380:
this move to empower his children can be viewed as beyond his authority, the act stirred several insurrections— first among the
Cantabri, then amid the people of Cordova and Asturia, and lastly in Toledo and Evora—at a time when the Suebi and Byzantines were planning attacks against Liuvigild. Undeterred by these manifold threats, he attended to the concerns within his empire and with his son Reccared's assistance, he succeeded in subduing the rebels who rose to oppose him. In doing so, he seized Ammaia, the capital of the Cantabri; he took the Asturian stronghold, Saldania (Saldana); he also successfully quelled insurgent activities in Toledo and Evora (Aebura Carpetana). Not given to mercy—in every rebellious region—he sealed his victories by exacting terrible punishments upon his erstwhile enemies. Sometime during this campaign in 576, Liuvigild's predominance led to the Suebian king Miro rapidly agreeing to a treaty which included paying tribute, if but for a short period.
476:
affinity for all things Roman included the reestablishment of imperial style by
Liuvigild, who recreated the royal regalia. Under Liuvigild, Spain was essentially unified and according to historian Chris Wickham, the "most Roman-influenced legislation of any of the barbarian kingdoms" was enacted. Throughout his reign, Liuvigild tried to find a compromise solution between Arian Christianity and Catholicism to no avail. However, important if not permanent changes in the Spanish realm came when Liuvigild's son Reccared aggressively promoted the Catholic faith at the expense of Arian Christianity, whereby he made Catholicism the official religion of the entire kingdom in 589.
459:. However, despite his best efforts, Liuvigild was unable to establish common religious ground between Arian Christians and those of the Catholic majority. Liuvigild's last year was troubled by open war with the Franks along his northernmost borders. But overall, Liuvigild was one of the more effective Visigothic kings of Hispania, the restorer of Visigothic unity, ruling from his capital newly established at Toledo, where he settled toward the end of his reign. (From this, the Hispanic Visigothic monarchy is sometimes called the "Kingdom of Toledo"). While successful, Liuvigild attained unity and royal authority only through conquest.
40:
323:, as co-king Liuvigild initiated the first of several campaigns to expand the territory of the kingdom of the Visigoths, which Peter Heather describes as a "list of striking successes". Liuvigild's first campaign began against the Suebi in 569, during which he very quickly subdued Zamora, Palencia, and Leon. Then in 570, he attacked the district of Bastania Malagnefla (the ancient Bastetania), where he defeated imperial forces. In 570, Liuvigild "laid waste the region of Bastetania and the city of
376:. He also repealed old Roman laws dating back to the late 4th century forbidding intermarriage between Visigoths and Ibero-Romans. Such marriages had once been considered a crime punishable by death. Through this action and others administrative moves, Liuvigild reassured his rule and when he had secured the capital, began a new campaign, during which he conquered the district of Sabaria, the province of Braganza, and Torre de Moncorvo along the Suebian frontier.
357:
1788:
417:
undergo a cleansing re-baptism upon conversion), tolerating the
Catholic veneration of relics and saints, and softening the distinction between Christ and the Father by declaring them equals as opposed to the traditional Arian position, which held Christ as subordinate within the tripartite relationship. These unifying religious efforts came to naught since Arianism was losing its intellectual appeal.
442:
379:
Gregory of Tours contended that
Liuvigild exceeded his power when he divided the kingdom between his two sons, but it is feasible that he took this action to weaken the authority of the nobles from amid both the Visigoths and the Spanish-Romans. Whatever Liuvigild's original motivation was or whether
454:
In 585, Liuvigild conquered the Suebi peoples, bringing an end to some forty-years of their independence in Spain. Despite several failed attempts by the Suebi to rebel against the
Visigoths, Liuvigild eventually forced them to swear their fidelity. By the end of his reign, only the Basque lands and
344:
Determined to exact revenge upon
Liuvigild and reclaim their territories, the Suebi invaded the regions of Plasencia and Coria, Las Hurdes, Batuecas, and the territory of the Riccones. Whilst preparing to check the imminent advance of the Suebi in 573, Liuvigild received news that his brother Liuva
420:
Hermenegild's revolt worried
Liuvigild, as it raised concerns about his relations with the Merovingians; namely, since Ingund's brother, Childebert II—who had gained power following the death of his Merovingian father, Sigibert I—began taking an interest in the developments of his sister's realm.
383:
In 577 Liuvigild marched into
Orespeda, a region in southeastern Spain, and after suppressing an immediate revolt "of the common people" added this province to his kingdom. Upon the conclusion of these campaigns, Liuvigild celebrated his victories by founding a city in Celtiberia, which he named
416:
revolted under the leadership of
Hermenegild, who was supported by the orthodox bishops. Throughout the period of Hermenegild's religiously motivated sedition, Liuvigild sought various forms of theological reconciliation, including the acknowledgement of Catholic baptism (not forcing Arians to
475:
The
Visigoths in Hispania considered themselves the heirs of western Roman imperial power, not its enemies. Signs of this can be seen in their mimicry of Roman bureaucratic and administrative norms, such as tax collection and the institution of Roman-based laws. Further evidence of Visigothic
424:
During this father-son feud, Hermengild presented himself as a victim as he tried to forge alliances in the name of Catholicism. Despite having Pope Gregory's tacit support, contemporary Catholic writers—including Isidore of Seville and Gregory of Tours—expressed little to no sympathy for
545:
During the civil war, which ended with Athanagild's rise to power some twenty years earlier, the Byzantines seized a stretch of territory in the southeast of Spain. John of Biclaro notes that upon gaining control of CĂłrdoba, Liuvigild "slaughtered the enemy troops and made the city his
487:(653–672), both of whom reformed Visigothic laws and legal codes that essentially eliminated the distinction between Romans and Goths and which permitted intermarriage between the two peoples. Challenge to Visigothic rule came abruptly in the form of Muslim
421:
Attempting to counteract any possible Frankish support for the Hermengild's rebellion, Liuvigild pressed for a marriage between Reccared and Chilperic's daughter, Rigunth, which unfortunately proved diplomatically useless upon Chilperic's death.
367:
The Visigoths were still a military aristocracy and kings had to be formally ratified by the nobility. Visigoths and their Ibero-Roman subjects were still separated by religion and by distinct law codes. Liuvigild modified the old
281:, the last bastion of Visigothic rule. Recognizing the leadership qualities of his younger sibling, in the second year of his reign, King Liuva I declared his brother Liuvigild co-king and heir, assigning him
462:
According to Gregory of Tours, Liuvigild fell ill in 586 and on his deathbed repented, wept for seven days and "embraced the Catholic faith" before he "gave up the ghost." He was succeeded by his second son
335:
from the Byzantine Empire. Though constantly at war with the Byzantines in southern Hispania, Liuvigild accepted the administration of the Byzantine Empire, adopted its pomp and ceremony, the title
345:
had died, which left him ruler over the entirety of the Visigothic dominions. Liuvigild made efforts to secure a peaceful succession, a perennial Visigothic issue, by associating his two sons,
331:, assisted "through the treachery of a certain Framidaneus". Then, around the time he became sole ruler with the death of his brother Liuva (which occurred in either 571 or 572), seized
604:
429:, where in 585, he was later murdered. Leander of Seville was also banished and later canonized as a saint. Hermenegild's wife Ingunthis was delivered to the Eastern Emperor
1292:
LĂłpez, Gisela Ripoll (1998). "The Arrival of the Visigoths in Hispania: Population Problems and the Process of Acculturation". In Walter Pohl; Helmut Reimitz (eds.).
425:
Hermenegild's revolt against his father. When the Byzantines failed to send aid for the revolt, Liuvigild besieged and took Seville and in 584, banished his son to
1489:
433:
and was last heard of in Africa. Pope Gregory held Liuvigild responsible for Hermengild's death and asserted that the latter died for his Catholic faith.
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353:, with himself in the kingly office and placing certain regions under their regencies; namely, making them dukes over Toledo and Narbonne.
1455:
1436:
467:, who converted to Catholic Christianity in 589 and brought religious and political unity between the Visigoths and their subjects.
1506:
341:, the throne, crown, scepter, and purple mantle, and subsequently struck gold coins in his own name to commemorate the event.
1572:
1097:. Vol. 2, The Rise of the Saracens and the Foundation of the Western Empire. New York: The Macmillan Company.
528:, which is possibly a Germanic name; he may also have been a Byzantine soldier of unknown Germanic origin (Gothic,
1565:
1822:
430:
1495:
1093:
Altamira, Rafael (1913). "Spain under the Visigoths". In J.B. Bury; H. M. Gwatkin; J.P. Whitney (eds.).
39:
564:
Masona was soon after exiled for three years, possibly in the context of the rebellion of Hermenegild.
412:. After his father, who considered this conversion treason, insisted on appointing Arians as bishops,
356:
1812:
1807:
1274:
392:
since the early 570s. Over the course of his reign, Liuvigild had conquered most of the peninsula.
211:
1591:
595:
405:
222:
51:
503:
in 711 and by 725, the Visigothic kingdom in Hispania was fully overwhelmed by Muslim invaders.
1451:
1432:
1413:
1394:
1375:
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1194:
1175:
1156:
1137:
1098:
456:
332:
282:
234:
143:
285:, or the eastern part of Hispania (Spain), to directly rule over. Both co-regents were Arian
385:
308:
207:
455:
two small southern territories of the Byzantine Empire made up the non-Visigothic parts of
400:
In 579, Hermenegild had converted to orthodox Christianity, persuaded by his Frankish wife
496:
426:
320:
1787:
1472:
328:
1801:
373:
369:
254:
120:
1313:
1229:
598:
records that he ruled for eighteen years and died a natural death in Toledo "in the
1747:
1737:
1632:
480:
1114:
1742:
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1622:
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484:
346:
293:
152:
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148:
136:
79:
17:
1102:
292:
Liuvigild was married twice: first to Theodosia, who gave birth to two sons,
289:, which was the dominant religious faith of the Visigothic rulers until 587.
1772:
1642:
1588:
1529:
533:
401:
360:
219:
441:
324:
1294:
Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300–800
1727:
1722:
1717:
1702:
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Recopolis for his son Reccared. In 582 Liuvigild then went on to capture
350:
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246:
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183:
124:
108:
307:
Almost every single year of his kingship, Liuvigild marched against the
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1607:
1538:
500:
492:
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413:
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274:
91:
69:
1617:
1391:
Rites of Power: Symbolism, Ritual, and Politics since the Middle Ages
529:
446:
389:
1355:
Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800
1557:
388:, which had been under the political control of its popular bishop
1757:
1752:
1732:
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440:
355:
312:
250:
1777:
1561:
573:
These events are described in vivid detail by Pope Gregory I (
1210:
Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire
717:
257:. Liuvigild ranks among the greatest Visigothic kings of the
1431:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
327:, defeating their soldiers". The following year he captured
1191:
Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation
1072:
1070:
907:
905:
817:
815:
730:
728:
726:
880:
878:
479:
Later successors to Liuvigild included the likes of King
319:, or domestic competitors. According to the chronicle of
1045:
1043:
970:
968:
689:
687:
638:
636:
1235:. Translated by Lewis Thorpe. New York: Penguin Books.
1115:"Leovigild: Visigothic Ruler, Reformer & Conqueror"
605:
Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum
555:
Liuvigild renamed Toledo, Reccopolis, after his son.
1497:
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
277:was elevated to the kingship at a ceremony held in
179:
165:
142:
130:
114:
102:
98:
85:
75:
65:
57:
49:
32:
1393:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1312:
1271:Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain
1228:
1212:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1134:Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, 400–1000
1319:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1010:
678:
233:from 568 to 586. Known for his Codex Revisus or
1374:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
845:
782:
746:
654:
627:
586:The Basques have never been subdued by anyone.
1573:
1357:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
372:which governed the Goths and created his own
300:, and after her death, to Athanagild's widow
44:Imaginary portrait by Juan de Barroeta (1854)
8:
499:, whose forces defeated the Visigothic King
1034:
1580:
1566:
1558:
1511:
237:, a law allowing equal rights between the
38:
29:
1429:The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples
1277:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
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1061:
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911:
857:
821:
806:
734:
1315:The Early Middle Ages: Europe, 400–1000
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517:
245:population, his kingdom covered modern
162:
794:
770:
7:
1155:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
896:
1412:. San Mateo, CA: Golden Era Books.
1174:. London and New York: Routledge.
1172:A History of Early Medieval Europe
25:
1448:The Merovingian Kingdoms, 450–751
1786:
1450:. London and New York: Longman.
1818:6th-century Visigothic monarchs
1338:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
1334:Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. (2004).
1193:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
1311:McKitterick, Rosamond (2001).
1095:The Cambridge Medieval History
1:
215:
1336:The Barbarian West, 400–1000
1296:. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
450:(Felipe del Corral), 1750-53
1189:Frassetto, Michael (2003).
1839:
1784:
1598:
1546:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1231:The History of the Franks
1227:Gregory of Tours (1974).
1153:Visigothic Spain, 409–711
269:When the Visigothic king
265:Life, campaigns and reign
170:
161:
37:
1427:Wolfram, Herwig (1997).
1269:John of Biclaro (1990).
1208:Goffart, Walter (2006).
1507:Coins of King Liuvigild
1408:Williams, Mark (2004).
1370:Wickham, Chris (2016).
1353:Wickham, Chris (2005).
1250:Heather, Peter (1998).
1151:Collins, Roger (2004).
1132:Collins, Roger (1995).
718:Britannica, "Leovigild"
524:His name may have been
445:Statue of Liuvigild in
431:Tiberius II Constantine
1389:Wilentz, Sean (1999).
1170:Davis, R.H.C. (2005).
483:(642–653) and his son
451:
395:
364:
363:of Liuvigild, 573-578.
1530:King of the Visigoths
1254:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1136:. London: Macmillan.
1011:Gregory of Tours 1974
679:Gregory of Tours 1974
444:
359:
846:John of Biclaro 1990
783:Wallace-Hadrill 2004
747:John of Biclaro 1990
655:John of Biclaro 1990
628:Wallace-Hadrill 2004
396:Hermenegild's Revolt
1490:Visigothic kingdoms
1275:Kenneth Baxter Wolf
1064:, pp. 359–360.
1025:, pp. 271–272.
989:, p. 240, 242.
872:, pp. 266–267.
249:and most of modern
171:Flavius Leovigildus
1534:568 – 21 April 586
1477:The Goths in Spain
1446:Wood, Ian (1994).
1410:The Story of Spain
848:, pp. 62–67 .
749:, pp. 60–62 .
596:Isidore of Seville
452:
365:
61:568 – 21 April 586
1795:
1794:
1556:
1555:
1547:Succeeded by
1419:978-0-97069-692-2
1400:978-0-81221-695-0
1381:978-0-30020-834-4
1345:978-0-63120-292-9
1326:978-0-19873-172-6
1303:978-9-00410-846-2
1284:978-0-85323-554-5
1261:978-0-63120-932-4
1242:978-0-14044-295-3
1219:978-0-81222-105-3
1200:978-1-57607-263-9
1181:978-0-582-78462-8
1162:978-0-47075-461-0
1143:978-1-34924-135-4
602:624 (586)". See:
471:Visigothic legacy
283:Hispania Citerior
235:Code of Leovigild
218:519 – 586) was a
189:
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16:(Redirected from
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172:
168:
167:
159:
158:
146:
140:
139:
132:
128:
127:
116:
112:
111:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
89:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
18:King Leovigild
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1835:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1789:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1500:, Chapter 37.
1499:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1457:0-582-49372-2
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1438:0-520-08511-6
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1052:, p. 39.
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1001:, p. 94.
1000:
995:
992:
988:
983:
980:
977:, p. 38.
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
956:
953:
949:
944:
941:
937:
932:
929:
925:
920:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
866:
863:
859:
854:
851:
847:
842:
839:
836:, p. 54.
835:
830:
827:
823:
822:Altamira 1913
818:
816:
812:
809:, p. 54.
808:
807:Williams 2004
803:
800:
796:
791:
788:
784:
779:
776:
773:, p. 99.
772:
767:
764:
760:
755:
752:
748:
743:
740:
736:
735:Altamira 1913
731:
729:
727:
723:
719:
714:
711:
707:
702:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
675:
672:
669:, p. 40.
668:
663:
660:
656:
651:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
624:
621:
615:
607:
606:
601:
597:
592:
589:
583:
580:
576:
570:
567:
561:
558:
552:
549:
542:
539:
535:
531:
527:
521:
518:
511:
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
470:
468:
466:
460:
458:
448:
443:
436:
434:
432:
428:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
393:
391:
387:
381:
377:
375:
374:Codex Revisus
371:
370:Code of Euric
362:
358:
354:
352:
348:
342:
340:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:died in 567,
272:
264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:Hispano-Roman
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
185:
182:
178:
169:
164:
160:
157:
155:
150:
147:
145:
141:
138:
133:
129:
126:
122:
117:
113:
110:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1738:Chindasuinth
1682:
1633:Theodoric II
1542:
1536:
1528:
1504:(in Spanish)
1496:
1476:
1447:
1428:
1409:
1390:
1371:
1354:
1335:
1314:
1293:
1270:
1251:
1230:
1209:
1190:
1171:
1152:
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:
1110:
1094:
1086:Bibliography
1057:
1050:Wickham 2016
1030:
1023:Wolfram 1997
1018:
1006:
999:Wickham 2005
994:
982:
975:Wickham 2005
960:Wickham 2005
955:
948:Goffart 2006
943:
936:Goffart 2006
931:
924:Wolfram 1997
919:
892:
885:Wolfram 1997
870:Wolfram 1997
865:
853:
841:
834:Collins 2004
829:
802:
790:
778:
766:
759:Wilentz 1999
754:
742:
713:
706:Heather 1998
701:
694:Wolfram 1997
674:
667:Collins 1995
662:
650:
643:Wolfram 1997
623:
603:
591:
582:
574:
569:
560:
551:
541:
526:Framidanecus
525:
520:
481:Chindasuinth
478:
474:
461:
453:
423:
419:
408:, bishop of
399:
382:
378:
366:
343:
336:
306:
291:
268:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:
153:
118:21 April 586
1743:Recceswinth
1713:Reccared II
1663:Theudigisel
1623:Theodoric I
577:, III, 31).
485:Recceswinth
437:Later years
347:Hermenegild
294:Hermenegild
156:Hermenegild
66:Predecessor
1813:586 deaths
1808:519 births
1802:Categories
1688:Reccared I
1673:Athanagild
1628:Thorismund
1589:Visigothic
1550:Reccared I
1523:Athanagild
1363:1025811203
1124:2024-09-08
1119:Britannica
1111:Britannica
795:LĂłpez 1998
771:Davis 2005
507:References
495:commander
309:Byzantines
302:Goiswintha
298:Reccared I
287:Christians
271:Athanagild
239:Visigothic
231:Septimania
220:Visigothic
212:Portuguese
204:Leovigildo
149:Reccared I
137:Goiswintha
80:Reccared I
1683:Liuvigild
1643:Alaric II
1543:(568–573)
1252:The Goths
1103:716605555
897:Wood 1994
616:Citations
402:Ingunthis
361:Tremissis
200:Leovigild
196:Leuvigild
192:Liuvigild
134:Theodosia
106:c. 519 AD
94:(568–572)
76:Successor
33:Liuvigild
1773:Agila II
1728:Chintila
1723:Sisenand
1718:Suintila
1703:Gundemar
1698:Witteric
1693:Liuva II
1653:Amalaric
1603:Alaric I
608:, 51–52.
530:Gepidian
465:Reccared
457:Hispania
427:Valencia
351:Reccared
279:Narbonne
261:period.
253:down to
247:Portugal
227:Hispania
184:Arianism
180:Religion
125:Hispania
109:Hispania
52:Hispania
50:King of
1768:Roderic
1763:Wittiza
1708:Sisebut
1678:Liuva I
1668:Agila I
1658:Theudis
1648:Gesalec
1613:Sigeric
1608:Athaulf
1539:Liuva I
1479:(1969).
575:Dialogi
534:Erulian
501:Roderic
493:Umayyad
491:led by
489:Berbers
414:Baetica
410:Seville
406:Leander
338:Flavius
333:CĂłrdoba
317:Basques
275:Liuva I
208:Spanish
92:Liuva I
87:Co-king
70:Liuva I
1618:Wallia
1454:
1435:
1416:
1397:
1378:
1361:
1342:
1323:
1300:
1281:
1258:
1239:
1216:
1197:
1178:
1159:
1140:
1101:
447:Madrid
390:Masona
386:MĂ©rida
325:Málaga
315:, the
311:, the
255:Toledo
131:Spouse
121:Toledo
1758:Egica
1753:Erwig
1748:Wamba
1733:Tulga
1638:Euric
1592:kings
1537:with
546:own."
532:, or
512:Notes
497:Tariq
313:Suebi
259:Arian
251:Spain
202:, or
166:Names
154:Saint
144:Issue
58:Reign
1778:Ardo
1452:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1359:OCLC
1340:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1099:OCLC
404:and
349:and
296:and
241:and
229:and
223:King
214:), (
210:and
115:Died
103:Born
600:era
225:of
1804::
1475:,
1117:.
1113:.
1069:^
1042:^
967:^
904:^
877:^
814:^
725:^
686:^
635:^
536:.)
304:.
216:c.
198:,
194:,
123:,
1581:e
1574:t
1567:v
1460:.
1441:.
1422:.
1403:.
1384:.
1365:.
1348:.
1329:.
1306:.
1287:.
1264:.
1245:.
1222:.
1203:.
1184:.
1165:.
1146:.
1127:.
1105:.
720:.
206:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
