1211:"On 7 August 1578 Lala PaĹaâs army started moving down the left bank of the Kura; ... A fortnight later, Lala PaĹa was at Tbilisiâs gates. The Iranian puppet king, Daud-Khan, meant to resist, but the population fled to the forests, where Ottoman soldiers hunted them down, and Daud-Khan fled, too. Kartli was now ruled by Vakhtang, the son of Bagrat Mukhranbatoni, but, with other aristocrats â Bardzim Amilakhori, Elizbar, duke of Ksani â Vakhtang Mukhranbatoni surrendered to Lala Mustafa PaĹa. Tbilisi became a paĹalÄąk; Gori, a sanjak; and Kartliâs major castles had Ottoman garrisons. The Ottomans headed for Imeretia, but their men were slaughtered by King Giorgiâs army in the Likhi passes ... In 1590 the Iranians signed a peace treaty conceding virtually all Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan to the Ottomans"
91:
1229:"In spring 1723 Konstantine used Iranian soldiers to capture Tbilisi; Vakhtang fled to Tskhinvali. The PaĹa of Erzurum told Vakhtang to submit to the sultan, if he wanted to be king of Kartli: the darbazi advised capitulation. Second Lieutenant Tolstoi still insisted that Tsar Peter was coming; Vakhtang merely pretended to accept the sultanâs terms. On 12 June an Ottoman army bloodlessly took Tbilisi from Konstantine. Vakhtang bribed the Ottoman commander Ibrahim PaĹa to disarm Konstantine and install Vakhtangâs son Bakar as Kartliâs governor. For a few weeks Bakar and Konstantine both resisted the Ottomans, but soon fled, Konstantine eventually converting to Islam and becoming Ottoman vassal king of Kakhetia."
409:
63:
1099:, was appointed as king/wali of Kartli. Rostom, who had converted to Islam and previously had taken the name Khosrow Mirza, imported Persian language and culture into Kartlian administration and daily life. During his reign, Kartli experienced a growth in prosperity and trade, along with restoring damaged regions. Under Rostom, Kartli had a policy of religious tolerance, which included subsidized repairs to churches and monasteries, and the building of new mosques. Rostom died 17 November 1658 and was buried in
1804:
1072:, son and heir of George II. In 1522/24, Safavid Shah Ismail invaded Kartli occupying Tbilisi to suppress David X's revolt. It is believed the Iranians built a mosque in Tbilisi during this time. Georgian-Persian bilingual documents were one outcome of the policy of compromises. The 1540s saw the appearance of the first Persian documents in Georgia. The Persian text was frequently appended to Georgian deeds of gift pertaining to estates and other matters, dating to
2225:
1087:, western Samtskhe) fell into Ottoman hands. During the next 150 years, Kartli was under vassalage of successive dynasties of Persia, while more than 40 years this Georgian Kingdom was under suzerainty of Ottoman Empire. It regularly paid tribute and sent gifts (pÄŤĹĄkeĹĄ) to the shah and sultan in the form of boys and girls for use as slaves; horses; and wines, thereby losing its true sovereignty.
1202:"King Vakhtang VI (r. 1716â24), Teimurazâs successor as ruler of Kartli and resister of the Safavids, continued to imbue his poetry with Persian metaphors and symbols, while his own successor Teimuraz II (r. 1732â44 in Kakheti, 1744â62 in Kartli) translated the tale of Sindbad (as Timsariani) from Persian. Their coinage was also issued with both Georgian and Persian script."
1247:"In summer 1587 the sultan planned a âfinal blowâ against Simon and Manuchar: one army took Akhaltsikhe, the other headed for Tbilisi and Gori, forcing Simon into Samtskhe. With no active ally, despairing of any successful Iranian move, Simon, too, sued for peace. In exchange for annual tribute, Simon was recognized as a Christian king with full autonomy."
1045:
Alexander took advantage of this and captured
Kutaisi and restored his authority in Imereti. Next, the king of Kartli effected a temporary reconciliation with the kings of Kakheti and Imereti, and the prince of Samtskhe, thereby forming the outright long-term division of Georgia into petty kingdoms
933:
rival movements arose among competing feudal factions within the royal house and nobility. These caused a high degree of instability across the entire territory of the kingdom. This period was characterised by feudal competition, separatism, and civil war.
1220:"After several journeys across Anatolia, and renewed attacks by Abbas, in 1612 she persuaded the sultan, despite the warmongering factions at court, to accept reinstatement of the 1555 Amasya Treaty excluding the Ottomans from Kartli and Kakhetia."
1157:
in 1800. The former warring royal houses of the various
Georgian kingdom were mostly incorporated into the Russian nobility, thereby losing their quasi-royal status, and becoming subsumed into the Russian empire's service nobility.
1016:
With the help of the local dukes, Constantine took
Kutaisi and briefly restored the integrity of Kartli with Western Georgia. In 1481, Constantine managed to subordinate Samtskhe and thus proclaimed himself King of All Georgia.
1534:
In Kartli, by contrast, in order to rein in the non-compliant vassal David X, in 1522 (or 1524) the shah sent in troops, who brought
Tbilisi under control. Perhaps it was at this time that the Iranians built a mosque in
953:. This move led to the beginning of the wholesale disintegration of the former united Georgian monarchy and state. This devolution was to be repeated in various forms for rest of the collective history of this region.
90:
1183:
975:
Qvarqvare, fearing that Bagrat was gaining too much power, released George VIII from captivity, but the deposed king was unable to reclaim his former crown. He only managed to proclaim himself
2942:
1592:
62:
1256:"ROSTOM KHAN (ca. 1565â1658). King of Kartli in 1632â1658; although nominally a wali (viceroy) of Kartli, he used the title of king in official correspondence and ceremonies."
2937:
2887:
1835:
1065:
Peace did not survive long in the west either, as David X faced incursions from
Alexander II of Imereti, who was somewhat less successful than his Kakhetian counterpart.
2882:
2458:
1068:
In 1513, the
Kingdom of Kartli managed a short conquest of neighbouring Kakheti. In 1520, the Kingdom of Kakheti was restored with the support of local nobles by
2345:
2340:
2332:
749:
2081:
2305:
2842:
1848:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2750:
2361:
1585:
1009:, from which he tried to ascend the throne of Imereti. He summoned "Dadiani, Gurieli, Sharvashidze and Gelovani" to attend his coronation, but headed by
2270:
2265:
2193:
1027:
at Ardeti. In 1484, the demoted former heir, Alexander, proclaimed himself king of
Imereti (Western Georgia). Meanwhile, the new feudal overlord of
987:, another pretender to the throne. Constantine established himself as a de facto ruler over part of Kartli in 1469, challenging Bagrat's hegemony.
812:
2952:
2687:
2529:
2321:
765:
2717:
2504:
2315:
2203:
1828:
2693:
2545:
2209:
1578:
392:
110:
2947:
2902:
2672:
2443:
2295:
2183:
797:
1122:, who had been given the kingship of Kartli and Kakheti respectively by Nader Shah himself as a reward for their loyalty, declared their
2310:
2300:
629:
2897:
2285:
2250:
2127:
1784:
761:
2782:
2704:
2577:
2431:
2411:
2096:
1977:
1821:
737:
593:
2907:
2494:
2436:
1493:
1062:
and conquer his kingdom. David's brother Bagrat successfully defended the kingdom and managed to capture George II in an ambush.
2147:
2739:
2652:
2453:
2426:
2372:
2034:
2024:
350:
325:
2712:
2539:
2416:
2260:
2233:
2112:
1779:
1503:
889:
753:
653:
1803:
2677:
2399:
1633:
645:
31:
1083:(1555) recognized Kartli, Kakheti, and eastern Samtskhe as Persian possessions, while everything to the west of it (i.e.
2835:
2560:
2534:
2482:
2421:
2137:
2122:
1856:
1605:
822:
757:
641:
493:
400:
1997:
1876:
609:
425:
2519:
2509:
2245:
2188:
2019:
1178:
969:
807:
625:
549:
188:
1559:
Sanikidze, George (2021). "The
Evolution of the Safavid Policy towards Eastern Georgia". In Melville, Charles (ed.).
1129:
After
Teimuraz II's death in 1762, Irakli II assumed control over Kartli, thus unifying the two into the short-lived
2877:
2851:
2744:
2682:
2657:
2178:
1931:
1107:
896:
in 1478 and existed, with several brief intervals, until 1762 when Kartli and the neighbouring
Georgian kingdom of
792:
633:
517:
489:
462:
408:
2787:
2468:
2448:
2086:
2059:
1769:
1721:
1130:
984:
901:
870:
730:
717:
701:
605:
505:
343:
207:
2002:
617:
497:
2892:
2856:
2499:
2198:
2044:
1987:
1921:
1726:
1688:
1146:
850:
817:
705:
485:
171:
1881:
429:
2802:
2524:
2049:
1972:
1736:
1672:
1119:
998:
697:
577:
561:
1947:
1656:
1115:
938:
613:
545:
222:
1038:
In 1487, Constantine went to Imereti, but had to abandon the campaign when in 1486 a Turkmen chieftain,
2054:
1731:
693:
2463:
1957:
1142:
1055:
1039:
946:
666:
553:
2637:
2614:
2275:
2117:
2091:
2014:
1967:
1871:
1661:
1150:
957:
863:
621:
581:
481:
418:
239:
2662:
2157:
2142:
2071:
2039:
2029:
1992:
1962:
1952:
1753:
1748:
1716:
1711:
1693:
1166:
1096:
1084:
1032:
976:
961:
950:
949:. The latter destroyed any outward vestige of Georgian national unity by proclaiming himself the
942:
930:
905:
897:
893:
802:
769:
741:
689:
685:
677:
597:
569:
557:
330:
288:
2732:
2727:
2623:
2592:
2224:
2007:
1982:
1911:
1844:
1789:
1683:
1499:
1073:
1059:
1024:
873:
839:
589:
573:
477:
372:
145:
2792:
2597:
2572:
2280:
2173:
1891:
1886:
1355:
Donald Rayfield - Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. pp.171,176,179,183,226-227,233-234.
1069:
1010:
990:
Bagrat VI continued to rule Kartli until 1478, when he was again challenged by Constantine.
859:
787:
530:
513:
441:
437:
155:
2814:
2290:
2152:
2132:
2076:
1926:
1774:
1666:
1080:
745:
709:
649:
637:
509:
964:(Meskheti). Sensing an opportunity, Bagrat VI crossed the borders of East Georgia (inner
1013:, the latter refused to support him and instead invited Constantine to Western Georgia.
2609:
1154:
913:
908:. Through much of this period, the kingdom was a vassal of the successive dynasties of
713:
673:
601:
585:
275:
2871:
2772:
2667:
2644:
2602:
2514:
2385:
1570:
1042:
invaded Kartli and the king was forced to deal with the threat his incursion posed.
2797:
2630:
2582:
1238:"In 1736 Turkey, at war with both Austria and Russia, gave up Kartli and Kakhetia."
980:
965:
916:, but enjoyed intermittent periods of greater independence, especially after 1747.
473:
68:
1137:
Extinction of Georgian quasi-independence and integration into the Russian Empire
2767:
1091:
Seventeenth century: Georgian petty kingdoms under Persian and Ottoman vassalage
937:
Major disintegration of the Georgian kingdom dates from 1463 with the defeat of
537:
2809:
1162:
1111:
380:
17:
125:
112:
2722:
2255:
1601:
1495:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond
1006:
541:
72:
2777:
2380:
1676:
866:
565:
181:
2350:
1906:
1901:
1628:
1623:
1054:
These new realms were not long at peace. Soon after coming into power,
1020:
Rival factions, however, continued to struggle to gain the upper hand.
885:
469:
445:
433:
368:
104:
2587:
2355:
1916:
1896:
1638:
1028:
881:
877:
501:
449:
376:
262:
1813:
1002:
1001:
son of Bagrat VI retired to the mountainous western provinces of
956:
In the aftermath of his 1465 defeat, George VIII was captured by
1058:
launched an expedition against Kartli, intending to depose King
909:
95:
Kingdom of Georgia after dissolution as a unified state, 1490 AD
1817:
1574:
1521:
The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
1541:
Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). "Rostom Khan (ca. 1565-1658)".
1100:
904:
through dynastic succession under the Kakhetian branch of the
1476:
1474:
1472:
1391:
Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, Vol. 10, pg. 466â469, Tb., 1986
925:
Disintegration of the Kingdom of Georgia into warring states
30:
For an ancient kingdom of Kartli c. 300 BCE and 600 CE, see
1414:
1412:
1399:
1397:
1363:
1361:
1035:
invited Constantine II to West Georgia for a second time.
1327:
1325:
1323:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1161:
Russian control over Kartli-Kakheti was finalized with
1561:
Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran
1530:
Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran
1023:
In 1483, Qvarqvare II declared war on Constantine and
1277:
1275:
1273:
2760:
2703:
2559:
2481:
2398:
2371:
2331:
2232:
2166:
2105:
1940:
1864:
1855:
1762:
1702:
1647:
1616:
1153:, the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti was annexed by the
1114:was assassinated. Capitalizing on this instability
364:
285:
272:
259:
249:
235:
216:
201:
187:
177:
167:
141:
100:
39:
1095:In 1632, Rostom Khan, the illegitimate son of
843:
2943:States and territories disestablished in 1762
1829:
1586:
750:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
8:
1480:
1463:
1184:Family tree of Bagrationi dynasty of Kartli
2938:States and territories established in 1478
2565:
2487:
2404:
2238:
1861:
1836:
1822:
1814:
1613:
1593:
1579:
1571:
387:
89:
36:
2888:Early modern history of Georgia (country)
1418:
1442:
1430:
1403:
1379:
1367:
1343:
1331:
1314:
1302:
1269:
1195:
399:
1454:Berdzenishvili, ed., 1973, pp. 252â254
1151:brief re-occupation of eastern Georgia
2883:Medieval history of Georgia (country)
1552:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
1281:
638:Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia
284:
271:
258:
248:
244:
215:
200:
196:
186:
7:
1545:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 548â549.
27:1478â1762 kingdom in eastern Georgia
2128:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
1433:, pp. 176, 179, 183, 226â227.
762:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
25:
2933:18th century in Georgia (country)
2928:17th century in Georgia (country)
2923:16th century in Georgia (country)
2918:15th century in Georgia (country)
2913:Safavid appointed kings of Kartli
1978:Unification of the Georgian realm
1523:. University of California Press.
888:. It emerged in the process of a
738:Georgia within the Russian Empire
594:Unification of the Georgian realm
2223:
2097:Absorption by the Russian Empire
1802:
1543:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
407:
348:
323:
61:
994:Developments in western Georgia
912:, and to a much shorter period
268:1555â1578; 1612â1723; 1736â1747
2953:1762 disestablishments in Asia
2113:Democratic Republic of Georgia
1780:Democratic Republic of Georgia
855:
754:Democratic Republic of Georgia
654:Collapse of the Georgian realm
630:Kingdom of Georgia (1256â1329)
1:
646:Turkoman invasions of Georgia
76:
32:Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)
2373:Russian-occupied territories
2204:Timeline of Georgian history
1563:. Vol. 10. I.B. Tauris.
1498:p 728 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014
758:Red Army invasion of Georgia
642:Timurid invasions of Georgia
2948:1478 establishments in Asia
2903:Former monarchies of Europe
1179:List of monarchs of Georgia
945:by the rebellious nobleman
626:Mongol invasions of Georgia
550:Umayyad invasion of Georgia
287:⢠Union of Kartli and
2969:
1932:Christianization of Iberia
1528:Melville, Charles (2021).
1126:independence from Persia.
979:, a rump state. This left
634:Kingdom of Western Georgia
518:Christianization of Iberia
490:Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia
29:
2898:Former monarchies of Asia
2829:
2568:
2490:
2407:
2241:
2221:
2087:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
2060:Principality of Mingrelia
1800:
1770:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
1722:Principality of Mingrelia
1612:
1550:Rayfield, Donald (2013).
1131:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
1025:defeated the royal forces
968:) and proclaimed himself
844:
718:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
702:Principality of Mingrelia
606:Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti
506:Arsacid dynasty of Iberia
344:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
302:
298:
245:
231:
197:
88:
58:
53:
2341:Administrative divisions
2082:Shah Abbas I's invasions
2045:Principality of Abkhazia
1988:First Kingdom of Kakheti
1754:Principality of Samtskhe
1727:Principality of Abkhazia
1689:First Kingdom of Kakheti
1147:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
929:From circa 1450, in the
706:Principality of Abkhazia
486:Georgia in the Roman era
172:Georgian Orthodox Church
2908:History of Safavid Iran
2050:Principality of Svaneti
1973:Kingdom of the Iberians
1877:ShulaveriâShomu culture
1737:Principality of Svaneti
698:Principality of Svaneti
610:ByzantineâGeorgian wars
578:Kingdom of the Iberians
426:ShulaveriâShomu culture
274:⢠Vassal state of
261:⢠Vassal state of
1948:Principality of Iberia
1657:Principality of Iberia
884:, with its capital at
614:Great Turkish Invasion
546:Principality of Iberia
2092:1795 Persian Invasion
2055:Principality of Guria
1732:Principality of Guria
694:Principality of Guria
142:Common languages
126:41.72250°N 44.79250°E
2688:World Heritage Sites
2271:Environmental issues
1519:Green, Nile (2019).
1317:, pp. 176, 179.
1143:Treaty of Georgievsk
1097:David XI (Daud Khan)
1056:George II of Kakheti
1046:and principalities.
667:Early modern history
618:GeorgianâSeljuk wars
554:Arab rule in Georgia
498:IberianâArmenian War
281:1578â1612; 1723â1736
71:according to Prince
2138:Independent Georgia
1968:Kingdom of Abkhazia
1882:KuraâAraxes culture
1872:Prehistoric Georgia
1662:Kingdom of Abkhazia
1492:Timothy C. Dowling
1346:, pp. 226â227.
1101:Qom, Safavid Empire
1040:Yaqub b. Uzun Hasan
970:King of all Georgia
958:Qvarqvare II Jaqeli
890:tripartite division
622:Georgian Golden Age
582:Kingdom of Abkhazia
482:Pharnavazid dynasty
430:KuraâAraxes culture
419:Prehistoric Georgia
251:⢠Established
240:Early modern period
122: /
2530:Telecommunications
2158:Russo-Georgian War
2072:Kingdom of Kakheti
2040:Kingdom of Imereti
2035:Turkmen incursions
2030:Samtskhe atabegate
1993:Kingdom of Georgia
1963:Emirate of Tbilisi
1953:Bagrationi dynasty
1749:Kingdom of Kakheti
1717:Kingdom of Imereti
1712:Kingdom of Georgia
1694:Emirate of Tbilisi
1671:Principalities of
1604:states throughout
1382:, p. 158-159.
1167:Treaty of Gulistan
1050:Later developments
1033:Liparit II Dadiani
943:Battle of Chikhori
931:Kingdom of Georgia
906:Bagrationi dynasty
894:Kingdom of Georgia
770:Russo-Georgian War
766:Georgia since 1991
742:1832 Georgian plot
690:Kingdom of Imereti
686:Kingdom of Kakheti
678:Samtskhe-Saatabago
598:Kingdom of Georgia
570:Bagrationi dynasty
558:Emirate of Tbilisi
494:Campaign of Pompey
401:History of Georgia
331:Kingdom of Georgia
131:41.72250; 44.79250
2878:Kingdom of Kartli
2865:
2864:
2825:
2824:
2718:Ethnic minorities
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2555:
2554:
2477:
2476:
2459:Political parties
2422:Foreign relations
2394:
2393:
2219:
2218:
2123:Red Army invasion
2067:Kingdom of Kartli
2025:Timur's invasions
2008:Battle of Didgori
1983:Kingdom of Hereti
1912:Kingdom of Iberia
1811:
1810:
1798:
1797:
1775:Republic of Guria
1744:Kingdom of Kartli
1684:Kingdom of Hereti
1554:. Reaktion Books.
876:, centred on the
836:Kingdom of Kartli
832:
831:
682:Kingdom of Kartli
590:Duchy of Kldekari
574:Kingdom of Hereti
566:Duchy of Klarjeti
478:Kingdom of Iberia
434:Legend of Kartlos
386:
385:
360:
359:
356:
355:
336:
335:
218:⢠1744â1762
203:⢠1478â1505
41:Kingdom of Kartli
16:(Redirected from
2960:
2845:
2838:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2566:
2488:
2405:
2346:Cities and towns
2281:Greater Caucasus
2239:
2227:
2189:Military history
2174:Names of Georgia
2020:Mongol invasions
1892:Colchian culture
1887:Trialeti culture
1862:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1614:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1572:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1524:
1506:
1490:
1484:
1481:Mikaberidze 2015
1478:
1467:
1464:Mikaberidze 2015
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1285:
1279:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1070:Levan of Kakheti
1011:Vameq II Dadiani
857:
854:
847:
846:
808:Military history
782:History by topic
514:Chosroid dynasty
442:Colchian culture
438:Trialeti culture
411:
388:
352:
351:
340:
339:
327:
326:
320:
319:
304:
303:
227:
212:
163:
160:
153:
150:
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
127:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
93:
81:
78:
65:
37:
21:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2893:Former kingdoms
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2821:
2756:
2699:
2673:Public holidays
2551:
2515:Lari (currency)
2473:
2444:Law enforcement
2390:
2367:
2327:
2306:Protected areas
2291:Lesser Caucasus
2228:
2215:
2162:
2153:Rose Revolution
2148:War in Abkhazia
2133:April 9 tragedy
2101:
2077:Safavid Georgia
1936:
1927:Sasanian Iberia
1851:
1842:
1812:
1807:
1794:
1758:
1704:
1698:
1667:Bagratid Iberia
1649:
1643:
1608:
1599:
1568:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1527:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1288:
1280:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1175:
1139:
1093:
1081:Peace of Amasya
1052:
996:
983:to his nephew,
977:King of Kakheti
951:King of Imereti
927:
922:
849:
828:
827:
783:
775:
774:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
746:Gurian Republic
744:
740:
733:
723:
722:
716:
712:
710:Safavid Georgia
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
669:
659:
658:
652:
650:Duchy of Aragvi
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
586:Theme of Iberia
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
533:
523:
522:
516:
512:
510:Sasanian Iberia
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
465:
463:Ancient history
455:
454:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
421:
379:
375:
371:
349:
324:
291:
278:
265:
252:
225:
219:
210:
204:
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
130:
128:
124:
121:
116:
113:
111:
109:
108:
107:
96:
84:
83:
79:
66:
49:
45:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2966:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:Stock Exchange
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2469:Prime Minister
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:National parks
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1998:Byzantine wars
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1532:. Bloomsbury.
1525:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1485:
1483:, p. 549.
1468:
1466:, p. 548.
1456:
1447:
1445:, p. 179.
1435:
1423:
1421:, p. 379.
1419:Sanikidze 2021
1408:
1406:, p. 377.
1393:
1384:
1372:
1370:, p. 158.
1357:
1348:
1336:
1334:, p. 183.
1319:
1307:
1305:, p. 388.
1286:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1155:Russian Empire
1141:Following the
1138:
1135:
1108:Shah of Persia
1092:
1089:
1051:
1048:
995:
992:
926:
923:
921:
918:
914:Ottoman Empire
856:kartlis samepo
845:áĽáá áááᥠáĄáááá¤á
830:
829:
826:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
784:
781:
780:
777:
776:
773:
772:
734:
731:Modern history
729:
728:
725:
724:
721:
720:
714:Childir Eyalet
674:Duchy of Ksani
670:
665:
664:
661:
660:
657:
656:
602:Duchy of Racha
534:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
466:
461:
460:
457:
456:
453:
452:
422:
417:
416:
413:
412:
404:
403:
397:
396:
384:
383:
366:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
346:
337:
334:
333:
328:
316:
315:
310:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
286:
283:
282:
279:
276:Ottoman Empire
273:
270:
269:
266:
260:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
237:
236:Historical era
233:
232:
229:
228:
220:
217:
214:
213:
208:Constantine II
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
143:
139:
138:
102:
98:
97:
94:
86:
85:
67:
60:
59:
56:
55:
51:
50:
47:kartlis samepo
44:áĽáá áááᥠáĄáááá¤á
43:
40:
26:
24:
18:King of Kartli
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2965:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Bolnisi cross
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2386:South Ossetia
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1805:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:Modern period
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:High and Late
1701:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1443:Rayfield 2013
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:Rayfield 2013
1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:Melville 2021
1400:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:Rayfield 2013
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:Rayfield 2013
1364:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:Rayfield 2013
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:Rayfield 2013
1328:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:Rayfield 2013
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:Melville 2021
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1284:, p. 35.
1283:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:In 1747, the
1104:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
991:
988:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
932:
924:
919:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
872:
868:
865:
861:
860:late medieval
852:
841:
837:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
779:
778:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
736:
735:
732:
727:
726:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
672:
671:
668:
663:
662:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:
535:
532:
527:
526:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
467:
464:
459:
458:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:
423:
420:
415:
414:
410:
406:
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:
382:
378:
374:
370:
367:
365:Today part of
363:
347:
345:
342:
341:
338:
332:
329:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
280:
277:
267:
264:
254:
241:
238:
234:
230:
224:
221:
209:
206:
192:
190:
183:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
159:(numismatics)
157:
149:(numismatics)
147:
144:
140:
135:
106:
103:
99:
92:
87:
74:
70:
64:
57:
52:
48:
38:
33:
19:
2798:Saint George
2783:Coat of arms
2749:
2705:Demographics
2692:
2578:Architecture
2544:
2500:Central bank
2432:Human rights
2412:Constitution
2360:
2333:Subdivisions
2320:
2208:
2118:Armenian War
2066:
1785:Georgian SSR
1743:
1567:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1520:
1494:
1488:
1459:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1387:
1375:
1351:
1339:
1310:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1160:
1140:
1128:
1123:
1120:Heraclius II
1118:and his son
1105:
1094:
1078:
1074:King Simon's
1067:
1064:
1053:
1044:
1037:
1022:
1019:
1015:
997:
989:
981:Lower Kartli
974:
960:, Prince of
955:
936:
928:
864:early modern
835:
833:
681:
562:Duchy of Tao
474:Aryan Kartli
313:Succeeded by
312:
307:
69:Coat of arms
46:
2740:Health care
2495:Agriculture
2266:Earthquakes
2003:Seljuk wars
1705:Middle Ages
1650:Middle Ages
1145:(1783) and
1116:Teimuraz II
985:Constantine
939:George VIII
538:Iberian War
531:Middle Ages
308:Preceded by
223:Teimuraz II
129: /
80: 1745
2872:Categories
2810:Saint Nino
2638:Mingrelian
2619:Languages
2454:Parliament
2427:Government
2015:Golden Age
1504:1598849484
1282:Green 2019
1264:References
1163:Qajar Iran
1112:Nader Shah
823:Chronology
381:Azerbaijan
178:Government
162:(chancery)
152:(chancery)
117:44°47â˛33âłE
114:41°43â˛21âłN
75:'s Atlas (
2723:Georgians
2713:Education
2663:Mythology
2540:Transport
2505:Companies
2464:President
2417:Elections
2316:Volcanoes
2256:Black Sea
2234:Geography
2143:Civil War
1958:Arab rule
1922:Roman era
1617:Antiquity
1169:of 1813.
1007:Lechkhumi
999:Alexander
972:in 1466.
851:romanized
788:Etymology
542:Lazic War
168:Religion
73:Vakhushti
54:1478â1762
2852:Category
2778:Borjgali
2733:Diaspora
2678:Religion
2624:Georgian
2615:Gambling
2573:Alphabet
2449:Military
2400:Politics
2381:Abkhazia
2276:Glaciers
2179:Monarchs
2167:By topic
1849:articles
1677:Klarjeti
1602:Georgian
1535:Tbilisi.
1173:See also
1124:de facto
962:Samtskhe
878:province
867:monarchy
858:) was a
840:Georgian
793:Monarchs
393:a series
391:Part of
146:Georgian
2836:Outline
2761:Symbols
2598:Cuisine
2561:Culture
2535:Tourism
2483:Economy
2356:Regions
2351:Tbilisi
2296:Mammals
2261:Climate
2246:Borders
2199:Battles
1907:Colchis
1902:Diauehi
1857:History
1845:Georgia
1790:Georgia
1629:Colchis
1624:Diauehi
1606:history
1513:Sources
1165:by the
1085:Imereti
1076:reign.
1060:David X
941:at the
920:History
898:Kakheti
892:of the
886:Tbilisi
874:Georgia
871:eastern
818:Battles
803:Tbilisi
470:Colchis
446:Diauehi
373:Georgia
369:Armenia
289:Kakheti
211:(first)
182:Kingdom
156:Persian
105:Tbilisi
101:Capital
2857:Portal
2768:Anthem
2683:Sports
2593:Cinema
2588:Chokha
2520:Mining
2510:Energy
2311:Rivers
2184:States
2106:Modern
1941:Middle
1917:Lazica
1897:Mushki
1847:
1675:&
1639:Lazica
1634:Iberia
1502:
1029:Odishi
966:Kartli
947:Bagrat
902:merged
882:Kartli
842::
798:States
502:Lazica
450:Mushki
395:on the
377:Russia
263:Persia
226:(last)
193:
2843:Index
2815:cross
2803:cross
2793:Motto
2745:Women
2668:Names
2658:Music
2653:Media
2610:Dance
2286:Lakes
2251:Birds
1865:Early
1648:Early
1190:Notes
1003:Racha
900:were
2788:Flag
2751:more
2728:List
2694:more
2645:Svan
2603:Wine
2546:more
2437:LGBT
2362:more
2322:more
2210:more
2194:Wars
1500:ISBN
1079:The
1005:and
910:Iran
862:and
834:The
813:Wars
294:1762
255:1478
189:King
2631:Laz
2583:Art
1673:Tao
1149:'s
880:of
869:in
2874::
1471:^
1411:^
1396:^
1360:^
1322:^
1289:^
1272:^
1133:.
1110:,
1103:.
1031:-
848:,
77:c.
1837:e
1830:t
1823:v
1594:e
1587:t
1580:v
853::
838:(
82:)
34:.
20:)
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