528:
Menander's Tyrian king list also described the period from
Ithobaal III through Hiram III. Tyre regained independence with Assyria's demise, although Egypt controlled Tyre during some of the time afterwards. Eventually, Tyre fell under the control of the
50:
I. 116–127. Josephus asserts that
Menander had drawn his list from the chronicles of Tyre itself. Menander-Josephus also contains a list of 9 kings and judges, with reigns dated to 591–532 BC in Against Apion I. 154–160.
592:. According to Josephus, Hiram's reign extended to the fourteenth year of Cyrus', ascension to power in Babylon. Cyrus took control of Babylon on October 29, 539, therefore Hiram III's rule spanned from 551 to 532 BC.
167:
are established in three places by three independent sources: a
Biblical synchronism (Hiram's assistance to Solomon in building the Temple, from 967 BC onwards), an Assyrian record (tribute of
779:
753:
992:
809:
561:
This is the king mentioned in
Ezekiel 28:2 at the time of the fall of Jerusalem. Carthage became independent of Tyre in 574 BC.
849:
951:
187:
flight from her brother
Pygmalion in the latter's seventh year of reign, in 825 BC, 72 years before the founding of Rome).
982:
734:
378:
184:
649:
116:
681:
987:
176:
572:
In the 560s the monarchy was overthrown, and an oligarchic government established, headed by "judges" or
844:
795:
530:
98:
764:
662:
439:
416:
established its control over the area and ruled through vassals who are named in
Assyrian records.
413:
37:
495:
103:
33:
607:
601:
465:
933:
805:
725:
670:
386:
164:
93:
643:
925:
666:
630:
589:
359:
172:
900:
NIV Archaeological Study Bible, An
Illustrated walk through Biblical History and Culture.
578:(cf. Carthage). The monarchy was restored with the ascension of Hiram III to the throne.
32:. The traditional list of 12 kings, with reigns dated to 990–785 BC, is derived from the
698:
674:
588:(Book I, §21), and which last judge (Hiram III) is said to have been contemporary with
149:
21:
976:
801:
714:
703:
584:
163:
The dates for the reconstruction of
Menander's Tyrian king list from Abibaal through
107:
89:
46:
955:
633:. He united Cyprus under his rule and achieved independence from the Persian Empire.
729:
550:
345:
275:
168:
106:(499–449 BC) that Agenor had lived either 1000 or 1600 years prior to his visit to
423:
242:
224:
626:
435:
324:
937:
839:
791:
291:
139:
85:
77:
25:
817:
579:
479:
450:
398:
368:
258:
180:
73:
41:
913:
708:
613:
574:
336:
307:
209:
194:
81:
29:
825:
821:
719:
685:
509:
63:
929:
800:. Translated by de Sélincourt, Aubrey (Reprint ed.). New York:
652:
c.340–332 BC. He was king during the siege by
Alexander the Great.
877:(Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1994) 266.
828:, to the present day is a period of about 1000 years only; ...
673:(Egyptian Greek) rule. Phoenicia came under the rule of the
124:
Son of Agenor. He is the alleged eponym of the
Phoenicians.
862:
Studies in the Chronology of the Divided Monarchy of Israel
159:
Kings of the Sidonians (with Tyre as capital), 990–785 BC
875:
The Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria
711:, for a discussion of the date of Carthage's foundation
665:
conquered Tyre in 332 BC, the city alternated between
728:, for inscriptional evidence regarding Pygmalion and
914:"Tyre in the Early Persian Period (539-486 B.C.E.)"
269:Killed predecessor. First of 4 brothers to reign.
55:Ancient Tyrian rulers based on Hellenic mythology
408:Assyrian ascendancy: 8th and 7th centuries BC
148:Mayor/Ruler of Tyre during the period of the
8:
621:Under control of Cypriot Salamis 411–374 BC
616:c.420–411 BC. He ruled Salamis, in Cyprus.
902:Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2005 p.1350.
459:Also paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III
535:
418:
189:
134:
58:
864:(Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991), p. 31.
746:
717:, a legendary king of Tyre in Vergil's
335:Killed predecessor. Father of Biblical
582:mentions these judges in his treatise
444:Gave tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III.
397:Dido fled from Pygmalion and founded
7:
888:Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III
203:His beginning date is conjectural.
175:in 841 BC), and a Roman historian (
218:Contemporary of David and Solomon
14:
794:(2003) . Marincola, John (ed.).
638:Under Persian control 374–332 BC
596:Under Persian control 539–411 BC
912:Katzenstein, H. Jacob (1979).
152:correspondence (1350–1335 BC)
1:
780:Against Apion Book I. 154–160
754:Against Apion Book I. 116–127
179:, who placed the founding of
657:Under the Greeks and Romans
1009:
918:The Biblical Archaeologist
102:written at the end of the
993:Heads of state of Lebanon
684:(c. 42 BC) was the Roman
88:(c. 484–425 BC), born in
377:Father of Pygmalion and
677:in the 1st century BC.
318:Last of the 4 brothers
816:But from the birth of
131:Late Bronze Age rulers
531:Neo-Babylonian Empire
524:Post-Assyrian period
28:city in what is now
860:William H. Barnes,
766:Jewish Encyclopedia
669:(Syrian Greek) and
663:Alexander the Great
440:Tiglath-Pileser III
434:Name found only on
414:Neo-Assyrian Empire
96:, estimated in the
38:Menander of Ephesus
401:during his reign.
104:Greco-Persian Wars
983:Lists of monarchs
726:Pygmalion of Tyre
565:
564:
521:
520:
405:
404:
171:/Balazeros II to
156:
155:
128:
127:
94:Achaemenid Empire
20:was the ruler of
1000:
967:
966:
964:
963:
954:. Archived from
948:
942:
941:
909:
903:
897:
891:
884:
878:
871:
865:
858:
852:
837:
831:
830:
788:
782:
777:
771:
762:
756:
751:
735:Dido of Carthage
536:
419:
358:Paid tribute to
280:(Dalay-‘Ashtart)
190:
135:
59:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
997:
973:
972:
971:
970:
961:
959:
950:
949:
945:
930:10.2307/3209545
911:
910:
906:
898:
894:
885:
881:
872:
868:
859:
855:
838:
834:
812:
804:. p. 155.
790:
789:
785:
778:
774:
763:
759:
752:
748:
743:
695:
659:
640:
631:Salamis, Cyprus
623:
598:
590:Cyrus the Great
570:
568:Shoftim of Tyre
553:
526:
483:
443:
427:
410:
390:
360:Shalmaneser III
351:Ba‘l-mazzer II)
350:
348:
327:
310:
294:
278:
262:
246:
230:
228:
177:Pompeius Trogus
173:Shalmaneser III
161:
145:c. 1350–1335 BC
133:
69:c. 2050–1450 BC
57:
12:
11:
5:
1006:
1004:
996:
995:
990:
985:
975:
974:
969:
968:
943:
904:
892:
879:
873:Hayim Tadmor,
866:
853:
832:
824:, daughter of
811:978-0140449082
810:
783:
772:
757:
745:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
732:
723:
712:
706:
701:
699:King of Byblos
694:
691:
690:
689:
675:Roman Republic
658:
655:
654:
653:
647:
639:
636:
635:
634:
622:
619:
618:
617:
611:
605:
604:fl. c. 490–480
597:
594:
569:
566:
563:
562:
559:
556:
546:
545:
543:
540:
525:
522:
519:
518:
516:
513:
505:
504:
502:
499:
491:
490:
488:
485:
475:
474:
472:
469:
461:
460:
457:
454:
446:
445:
432:
429:
409:
406:
403:
402:
395:
392:
382:
381:
375:
372:
364:
363:
356:
353:
349:(Balazeros II,
341:
340:
333:
330:
320:
319:
316:
313:
303:
302:
300:
297:
287:
286:
284:
281:
271:
270:
267:
264:
254:
253:
251:
248:
247:(‘Abd-‘Astart)
238:
237:
235:
232:
231:Ba‘l-mazzer I)
220:
219:
216:
213:
205:
204:
201:
198:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:Amarna letters
146:
143:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
120:
112:
111:
70:
67:
56:
53:
24:, the ancient
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1005:
994:
991:
989:
988:Kings of Tyre
986:
984:
981:
980:
978:
958:on 2008-05-09
957:
953:
947:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
905:
901:
896:
893:
889:
883:
880:
876:
870:
867:
863:
857:
854:
851:
847:
846:
841:
836:
833:
829:
827:
823:
820:, the son of
819:
813:
807:
803:
802:Penguin Books
799:
798:
793:
787:
784:
781:
776:
773:
769:
767:
761:
758:
755:
750:
747:
740:
736:
733:
731:
727:
724:
722:
721:
716:
715:Belus of Tyre
713:
710:
707:
705:
704:King of Sidon
702:
700:
697:
696:
692:
687:
683:
680:
679:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
656:
651:
648:
645:
642:
641:
637:
632:
628:
625:
624:
620:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
599:
595:
593:
591:
587:
586:
585:Against Apion
581:
577:
576:
567:
560:
557:
555:
554:(Ethbaal III)
552:
548:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
534:
532:
523:
517:
514:
512:
511:
507:
506:
503:
500:
498:
497:
493:
492:
489:
486:
482:
481:
477:
476:
473:
470:
468:
467:
463:
462:
458:
455:
453:
452:
448:
447:
441:
437:
433:
430:
426:
425:
421:
420:
417:
415:
407:
400:
396:
393:
389:
388:
384:
383:
380:
376:
373:
371:
370:
366:
365:
361:
357:
354:
352:
347:
343:
342:
338:
334:
331:
328:
326:
322:
321:
317:
314:
311:
309:
305:
304:
301:
298:
296:(‘Ashtar-rom)
295:
293:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
277:
273:
272:
268:
265:
261:
260:
256:
255:
252:
249:
245:
244:
240:
239:
236:
233:
229:(Balazeros I,
227:
226:
222:
221:
217:
214:
212:
211:
207:
206:
202:
199:
197:
196:
192:
191:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
158:
151:
147:
144:
142:
141:
137:
136:
130:
123:
121:
119:
118:
114:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:Halicarnassus
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
66:
65:
61:
60:
54:
52:
49:
48:
47:Against Apion
43:
40:as quoted by
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
960:. Retrieved
956:the original
946:
921:
917:
907:
899:
895:
887:
882:
874:
869:
861:
856:
843:
835:
815:
796:
786:
775:
768:: "Phenicia"
765:
760:
749:
730:Baal-Eser II
718:
660:
583:
573:
571:
551:Ithobaal III
549:
527:
508:
494:
478:
464:
449:
422:
411:
385:
367:
346:Baal-Eser II
344:
323:
306:
290:
276:Deleastartus
274:
257:
241:
223:
208:
193:
169:Baal-Eser II
162:
138:
115:
97:
62:
45:
34:lost history
18:King of Tyre
17:
15:
496:Abd Melqart
424:Ithobaal II
329:(Ethbaal I)
243:Abdastartus
225:Baal-Eser I
110:in 450 BC.
82:Doric Greek
977:Categories
962:2013-05-01
741:References
610:fl. c. 450
608:Boulomenus
558:591–573 BC
515:680–660 BC
501:694–680 BC
487:729–694 BC
471:730–729 BC
456:739–730 BC
436:Iran Stele
431:750–739 BC
394:831–785 BC
374:840–832 BC
362:in 841 BC
355:846–841 BC
332:878–847 BC
325:Ithobaal I
299:888–880 BC
283:900–889 BC
266:920–901 BC
263:(‘Ashtart)
250:929–921 BC
234:946–930 BC
215:980–947 BC
200:993–981 BC
92:under the
84:historian
26:Phoenician
952:"Lebanon"
938:0006-0895
924:(1): 25.
845:Histories
840:Herodotus
797:Histories
792:Herodotus
671:Ptolemaic
650:Azemilcus
602:Mattan IV
466:Mattan II
428:(Tuba‘il)
387:Pygmalion
292:Astarymus
165:Pygmalion
140:Abi-Milku
99:Histories
86:Herodotus
886:Tadmor,
818:Dionysus
693:See also
688:of Tyre.
667:Seleucid
646:fl. 340s
627:Evagoras
580:Josephus
480:Elulaios
451:Hiram II
399:Carthage
391:(Pummay)
369:Mattan I
312:(Pilles)
259:Astartus
181:Carthage
74:Poseidon
42:Josephus
850:2.145.1
709:Hiram I
644:Eugoras
614:Abdemon
575:shoftim
542:–592 BC
539:missing
337:Jezebel
308:Phelles
210:Hiram I
195:Abibaal
117:Phoenix
72:Son of
30:Lebanon
936:
848:
826:Cadmus
822:Semele
808:
720:Aeneid
686:tyrant
682:Marion
661:After
510:Baal I
484:(Luli)
315:879 BC
185:Dido's
76:or of
64:Agenor
890:, 69.
78:Belus
934:ISSN
806:ISBN
412:The
379:Dido
108:Tyre
22:Tyre
16:The
926:doi
629:of
438:of
183:or
44:in
36:of
979::
932:.
922:42
920:.
916:.
842:,
814:.
533:.
339:.
80:.
965:.
940:.
928::
770:.
442:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.