65:
683:'s campaigns, although, each time, it was soon withdrawn. In addition to these contacts, Roman armies undertook punitive expeditions north of the frontiers. Northern natives also travelled south of the wall, to trade, to raid and to serve in the Roman army. Roman traders may have travelled north, and Roman subsidies, or bribes, were sent to useful tribes and leaders. The extent to which Roman Britain was romanised is debated, and if there are doubts about the areas under close Roman control, then there must be even more doubts over the degree to which the Damnonii were romanised.
2522:
890:
573:
980:, and the hills and lochs to the north, which separated the lands of the Britons from those of Dál Riata and the Picts, and this land was not worth fighting over. However, the lands to the south and east of this waste were controlled by smaller, nameless British kingdoms. Powerful neighbouring kings, whether in Alt Clut, Dál Riata, Pictland or Bernicia, would have imposed tribute on these petty kings, and wars for the overlordship of this area seem to have been regular events in the 6th to 8th centuries.
211:
762:
64:
589:
1045:
601:
186:
565:
814:, and stated by a 7th-century biographer to have been king of the Height of the Clyde, Dumbarton Rock, placing him in the second half of the 5th century. From Patrick's letter it is clear that Ceretic was a Christian, and it is likely that the ruling class of the area were also Christians, at least in name. His descendant
991:
coast, are reported where
Britons take part. It is usually assumed that these Britons are mercenaries, or exiles dispossessed by some Anglo-Saxon conquest in northern Britain. However, it may be that these represent campaigns by kings of Alt Clut, whose kingdom was certainly part of the region linked
698:
whose origins are not certain. These raids will have also targeted the tribes of southern
Scotland. The supposed final withdrawal of Roman forces around 410 is unlikely to have been of military impact on the Damnonii, although the withdrawal of pay from the residual Wall garrison will have had a very
913:
was at its height. Áedán's byname in later Welsh poetry, Aeddan
Fradawg (Áedán the Treacherous) does not speak to a favourable reputation among the Britons of Alt Clut, and it may be that he seized control of Alt Clut. Áedán's dominance came to an end around 604, when his army, including Irish kings
1023:
who faced a joint effort by Óengus and
Eadberht in 756. The Picts and Northumbrians laid siege to Dumbarton Rock, and extracted a submission from Dumnagual. It is doubtful whether the agreement, whatever it may have been, was kept, for Eadberht's army was all but wiped out—whether by their supposed
1148:
states that in 920 the kings of
Britain, including the king of Strathclyde (who is not named), submitted to Edward. However, historians are sceptical of the claim as Edward's power was confined to southern Britain, and they think it was probably a peace settlement which did not involve submission.
901:
After 600, information on the
Britons of Alt Clut becomes slightly more common in the sources. However, historians have disagreed as to how these should be interpreted. Broadly speaking, they have tended to produce theories which place their subject at the centre of the history of north Britain in
995:
The Annals of Ulster in the early 8th century report two battles between Alt Clut and Dál Riata, at "Lorg Ecclet" (unknown) in 711, and at "the rock called
Minuirc" in 717. Whether their appearance in the record has any significance or whether it is just happenstance is unclear. Later in the 8th
1060:
in 870 to Alt Clut, a siege which lasted some four months and led to the destruction of the citadel and the taking of a very large number of captives. The siege and capture are reported by Welsh and Irish sources, and the Annals of Ulster say that in 871, after overwintering on the Clyde:
1180:
of Gwent, but it could have been both. In 934 Æthelstan invaded
Scotland and laid waste to the country. Owain was an ally of the Scottish king and it is likely that Strathclyde was also ravaged. Owain attested Æthelstan's charters as sub-king in 931 and 935 (charters
768:
The written sources available for the period are largely Irish and Welsh, and very few indeed are contemporary with the period between 400 and 600. Irish sources report events in the kingdom of
Dumbarton only when they have an Irish link. Excepting the 6th-century
1105:, has relatively little support, and the degree of Scots control should not be overstated. This period probably saw a degree of Norse, or Norse-Gael settlement in Strathclyde. A number of place-names, in particular a cluster on the coast facing
1100:
From this time forward, and perhaps from much earlier, the kingdom of
Strathclyde was subject to periodic domination by the kings of Alba. However, the earlier idea, that the heirs to the Scots throne ruled Strathclyde, or Cumbria as an
1138:, Æthelflæd formed an alliance with Strathclyde and Scotland against the Vikings, and in the view of the historian Tim Clarkson Strathclyde seems to have made substantial territorial gains at this time, some at the expense of the
1256:(Macbeth), along with an otherwise unknown "Malcolm son of the king of the Cumbrians", in Strathclyde. The name Malcolm or Máel Coluim again caused confusion, some historians later supposing that this was the later king of Scots
1027:
After this, little is heard of Alt Clut or its kings until the 9th century. The "burning", the usual term for capture, of Alt Clut is reported in 780, although by whom and in what circumstances is not known. Thereafter
856:
The Christianisation of southern Scotland, if Patrick's letter to Coroticus was indeed to a king in Strathclyde, had therefore made considerable progress when the first historical sources appear. Further south, at
1308:
By the 1070s, if not earlier in the reign of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, it appears that the Scots again controlled Strathclyde. It is certain that Strathclyde did indeed become an appanage, for it was granted by
1243:
Some time after 1018 and before 1054, the kingdom of Strathclyde appears to have been conquered by the Scots, most probably during the reign of Máel Coluim mac Cináeda who died in 1034. In 1054, the English king
791:, thought to have been composed in Scotland in the 6th century—Welsh sources generally date from a much later period. Some are informed by the political attitudes prevalent in Wales in the 9th century and after.
2913:
2918:
2105:
902:
the Early Historic period. The result is a series of narratives which cannot be reconciled. More recent historiography may have gone some way to addressing this problem.
1196:
became king of Strathclyde. It is likely that whereas Scotland allied with England, Strathclyde held to its alliance with the Vikings. In 945, Æthelstan's half-brother
726:
may have represented another boundary. To the south, the kingdom extended some distance up the strath of the Clyde, and along the coast probably extended south towards
1228:
in 971, said to be in revenge for the rape or abduction of his daughter, shows otherwise. A major source for confusion comes from the name of Rhydderch's successor,
663:
for most of its history, the extent of Roman influence north of the Wall is obscure. Certainly, Roman forts existed north of the wall, and forts as far north as
861:, a Christian inscription is known from the second half of the 5th century, perhaps commemorating a new church. How this came about is unknown. Unlike Columba,
612: – a sailors' chart, not an ethnographical survey – lists a number of tribes, or groups of tribes, in southern Scotland at around the time of the
2622:
2471:
2928:
2893:
2647:
1185:
413, 434 and 1792), but in 937 he joined Constantine and the Vikings in invading England. The result was an overwhelming victory for the English at the
652:, appear in later Roman records. The capital of the Damnonii is believed to have been at Carman, near Dumbarton, but around five miles inland from the
987:
contain entries which may be related to Alt Clut. In the last quarter of the 7th century, a number of battles in Ireland, largely in areas along the
2664:
2632:
881:
is late and of doubtful authenticity though Jackson believed that Jocelyn's version might have been based on an earlier Cumbric-language original.
702:
No historical source gives any firm information on the boundaries of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, but suggestions have been offered on the basis of
667:
may have been in long-term occupation. Moreover, the formal frontier was three times moved further north. Twice it was advanced to the line of the
2097:
2684:
2642:
2735:
1942:
1923:
1859:
1837:
1801:
1752:
1733:
85:), the probable northern extent of the kingdom at an early time. Other areas were added to or subtracted from the kingdom at different times.
992:
by the Irish Sea. All of Alt Clut's neighbours, Northumbria, Pictland and Dál Riata, are known to have sent armies to Ireland on occasions.
2908:
2200:
1000:
made at least three campaigns against Alt Clut, none successful. In 744 the Picts acted alone, and in 750 Óengus may have cooperated with
2750:
2699:
2745:
1240:
who is thought to have died at the battle of Carham in 1018. It seems likely that Owen had a successor, although his name is unknown.
1208:
in return for a pledge to defend it on land and on sea, but Dyfnwal soon recovered his kingdom. He died on pilgrimage to Rome in 975.
1204:, Edmund had two sons of Dyfnwal blinded, perhaps to deprive their father of throneworthy heirs. Edmund then gave the kingdom to King
2694:
2652:
2501:
2081:
2066:
2042:
2028:
1887:
1819:
1810:
Koch, John, "The Place of 'Y Gododdin' in the History of Scotland" in Ronald Black, William Gillies and Roibeard Ó Maolalaigh (eds)
1784:
1770:
1718:
1704:
1444:
1271:
in the late ninth. In the early tenth century it became part of Strathclyde; it remained part of Strathclyde until about 1050, when
925:
and Bernician and Northumbrian kings after them expanded into southern Scotland. Such evidence as there is, such as the conquest of
739:
2933:
2511:
2506:
559:
2923:
2669:
2637:
2464:
1543:
1501:. At present, the division appears to be between Scots, Irish and "north British" scholars and Anglo-Saxonists. Leslie Alcock,
1229:
2102:
2659:
1314:
1260:(Máel Coluim Cenn Mór). It is not known if Malcolm/Máel Coluim ever became "king of the Cumbrians", or, if so, for how long.
953:, son of Æthelfrith, but the Annals mention neither capture, nor Northumbrians, so this is rather a tenuous identification.
2849:
2740:
1134:
937:, would argue for a more southerly focus of Northumbrian activity in the first half of the 7th century. The report in the
976:
is presumed to be related—which is thought to have meant the very extensive marshes and bogs between Loch Lomond and the
2835:
2725:
2704:
1330:
1150:
846:
718:, the Rock of the Britains, which is thought to have gained its name as a marker at the northern limit of Alt Clut. The
31:
2480:
2147:
1272:
1200:, who had succeeded to the English throne in 939, ravaged Strathclyde. According to the thirteenth-century chronicler
414:
319:
1743:
Davidson, Michael (2001). "The (Non) Submission of the Northern Kings in 920". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.).
1082:
1073:
with two hundred ships, bringing away with them in captivity to Ireland a great prey of Angles and Britons and Picts.
2938:
2709:
2689:
2674:
2521:
2457:
2322:
1515:
1232:, now thought to be a son of the Dyfnwal ab Owain who died in Rome, but long confused with the later king of Scots
1177:
1173:
1154:
906:
830:
2819:
2556:
1020:
983:
There are few definite reports of Alt Clut in the remainder of the 7th century, although it is possible that the
686:
The final period of Roman Britain saw an apparent increase in attacks by land and sea, the raiders including the
2903:
2627:
2193:
1182:
889:
997:
572:
2804:
2757:
1653:
1310:
1257:
1001:
369:
2814:
1264:
1233:
680:
1216:
If the kings of Alba imagined, as John of Fordun did, that they were rulers of Strathclyde, the death of
1004:
in a campaign in which Talorgan, brother of Óengus, was killed in a heavy Pictish defeat at the hands of
2788:
2679:
2596:
2161:
2142:
1648:
1249:
1205:
1144:
950:
525:
238:
2898:
2809:
2581:
1245:
1225:
1186:
1005:
957:
922:
2888:
2730:
2601:
2383:
2186:
2130:
1335:
1318:
1302:
1253:
1116:
In the late ninth century the Vikings almost conquered England, apart from the southern kingdom of
1110:
1090:
915:
798:
Two kings are known from near contemporary sources in this early period. The first is Coroticus or
795:, whose prejudice is apparent, rarely mentions Britons, and then usually in uncomplimentary terms.
452:
349:
339:
204:
149:
1153:
is thought to have been king in the early tenth century, and he was probably succeeded by his son
2541:
2423:
2134:
2047:
2008:
1812:
Celtic Connections. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Celtic Studies, Volume One.
1775:
Hanson, W.S., "Northern England and southern Scotland: Roman Occupation" in Michael Lynch (ed.),
1568:
1560:
1081:, called "king of the Britons of Strathclyde", was killed in Dublin in 872 at the instigation of
1078:
1057:
1033:
961:
874:
715:
664:
489:
477:
444:
422:
2773:
2591:
2586:
2496:
2413:
2378:
2327:
2077:
2062:
2038:
2024:
1938:
1919:
1883:
1855:
1833:
1815:
1797:
1780:
1766:
1748:
1729:
1714:
1700:
1440:
1278:
1217:
1201:
750:
672:
660:
481:
469:
299:
289:
279:
191:
2778:
2571:
2126:
2000:
1975:
1902:
1657:
1552:
1193:
1121:
1053:
972:. The site of this battle lies in the area known in later Welsh sources as Bannawg—the name
938:
761:
633:
508:
440:
1176:
of Scotland. Sources differ on whether the meeting was attended by Owain of Strathclyde or
520:
2536:
2408:
2271:
2240:
2169:
2109:
1825:
1497:
represents a work where the Britons are given prominence, but others have concentrated on
1471:
established by David I in 1128 may have corresponded with the late kingdom of Strathclyde.
1298:
1094:
1086:
968:, grandson of Áedán, at Strathcarron, and this victory is also recorded in an addition to
799:
448:
359:
1125:
2551:
2418:
2332:
2291:
1796:. Cambridge, UK: Dept. of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, University of Cambridge, UK.
1422:
1418:
866:
815:
803:
588:
577:
465:
410:
400:
390:
269:
259:
1988:
1967:
1538:
2882:
2403:
2358:
2012:
1893:
Broun, D. (2004). "The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde c. 900–c. 1200".
1875:
1847:
1572:
1290:
1286:
1237:
1169:
965:
811:
719:
668:
617:
427:
248:
1527:
The Northumbrians in 684, the Picts in the 730s and the Dál Riata on many occasions.
515:. Its inhabitants were referred to as Cumbrians. There was some later settlement by
2398:
2393:
2153:
1106:
984:
893:
Possible language zones in southern Scotland, 7th–8th centuries (after Nicolaisen,
625:
613:
539:
497:
436:
309:
2561:
1498:
1161:
1044:
910:
834:
600:
17:
546:. Owing to the series of language changes in the area, it is unclear whether any
431:(“the Old North"). At its greatest extent in the 10th century, it stretched from
2373:
2337:
2276:
1400:
For a brief survey of Rome and southern Scotland see Hanson, "Roman occupation".
1165:
977:
973:
862:
711:
653:
593:
543:
535:
432:
386:
126:
74:
2783:
2449:
2388:
2209:
1953:
1906:
1294:
1139:
819:
787:
756:
707:
329:
2864:
2851:
1564:
949:), has been taken to represent the capture of Eidyn by the Northumbrian king
873:), the supposed apostle to the Britons of the Clyde, is a shadowy figure and
2281:
1093:, the result of this marriage, may have been king of Strathclyde, or of the
1009:
988:
946:
695:
676:
512:
185:
94:
1505:, could be taken as representing a "north British (and Irish)" perspective.
1305:. The castle was rebuilt in stone in 1112, with a keep and the city walls.
1979:
604:
Clach nam Breatann, Glen Falloch, perhaps the northern edge of Strathclyde
77:. The major sites associated with the kingdom are shown, as is the marker
2576:
2546:
2428:
2363:
2317:
2312:
2250:
2228:
2059:
Angels, Fools and Tyrants: Britons and Anglo-Saxons in Southern Scotland.
1955:
In Search of the Northern Britons in the Early Historic Era (AD 400–1100)
1697:
Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850.
1414:
1282:
1197:
1102:
1029:
1012:. Eadberht is said to have taken the plain of Kyle in 750, around modern
858:
850:
778:
770:
723:
703:
649:
641:
637:
629:
621:
580:, the chief fort of Strathclyde from the 6th century to 870. The fort of
531:
473:
464:; the Brittonic name of its capital, and it controlled the region around
418:
229:
1791:
956:
In 642, the Annals of Ulster report that the Britons of Alt Clut led by
921:
It is supposed, on rather weak evidence, that Æthelfrith, his successor
564:
2566:
2438:
2368:
2353:
2004:
1556:
1468:
1410:
1221:
1024:
allies or by recent enemies is unclear—on its way back to Northumbria.
825:
782:
645:
516:
108:
760:
568:
Map of Great Britain in 802, with Strathclyde straddling the Irish sea
488:
and the kingdom became known as Strathclyde. It expanded south to the
2296:
2255:
1268:
1129:
1117:
1066:
934:
842:
774:
493:
382:
70:
1459:
Alcock & Alcock, "Excavations at Alt Clut"; Koch, "The Place of
1149:
The names of Strathclyde's rulers in this period are uncertain, but
845:, to whom he is linked by various traditions and tales, and also of
2072:
Woolf, Alex (2001). "Britons and Angles". In Lynch, Michael (ed.).
941:
for 638, "the battle of Glenn Muiresan and the besieging of Eten" (
2433:
2286:
2245:
2234:
1032:
was burned by the men of Alt Clut in 849, perhaps in the reign of
942:
930:
926:
888:
838:
691:
687:
671:, at about the time when Hadrian's Wall was built and again under
620:
in the 1st century AD. As well as the Damnonii, Ptolemy lists the
599:
587:
571:
563:
547:
485:
98:
2118:
1763:
The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence.
1070:
792:
2453:
2182:
2113:
1172:
on 27 July several kings accepted his overlordship, including
1013:
909:
may have been the most powerful king in northern Britain, and
727:
2178:
1882:
Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, (corrected edn) 1989.
1267:
in the seventh century, but Northumbria was destroyed by the
1113:
graves at Govan, are some of the remains of these newcomers.
1793:
An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters, c.670–1066
1682:
Charles-Edards, pp. 12, 575; Clarkson, pp. 12, 63–66, 154–58
1048:
Kingdom of Strathclyde at its largest extent, circa 940 A.D.
1413:
is the most favoured location, and an association with the
1301:
began in 1093 on the site of the Roman fort, south of the
1409:
The home of the Attacotti has been variously identified.
1289:. This changed in 1092, when William the Conqueror's son
914:
and Bernician exiles, was defeated by Æthelfrith at the
1518:
associate Domnall Brecc of Dál Riata with these events.
1128:, Lady of the Mercians, recovered England south of the
1968:"The Emergence and Transformation of Medieval Cumbria"
1935:
The Men of the North: The Britons of Southern Scotland
1019:
Teudebur died around 752, and it was probably his son
2914:
States and territories established in the 5th century
2122:
1747:. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp. 200–11.
1699:
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Edinburgh, 2003.
1387:
The description is Ó Corráin's, in R. Foster (ed.),
1052:
An army, led by the Viking chiefs known in Irish as
714:, which can be reached by boat from the Clyde, lies
659:
Although the northern frontier of Roman Britain was
2828:
2797:
2766:
2718:
2615:
2529:
2489:
2346:
2305:
2264:
2216:
530:, although to a lesser degree than in neighbouring
451:in the 11th century, becoming part of the emerging
225:
146:
136:
122:
114:
104:
90:
41:
2919:States and territories disestablished in the 1090s
2146:, manuscripts D and E, various editions including
2054:, vol. 29 (1955), pp. 77–88. ISSN 0003-598X .
1726:Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age
1263:The Keswick area was conquered by the Anglo-Saxon
2021:Picts, Gaels, and Scots: Early Historic Scotland.
1192:Following the battle of Brunanburh, Owain's son
1168:, and thus became the first king of England. At
443:. Strathclyde seems to have been annexed by the
1417:is plausible. A few authors have suggested the
1285:by 1066, and thus was not recorded in the 1086
1236:. Máel Coluim appears to have been followed by
1063:
550:settlement took place before the 11th century.
458:In its early days it was called the kingdom of
1961:. Culture and Sport Glasgow (Glasgow Museums).
417:. It comprised parts of what is now southern
2465:
2194:
1989:"The expansion of the kingdom of Strathclyde"
1765:Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002.
1713:Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
1652:when Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, Mac Bethad and
1539:"The Expansion of the Kingdom of Strathclyde"
8:
2103:The Rolls edition of the Brut y Tywyssogion
810:), known as the recipient of a letter from
484:in 870, the capital seems to have moved to
425:, a region the Welsh tribes referred to as
27:Brittonic kingdom in early medieval Britain
2472:
2458:
2450:
2201:
2187:
2179:
1830:Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000
1484:, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press
996:century, it appears that the Pictish king
63:
38:
1854:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1777:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History.
1089:, who was married to Causantín's sister.
964:defeated the men of Dál Riata and killed
592:Dumbarton seen across the estuary of the
2074:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
2050:, "The Britons in southern Scotland" in
1621:
1601:
1589:
1585:
1065:Amlaíb and Ímar returned to Áth Cliath (
1043:
722:and the marshes between Loch Lomond and
507:The language of Strathclyde is known as
472:period and may have been founded by the
468:. This kingdom emerged during Britain's
2076:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
2035:The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100.
1937:. Edinburgh: John Donald, Birlinn Ltd.
1880:Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306.
1728:. Edinburgh: John Donald, Birlinn Ltd.
1646:No King of Strathclyde is named by the
1617:
1347:
413:kingdom in northern Britain during the
1605:
1467:, p. 44, supposes that the diocese of
1355:
1353:
1351:
1120:, but in the 910s the West Saxon king
1482:Language and History in Early Britain
1362:The Celts: History, Life, and Culture
905:At the beginning of the 7th century,
675:, and once further north, beyond the
624:, whose capital appears to have been
145:
135:
131:
7:
1293:invaded the region and incorporated
644:. In addition, a group known as the
538:place-names show some settlement by
1918:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2098:The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
1297:into England. The construction of
1275:, conquered that part of Cumbria.
829:. Rhydderch was a contemporary of
616:invasion and the establishment of
25:
2929:1090s disestablishments in Europe
2894:Scotland in the Early Middle Ages
2023:Batsford, London, 2nd edn, 2004.
740:Scotland in the Early Middle Ages
2520:
2164:and James Aikman's translation (
2119:CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts
1376:Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons
560:Scotland during the Roman Empire
209:
184:
1966:Edmonds, Fiona (October 2014).
1914:Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2013).
1364:. Bloomsbury. pp. 808–809.
511:, which was closely related to
69:The core of Strathclyde is the
1972:The Scottish Historical Review
1916:Wales and the Britons 350–1064
1315:David, Prince of the Cumbrians
699:considerable economic effect.
648:, probably in the area around
1:
2265:Minor kingdoms and subregions
1814:Tuckwell, East Linton, 1999.
1669:For this episode see Duncan,
1389:The Oxford History of Ireland
1135:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
1085:. He was followed by his son
777:and the poetry attributed to
584:was on the right-hand summit.
500:called this enlarged kingdom
148:• Incorporated into the
2836:History of the British Isles
2061:Canongate, Edinburgh, 1999.
1331:List of Kings of Strathclyde
1252:against the Scots, ruled by
1109:, and monuments such as the
1016:, presumably from Alt Clut.
32:Strathclyde (disambiguation)
2909:Former monarchies of Europe
2482:Scotland in the Middle Ages
2114:Stanford University Library
1974:. XCIII, 2 (237): 195–216.
1273:Siward, Earl of Northumbria
1008:, perhaps at Mugdock, near
897:and Taylor, "Place Names").
523:
492:, into the former lands of
2955:
1952:Driscoll, Stephen (2013).
1516:Annals of the Four Masters
754:
748:
737:
557:
29:
2518:
2174:Rerum Scoticarum Historia
1907:10.3366/inr.2004.55.2.111
1779:Oxford UP, Oxford, 2001.
1604:, pp. 76–77, 80–84;
1258:Máel Coluim mac Donnchada
163:
159:
132:
82:
62:
57:
1745:Edward the Elder 899–924
1254:Mac Bethad mac Findláich
710:. Near the north end of
2934:5th century in Scotland
2166:The History of Scotland
2150:version by Tony Jebson.
2123:University College Cork
1987:Edmonds, Fiona (2015).
1654:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill
1439:. Penguin. p. 63.
1435:Davies, Norman (2011).
1234:Máel Coluim mac Cináeda
1164:conquered Viking-ruled
1002:Eadberht of Northumbria
885:The Kingdom of Alt Clut
2924:1093 disestablishments
2158:Chronicon ex chronicis
2037:Sutton, Stroud, 1993.
1933:Clarkson, Tim (2010).
1790:Keynes, Simon (2002).
1724:Clarkson, Tim (2014).
1265:Kingdom of Northumbria
1212:The end of Strathclyde
1075:
1049:
898:
870:
807:
765:
605:
597:
585:
569:
480:by a Viking army from
404:
394:
43:Kingdom of Strathclyde
2789:Scandinavian Scotland
2774:Lordship of the Isles
2162:Florence of Worcester
2143:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1993:Early Medieval Europe
1980:10.3366/shr.2014.0216
1671:Kingship of the Scots
1649:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1635:Kingship of the Scots
1544:Early Medieval Europe
1495:Warlords and Holy Men
1480:Jackson, K.H. (1956)
1360:Koch, John T (2012).
1250:Siward of Northumbria
1206:Malcolm I of Scotland
1145:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1083:Causantín mac Cináeda
1047:
892:
764:
636:and, further west in
628:; to their west, the
603:
591:
575:
567:
526:Scandinavian Scotland
239:Dumfries and Galloway
105:Common languages
2741:Wars of Independence
2108:18 July 2011 at the
1624:, pp. 109, 125.
1246:Edward the Confessor
1226:Rhydderch ap Dyfnwal
1187:Battle of Brunanburh
1160:In 927 Edward's son
1006:Teudebur of Alt Clut
929:, the wars in north
895:Scottish Place-Names
534:. A small number of
30:For other uses, see
2861: /
2731:Davidian Revolution
2384:Gwallog ap Llaennog
2131:Annals of Tigernach
2048:Jackson, Kenneth H.
1852:Anglo-Saxon England
1537:Edmonds, F (2015).
1336:King of the Britons
1132:. According to the
916:Battle of Degsastan
694:and the mysterious
496:. The neighbouring
453:Kingdom of Scotland
350:West Dunbartonshire
340:East Dunbartonshire
205:Kingdom of Scotland
150:Kingdom of Scotland
138:• Established
83:Rock of the Britons
58:5th century–c. 1030
47:Teyrnas Ystrad Clud
2135:Chronicon Scotorum
2019:Foster, Sally M.,
2005:10.1111/emed.12087
1711:Medieval Scotland.
1592:, pp. 200–09.
1588:, pp. 59–62;
1557:10.1111/emed.12087
1503:Kings and Warriors
1079:Arthgal ap Dyfnwal
1050:
899:
875:Jocelyn of Furness
766:
716:Clach nam Breatann
606:
598:
586:
570:
490:Cumbrian Mountains
476:people. After the
423:North West England
79:Clach nam Breatann
18:Kingdom of Cumbria
2939:1090s in Scotland
2844:
2843:
2502:Early Middle Ages
2447:
2446:
2439:Gwrgi and Peredur
2379:Elffin ap Gwyddno
1944:978-1-906566-18-0
1925:978-0-19-821731-2
1861:978-0-19-280139-5
1839:978-0-7131-6305-6
1832:. Edward Arnold.
1803:978-0-9532697-6-1
1754:978-0-415-21497-1
1735:978-1-906566-78-4
1709:Barrell, A.D.M.,
1465:Medieval Scotland
1437:Vanished Kingdoms
1218:Cuilén mac Iduilb
1202:Roger of Wendover
907:Áedán mac Gabráin
871:Cyndeyrn Garthwys
831:Áedán mac Gabráin
751:Sub-Roman Britain
673:Septimius Severus
576:Looking north at
478:sack of Dumbarton
376:
375:
300:East Renfrewshire
290:North Lanarkshire
280:South Lanarkshire
221:
220:
217:
216:
197:
196:
192:Sub-Roman Britain
16:(Redirected from
2946:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2829:Related articles
2726:Christianisation
2524:
2512:Late Middle Ages
2507:High Middle Ages
2483:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2451:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2127:Annals of Ulster
2087:
2016:
1983:
1962:
1960:
1948:
1929:
1910:
1865:
1843:
1807:
1761:Duncan, A.A.M.,
1758:
1739:
1695:Alcock, Leslie,
1683:
1680:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1644:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1615:
1609:
1599:
1593:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1432:
1426:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1248:dispatched Earl
1224:at the hands of
1220:and his brother
1194:Dyfnwal ab Owain
1122:Edward the Elder
939:Annals of Ulster
877:'s 12th century
634:Southern Uplands
529:
372:
362:
352:
342:
332:
322:
312:
302:
292:
282:
272:
262:
251:
241:
213:
212:
201:
200:
188:
181:
180:
165:
164:
84:
67:
39:
21:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2904:Former kingdoms
2879:
2878:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2824:
2793:
2762:
2714:
2611:
2525:
2516:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2448:
2443:
2409:Owain mab Urien
2374:Saint Kentigern
2342:
2301:
2260:
2212:
2207:
2170:George Buchanan
2110:Wayback Machine
2094:
2084:
2071:
1986:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1932:
1926:
1913:
1892:
1872:
1870:Further reading
1862:
1846:
1840:
1826:Smyth, Alfred P
1824:
1804:
1789:
1755:
1742:
1736:
1723:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1664:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1628:
1620:, p. 359;
1616:
1612:
1600:
1596:
1584:
1580:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1344:
1327:
1313:to his brother
1299:Carlisle Castle
1214:
1124:and his sister
1095:kingdom of Alba
1087:Run of Alt Clut
1056:and Ímar, laid
1042:
887:
800:Ceretic Guletic
785:—in particular
759:
753:
747:
742:
736:
562:
556:
449:Kingdom of Alba
364:
363:
360:Argyll and Bute
354:
353:
344:
343:
334:
333:
324:
323:
314:
313:
304:
303:
294:
293:
284:
283:
274:
273:
264:
263:
254:
253:
252:
243:
242:
233:
232:
210:
152:
139:
86:
53:
49:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2952:
2950:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2880:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:Rhydderch Hael
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2333:Dumbarton Rock
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2292:Manaw Gododdin
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2217:Major kingdoms
2214:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2160:attributed to
2151:
2138:
2125:including the
2116:
2100:
2093:
2092:External links
2090:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2069:
2055:
2045:
2033:Higham, N.J.,
2031:
2017:
1984:
1963:
1949:
1943:
1930:
1924:
1911:
1901:(55): 111–80.
1890:
1876:Barrow, G.W.S.
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1848:Stenton, Frank
1844:
1838:
1822:
1808:
1802:
1787:
1773:
1759:
1753:
1740:
1734:
1721:
1707:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1675:
1662:
1639:
1626:
1610:
1608:, Table XXXVI.
1594:
1578:
1529:
1520:
1507:
1486:
1473:
1452:
1445:
1427:
1423:Northern Isles
1419:Outer Hebrides
1402:
1393:
1380:
1367:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1213:
1210:
1178:Owain ap Hywel
1041:
1040:The Viking Age
1038:
886:
883:
824:Life of Saint
816:Rhydderch Hael
749:Main article:
746:
743:
738:Main article:
735:
732:
661:Hadrian's Wall
578:Dumbarton Rock
558:Main article:
555:
552:
466:Dumbarton Rock
374:
373:
270:South Ayrshire
260:North Ayrshire
227:
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
207:
198:
195:
194:
189:
177:
176:
171:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
124:
123:Historical era
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
92:
88:
87:
68:
60:
59:
55:
54:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2951:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2820:Privy Council
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:The Old North
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Myrddin Wyllt
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Clydno Eiddin
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Coed Celyddon
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:includes the
2155:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2083:9780199234820
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2067:0-86241-875-5
2064:
2060:
2057:Lowe, Chris,
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:0-86299-730-5
2040:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2029:0-7134-8874-3
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1888:0-7486-0104-X
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1820:1-898410-77-1
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1785:0-19-211696-7
1782:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1771:0-7486-1626-8
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1719:0-521-58602-X
1716:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1705:0-903903-24-5
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:Clarkson 2014
1619:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:Clarkson 2014
1598:
1595:
1591:
1590:Davidson 2001
1587:
1586:Clarkson 2014
1582:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1446:9781846143380
1442:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:William Rufus
1288:
1287:Domesday Book
1284:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1238:Owen the Bald
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:Eamont Bridge
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1142:Vikings. The
1141:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
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1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
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1054:Amlaíb Conung
1046:
1039:
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1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
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966:Domnall Brecc
963:
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948:
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936:
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836:
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828:
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821:
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813:
812:Saint Patrick
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
763:
758:
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745:The Old North
744:
741:
733:
731:
729:
725:
721:
720:Campsie Fells
717:
713:
709:
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669:Antonine Wall
666:
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623:
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618:Roman Britain
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226:Today part of
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48:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2846:
2798:Institutions
2623:Architecture
2606:
2530:Early Realms
2399:Morcant Bulc
2394:Llywarch Hen
2338:Ynys Metcaud
2306:Other places
2223:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2154:Google Books
2141:
2073:
2058:
2051:
2034:
2020:
1996:
1992:
1971:
1954:
1934:
1915:
1898:
1895:Innes Review
1894:
1879:
1851:
1829:
1811:
1792:
1776:
1762:
1744:
1725:
1710:
1696:
1678:
1673:, pp. 40–41.
1670:
1665:
1647:
1642:
1637:, pp. 23–24.
1634:
1629:
1618:Stenton 1971
1613:
1597:
1581:
1548:
1542:
1532:
1523:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1476:
1464:
1463:". Barrell,
1460:
1455:
1436:
1430:
1405:
1396:
1391:, p. 4.
1388:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1307:
1281:was part of
1277:
1262:
1242:
1215:
1191:
1159:
1157:before 920.
1143:
1133:
1115:
1107:the Cumbraes
1099:
1076:
1064:
1051:
1026:
1018:
994:
985:Irish annals
982:
969:
955:
920:
904:
900:
894:
878:
855:
823:
818:is named in
797:
786:
767:
701:
685:
658:
626:Traprain Law
609:
607:
596:at low tide.
581:
540:Anglo-Saxons
506:
501:
498:Anglo-Saxons
460:
459:
457:
437:River Eamont
426:
405:
395:
383:broad valley
378:
377:
366:
356:
346:
336:
326:
320:Glasgow City
316:
310:Renfrewshire
306:
296:
286:
276:
266:
256:
245:
235:
174:Succeeded by
173:
168:
78:
50:
46:
36:
2899:River Clyde
2868: /
2758:Renaissance
2736:Great Cause
2648:Agriculture
2607:Strathclyde
2277:Calchfynydd
1606:Keynes 2002
1321:, in 1107.
1311:Alexander I
1230:Máel Coluim
1174:Constantine
1166:Northumbria
978:river Forth
974:Bannockburn
712:Loch Lomond
704:place-names
654:River Clyde
594:River Clyde
544:Northumbria
521:Norse–Gaels
433:Loch Lomond
415:Middle Ages
396:Ystrad Clud
379:Strathclyde
169:Preceded by
142:5th century
127:Middle Ages
75:River Clyde
2889:Hen Ogledd
2883:Categories
2815:Parliament
2685:Literature
2670:Government
2638:Demography
2389:Gwenddolau
2237:(possible)
2231:(possible)
2210:Hen Ogledd
1461:Y Gododdin
1374:Clarkson,
1303:River Eden
1295:Cumberland
970:Y Gododdin
847:Æthelfrith
788:y Gododdin
757:Hen Ogledd
755:See also:
708:topography
610:Geographia
608:Ptolemy's
502:Cumbraland
470:post-Roman
447:-speaking
330:Inverclyde
115:Government
81:(English:
2665:Geography
2660:Education
2633:Childhood
2562:Dál Riata
2497:Sub-Roman
2424:Talhaearn
2313:Arfderydd
2282:Dunutinga
2112:(pdf) at
2052:Antiquity
2013:162103346
1999:: 43–66.
1656:met with
1573:162103346
1565:1468-0254
1551:(1): 60.
1499:Dál Riata
1162:Æthelstan
1126:Æthelflæd
1021:Dumnagual
1010:Milngavie
989:Irish Sea
947:Edinburgh
933:and with
911:Dál Riata
863:Kentigern
835:Dál Riata
696:Attacotti
679:, during
677:river Tay
513:Old Welsh
411:Brittonic
95:Dumbarton
2865:56°N 4°W
2695:Religion
2680:Language
2675:Identity
2602:Scotland
2577:Gododdin
2572:Galloway
2547:Bernicia
2542:Bamburgh
2429:Taliesin
2364:Coel Hen
2323:Catraeth
2318:Carlisle
2251:Gododdin
2229:Bryneich
2224:Alt Clut
2133:and the
2106:Archived
1850:(1971).
1828:(1984).
1660:in 1031.
1633:Duncan,
1325:See also
1317:, later
1283:Scotland
1279:Carlisle
1103:appanage
1030:Dunblane
945:, later
859:Whithorn
851:Bernicia
779:Taliesin
771:jeremiad
724:Stirling
681:Agricola
650:Stirling
642:Novantae
638:Galloway
630:Selgovae
582:Alt Clut
532:Galloway
474:Damnonii
461:Alt Clud
419:Scotland
409:) was a
370:Stirling
230:Scotland
118:Monarchy
2779:Marches
2705:Warfare
2700:Society
2643:Economy
2567:Fortriu
2369:Cunedda
2354:Aneirin
1690:Sources
1493:Smyth,
1469:Glasgow
1421:or the
1411:Ireland
1378:, p. 27
1319:David I
1269:Vikings
1222:Eochaid
1151:Dyfnwal
1111:hogback
1091:Eochaid
1069:) from
960:son of
826:Columba
820:Adomnán
808:Ceredig
783:Aneirin
734:History
665:Cramond
646:Maeatae
632:in the
622:Otalini
554:Origins
536:Anglian
517:Vikings
509:Cumbric
441:Penrith
435:to the
406:Cumbria
385:of the
381:(lit. "
155:c. 1030
109:Cumbric
91:Capital
73:of the
51:Cumbria
2870:56; -4
2767:Places
2751:Second
2719:Events
2616:Topics
2597:Rhinns
2592:Orkney
2347:People
2297:Novant
2256:Rheged
2241:Ebrauc
2148:an XML
2129:, the
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2041:
2027:
2011:
1941:
1922:
1886:
1858:
1836:
1818:
1800:
1783:
1769:
1751:
1732:
1717:
1703:
1658:Canute
1571:
1563:
1443:
1198:Edmund
1130:Humber
1118:Wessex
1067:Dublin
1034:Artgal
998:Óengus
958:Eugein
951:Oswald
935:Mercia
843:Rheged
775:Gildas
692:Scotti
640:, the
548:Gaelic
494:Rheged
482:Dublin
445:Gaelic
365:
355:
345:
335:
325:
315:
305:
295:
285:
275:
265:
255:
244:
234:
71:strath
2805:Court
2746:First
2710:Women
2690:Music
2653:Trade
2587:Moray
2582:Isles
2434:Urien
2287:Eidyn
2272:Aeron
2246:Elmet
2235:Deifr
2168:) of
2009:S2CID
1959:(PDF)
1569:S2CID
1561:eISSN
1415:Déisi
1342:Notes
1155:Owain
1140:Norse
1077:King
1058:siege
943:Eidyn
931:Wales
927:Elmet
923:Edwin
867:Welsh
839:Urien
804:Welsh
688:Picts
614:Roman
542:from
524:(see
486:Govan
401:Latin
391:Welsh
387:Clyde
99:Govan
2853:56°N
2537:Alba
2490:Eras
2414:Pabo
2140:The
2078:ISBN
2063:ISBN
2039:ISBN
2025:ISBN
1939:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1767:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1514:The
1441:ISBN
1071:Alba
962:Beli
879:Life
837:and
793:Bede
781:and
706:and
421:and
97:and
2856:4°W
2810:Law
2628:Art
2552:Cat
2172:'s
2121:at
2001:doi
1976:doi
1903:doi
1553:doi
1014:Ayr
849:of
841:of
833:of
822:'s
773:by
728:Ayr
519:or
439:at
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2557:Cé
2007:.
1997:23
1995:.
1991:.
1970:.
1899:55
1897:.
1878:,
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1541:.
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918:.
869::
853:.
806::
730:.
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399:,
393::
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2003::
1982:.
1978::
1947:.
1928:.
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1905::
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1555::
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