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600:) with a collection of flowers in the centre, surrounded by large colourful bracts, from about 120 to 300 millimetres (5 to 12 in) in diameter. Large, vigorous plants produce six to ten flower heads in one season, although some exceptional plants can produce up to forty flower heads on one plant. The colour of the bracts varies from a creamy white to a deep crimson, but the soft pale pink bracts with a silvery sheen are the most prized.
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The king protea has several colour forms and horticulturists have recognized 81 garden varieties, some of which have injudiciously been planted in its natural range. In some varieties the pink of the flower and red borders of leaves are replaced by a creamy yellow. This unusual flower has a long
591:
is a woody shrub with thick stems and large dark green, glossy leaves. Most plants are one metre in height when mature, but may vary according to locality and habitat from 0.35 to 2 metres (1 ft 2 in to 6 ft 7 in) in height. The "flowers" of
501:, a deity that was able to change between many forms. This is an appropriate image, seeing as both the family and the genus are known for their astonishing variety and diversity of flowers and leaves.
619:
grows in a harsh environment with dry, hot summers and wet, cold winters. Several adaptions include tough, leathery leaves, which helps to prevent excessive loss of moisture, and a large
608:
The diploid chromosome count is 2n = 24. The genome of king protea has been sequenced and published in 2022, corresponding to the first genome sequenced in the
Proteales order.
925:
799:
1632:
1541:
1815:
1805:
1188:
Chang, Jiyang; Duong, Tuan A.; Schoeman, Cassandra; Ma, Xiao; Roodt, Danielle; Barker, Nigel; Li, Zhen; Van de Peer, Yves; Mizrachi, Eshchar (January 2023).
1825:
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is adapted to survive wildfires by its thick underground stem, which contains many dormant buds; these will produce the new growth after the fire.
1725:
1502:
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781:
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682:). In order to reach the nectar, the bird must push its bill into the inflorescence. As it does so, its bill and face gets brushed with
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are killed by fire, but fire also triggers the release of their canopy seed bank, thus promoting recruitment of the next generation;
575:
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1004:
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780:". In the early 1990s, there was a political debate as to how and if the flower should be incorporated onto the
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The flowers are fed at by a range of nectarivorous birds, mainly sunbirds and sugarbirds, including the
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is adapted to an environment in which bushfires are essential for reproduction and regeneration. Most
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52:
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241:
82:
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is a resprouter as it shoots up new stems from buds in its thick underground stem after a fire.
508:
refers to the artichoke-like appearance of the flower-heads: the artichoke belongs to the genus
1520:
623:
which penetrates deep into the soil to reach underground moisture. Like most other
Proteaceae,
447:, which is found mainly in Southern Africa. This subfamily is defined as those species having
1699:
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1398:
1227:
1209:
1035:
667:
465:
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1123:"A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera"
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125:
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distribution, which means that it is mainly spread across the
Southern Hemisphere, from
233:
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675:
309:
112:
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species can be placed in one of two broad groups according to their response to fire:
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1515:
1098:. Melbourne: Australian Biological Resources Study / CSIRO Publishing. Archived from
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Along with birds, a host of insects are attracted to the flowerhead, such as
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and as such lends its name to the national cricket team, whose nickname is "
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and indehiscent fruits. Proteoideae is further divided into four tribes:
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342:. It is widely distributed in the southwestern and southern parts of
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1065:. Government Communications (GCIS). 28 November 2007. Archived from
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99:
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of nutrients, thus allowing nutrient uptake in the low-nutrient,
369:
in flower arrangements, and makes for an excellent dried flower.
358:
1416:
429:, although certain species are also found in equatorial Africa,
1323:
1313:
702:
521:
489:
The name of the plant family
Proteaceae as well as the genus
1095:
Flora of
Australia, Volume 16: Elaeagnaceae, Proteaceae 1
361:, run by the South African National Botanical Institute.
1316:- from the South African National Biodiversity Institute
1034:. Western Cape Department of Agriculture. p. 88.
931:
On Table
Mountain, eastern table, near Mclear Beacon
1674:
1332:
975:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T113204772A157948114.en
27:
Species of flowering plant in the family
Proteaceae
1190:"The genome of the king protea, Protea cynaroides"
1178:South African Journal of Science, 40(11), 113-122.
1176:"Cytological studies in genera of the Proteaceae."
950:Rebelo, A.G.; Mtshali, H.; von Staden, L. (2020).
497:belongs to, derive from the name of the Greek god
1279:. South African National Biodiversity Institute
805:Protea cynaroides 'Arctic Ice' a white cultivar
596:are actually composite flower heads (termed an
1030:Potgieter, Liezl, ed. (2019). "king protea".
686:, thereby allowing for possible pollination.
8:
784:shirts, perhaps replacing the controversial
1121:Weston, Peter H.; Barker, Nigel P. (2006).
556:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
330:in the genus. The species is also known as
1320:
1314:Protea cynaroides info on PlantZAfrica.com
772:The king protea is the national flower of
353:The king protea is the national flower of
232:
61:
42:
31:
1221:
1138:
973:
576:Learn how and when to remove this message
1053:
1051:
390:from The botanist, vol. 4: t. 166 (1840)
942:
795:
443:is further placed within the subfamily
1032:The Agricultural Trilingual Dictionary
709:, and various beetle species such as
481:, is placed under the tribe Proteae.
7:
1063:South African Government Information
1059:"About government - National flower"
554:adding citations to reliable sources
1816:Endemic flora of the Cape Provinces
1806:IUCN Red List least concern species
961:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
713:and the beetles of the huge family
25:
752:survive fire, resprouting from a
357:. It also is the flagship of the
1826:National symbols of South Africa
1821:Garden plants of Southern Africa
1757:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:704746-1
1612:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:705744-1
1301:
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660:southern double-collared sunbird
526:
405:. The family comprises about 80
320:. It is a distinctive member of
86:
643:-deficient soils of its native
1:
1275:Jamieson, H.G. (July 2001).
1088:Orchard, Anthony E. (ed.).
1842:
1010:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1005:Plants of the World Online
968:: e.T113204772A157948114.
910:Western Cape, South Africa
898:Western Cape, South Africa
717:such as the protea beetle
271:(Gand.) Gand. & Schinz
265:(Gand.) Gand. & Schinz
251:Scolymocephalus cynaroides
760:protected by thick bark.
720:Trichostetha fascicularis
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83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
1246:"Pollination of Proteas"
697:feeding from the flower.
1676:Leucadendron cynaroides
1140:10.7751/telopea20065733
652:orange-breasted sunbird
257:Erodendrum cynariflorum
226: Extant (resident)
1174:De Vos, M. P. (1943).
698:
391:
313:
305:
1250:Proteas Atlas Project
692:
504:The specific epithet
386:
326:, having the largest
1310:at Wikimedia Commons
1256:on 27 September 2011
1069:on 26 September 2011
782:national rugby teams
656:Anthobaphes violacea
550:improve this section
433:, southern Asia and
359:Protea Atlas Project
314:isiQwane sobukumkani
1277:"Protea cynaroides"
1155:"Protea cynaroides"
401:in the huge family
53:Conservation status
1102:on 31 October 2006
705:, for example the
699:
664:Cinnyris chalybeus
392:
296:, also called the
263:Protea cyclophylla
183:P. cynaroides
1793:
1792:
1568:Open Tree of Life
1378:protea-cynaroides
1364:Protea cynaroides
1334:Protea cynaroides
1326:Taxon identifiers
1308:Protea cynaroides
1306:Media related to
1206:10.1111/tpj.16044
1194:The Plant Journal
1041:978-0-9947024-2-5
999:Protea cynaroides
954:Protea cynaroides
756:or, more rarely,
672:Nectarinia famosa
668:malachite sunbird
617:Protea cynaroides
586:
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441:Protea cynaroides
409:with about 1,600
395:Protea cynaroides
388:Protea cynaroides
373:Protea cynaroides
293:Protea cynaroides
289:
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281:Protea woodwardii
201:Protea cynaroides
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36:Protea cynaroides
16:(Redirected from
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275:Protea petiolata
269:Protea eriolepis
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1296:External links
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676:Cape sugarbird
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68:Least Concern
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1586:tro-26500440
1333:
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1270:
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1254:the original
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1100:the original
1094:
1090:"Proteaceae"
1083:
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1062:
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774:South Africa
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715:Scarabaeidae
711:rove beetles
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548:Please help
536:
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477:, and hence
474:
473:. The genus
470:
464:
461:Petrophileae
460:
457:Conospermeae
456:
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439:
421:, across to
394:
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372:
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355:South Africa
352:
344:South Africa
339:
335:
332:giant protea
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1464:iNaturalist
1358:Wikispecies
981:18 November
778:the Proteas
749:resprouters
674:), and the
633:leaf litter
566:August 2023
518:Description
451:, solitary
445:Proteoideae
328:flower head
298:king protea
253:(L.) Kuntze
221:IUCN range
126:Angiosperms
18:King Protea
1800:Categories
1581:Plant List
1283:14 October
1260:14 October
1073:14 October
937:References
754:lignotuber
641:phosphorus
506:cynaroides
403:Proteaceae
159:Proteaceae
1691:Q14623464
1521:113204772
1214:0960-7412
1106:15 August
786:springbok
744:reseeders
734:species,
537:does not
485:Etymology
437:as well.
423:Australia
415:Gondwanan
413:. It has
367:vase life
302:Afrikaans
177:Species:
149:Proteales
96:Kingdom:
1770:26500839
1765:Tropicos
1744:704746-1
1685:Wikidata
1651:26500440
1646:Tropicos
1482:705744-1
1349:Q1930962
1343:Wikidata
1232:36424853
1223:10107735
604:Research
379:Taxonomy
350:region.
336:honeypot
316:), is a
242:Synonyms
155:Family:
139:Eudicots
73:IUCN 3.1
1718:5638189
1529:MoBotPF
1443:5637947
1417:5512832
1127:Telopea
1015:28 July
792:Gallery
621:taproot
612:Ecology
558:removed
543:sources
499:Proteus
466:Proteae
435:Oceania
411:species
346:in the
165:Genus:
145:Order:
100:Plantae
71: (
1811:Protea
1731:451802
1638:799-31
1594:PLANTS
1573:967321
1560:206393
1547:273540
1534:285621
1508:894949
1469:132848
1391:664696
1373:ARKive
1230:
1220:
1212:
1038:
740:Protea
732:Protea
684:pollen
511:Cynara
491:Protea
475:Protea
453:ovules
407:genera
399:Protea
348:fynbos
323:Protea
300:(from
259:Knight
224:
170:Protea
1705:6Q4L2
1633:SANBI
1625:13930
1599:PRCY2
1495:44737
1456:29797
1430:PRWCY
1404:4N2PR
1160:3 May
768:Sport
431:India
425:, to
310:Xhosa
283:Endl.
133:Clade
120:Clade
107:Clade
1752:POWO
1739:IPNI
1726:GRIN
1713:GBIF
1607:POWO
1542:NCBI
1516:IUCN
1503:ITIS
1477:IPNI
1451:GRIN
1438:GBIF
1425:EPPO
1386:BOLD
1285:2011
1262:2011
1228:PMID
1210:ISSN
1162:2024
1108:2011
1075:2011
1036:ISBN
1017:2023
983:2021
966:2020
723:and
703:bees
627:has
541:any
539:cite
469:and
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1778:WFO
1700:CoL
1659:WFO
1620:RHS
1490:ISC
1412:EoL
1399:CoL
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