262:Richardson, Joanna
3236:on 23 October 2013
3076:. 28 December 1865
3074:The New York Times
2647:(1994) pp. 716–718
1860:
1749:
1721:Belgian neutrality
1665:
1657:Luís I of Portugal
1606:
1596:Revolution of 1848
1590:continental Europe
1557:
1523:
1383:Ten Days' Campaign
1368:
1220:
1159:United Netherlands
1155:Southern provinces
1145:Belgian Revolution
1141:
1046:
1013:and Knight of the
793:
777:lieutenant general
669:
585:Congress of Vienna
503:Kingdom of Belgium
247:Charlotte of Wales
160:Henri de Brouckère
4881:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4676:
4675:
4663:
4662:
4603:
4602:
4518:
4517:
4356:
4355:
4210:
4209:
4078:
4077:
3909:
3908:
3667:
3636:Important figures
3486:
3485:
3464:
3430:
3338:Media related to
3317:(Subscription or
3274:Wolmar, Christian
3221:978-960-213-108-4
3184:"Belgium in 1848"
3182:Chastain, James.
3165:Chastain, James.
2857:, pp. 20–21.
2589:E. VON STOCKMAR,
2564:www.heraldica.org
2539:Prinny's Daughter
2512:Walford, Edward.
2445:Monarchie website
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
1819:Other descendants
1809:Emperor of Mexico
1805:Empress of Mexico
1712:, to his nephew,
1669:European politics
1511:
1510:
1503:
1485:
1365:personal monogram
1322:Marlborough House
1174:National Congress
1167:meeting in London
1077:on 6 April 1818.
1044:(circa 1818–1825)
1031:Marlborough House
985:Leopold received
983:
982:
960:Other legislation
903:Act of Parliament
888:
887:
865:Other legislation
808:Act of Parliament
632:industrialisation
590:Leopold took his
515:
514:
400:
399:
280:Louise of Orléans
201:Holy Roman Empire
92:Regent of Belgium
16:(Redirected from
5056:
4862:
4804:Prince Ferdinand
4762:Ernest Frederick
4703:
4696:
4689:
4680:
4612:
4527:
4510:Prince Alexandre
4375:King Edward VIII
4365:
4343:King Leopold III
4219:
4145:Infante Fernando
4087:
3996:
3976:Prince Ferdinand
3936:
3929:
3922:
3913:
3661:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3503:
3490:
3458:
3424:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3374:
3359:
3337:
3322:
3314:
3295:
3283:
3269:
3257:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3225:
3202:
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3178:
3161:
3144:
3112:
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3109:
3107:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
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3066:
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3059:
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3042:
3041:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3010:
3009:
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2995:
2994:
2976:
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2942:
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2885:
2879:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2742:, pp. 26–7.
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2654:
2648:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2587:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2556:
2550:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2457:
2448:
2442:
1928:
1919:
1862:Leopold died in
1833:
1778:Caroline Lacroix
1757:Louis Philippe I
1751:Leopold married
1661:early photograph
1555:
1552:
1521:, issued in 1849
1506:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1443:
1419:
1411:
1407:Subsequent reign
1397:Treaty of London
1393:
1310:Leopold on a 40
1301:
1218:
1215:
1075:Order in Council
978:Status: Repealed
912:
911:
898:
893:
883:Status: Repealed
817:
816:
803:
798:
719:, the father of
667:
664:
655:Ehrenburg Palace
568:throne of Greece
467:
369:
354:
303:
301:
297:
293:
270:
268:
264:
260:
217:Castle of Laeken
213:
210:10 December 1865
193:Ehrenburg Palace
190:16 December 1790
189:
187:
165:Pierre de Decker
135:Comte d’Alviella
111:
78:
77:10 December 1865
59:
56:
51:
39:
21:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5053:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4856:
4815:
4787:
4771:
4750:
4727:
4712:
4707:
4677:
4672:
4659:
4655:Prince Emmanuel
4638:
4622:
4620:Prince Hubertus
4599:
4590:King Philippe I
4578:
4557:
4541:
4514:
4500:King Baudouin I
4488:
4472:
4451:
4430:
4421:Prince Hubertus
4404:
4400:Prince Alastair
4352:
4331:
4310:
4274:
4253:
4206:
4197:Prince Baudouin
4180:
4154:
4150:Infante Augusto
4116:
4097:King Edward VII
4074:
4070:Prince Philippe
4065:King Leopold II
4048:
4017:
3987:
3958:
3945:
3940:
3910:
3905:
3881:Congress Column
3864:
3828:
3795:
3764:
3728:
3714:Félix de Mérode
3699:Louis de Potter
3670:
3660:
3643:Charles Niellon
3631:
3600:
3597:(February 1831)
3591:(November 1830)
3540:
3530:
3495:
3487:
3482:
3411:
3406:
3353:
3351:Chapelle royale
3330:
3325:
3316:
3298:
3292:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3239:
3237:
3228:
3222:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3192:Ohio University
3181:
3175:Ohio University
3164:
3147:
3141:
3127:Ascherson, Neal
3125:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3028:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2978:
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2973:
2963:
2961:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2934:
2917:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2846:
2838:
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2826:
2819:
2812:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2785:. 21 July 2019.
2775:
2774:
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2702:
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2690:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2655:
2651:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2597:, Coburg, 1996.
2588:
2584:
2575:
2571:
2558:
2557:
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2532:
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2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
1916:
1887:
1852:
1821:
1741:
1645:
1637:fresh elections
1598:
1553:
1507:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1444:
1442:
1432:
1420:
1409:
1379:
1374:
1357:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1216:
1202:
1186:July Revolution
1151:
1130:
1110:Greek rebellion
1106:
1090:Claremont House
979:
917:
909:
896:
891:
884:
822:
814:
801:
796:
785:
759:Napoleonic Wars
729:
727:Military career
665:
648:
549:Napoleonic Wars
507:
476:Military career
425:
396:
365:
348:
306:
305:
289:
285:
282:
272:
256:
252:
249:
231:
215:
211:
191:
185:
183:
182:
169:
121:
120:
110:Prime Ministers
109:
89:
76:
75:21 July 1831 –
60:
57:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5062:
5060:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4886:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4872:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4851:Prince Leopold
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4823:
4821:
4820:5th generation
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4792:4th generation
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4776:3rd generation
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4755:2nd generation
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4745:Francis Josias
4742:
4735:
4733:
4732:1st generation
4729:
4728:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4683:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4650:Prince Gabriel
4646:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4616:
4609:
4608:7th generation
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4595:Prince Laurent
4592:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4537:Prince Andreas
4533:
4531:
4524:
4523:6th generation
4520:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4505:King Albert II
4502:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4484:Tsar Simeon II
4480:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4468:Prince Philipp
4465:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4447:King Manuel II
4444:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4380:King George VI
4377:
4371:
4369:
4368:United Kingdom
4362:
4361:5th generation
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4348:Prince Charles
4345:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4322:Tsar Boris III
4318:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4270:Infante Afonso
4267:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4222:United Kingdom
4216:
4215:4th generation
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4192:Prince Leopold
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4166:Prince Philipp
4162:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4112:Prince Leopold
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4090:United Kingdom
4084:
4083:3rd generation
4080:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4043:Prince Leopold
4040:
4034:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4009:
4006:Duke Ernest II
4002:
4000:
3993:
3992:2nd generation
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3966:
3964:
3963:1st generation
3960:
3959:
3955:Duke Francis I
3953:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:Prince William
3811:
3809:King William I
3805:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:Charles Rogier
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3658:Juan Van Halen
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3619:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3576:La Brabançonne
3572:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3521:
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3506:
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3497:
3496:
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3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3361:
3343:
3329:
3328:External links
3326:
3324:
3323:
3296:
3290:
3270:
3258:
3250:Pirenne, Henri
3246:
3226:
3220:
3203:
3179:
3162:
3145:
3139:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3087:
3061:
3043:
3011:
2996:
2990:978-9754284898
2989:
2971:
2932:
2900:
2886:
2871:
2859:
2855:Ascherson 1999
2844:
2842:, p. 225.
2832:
2817:
2810:
2788:
2768:
2756:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2681:
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2649:
2636:
2629:
2611:
2609:, p. 575.
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2042:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1978:
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1975:
1969:
1966:
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1961:
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1956:
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1950:
1949:
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1941:
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1937:
1935:
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1931:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1886:
1883:
1851:
1848:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1794:
1781:
1767:
1740:
1737:
1653:Queen Victoria
1644:
1641:
1622:Belgian Legion
1597:
1594:
1581:Catholic Party
1573:secularization
1545:Leopold I, by
1509:
1508:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1378:
1375:
1370:Main article:
1356:
1353:
1329:
1326:
1320:delegation at
1306:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1240:personal union
1201:
1198:
1138:Gustaf Wappers
1129:
1126:
1114:Ottoman Empire
1105:
1102:
1098:King of Greece
1082:Caroline Bauer
1070:Royal Highness
1061:prince consort
1033:on Pall Mall.
1029:, and then at
1023:Duke of Kendal
981:
980:
977:
974:
973:
968:
962:
961:
957:
956:
953:
947:
946:
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919:
918:
913:
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873:
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851:
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846:
840:
834:
833:
830:
824:
823:
818:
810:
809:
805:
804:
794:
784:
781:
767:Battle of Kulm
744:Imperial Guard
742:, part of the
728:
725:
709:Saxe-Meiningen
683:in modern-day
675:, was born in
647:
644:
604:Louis Philippe
557:King George IV
513:
512:
509:
508:
506:
505:
500:
498:United Kingdom
495:
493:Russian Empire
490:
484:
482:
478:
477:
473:
472:
469:
468:
461:
457:
456:
451:
447:
446:
441:
437:
436:
431:
427:
426:
424:
423:
417:
410:
408:
402:
401:
398:
397:
395:
394:
389:
380:
374:
362:
359:
358:
350:
349:
347:
346:
343:
340:
337:
332:
327:
322:
316:
314:
308:
307:
287:
283:
278:
277:
276:
275:
254:
250:
245:
244:
243:
242:
239:
237:
233:
232:
227:
225:
221:
220:
214:(aged 74)
208:
204:
203:
179:
175:
174:
171:
170:
168:
167:
162:
157:
155:Charles Rogier
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
116:
115:
114:
112:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
84:
80:
79:
73:
69:
68:
62:
61:
58: 1860-65
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5061:
5050:
5049:Sons of dukes
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4845:Prince August
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4767:Prince Josias
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4724:Saxe-Saalfeld
4721:
4715:
4711:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4690:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4671:
4666:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4569:Prince Kardam
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:Prince Rainer
4461:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Prince George
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4265:King Carlos I
4263:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:Prince Arthur
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4234:King George V
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4202:King Albert I
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Prince Arthur
4105:
4103:
4102:Duke Alfred I
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4037:Prince August
4035:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3970:Duke Ernest I
3968:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Joseph Lebeau
3774:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3579:(August 1830)
3578:
3577:
3573:
3571:(August 1830)
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3491:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3461:Prince Regent
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3389:
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3383:
3380:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
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3352:
3347:
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3341:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3291:9781848871717
3287:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3235:
3231:
3230:"Léopold Ier"
3227:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3025:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2914:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2882:Chastain 1997
2878:
2876:
2872:
2869:, p. 19.
2868:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2828:Chastain 1999
2824:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2811:9789004149526
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2766:, p. 30.
2765:
2760:
2757:
2754:, p. 29.
2753:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2730:, p. 26.
2729:
2724:
2721:
2718:, p. 20.
2717:
2712:
2709:
2706:, p. 14.
2705:
2700:
2697:
2694:, p. 12.
2693:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2679:, p. 11.
2678:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2666:9789054875178
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2630:9780241312841
2626:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2579:
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2570:
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2561:
2555:
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2548:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2472:9781526736444
2468:
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2228:
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2222:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
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2199:
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2190:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
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2135:
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2129:
2126:
2120:
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2100:
2099:
2094:
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2072:
2071:
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2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1885:Commemoration
1884:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1826:
1825:Arcadie Meyer
1818:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1755:(daughter of
1754:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1691:French Empire
1688:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1630:Risquons-Tout
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1577:Liberal Party
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1505:
1502:
1494:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452: –
1451:
1447:
1446:Find sources:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1424:This section
1422:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1390:Armée du Nord
1384:
1376:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1275:July Monarchy
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
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1146:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:Field Marshal
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
975:
972:
969:
967:
963:
958:
955:29 March 1816
954:
952:
948:
943:
939:
936:
934:
930:
926:
924:
920:
916:
906:
901:
894:
880:
877:
874:
872:
868:
863:
860:28 March 1816
859:
857:
853:
848:
844:
841:
839:
835:
831:
829:
825:
821:
811:
806:
799:
789:
782:
780:
778:
774:
773:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
752:Major General
749:
745:
741:
739:
734:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
660:
656:
652:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:Arcadie Meyer
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
510:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
483:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:
452:
448:
445:
442:
438:
435:
432:
428:
421:
418:
415:
412:
411:
409:
407:
403:
393:
390:
388:
384:
381:
379:
375:
373:
368:
364:
363:
360:
355:
351:
344:
341:
339:Illegitimate:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
315:
313:
309:
281:
274:
273:
248:
241:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
180:
176:
172:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
125:Joseph Lebeau
123:
119:
113:
107:
104:
101:
97:
93:
88:
85:
81:
74:
70:
67:
63:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4867:
4863:
4809:
4669:
4634:Prince Boris
4574:Prince Kyril
4385:Prince Henry
4327:Prince Kiril
4140:Infante João
4130:King Pedro V
3981:
3621:
3574:
3566:
3453:
3433:
3419:
3349:
3300:
3279:
3265:
3253:
3238:. Retrieved
3234:the original
3211:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3187:
3170:
3149:
3130:
3119:Bibliography
3104:. Retrieved
3099:
3090:
3078:. Retrieved
3073:
3064:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3023:
3005:
2999:
2980:
2974:
2962:. Retrieved
2957:
2953:
2912:
2895:
2889:
2862:
2835:
2801:
2798:"Chapter 15"
2791:
2780:
2771:
2764:Pirenne 1948
2759:
2752:Pirenne 1948
2747:
2740:Pirenne 1948
2735:
2728:Pirenne 1948
2723:
2716:Pirenne 1948
2711:
2704:Pirenne 1948
2699:
2692:Pirenne 1948
2677:Pirenne 1948
2672:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2639:
2620:
2614:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2538:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2517:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2491:
2481:
2461:
2150:
1908:Leopoldsburg
1897:
1895:
1888:
1876:
1861:
1858:Coat of arms
1832: Claret
1822:
1814:
1750:
1718:
1699:
1695:Napoleon III
1687:Great Powers
1680:
1666:
1634:
1607:
1558:
1524:
1497:
1488:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1445:
1433:Please help
1428:verification
1425:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1363:Leopold I's
1346:
1331:
1318:
1314:coin (1835)
1279:Bonapartists
1252:
1244:Great Powers
1234:or his son,
1221:
1217: 1820s
1171:
1152:
1112:against the
1108:Following a
1107:
1079:
1068:
1054:
1047:
984:
951:Royal assent
856:Royal assent
770:
756:
737:
730:
703:and gave up
672:
670:
589:
561:
530:
517:
516:
416:(until 1826)
391:
212:(1865-12-10)
117:
36:
4904:1865 deaths
4899:1790 births
4720:Saxe-Coburg
4395:Prince John
4135:King Luís I
3791:Paul Devaux
3689:André Jolly
3539:(1830–1839)
3449:Leopold III
3354: [
3240:16 December
3197:16 December
3167:"Leopold I"
3102:(in French)
2867:Wolmar 2010
2840:Carson 1974
1868:Royal Crypt
1729:Crimean War
1554: 1840
1271:Bonapartism
1042:George Dawe
966:Repealed by
871:Repealed by
738:Izmaylovsky
711:, becoming
666: 1900
547:during the
545:Saxe-Coburg
422:(from 1826)
83:Predecessor
53:Leopold I,
4888:Categories
4799:Ernest III
3950:Forefather
3896:Iron Cross
3662:(see also
3557:Rattachism
3439:Leopold II
3321:required.)
3140:1862072906
3106:4 December
2576:K. BAUER,
2421:References
1879:Leopold II
1569:free trade
1461:newspapers
1143:See also:
1019:royal duke
923:Long title
828:Long title
772:cuirassier
646:Early life
624:Protestant
570:under the
562:After the
481:Allegiance
195:, Coburg,
186:1790-12-16
103:Leopold II
3622:Leopold I
3473:Albert II
3434:Leopold I
3158:463182600
3032:cite book
2921:cite book
2523:13 August
2497:13 August
1899:Leopold I
1626:Quiévrain
1491:July 2022
1328:Accession
1257:, son of
1232:William I
1228:Orangists
1050:stillborn
1027:Park Lane
938:56 Geo. 3
843:56 Geo. 3
746:, in the
616:Charlotte
520:(French:
518:Leopold I
460:Signature
367:‹See Tfd›
99:Successor
42:Leopold I
4627:Bulgaria
4562:Bulgaria
4477:Bulgaria
4435:Portugal
4315:Bulgaria
4258:Portugal
4122:Portugal
3833:Treaties
3562:Orangism
3478:Philippe
3468:Baudouin
3444:Albert I
3276:(2010).
3264:(1961).
3252:(1948).
3129:(1999).
2782:VRT News
1914:Ancestry
1904:monogram
1706:Maria II
1586:Mechelen
1565:Unionist
1561:Catholic
1536:Wallonia
1334:De Panne
1226:. Some
1178:mob rule
1163:Brussels
933:Citation
838:Citation
763:Napoleon
740:Regiment
705:Saalfeld
612:Philippe
541:Napoleon
454:Lutheran
450:Religion
376:French:
370:German:
118:See list
4783:Francis
4726:in 1699
4643:Belgium
4583:Belgium
4493:Belgium
4336:Belgium
4185:Belgium
4053:Belgium
3537:Belgium
3455:Charles
3366:at the
3348:at the
2547:2357829
1870:at the
1663:of 1859
1531:Antwerp
1527:Scheldt
1475:scholar
1190:popular
940:. c. 13
845:. c. 12
735:in the
733:colonel
685:Bavaria
671:Prince
608:Leopold
522:Léopold
304:
288:
284:
271:
255:
251:
236:Spouses
4546:Koháry
4456:Koháry
4279:Koháry
4159:Koháry
4023:Koháry
3616:Regent
3427:Regent
3315:
3288:
3218:
3156:
3137:
3080:7 July
2987:
2964:1 June
2808:
2664:
2627:
2545:
2469:
1864:Laeken
1673:Nestor
1614:émigré
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1288:regent
1261:, and
1021:, the
691:, and
677:Coburg
659:Coburg
614:, and
440:Mother
430:Father
294:
261:
224:Burial
4615:Ducal
4530:Ducal
4409:Ducal
3999:Ducal
3358:]
3210:[
3054:[
2950:(PDF)
2416:Notes
1682:Iliad
1677:Homer
1482:JSTOR
1468:books
1355:Reign
1312:franc
945:Dates
850:Dates
697:Gotha
406:House
383:Dutch
357:Names
312:Issue
302:)
290:(
286:
269:)
257:(
253:
72:Reign
4722:and
3286:ISBN
3242:2013
3216:ISBN
3199:2013
3154:OCLC
3135:ISBN
3108:2023
3082:2016
3038:link
2985:ISBN
2966:2024
2960:: 70
2927:link
2806:ISBN
2662:ISBN
2625:ISBN
2543:OCLC
2525:2020
2499:2020
2467:ISBN
2365:15.
2307:14.
2245:13.
2187:12.
2123:11.
2065:10.
1454:news
1147:and
300:1850
296:1832
267:1817
263:1816
207:Died
178:Born
90:(as
3307:doi
2333:7.
2271:3.
2213:6.
2149:1.
2091:5.
2029:2.
2003:9.
1971:4.
1945:8.
1834:).
1830:née
1693:of
1679:'s
1437:by
1073:by
993:at
723:.
707:to
657:in
4890::
4853:**
4847:**
4841:**
4835:**
4829:**
4812:**
4806:**
3356:fr
3190:.
3186:.
3173:.
3169:.
3098:.
3072:.
3034:}}
3030:{{
3014:^
2956:.
2952:.
2935:^
2923:}}
2919:{{
2903:^
2874:^
2847:^
2820:^
2779:.
2684:^
2562:.
2516:.
2490:.
2452:^
2429:^
1889:A
1716:.
1592:.
1551:c.
1549:,
1351:.
1214:c.
1212:,
1196:.
1192:,
754:.
663:c.
610:,
606:,
587:.
385::
292:m.
259:m.
199:,
55:c.
4747:*
4741:*
4702:e
4695:t
4688:v
4045:*
4039:*
4033:*
4014:*
4008:*
3984:*
3978:*
3972:*
3957:*
3935:e
3928:t
3921:v
3666:)
3624:(
3614:(
3525:e
3518:t
3511:v
3463:)
3459:(
3429:)
3425:(
3401:e
3394:t
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3313:.
3309::
3294:.
3244:.
3224:.
3201:.
3177:.
3160:.
3143:.
3110:.
3084:.
3040:)
2993:.
2968:.
2958:4
2929:)
2884:.
2830:.
2814:.
2633:.
2566:.
2549:.
2527:.
2501:.
2475:.
2447:.
1827:(
1811:.
1504:)
1498:(
1493:)
1489:(
1479:·
1472:·
1465:·
1458:·
1431:.
188:)
184:(
94:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
