727:
snake is robust, with a head slightly wider than the body, prominent cheeks and small eyes with red-brown irises, and a dark tongue. The head is demarcated from the body by a slight neck. Scales on the upper-parts, flanks and tail are two tonedâpale or greenish yellow at the base and various shades of tan or copper, or all shades of brown from pale to blackish towards the rear. This gives the snake a reticulated pattern. The tail is often darker, while the crown is the same colour as the body. The belly is cream, white or salmon and can have orange marks.
394:
1310:
31:
719:
75:
207:
50:
706:-eater". The term "king brown" refers to the great size of individuals in the north and northwest of Australia, which can exceed 3 m (10 ft) in length; it is the largest and most dangerous elapid of those regions. In Southwest Australia, where the species is up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in), it is also known as the common mulga snake, distinguishing it from the spotted mulga snake
1452:(sorcery). Local sorcerers would cast a spell by inserting a potential victim's item of clothing in a hole in the rock or sharpening a stick and calling out their name while inserting it in the rock face. The victim would then perish. Only men descended from King Brown Snake Ancestor could be sorcerers, though others might hire them. Local people feared and avoided the location.
923:âactive at dusk, and is less active during the middle of the day and between midnight and dawn, retiring to crevices in the soil, old animal burrows, or under rocks or logs. During warmer months, its activity shifts to later after dusk and into the evening. Across its range, it is more active during the day in cooler climates and at night in hotter climates.
1326:
two hours did not prevent muscle damage in a review of treated snakebite victims. They add that it is reasonable to assume that if a snakebite victim had a raised aPTT and signs of haemolysis, then a king brown snake is the culprit. Shahab Razavi and colleagues add that more than one vial of antivenom might be needed if envenoming is severe.
1325:
is given, though the mainstay of treatment is the administration of the appropriate antivenom. Black-snake antivenom is used to treat bites from this species. Christopher
Johnston and colleagues propose giving antivenom immediately if king brown snake envenoming is suspected, as a delay of more than
730:
The colours of the snakes' upper parts and sides differ from area to area within their range; those from northern
Australia are tan, those from deserts in Central Australia have prominent white marks on each scale, giving a patterned appearance, and those from southern parts of its range are darker,
726:
Australia's largest venomous snake, the king brown snake can reach 2.0 to 2.5 m (6.6 to 8.2 ft) in length with a weight of 3 to 6 kg (6.6 to 13.2 lb), with males around 20% larger than females. The longest confirmed individual was 3.3 m (11 ft) in length. The king brown
689:
pointed out that the name "king brown snake" is a problem, as its venom is not neutralised by brown snake antivenom, which could endanger snake bite victims; he recommended dropping the name and the old term "Darwin brown snake", and using "mulga snake", instead. Further complicating the issue, the
1124:
antivenom for treatment of king brown snake envenomation. Before this it had been confirmed in one fatality and suspected in another in the early 1960s. Venomous snakes normally only bite humans when disturbed. King brown snakes have been noted, however, to bite people who were asleep at the time.
1393:
to indigenous people of East Arnhem land, the king brown snake was historically responsible for deaths there. Folk treatment involved capturing the snake and watching it bleed, which would supposedly make the victim recover. If the snake were killed, its victim would die also. Another folk remedy
1136:
has been recorded. In 1998, a person bitten 9â12 times on his arm required an amputation of the envenomed limb. He reported later that he had impulsively decided to commit suicide by placing his hand in a bag with a king brown snake inside and stirring it up. A large king brown snake delivers on
690:
term "king brown snake" has been applied to any large brown snake. Australian snake expert Glenn Shea has also pointed out that "mulga snake" has issues in that the species lives in a wide range of habitats in addition to mulga. It has also been called the "Pilbara cobra". Australian zoologist
947:, averaging around 10, with longer females laying larger clutches, generally 39 to 45 days after mating has taken place. Eggs take about 70 to 100 days to hatch. The incubating temperature has been recorded as between 22 and 32 °C (72 and 90 °F). The eggs average 40.1 mm (
635:
IV contained two dwarf forms from northwestern
Queensland and the Northern Territory, each of which was likely to be a distinct species. In 2017, British herpetologist Simon Maddock and colleagues published a genetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA on the genus, and confirmed
337:
in 1842, it is a robust snake up to 3.3 m (11 ft) long. It is variable in appearance, with individuals from northern
Australia having tan upper parts, while those from southern Australia are dark brown to blackish. Sometimes, it is seen in a reddish-green texture. The
1334:
King brown snakes are readily available in
Australia via breeding in captivity. They are regarded as straightforward to keep, due to the low likelihood of biting and relatively low toxicity of their venom, though the potentially large amount injected makes it more hazardous.
1107:
The king brown snake accounted for 4% of identified snakebites in
Australia between 2005 and 2015, with no deaths recorded. The last recorded death occurred in 1969, when a 20-year-old man was bitten while reaching around for a packet of cigarettes under his bed in
1320:
Standard first-aid treatment for any suspected bite from a venomous snake uses a pressure bandage to the bite site. The victims should move as little as possible and be conveyed to a hospital or clinic, where they should be monitored for at least 24 hours. The
1223:
hazardous to striated muscles and kidney cells. Toxic effects are proportional to the amount of venom in the victim. Nonspecific symptoms of poisoning are common and include nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, generalized sweating
2346:
3211:
Razavi, S., Weinstein, S. A., Bates, D. J., Alfred, S., & White, J. (2014). The
Australian mulga snake (Pseudechis australis: Elapidae): Report of a large case series of bites and review of current knowledge. Toxicon, 85,
1574:
Razavi, S., Weinstein, S. A., Bates, D. J., Alfred, S., & White, J. (2014). The
Australian mulga snake (Pseudechis australis: Elapidae): Report of a large case series of bites and review of current knowledge. Toxicon, 85,
1125:
Furthermore, a significant number of victims have been snake handlers. These have resulted in a high proportion of bites occurring on upper limbs. The king brown snake is classified as a snake of medical importance by the
1255:
enzymes, which have diverse effects that are commonly found in snake venoms. These proteins are directly toxic on muscle tissue due to their sheer volume in the venom, and are destructive to cell membranes and liberate
547:
in 1977, distinguishing it on the basis of a narrow head; however, the distinction was not supported by other authors. Two new species and a new genus have been described within this complex by
Australian snake-handler
755:
The number and arrangement of scales on a snake's body are key elements of identification to species level. The king brown snake has 17 rows of dorsal scales at mid-body, 185 to 225 ventral scales, 50 to 75
1264:(a precursor in inflammatory response). Their venom can lead to rhabdomyolysis. Despite containing a number of agents with phospholipase A2 activity, king brown snake venom exhibits little neurotoxicity.
1099:
floodplain in the
Northern Territory did not show a decline in king brown snake numbers, though this could have been coincidental; the population of this species had already declined in the region.
3100:
2380:
2644:
Brown, Gregory P.; Phillips, Benjamin L.; Shine, Richard (2011). "The ecological impact of invasive cane toads on tropical snakes: Field data do not support laboratory-based predictions".
1153:
mg at three, four, and five months after the first milking. This record was broken in 2016, when a king brown snake named "Chewie"âalso 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) longâproduced 1500
3831:
1770:
901:
They are often observed at modified habitats such as wheat fields, rubbish piles, and vacated buildings; individuals may become trapped in mine shafts and wellbores. Fieldwork near
1132:
The king brown snake can bite repeatedly and chew to envenomate a victim. Considerable pain, swelling, and tissue damage often occur at the site of a king brown snake bite. Local
931:
The breeding season begins with males engaging in wrestling combat, each attempting to push the other over for the right to mate with a female. Mating followsâin the early
1347:
according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Small snakes may be eaten by birds of prey. In contrast, old snakes are frequently infested with ticks.
1477:
Snakes of Medical Importance include those with highly dangerous venom resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality, or those that are common agents in snakebite.
2874:
2460:
1762:
898:
or sandy deserts nearly devoid of vegetation. Within the arid to semiarid parts of their range, however, they prefer areas of greater moisture such as watercourses.
592:
by Wells and Wellington in 1987). These descriptions were initially received with skepticism due to the low level of evidence provided in the original descriptions.
3748:
1177:). In a laboratory experiment on mice, not only did the king brown snake inject far more venom than other species of dangerous snake, very little of its venom (0.07
365:
is not as potent as those of Australia's other dangerous snakes, but can still cause severe effects if delivered in large enough quantities. Its main effect is on
351:
3787:
3020:) envenoming: a spectrum of myotoxicity, anticoagulant coagulopathy, haemolysis and the role of early antivenom therapyâAustralian Snakebite Project (ASP-19)".
1417:. The Kurulk clan would not collect white paint from a site in the wet season, as they believed it was the snake's faeces, and they were afraid of its anger.
3866:
381:, at the bite site. Deaths from its bites have been recorded, with the most recent being in 1969. Its victims are treated with black snake (not brown snake)
3225:
Georgieva, Dessislava; Seifert, Jana; öHler, Michaela; von Bergen, Martin; Spencer, Patrick; Arni, Raghuvir K.; Genov, Nicolay; Betzel, Christian (2011).
3016:
Johnston, C. I.; Brown, S. G. A.; O'Leary, M. A.; Currie, B. J.; Greenberg, R.; Taylor, M.; Barnes, C.; White, J.; Isbister, G. K. (2013). "Mulga snake (
2695:
Johnston, Christopher I.; Ryan, Nicole M.; Page, Colin B.; Buckley, Nicholas A.; Brown, Simon G. A.; O'Leary, Margaret A.; Isbister, Geoffrey K. (2017).
1289:), which makes the environment less hospitable for bacteria and hence has an antibiotic effect. Pseudechetoxin and pseudecin are two proteins that block
3490:"'Who do you want to kill?' Affectual and relational understandings at a sorcery rock art site in the southwest Gulf of Carpentaria, northern Australia"
2391:
1905:
3722:
1290:
3901:
3761:
3891:
3064:
1088:. Specimens in captivity have been observed eating their own faeces. It is opportunistic, eating a higher proportion of frogs in wetter areas.
342:
are two-toned, sometimes giving the snake a patterned appearance. Its underside is cream or white, often with orange splotches. The species is
3571:
3552:
3472:
3383:
2581:
2427:
1233:
3881:
1386:
people in northeastern Arnhem Land, King Brown Snake is the Ngurruyurrtjurr ancestor, and its homeland is Flinders Point in Arnhem Land.
3896:
1510:
2827:
Rowlands, J. B.; Mastaglia, F. L.; Kakulas, B, A.; Hainsworth, D. (1969). "Clinical and pathological aspects of a fatal case of mulga (
935:
in southwest Western Australia, mid-spring in the Eyre Peninsula, and with the wet season in the north of the country. The species is
2696:
2229:
Shine, Richard (1987). "The Evolution of Viviparity: Ecological Correlates of Reproductive Mode within a Genus of Australian Snakes (
3590:
3126:
Morrison, J.J.; Pearn, J.H.; Charles, N.T.; Coulter, A.R. (1983). "Further studies on the mass of venom injected by elapid snakes".
2200:
3462:
1869:
3297:
GutiĂ©rrez, JosĂ© MarĂa; Calvete, Juan J.; Habib, Abdulrazaq G.; Harrison, Robert A.; Williams, David J.; Warrell, David A. (2017).
539:, so these features did not support separate species. Australian herpetologists Richard W. Wells and C. Ross Wellington described
1870:"Taxonomic contributions in the "amateur" literature: comments on recent descriptions of new genera and species by Raymond Hoser"
1109:
2486:
Mcdonald, Peter James; Luck, Gary W. (2013). "Density of an environmental weed predicts the occurrence of the king brown snake (
3886:
3169:
Broad, A. J.; Sutherland, S. K.; Coulter, A. R. (1979). "The lethality in mice of dangerous Australian and other snake venom".
312:. The king brown snake is the largest terrestrial venomous snake in Australia. Despite its common name, it is a member of the
3766:
1556:. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government
3226:
1779:
1084:. The species has been reported eating roadkill, as well as the sloughed skins of other reptiles, and is known to exhibit
1849:
Wells, R. W.; Wellington, C. R. (1987). "A new species of proteroglyphous snake (Serpentes: Oxyuranidae) from Australia".
628:
3876:
2097:
1081:
3670:
2780:
Razavi, Shahab; Weinstein, Scott A.; Bates, David J.; Alfred, Sam; White, Julian (2014). "The Australian mulga snake (
1033:
523:
In 1955, Australian herpetologist Roy Mackay concluded that several species previously described were synonymous with
1980:
Maddock, Simon T.; Childerstone, Aaron; Fry, Byan Greig; Williams, David J.; Barlow, Axel; WĂŒster, Wolfgang (2017).
516:
on the basis of it having anteriorly grooved palatine and pterygoid teeth, and having blunt ridges and keels on the
74:
1298:
393:
3349:
3298:
3792:
2102:
1126:
553:
1236:(aPTT). Symptoms of myotoxicity (muscle damage) include muscle pain and weakness in the presence of an elevated
1095:
and have died after eating them. Despite this, field research before and after the arrival of cane toads to the
3688:
3648:
2963:
911:), a common introduced weed in Central Australia, possibly because of the dense, year-round cover it provides.
569:
493:
1314:
1158:
1142:
1092:
1041:
854:
825:. It has become rare or vanished from parts of coastal Queensland. The eastern limit of its range runs from
465:
438:
1448:âancestral spirit men. Angrily, he bit the rocks, which became tainted and poisonous, and an instrument of
3610:
1141:
mg of venom in one bite. A 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) long king brown snake milked by snake handler
611:
I (a New Guinea lineage of smaller snakes) diverged from the rest between six and four million years ago (
366:
1120:
antivenin, yet died in 37 hours despite this medical attention. This incident led to the introduction of
2868:
1344:
826:
347:
301:
179:
2288:
1524:
1501:
1309:
535:
had frontal scales of variable shape, and that grooves were present on the teeth of many specimens of
3709:
3657:
3178:
3135:
2793:
2653:
1997:
1924:
1273:
1268:
1186:
818:
501:
453:
3075:
3871:
3231:
venomics: Adaptation for a defense against microbial pathogens and recruitment of body transferrin"
1956:
769:
679:
39:
3521:
543:
in 1985 from a 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) specimen collected 8 km (5 mi) north of
424:) in his single preserved specimenâexcepting the variation in ocular platesâand assigned the name
3416:
3331:
3045:
2913:
2856:
2737:
2677:
2626:
2250:
2166:
2079:
1948:
1671:. Vol. 3. London: British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology. pp. 329â330.
1198:
1121:
760:(all undivided, or anterior ones undivided and posterior divided, or all divided), and a divided
662:
413:
219:
69:
2931:
971: in) in width and weigh 13.1 g (0.46 oz) each. Baby snakes average 22.6 cm (
3753:
30:
3813:
3779:
3696:
3586:
3567:
3548:
3468:
3379:
3323:
3253:
3194:
3151:
3037:
2905:
2848:
2809:
2729:
2669:
2618:
2577:
2423:
2196:
2071:
2013:
1940:
1190:
907:
834:
695:
686:
600:
581:
429:
309:
3662:
2417:
3841:
3826:
3818:
3675:
3501:
3408:
3313:
3245:
3186:
3143:
3029:
2897:
2840:
2801:
2719:
2711:
2661:
2610:
2242:
2158:
2061:
2005:
1932:
1716:
1624:
1585:
1545:
1519:
1457:
1444:âwas sleeping about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) north of the lagoon when it was disturbed by
1441:
1252:
1161:. The volume of venom produced in laboratories is equivalent to the amounts produced by the
1025:
757:
405:
334:
196:
2050:"The distribution and identification of dangerously venomous Australian terrestrial snakes"
3800:
2964:"Guidelines for the production, control and regulation of snake antivenom immunoglobulins"
2745:
2128:
The Snakes of Australia: An Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of All the Known Species
1322:
1278:
1237:
932:
858:
330:
3182:
3139:
2844:
2797:
2657:
2132:
2001:
1928:
1884:
1590:"Description of some hitherto unrecorded species of Australian reptiles and batrachians"
3412:
2901:
2066:
2049:
1720:
1213:
1096:
1005:
802:
718:
616:
497:
433:
417:
409:
206:
2784:: Elapidae): Report of a large case series of bites and review of current knowledge".
1904:
Kuch, Ulrich; Keogh, J. Scott; Weigel, John; Smith, Laurie A.; Mebs, Dietrich (2005).
3860:
3774:
3190:
3147:
1077:
1049:
944:
902:
881:
838:
691:
549:
544:
517:
339:
59:
54:
3049:
2917:
2860:
2741:
2681:
2630:
2170:
2083:
1952:
3701:
3335:
1425:
1261:
1257:
1229:
1225:
1170:
794:
786:
612:
599:
and highly variable until German biologist Ulrich Kuch and colleagues analysed the
485:
473:
374:
3378:. Crawley, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press. p. 127.
2805:
3033:
2162:
3735:
3642:
3261:
2936:
2009:
1982:"Multi-locus phylogeny and species delimitation of Australo-Papuan blacksnakes (
1735:
1683:
1666:
1613:"Third account of new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum"
1612:
1589:
1402:, or immaterial form, of a snake, then the person would die, as the victim of a
1364:
1282:
1117:
1113:
1085:
920:
765:
736:
505:
2149:
Turpin, Myfany (2013). "Semantic Extension in Kaytetye Flora and Fauna Terms".
2126:
1643:
731:
even blackish. In Western Australia, king brown snakes south of a line through
2351:(Serpentes:Elapidae) in Western Australia and description of a new species of
1936:
1628:
1421:
1241:
1162:
940:
862:
850:
842:
781:
761:
744:
740:
732:
703:
603:
of specimens across its range in 2005. They recovered four distinct lineages (
577:
565:
448:
398:
322:
317:
156:
3633:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
1359:
marks the site of the battle between two Central Australian ancestral beings
3506:
3489:
3399:
Webb, T. Theodor (1933). "Aboriginal Medical Practice in East Arnhem Land".
1410:
1286:
1073:
1069:
1057:
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884:
846:
596:
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382:
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355:
343:
86:
3327:
3257:
3041:
2909:
2813:
2733:
2724:
2673:
2622:
2075:
2017:
1944:
3805:
3155:
2852:
1910:) reveals Pliocene divergence and Pleistocene dispersal of a top predator"
988:
King brown snakes have been reported to live up to 25 years in captivity.
623:
II corresponded to a lineage of large snakes found across Australia, clade
3627:
3318:
3198:
1395:
1220:
1133:
1021:
888:
877:
866:
822:
378:
305:
146:
126:
106:
3420:
2715:
1617:
The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology
1267:
The venom has multiple proteins with antibiotic activity, including two
722:
Adult snake with prominent two-toned scales giving a reticulated pattern
460:
in 1878, from a more slender specimen that he thought was distinct from
3727:
2254:
1827:
1433:
1398:
leaf onto the victim sitting by a campfire. If the smoke resembled the
1271:(LAO1 and LAO2) that exhibit activity against the pathogenic bacterium
830:
116:
3249:
2665:
2597:
Shine, Richard (2010). "The Ecological Impact of Invasive Cane Toads (
1804:
3740:
3683:
1699:
Thomson, Donald F. (1933). "Notes on Australian Snakes of the Genera
1428:
in the Northern Territory. Here the King Brown Snake Ancestral Beingâ
1383:
1294:
1245:
1065:
1061:
1017:
1001:
985: in) in length and weigh 9.4 g (0.33 oz) on hatching.
895:
500:
obtained a skull of a large specimen with a wide head collected from
96:
3604:
3585:(2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press.
3564:
Australia's Dangerous Snakes: Identification, Biology and Envenoming
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2246:
1981:
1112:. The man was treated over two days, with twice daily injections of
779:
The king brown snake can be confused with brown snakes of the genus
2614:
2574:
A Guide ToâAustralian Snakes in Captivity: Elapids & Colubrids
1356:
1308:
1013:
1009:
870:
853:
in South Australia. The southwestern limit of its range runs from
717:
604:
528:
392:
362:
313:
136:
2932:"Your Next Nightmare: Venomous Snake Bites People in Their Sleep"
1868:
WĂŒster, W.; Bush, B.; Keogh, J.S.; O'Shea, M.; Shine, R. (2001).
1455:
The title character picks up a king brown snake in the 1986 film
1420:
Kurrmurnnyini is a lagoon and complex of sandstone outcrops near
3714:
3435:
3101:"2.5m-long king brown snake sets new mark from a single milking"
2576:. Burleigh, Queensland: Reptile Publications. pp. 222â228.
1194:
997:
436:
recognised an affinity with the Australian species described as
3608:
3376:
Melodies of Mourning: Music & Emotion in Northern Australia
1668:
Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History)
428:. On obtaining a second specimen from the College of Surgeons,
3547:. Chipping Norton, New South Wales: Surrey Beatty & Sons.
2191:
Browne-Cooper, R.; Bush, B.; Maryan, B.; Robinson, D. (2007).
1828:"A New Species of Snake (Serpentes: Elapidae) from Irian Jaya"
1805:"A new snake from Queensland, Australia (Serpentes: Elapidae)"
1744:
Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales
1413:
country in West Arnhem Land, the king brown snake is known as
817:
King brown snakes occur in all states of Australia except for
373:
from muscle damage, and also commonly affects blood clotting (
1277:, which is commonly present in frogs. Also present are three
3562:
Mirtschin, Peter; Rasmussen, Arne; Weinstein, Scott (2017).
2193:
Reptiles and frogs in the bush : southwestern Australia
1763:"A classification of the Amphibia and Reptilia of Australia"
1375:
avenged the death of her nephew, who was fatally speared by
3284:
2447:
2332:
2195:. University of Western Australia Press. pp. 259â260.
619:), with the other three diverging in the Pleistocene. Clade
996:
The king brown snake is a generalist predator, preying on
1544:
Australian Biological Resources Study (11 January 2017).
377:). Often, extensive pain and swelling occur, rarely with
3467:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press. p. 59.
3464:
Seeing the Inside: Bark Painting in Western Arnhem Land
2697:"The Australian Snakebite Project, 2005â2015 (ASP-20)"
1771:
Australian Journal of Herpetology, Supplemental Series
876:
King brown snakes are habitat generalists, inhabiting
768:
scale (both above the snake's mouth) are fused in the
484:
by the shape of the frontal scale. Austrian zoologist
2422:. Melbourne, Victoria: Csiro Publishing. p. 68.
1648:
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales
404:
The species was first described by English zoologist
2962:
WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization.
2888:
Trinca, G. F. (1963). "The treatment of snakebite".
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
1219:
The main toxic agents of king brown snake venom are
3617:
1232:) is common, and can be diagnosed with an elevated
2998:
2030:
1644:"Notes on a collection of snakes from Port Darwin"
1394:involved blowing smoke through a hollow branch or
354:, though may have declined with the spread of the
1906:"Phylogeography of Australia's king brown snake (
1525:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T42493195A42493211.en
905:showed that they prefer areas with buffel grass (
694:called it the orange-bellied brown snake. In the
656:III is an as yet unnamed dwarf species, and clade
3581:Sutherland, Struan K.; Tibballs, James (2001) .
1251:A major component of king brown snake venom are
329:, although it lives in many habitats apart from
2390:. Government of South Australia. Archived from
1761:Wells, Richard W.; Wellington, C. Ross (1985).
1709:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
3545:The Biology and Evolution of Australian Snakes
3494:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
3220:
3218:
2106:. Northern Territory Government. 20 March 2018
857:in South Australia, west through the northern
352:International Union for Conservation of Nature
3566:. Clayton South, Victoria: Csiro Publishing.
3011:
3009:
3007:
2467:. The State of Queensland (Queensland Museum)
1688:. Vol. 2. Jena, G. Fischer. p. 258.
1611:GĂŒnther, Albert Carl Ludwig Gotthilf (1863).
1244:activity, and some patients get a short-term
321:(black snakes) and only distantly related to
8:
2873:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2131:. South Africa: Government Printer. p.
698:spoken in Central Australia, it is known as
527:, recognising that it was a highly variable
3065:"How I Let a King Brown Bite Me Nine Times"
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2567:
2565:
1343:The king brown snake is considered to be a
764:. The temporolabial scale and last (sixth)
472:in 1896 from a specimen collected from the
3605:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
1379:, by striking him with her digging stick.
1193:rather than saline alone, the venom has a
1185:mg) was left on the skin. When using 0.1%
442:, resulting in the current combination as
205:
48:
29:
20:
16:Highly venomous snake native to Australia
3505:
3488:Brady, Liam M.; Bradley, John J. (2016).
3317:
3285:Mirtschin, Rasmussen & Weinstein 2017
2723:
2448:Mirtschin, Rasmussen & Weinstein 2017
2333:Mirtschin, Rasmussen & Weinstein 2017
2065:
2043:
2041:
2039:
1899:
1897:
1523:
943:. Females produce a clutch of four to 19
829:in central Queensland, and south through
3442:. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre
2379:Hutchinson, Mark; Williams, Ian (2018).
2362:Records of the Western Australian Museum
776:) but separate in the king brown snake.
1490:
1470:
416:. Gray saw little distinction from the
333:. First described by English zoologist
234:
3105:Central Coast Gosford Express Advocate
2957:
2955:
2866:
2381:"Key to the Snakes of South Australia"
1496:
1494:
1240:(CK). King brown snake venom has some
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2419:Living with Snakes and Other Reptiles
2313:
2287:Beatson, Cecilie (25 November 2018).
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
1990:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1539:
1537:
1535:
1382:Among the Djambarrpuyngu clan of the
1234:activated partial thromboplastin time
961: in) in length by 22.9 mm (
408:in 1842 from a specimen collected at
325:. Its alternative common name is the
7:
1291:cyclic nucleotideâgated ion channels
1228:), and headache. Impaired clotting (
747:are significantly darker in colour.
3867:IUCN Red List least concern species
2845:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1969.tb117007.x
1986:Wagler, 1830: Elapidae: Serpentes)"
1511:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1091:King brown snakes are sensitive to
580:. Hoser later also resurrected the
308:, native to northern, western, and
214:Range of king brown snake (in red)
3413:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1933.tb00089.x
2902:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1963.tb27211.x
2067:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb12947.x
1721:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1933.tb01629.x
512:in 1933. He distinguished it from
397:King brown snake on roadside near
346:. The snake is considered to be a
14:
3063:Adlam, Nigel (13 February 2009).
2151:Australian Journal of Linguistics
1665:Boulenger, George Albert (1896).
595:The species was long regarded as
452:. Scottish-Australian naturalist
1285:; transferrin binds serum iron (
1110:Three Springs, Western Australia
73:
3440:Bininj Kunwok Online Dictionary
2603:The Quarterly Review of Biology
939:, with one unverified claim of
919:The king brown snake is mostly
869:and on coastal plains north of
496:in 1909. Australian naturalist
3902:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
3306:Nature Reviews Disease Primers
2999:Sutherland & Tibballs 2001
2031:Sutherland & Tibballs 2001
1642:Macleay, William John (1878).
1518:. e.T42493195A42493211. 2017.
1371:(king brown snake man). Here,
1149:mg, and then 580, 920, and 780
685:Australian medical researcher
627:III was a dwarf form from the
1:
3892:Reptiles of Western Australia
2806:10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.04.003
2054:Australian Veterinary Journal
1685:Die Fauna SĂŒdwest-Australiens
1293:, including those present in
1260:(involved in cell lysis) and
3238:Journal of Proteome Research
3191:10.1016/0041-0101(79)90245-9
3148:10.1016/0041-0101(83)90012-0
3034:10.3109/15563650.2013.787535
2890:Medical Journal of Australia
2833:Medical Journal of Australia
2704:Medical Journal of Australia
2163:10.1080/07268602.2013.857571
674:was most closely related to
670:. They also determined that
464:. Belgian-British zoologist
280:Wells & Wellington, 1985
3882:Reptiles of New South Wales
3350:"The Kuniya and Liru story"
2971:WHO Technical Report Series
2010:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.005
1554:Australian Faunal Directory
1038:Brachyurophis semifasciatus
1034:southern shovel-nosed snake
801:), spotted mulga snake, or
3918:
3897:Reptiles described in 1842
1734:Mackay, Roy D. (1953â54).
1299:olfactory receptor neurons
933:Southern Hemisphere spring
588:, originally described as
2490:) in central Australia".
2103:Alice Springs Desert Park
1937:10.1007/s00114-004-0602-0
1736:"A revision of the genus
1629:10.1080/00222936308681536
1212:mg/lb) when administered
1127:World Health Organization
1020:, other snakes including
554:eastern dwarf mulga snake
446:in the black snake genus
225:
218:
213:
204:
185:
178:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
3583:Australian Animal Toxins
3543:Greer, Allen E. (1997).
3522:"Crocodile Dundeeâ00:21"
2416:Watharow, Simon (2011).
1851:Australian Herpetologist
1339:Conservation and threats
1313:King brown snake at the
813:Distribution and habitat
570:Papuan pygmy mulga snake
510:Pseudechis platycephalus
494:Eradu, Western Australia
490:Pseudechis denisonioides
261:Pseudechis platycephalus
3507:10.1111/1467-9655.12495
3374:Magowan, Fiona (2007).
2388:South Australian Museum
2125:Krefft, Gerard (1869).
2048:Shea, Glenn M. (1999).
1826:Hoser, Raymond (2000).
1803:Hoser, Raymond (1998).
1778:: 1â61 . Archived from
1355:Mutitjulu Waterhole at
1315:Armadale Reptile Centre
1246:fall in red blood cells
1159:Australian Reptile Park
809:) where they co-occur.
466:George Albert Boulenger
458:Pseudechis darwiniensis
439:Pseudechis porphyriacus
245:Pseudechis darwiniensis
3887:Reptiles of Queensland
3299:"Snakebite envenoming"
3074:(2): 4. Archived from
2572:Eipper, Scott (2012).
2492:Herpetological Journal
1877:Litteratura Serpentium
1832:Litteratura Serpentium
1682:Werner, Franz (1909).
1317:
1072:. and spiders such as
1054:Elapognathus coronatus
723:
401:
367:striated muscle tissue
3461:Taylor, Luke (1996).
2465:Animals of Queensland
1594:Zoological Miscellany
1345:least-concern species
1312:
1269:L-amino-acid oxidases
807:Oxyuranus scutellatus
721:
568:, Australia, and the
396:
348:least-concern species
302:highly venomous snake
3689:pseudechis-australis
3676:Pseudechis_australis
3663:Pseudechis_australis
3649:Pseudechis australis
3619:Pseudechis australis
3319:10.1038/nrdp.2017.63
3229:Pseudechis australis
3018:Pseudechis australis
2829:Pseudechis australis
2782:Pseudechis australis
2488:Pseudechis australis
2349:Pseudechis australis
2345:Smith, L.A. (1982).
1908:Pseudechis australis
1883:: 67. Archived from
1548:Pseudechis australis
1504:Pseudechis australis
1424:in the southwestern
1274:Aeromonas hydrophila
1197:median lethal dose (
1187:bovine serum albumin
1042:Gould's hooded snake
1024:, brown snakes, the
845:and the vicinity of
502:East Alligator River
444:Pseudechis australis
297:Pseudechis australis
189:Pseudechis australis
3877:Snakes of Australia
3183:1979Txcn...17..661B
3140:1983Txcn...21..279M
3022:Clinical Toxicology
2798:2014Txcn...85...17R
2716:10.5694/mja17.00094
2658:2011Ecol...92..422B
2295:. Australian Museum
2002:2017MolPE.107...48M
1929:2005NW.....92..121K
1917:Naturwissenschaften
1297:photoreceptors and
1157:mg of venom at the
1080:, and the infamous
849:and then across to
774:Pseudonaja textilis
770:eastern brown snake
680:spotted mulga snake
508:in 1914, naming it
40:Conservation status
1318:
1167:Ophiophagus hannah
1122:Papuan black snake
1116:, brown snake and
1082:funnel-web spiders
724:
708:Pseudechis butleri
700:atetherr-ayne-wene
414:Northern Territory
402:
300:) is a species of
253:Pseudechis cupreus
3852:
3851:
3814:Open Tree of Life
3611:Taxon identifiers
3573:978-0-643-10674-1
3554:978-0-949324-68-9
3474:978-0-19-823354-1
3385:978-0-85255-992-5
3250:10.1021/pr101248e
2666:10.1890/10-0536.1
2601:) in Australia".
2583:978-0-98-724478-9
2429:978-0-643-10381-8
1586:Gray, John Edward
1056:), birds such as
1030:Boiga irregularis
908:Cenchrus ciliaris
696:Kaytetye language
687:Struan Sutherland
601:mitochondrial DNA
582:pygmy mulga snake
476:, distinguishing
350:according to the
323:true brown snakes
310:Central Australia
288:
287:
281:
273:
269:Denisonia brunnea
265:
257:
249:
241:
231:
171:P. australis
63:
24:King brown snake
3909:
3845:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3822:
3821:
3809:
3808:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3782:
3770:
3769:
3757:
3756:
3744:
3743:
3731:
3730:
3718:
3717:
3705:
3704:
3692:
3691:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3665:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3606:
3596:
3577:
3558:
3530:
3529:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3321:
3303:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3260:. Archived from
3244:(5): 2440â2464.
3235:
3222:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3069:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3013:
3002:
2996:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2968:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2864:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2777:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2744:. Archived from
2727:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2569:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2434:
2433:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2385:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2284:
2259:
2258:
2226:
2207:
2206:
2188:
2175:
2174:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2069:
2045:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1955:. Archived from
1914:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1874:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1767:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1623:(71): 348â365 .
1608:
1602:
1601:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1498:
1478:
1475:
1458:Crocodile Dundee
1279:protein isoforms
1253:phospholipase A2
1211:
1207:
1184:
1180:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1093:cane toad toxins
1046:Parasuta gouldii
1026:brown tree snake
1004:including small
984:
983:
979:
976:
970:
969:
965:
960:
959:
955:
952:
791:Liasis olivaceus
758:subcaudal scales
659:
655:
647:
639:
634:
626:
622:
610:
541:Cannia centralis
531:. He noted that
406:John Edward Gray
335:John Edward Gray
292:king brown snake
279:
277:Cannia centralis
271:
263:
255:
247:
239:
229:
209:
191:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3848:
3840:
3838:
3830:
3825:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3801:Observation.org
3799:
3791:
3786:
3778:
3773:
3765:
3760:
3752:
3747:
3739:
3734:
3726:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3700:
3695:
3687:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3661:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3613:
3603:
3593:
3580:
3574:
3561:
3555:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3434:Garde, Murray.
3433:
3432:
3428:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3354:Parks Australia
3348:
3347:
3343:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3081:on 5 March 2019
3078:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3015:
3014:
3005:
2997:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2940:. 22 April 2014
2930:
2929:
2925:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2865:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2779:
2778:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2725:1959.13/1354903
2699:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2437:
2430:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2397:on 18 July 2019
2394:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2357:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2262:
2247:10.2307/1445650
2228:
2227:
2210:
2203:
2190:
2189:
2178:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2060:(12): 791â798.
2047:
2046:
2037:
2029:
2025:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1543:
1542:
1533:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1430:balngarrangarra
1353:
1341:
1332:
1323:tetanus vaccine
1307:
1238:creatine kinase
1209:
1205:
1202:
1182:
1178:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1105:
994:
981:
977:
974:
972:
967:
963:
962:
957:
953:
950:
948:
929:
917:
859:Nullarbor Plain
841:, southwest to
815:
753:
716:
657:
653:
645:
637:
632:
624:
620:
608:
478:P. darwiniensis
454:William Macleay
391:
284:
256:Boulenger, 1896
233:
232:
200:
193:
187:
174:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3836:
3823:
3810:
3797:
3784:
3771:
3758:
3745:
3732:
3719:
3706:
3693:
3680:
3667:
3654:
3639:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3601:External links
3599:
3598:
3597:
3591:
3578:
3572:
3559:
3553:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3513:
3500:(4): 884â901.
3480:
3473:
3453:
3426:
3391:
3384:
3366:
3341:
3289:
3287:, p. 116.
3277:
3214:
3204:
3177:(6): 661â664.
3161:
3134:(2): 279â284.
3118:
3107:. 7 April 2016
3092:
3055:
3028:(5): 417â424.
3003:
3001:, p. 148.
2984:
2973:(964): 224â226
2951:
2923:
2896:(1): 275â280.
2880:
2839:(5): 226â230.
2831:) snakebite".
2819:
2761:
2710:(3): 119â125.
2687:
2652:(2): 422â431.
2636:
2615:10.1086/655116
2609:(3): 253â291.
2589:
2582:
2561:
2559:, p. 234.
2549:
2547:, p. 231.
2537:
2535:, p. 232.
2525:
2523:, p. 218.
2513:
2511:, p. 225.
2501:
2478:
2452:
2450:, p. 115.
2435:
2428:
2408:
2371:
2347:"Variation in
2337:
2335:, p. 114.
2318:
2316:, p. 243.
2306:
2293:Animal Species
2260:
2241:(3): 551â563.
2233:: Elapidae)".
2208:
2201:
2176:
2157:(4): 488â518.
2141:
2117:
2089:
2035:
2033:, p. 146.
2023:
1996:(107): 48â55.
1972:
1923:(3): 121â127.
1893:
1890:on 2007-08-09.
1860:
1841:
1818:
1795:
1753:
1726:
1715:(4): 855â860.
1691:
1674:
1657:
1634:
1603:
1577:
1567:
1531:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1450:narnuâbulabula
1352:
1349:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1306:
1303:
1214:subcutaneously
1200:
1175:Bitis gabonica
1104:
1101:
1097:Adelaide River
993:
990:
928:
925:
916:
913:
814:
811:
803:coastal taipan
752:
749:
715:
712:
617:Early Pliocene
590:Cannia weigeli
574:P. rossignolii
498:Donald Thomson
434:British Museum
430:Albert GĂŒnther
426:Naja australis
418:Egyptian cobra
410:Port Essington
390:
387:
304:of the family
286:
285:
283:
282:
274:
272:Mitchell, 1951
266:
258:
250:
242:
237:Naja australis
228:
227:
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3592:0-19-550643-X
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3526:www.cswap.com
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3329:
3325:
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3311:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3267:on 2019-08-25
3263:
3259:
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2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2751:on 2017-10-06
2747:
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2522:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2466:
2462:
2461:"Mulga Snake"
2456:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2412:
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2334:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2294:
2290:
2289:"Mulga Snake"
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
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2204:
2202:9781920694746
2198:
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2183:
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2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
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2156:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2098:"Mulga Snake"
2093:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1973:
1962:on 2012-11-14
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1900:
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1894:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1838:(6): 178â186.
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1815:(1): 5â9, 31.
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1785:on 2014-05-19
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1764:
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1745:
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1730:
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1599:
1595:
1591:
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1571:
1568:
1555:
1551:
1550:(Gray, 1842)"
1549:
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1538:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1521:
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1507:
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1316:
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1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:phospholipids
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1145:produced 1350
1144:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:mouse spiders
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:crowned snake
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
989:
986:
946:
942:
938:
934:
926:
924:
922:
914:
912:
910:
909:
904:
903:Alice Springs
899:
897:
893:
890:
886:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:Warrumbungles
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
812:
810:
808:
804:
800:
799:Liasis fuscus
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
728:
720:
713:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:Gerard Krefft
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:
651:
643:
642:P. rossignoli
630:
618:
614:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:Raymond Hoser
546:
545:Tennant Creek
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
518:dorsal scales
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:
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435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
400:
395:
388:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:dorsal scales
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:
293:
278:
275:
270:
267:
264:Thomson, 1933
262:
259:
254:
251:
248:Macleay, 1878
246:
243:
238:
235:
224:
221:
217:
212:
208:
203:
198:
192:
190:
184:
181:
180:Binomial name
177:
173:
172:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3854:
3618:
3582:
3563:
3544:
3525:
3516:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3463:
3456:
3444:. Retrieved
3439:
3429:
3407:(1): 91â98.
3404:
3400:
3394:
3375:
3369:
3357:. Retrieved
3353:
3344:
3312:(3): 17063.
3309:
3305:
3292:
3280:
3269:. Retrieved
3262:the original
3241:
3237:
3228:
3207:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3109:. Retrieved
3104:
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3076:the original
3071:
3058:
3025:
3021:
3017:
2975:. Retrieved
2970:
2942:. Retrieved
2935:
2926:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2869:cite journal
2836:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2753:. Retrieved
2746:the original
2707:
2703:
2690:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2606:
2602:
2599:Bufo Marinus
2598:
2592:
2573:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2464:
2455:
2418:
2411:
2399:. Retrieved
2392:the original
2387:
2374:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2292:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2192:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2136:
2127:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2101:
2092:
2057:
2053:
2026:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1975:
1964:. Retrieved
1957:the original
1920:
1916:
1907:
1885:the original
1880:
1876:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1787:. Retrieved
1780:the original
1775:
1769:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1729:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1684:
1677:
1667:
1660:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1580:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1553:
1547:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1473:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1426:Gulf Country
1419:
1414:
1408:
1406:(sorcerer).
1403:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1354:
1342:
1333:
1319:
1272:
1266:
1262:arachidonate
1250:
1230:coagulopathy
1218:
1208:mg/kg (0.866
1174:
1171:gaboon adder
1166:
1131:
1106:
1090:
1060:, and small
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
995:
987:
930:
927:Reproduction
918:
906:
900:
875:
816:
806:
798:
795:water python
790:
787:olive python
780:
778:
773:
754:
729:
725:
707:
699:
684:
675:
672:P. australis
671:
667:
661:
650:P. australis
649:
641:
613:Late Miocene
594:
589:
585:
576:), found in
573:
560:) from near
557:
540:
536:
533:P. australis
532:
525:P. australis
524:
522:
514:P. australis
513:
509:
489:
486:Franz Werner
482:P. australis
481:
477:
474:Murray River
469:
462:P. australis
461:
457:
447:
443:
437:
425:
421:
403:
375:coagulopathy
360:
326:
316:
296:
295:
291:
289:
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
188:
186:
170:
169:
157:
18:
3736:iNaturalist
3643:Wikispecies
3537:Cited texts
2937:LiveScience
2368:(1): 35â45.
1367:woman) and
1365:woma python
1283:transferrin
1226:diaphoresis
1137:average 180
1118:tiger snake
1114:death adder
1086:cannibalism
1022:whip snakes
921:crepuscular
766:supralabial
737:Badgingarra
714:Description
631:, and clade
506:Arnhem Land
327:mulga snake
3872:Pseudechis
3861:Categories
3271:2019-08-25
2944:18 October
2755:2019-02-26
2557:Greer 1997
2545:Greer 1997
2533:Greer 1997
2521:Greer 1997
2509:Greer 1997
2498:: 161â165.
2401:8 February
2353:Pseudechis
2314:Greer 1997
2231:Pseudechis
2137:australis.
1984:Pseudechis
1966:2012-12-19
1789:2019-04-18
1738:Pseudechis
1701:Pseudechis
1654:: 219â222.
1485:References
1422:Borroloola
1242:haemolytic
1163:king cobra
1074:tarantulas
1058:thornbills
941:viviparity
892:scrublands
885:grasslands
863:Kalgoorlie
851:Port Pirie
843:Condobolin
782:Pseudonaja
762:anal scale
745:Quairading
741:New Norcia
733:Jurien Bay
704:budgerigar
676:P. butleri
668:P. weigeli
586:P. weigeli
578:Irian Jaya
566:Queensland
558:P. pailsei
537:Pseudechis
488:described
470:P. cupreus
468:described
456:described
449:Pseudechis
399:Tibooburra
369:, causing
318:Pseudechis
240:Gray, 1842
158:Pseudechis
133:Suborder:
3832:australis
3085:28 August
2977:1 January
2792:: 17â26.
2471:26 August
2299:26 August
1705:Oxyuranus
1600:: 51â57 .
1546:"Species
1411:Kunwinjku
1389:Known as
1330:Captivity
1305:Treatment
1221:myotoxins
1204:) of 1.91
1143:John Cann
1070:dasyurids
937:oviparous
915:Behaviour
878:woodlands
847:Balranald
827:Gladstone
751:Scalation
663:P. pailsi
629:Kimberley
597:monotypic
562:Mount Isa
422:Naja haje
383:antivenom
371:paralysis
356:cane toad
344:oviparous
165:Species:
137:Serpentes
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
3780:42493195
3754:10365182
3628:Wikidata
3421:40327447
3328:28905944
3258:21417486
3050:25917274
3042:23586640
2918:31846703
2910:13994169
2861:36287963
2814:24726467
2742:19567016
2734:28764620
2682:25388901
2674:21618921
2631:20689582
2623:20919631
2171:62767948
2110:18 April
2084:34609322
2076:10685181
2018:27637992
1953:26068662
1945:15688185
1750:: 15â23.
1588:(1842).
1560:18 April
1396:pandanus
1181:mg of 62
1134:necrosis
1064:such as
1006:monitors
889:chenopod
867:Narrogin
823:Tasmania
819:Victoria
607:); clade
389:Taxonomy
379:necrosis
306:Elapidae
220:Synonyms
147:Elapidae
143:Family:
127:Squamata
117:Reptilia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
3728:2449557
3715:1055558
3634:Q536664
3436:"dadbe"
3401:Oceania
3336:4916503
3179:Bibcode
3171:Toxicon
3156:6857711
3136:Bibcode
3128:Toxicon
3072:Odatria
2853:5777902
2794:Bibcode
2786:Toxicon
2654:Bibcode
2646:Ecology
2255:1445650
1998:Bibcode
1925:Bibcode
1809:Monitor
1446:ngabaya
1442:Yanyuwa
1434:Gudanji
1351:Culture
1295:retinal
1066:rodents
1062:mammals
1018:agamids
1002:lizards
980:⁄
966:⁄
956:⁄
882:hummock
831:Gayndah
652:, clade
648:II was
644:, clade
432:of the
412:in the
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