Bagratid Armenia - Knowledge (XXG)

1685: 1624:'s numerous victories against the Arabs and internal Arab struggles helped clear a path towards the Caucasus. Constantinople's official policy was that no Christian ruler is equal to or independent of the Byzantine emperor, and even if it was at time masked with diplomatic compromises, the empire's ultimate goal was the complete annexation of the Armenian realms. By the middle of the 10th century, the Byzantine Empire lay along the full length of the western border of Armenia. Taron was the first Armenian region annexed by the Byzantine Empire. In a certain sense, the Byzantines considered the Bagratuni princes of Taron as their vassals, for they had consistently accepted titles, such as that of 3423: 2056:

9th century both commercially and culturally, earning renown for its "40 gates and 1,001 churches." The churches of this period expanded on 7th century designs; they were often steeper in elevation, introduced donor portraits in the round and incorporated ideas from Byzantine and Islamic architecture. Armenian churches were invariably built out of stone and had vaulted ceilings which supported a spherical dome. Many churches and other forms of architecture suffered vandalism or outright destruction following the Seljuk invasions of the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

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which stopped short of capturing Dvin due to the onset of winter. Nevertheless, the force had returned Ashot to a powerful position in Armenia and managed to inflict heavy casualties against the Arabs. This still left Ashot, the anti-king, in control in Dvin and civil war raged on from 918 to 920, when the pretender finally conceded defeat. Numerous other rebellions in Armenia also took place but Ashot was able to defeat each one of them. In 919, Yusuf had instigated a failed rebellion against the Caliph and was replaced by a far more well-disposed ostikan,

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improved. The members of the Bagratuni family were soon viewed as leaders of the Armenians in the region. Following the end of the third rebellion, which the Bagratunis had wisely chosen not to participate in, and the dispersal of several of the princely houses, the family was left without any formidable rivals. Nevertheless, any immediate opportunities to take full control of the region were complicated by Arab immigration to Armenia and the caliph's appointment of

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nephew Smbat, and Grigor II of Western Syunik were all poisoned. Yusuf's army ravaged the rest of Armenia as it advanced towards Blue Fortress, where Smbat had taken refuge, and besieged it for some time. Smbat finally decided to surrender himself to Yusuf in 914 in hopes of ending the Arab onslaught; Yusuf, however, showed no compassion towards his prisoner as he tortured the Armenian king to death and put his headless body on display on a cross in Dvin.

1037: 1665: 1255:, reacting to the demands of Armenian princes and religious leaders and, more importantly, the security risks in allowing Armenia to fall under the Byzantine orbit, sent a crown to Ashot, recognizing him as king. This act was not lost on Basil who, according to Armenian historians Vardan Arewelts‘i (d. 1271) and Kirakos Gandzakets‘i (c. 1200–1271), similarly sent a crown to Ashot. Ashot relocated his throne to the fortress-city of 1584:, the progenitor of the Kyurikid line, in 966, who would later assume the title of king. The proliferation of so many kingdoms worked to the benefit of Armenia so long as the king in Ani remained strong and maintained his hegemony over other kings. Otherwise, the kings, as well their respective bishops who would claim the position of catholicos and formulate their own doctrines, would begin to test the limits of their autonomy. 1223: 1854:. Many of them did not own land, and lived as tenants and worked as hired hands or even slaves on the lands owned by wealthy feudal magnates. Peasants were forced to pay heavy taxes to the government and the Armenian Apostolic Church in addition to their feudal lords. Most peasants remained poor and the massive tax burden they shouldered sometimes culminated in peasant uprisings which the state was forced to put down. 525: 1288: 4347: 71: 83: 4337: 1472: 1504: 1234:, who took a measured approach to gradually retake territories formerly held by the Arabs. He assumed the title prince of princes in 862 and appointed his brother Abas sparapet, as they began to push the Arabs out from their base in Tayk. His initial efforts to expel the ostikan of Arminiya failed, although this did not dissuade him in taking advantage of the Byzantine-Arab rivalry. 1954: 4357: 1792: 1118:, a second rebellion was conceived, although it too was met with failure, partly because of the tense relationship between the Bagratuni and Mamikonian families. The rebellion's failure also resulted in the near disintegration of the Mamikonian house which lost most of the land it controlled (members of the Artsruni house were able to escape and settle in 1431:

Conflict between the Arabs were minimal too, with the exception of a military defeat Abas suffered near the city of Vagharshapat. He was far less conciliatory towards the Byzantines, who had repeatedly demonstrated their unreliability as allies by attacking and annexing Armenian territories. Romanus of Byzantium was also more focused on fighting the Arab

1411: 1530:. In attendance were several contingents of the Armenian military, 40 bishops, the king of Caucasian Albania, as well as Catholicos Anania Mokatsi who crowned the king with the title of shahanshah. In that same year, Ashot had also relocated the capital from Kars to Ani. The Bagratuni kings had never chosen a city to settle in, alternating from 1379:

his fury against Armenia and especially Gagik I. He began demanding tribute from the Armenian rulers but faced considerable resistance by Ashot II. Time and again, Ashot was able to defeat and rout the Arab armies sent against him for several years. Finally, in 929, Yusuf died and an immense power struggle ensued between rival

2028:, who wrote and documented the relations between Armenia and other countries and described many events that took place from the seventh to eleventh centuries. Thanks to the patronage of the kings and nobles, monasteries became centers for the study and writing of literature throughout the kingdom. The monasteries of 1821:

experienced a revival. An anti-feudal and heretical Christian sect that had been crushed by the Arabs with the Armenian Church's support in the 9th century, the Tondrakian movement attracted many followers during this period. Ashot III had realized the danger the Tondrakians posed against the kingdom

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to Kars; Kars never did reach a status where it could become a capital and Dvin was disregarded altogether, given its proximity to the hostile emirates. Ani's natural defenses were well suited Ashot's desire to secure an area which could withstand siege and fell on a trade route that passed from Dvin

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Armenian architecture during the Bagratuni era was especially prominent and "most of the surviving churches in present-day Armenia are from this period." The city of Ani, situated on the important trade intersection between the Byzantines, Arabs, and merchants of other countries, grew throughout the

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Dabil is an important city, in it are an inaccessible citadel and great riches. Its name is ancient, its cloth is famous, its river is abundant, it is surrounded by gardens. The city has suburbs, its fortress is reliable, its squares are cross-shaped, its fields are wonderful. The main mosque is on

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The king of Bagratuni Armenia held unlimited powers and was the ultimate authority when it came to resolving questions on foreign and domestic affairs. The princes and nakharars were directly subordinate to the king and received and kept their lands only through his permission. Should certain nobles

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Thus, Ashot restored the Armenian monarchy and became Armenia's first king since 428. He secured the favor of both the Byzantines and Arabs but ultimately showed loyalty to Basil and chose to conclude an alliance with the Byzantines in 885. Ashot was not the sole Armenian prince of the region (other

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to which he moved in 1021 together with his family and 14,000 retainers. Basil II had meanwhile already sent an army from the Balkans to Vaspurakan (which they also called Vasprakania, Asprakania, or Media) even before Senekerim-Hovhannes' offer and reduced it to another Byzantine theme with Van as

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A new phenomenon that began under Ashot III's reign, and continued under his successors, was the establishment of sub-kingdoms throughout Bagratuni Armenia. Ashot III had sent his brother Mushegh I to rule in Kars (Vanand) and had allowed him to use the title of king. The administrative district of

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to disrupt Ashot's position as king and to support the rebels fighting him. In 928, Kourkouas reached Dvin in an unsuccessful attempt to capture a city that was defended by both the Arabs and Ashot. In 923, the Caliph, facing troubles at home, released Yusuf, who traveled back to Armenia to unleash

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The brothers, however, were unable to resolve their differences with one another nor able to form a unified front against the Muslims. A new Armenian rebellion against Arab rule broke out in 850 led by Bagrat and Ashot Artsruni of Vaspurakan but like previous rebellions, it failed: an Arab army led

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to Byzantium in order to negotiate a partial respite by leaving his kingdom to the empire after his death. Immediate results of this action were unknown, but after the death of the two brothers in 1040–41, the new Byzantine emperor and successor to Basil II claimed the kingdom of Bagratid Armenia.

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As Yusuf began a new campaign against Smbat in conjunction with Gagik in 909, neither the Byzantines nor the Caliph sent aid to Smbat; several Armenian princes also chose to withhold their support. Those who did ally with Smbat were dealt brutally by Yusuf's powerful army: Smbat's son Mushegh, his

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Smbat's successes quickly came to a halt when Afshin decided that he could not countenance a powerful Armenia so close to his domains. He retook Dvin and managed to take Smbat's wife as a hostage until she was released in exchange for Smbat's son Mushegh, and his nephew, also named Smbat. The wars

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became ostikan of Arminiya. While Yusuf's reign was not immediately hostile, Smbat committed a series of blunders which led to several of his allies to turn their backs on him: having sought to placate his eastern ally, Smbat of Syunik, by ceding to him Nakhichevan city, Smbat inadvertently drove

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Smbat I was crowned king in 892, following a brief attempt by his uncle Abas to disrupt his succession to the throne. Smbat continued his father's policy of maintaining cordial relations with Byzantium but he remained mindful of the Arabs' fears of the Armeno-Byzantine alliance. Speaking with the

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illustrations were also revived during this era. The relative period of peace between Byzantium and Armenia during the second half of the 10th century led to a great deal of interaction between Armenian artists and their Greek counterparts. Armenian manuscript authors tended either to stress the

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Meanwhile, Yusuf's efforts to crush Gagik had failed miserably; instead, Yusuf turned his attention to Ashot and attempted to weaken his position by crowning Ashot's cousin, Ashot Shapuhyan, king of Armenia. Ashot Shapuhyan's and Yusuf's armies, though, were unable to stop the Byzantine advance,

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to form a new alliance with Armenia. The Catholicos responded amicably and in 914, Ashot accepted an invitation by Zoe to visit Constantinople. There, Ashot was well received, and a Byzantine force was created to assist Armenia in defeating the Arabs. The force, accompanying Ashot and led by the

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mansions and palaces. The construction was also complemented by the King Ashot's own philanthropy, including the building of the famed "Ashotashen" walls that were erected around Ani, monasteries, hospitals, schools, and almshouses (his wife Khosrovanuysh also founded the monastery complexes at

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The Bagratuni family had done its best to improve its relations with the Abbasid caliphs ever since they took power in 750. The Abbasids always treated the family's overtures with suspicion but by the early 770s, the Bagratunis had won them over and the relationship between the two drastically

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Owing to this trade route, the city quickly began to grow and became Bagratuni Armenia's chief political, cultural and economic center. Shops, markets, workshops, inns were established by the city's merchants and populace while the nakharar elite went on to sponsor the building of magnificent

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and Abas achieved numerous successes on both the foreign and domestic fronts. In the same year that he became king, Abas traveled to Dvin, where he was able to convince the Arab governor there to release several Armenian hostages and turn over control of the pontifical palace back to Armenia.

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Yusuf's invasion of Armenia had left the kingdom in ruins and this fact resonated among the Armenian princes who were left aghast in witnessing the Arab ostikan's brutality. Gagik I was especially shaken and he soon disavowed his loyalty to Yusuf and began to campaign against him. With Yusuf

1304:(Afshin), Smbat convinced him that the alliance would not only be for the dual benefit of Byzantium and Armenia but would also work to the economic favor of the Arabs. Smbat also achieved a major victory when on April 21, 892, he recaptured the historic city of Dvin from the Arabs. 1965:

During the Bagratuni period, the great majority of the population of Armenia remained Armenian. 10th-century Arab sources attest that the cities of the Araxes valley remained predominantly Armenian and Christian despite Arab Muslim rule. In fact, the 10th-century Arab geographer

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and this was of his reasons why he directly subjected the Church to him, gave it lands, and sponsored the construction of new monasteries and churches. The message of the Tondrakians, however, continued to spread and successive Armenian kings would work to suppress its expansion.

2463: 2274: 2241: 1060:, signed a peace treaty with the Caliphate, although the continuing war with the Arabs and Byzantines soon led to further destruction throughout Armenia. In 661, Armenian leaders agreed to submit to Muslim rule while the latter recognized Grigor Mamikonian from the powerful 1857:

The Bagratuni kingdom did not mint any of its own coins, and used the currency found in Byzantium and the Arab Caliphate. The expanded trade between Byzantium and the Caliphate established several trades routes which ran across Armenia. The most important route began from

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Gagik Artsruni of Vaspurakan into Yusuf's arms since the city was a part of Gagik's domains. Yusuf took advantage of this feud by awarding Gagik a crown in 908, thus making him King Gagik I of Vaspurakan and creating an Armenian state opposed to the one led by Smbat.

2914:, the actual intent of the Byzantine army was to invade the Bagratuni kingdom itself; other historians have explained that the Byzantines also wanted to consolidate their hold over Taron, which had become a military theme when it was annexed in 966. See Grigoryan, 1937: 1933:("red-worm village") for the distinctive red dye that was derived from insects. Cochineal and other Armenian goods were extensively found throughout the caliphate and for their eminence were referred to by Arabs as "asfin al-Armani" ("Armenian products"). 1237:

Early on, he was courted by a Byzantium desperate to secure its eastern flank so as to direct its full strength against the Arabs; although Ashot avowed his loyalty to the empire, Byzantine leaders continued their long-standing demand that the

1740:. In 1044, the Byzantines twice invaded Ani but failed to conquer it. In view of this dire situation, Catholicos Petros Getadardz, who governed Ani in the king's absence, surrendered Ani to the Byzantines in 1045. Ani was then annexed to the 1133:. The Abbasids marched into Armenia with an army of 30,000 men and decisively crushed the rebellion and its instigators at the Battle of Bagrevand on April 24, 775, leaving a void for the sole largely intact family, the Bagratunis, to fill. 1097:

massacred almost all of the Armenian nobility. The Arabs attempted to conciliate the Armenians but the levying of higher taxes, impoverishment of the country due to a lack of regional trade, and the Umayyads' preference of the

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groups. In 1016, Senekerim-Hovhannes thus offered Basil II the lands of Vaspurakan, including 72 fortresses and 3000-4000 villages, in exchange for a vast domain farther west on the Byzantine territory centered on the city of

1563:, Ashot mobilized an 80,000 man army to meet and force its withdrawal. In the following year, he concluded an alliance with Tzimiskes and sent 10,000 Armenian troops to campaign with the emperor against the Muslim emirates in 1647:, son-in-law of King Gagik I of Ani, had brushed aside his nephews to become the sole king of Vaspurakan. His rule became even more precarious in the second decade of the 11th century with the plundering raids of various 1267:, Vaspurakan, and Taron) yet he commanded the full support of the other princes who recognized his authority in his becoming of king. With his status of king, his authority also carried over to the neighboring states of 1982:

was heavily Arabized since earlier periods of Muslim dominance. On the north shore of Lake Van in the ninth and tenth centuries, there was also a considerable Muslim population that consisted of ethnic Arabs, and later

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was able to sustain a temporary agreement between the two churches. In any case, religious differences mattered little to the Byzantines in consideration of the menace the Arabs continued to pose. In 884, the Caliph

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Dvin became famous throughout the Arab world for its wool and silk production and the export of pillows, rugs, curtains and covers. A village named Artashat near Dvin was so prominent a center for the production of

1814:, the official religion of the Byzantine Empire. Byzantium repeatedly demanded for communion with the Armenian Church as prerequisite for sending aid to the Bagratunis but most attempts failed to bear any fruit. 1092:

However, Umayyad rule in Armenia grew in cruelty in the early 8th century. Revolts against the Arabs spread throughout Armenia until 705, when under the pretext of meeting for negotiations, the Arab governor of

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was known as the "Great Armenian Highway." Ani did not lie along any previously important trade routes, but because of its size, power, and wealth it became an important trading hub. From Ani, Armenia exported

1755:, but even he was constrained to cede his lands to the Byzantines and retreat to Anatolia, only to see Kars captured by the Turks in 1065. In Baghk and Eastern Syunik, only a few Armenian fortresses remained. 1684: 1167:

Ashot began to annex the lands that formerly belonged to the Mamikonians and actively campaigned against the emirs as a sign of his allegiance to the Caliphate, who in 804 bestowed upon him the title of

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a hill and next to the mosque is the church....By the city is a citadel. The buildings of the inhabitants are made of clay or stone. The city has main gates such as Bab -Keydar, Bab-Tiflis and Bab-Ani.

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recognized Ashot as the "prince of princes" in 862 and, later on, as king (in 884 or 885). The establishment of the Bagratuni kingdom later led to the founding of several other Armenian

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felt it appropriate to assume his father's throne. Ashot at once began to drive the Muslims out of his domains. Support for Ashot also arrived from the west: the Byzantine empress

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felt forced to cede his lands and in 1022 pledged that his kingdom would pass to the Byzantines following his death. However, after Hovhannes-Smbat's death in 1041, his successor,

4166: 3005:, Proceedings of the Third International SEECHAC Colloquium, 25-27 Nov. 2013, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2017), pp. 227-54. 4302: 1426:

Abas I's reign was characterized with an unusual period of stability and prosperity that Armenia had not enjoyed for decades. His capital was based at the fortress-city of

3422: 1013:, refused to hand over Ani and continued resistance until 1045, when his kingdom, plagued by internal and external threats, was finally taken by Byzantine forces. 3815: 97: 1596:. Ani had grown so large by the time of Smbat's accession in 977, that a second set of walls, known as the Smbatashen walls, were ordered built by the new king. 420: 3892: 1715:. The two brothers fought throughout their lives. In these tumultuous days, embroiled in territorial quarrels, the childless Hovhannes-Smbat sent Catholicos 1374:

Ironically, the Byzantines were distressed with Ashot's close relations with the Arabs and dispatched a new force under the Armenian Domestic of the Schools

887: 3326: 1156:). But the number of Arabs residing in Armenia never grew in number to form a majority nor were the emirates fully subordinate to the Caliph. As historian 1657:

regional capital. With the fall of the Ardzruni kingdom, Byzantine power was firmly established on the Armenian highlands, with only the Bagratuni and

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in 943: a new church had been completed in Kars under Abas' orders and prior to its consecration, Ber had appeared with an army along the river of the

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and Sanahin were well-known centers for higher learning. Notable figures in Armenian literature and philosophy during this period included the mystic

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Vahram Pahlavouni and his followers, reigned only for a period of two years. Despite internal dissention led by pro-Byzantine overseer or steward

1862:, in Byzantium, and from there it connected to the cities of Ani, Kars, and Artsn. The city of Kars allowed trade to move north, to ports on the 2152: 1052:

had conquered vast swaths of territory in the Middle East and, turning north, began to periodically launch raids into Armenia territory in 640.

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Interactions in the Himalayas and Central Asia: Processes of Transfer, Translation, and Transformation in Art, Archaeology, Religion and Polity

1911:. Armenian-populated Dvin remained an important city on par with Ani, as evidenced in a vivid description by the Arab historian and geographer 1732:, the Armenian king was able to repel a Turkmen attack. However, possibly with the persuasion of Sargis, he accepted the invitation of emperor 1454:

took place, wherein Ber was finally captured by Abas' men. Abas took the king to his new church and told him that he would never see it again,

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and Bagrat were not able to withstand the pressure from the empire, which annexed their principality outright and converted it to a theme.

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have disobeyed the king's orders, he would have the right to confiscate their lands and distribute them to other nobles. The concept of

4317: 3519: 2048: 829: 3852: 4322: 2982: 2123: 1773:, however, did not exist and insubordination by the nakharar elite could only be matched by the steadfastness of the king himself. 2115: 880: 764: 3820: 3513: 2147: 2021:. These restrictions disappeared when the Bagratuni kingdom was established, ushering in a new golden age of Armenian culture. 1975: 834: 774: 483: 469: 455: 441: 427: 402: 4186: 4126: 4098: 3857: 3359: 3182: 1571:

emir in 953; he had laid siege to it for quite some time but was forced to lift it after finding the city too well defended.

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noble families, Ashot succeeded in asserting himself as the leading figure of a movement to dislodge the Arabs from Armenia.

924: 634: 4103: 2838: 1708: 942:—too preoccupied to concentrate their forces on subjugating the region, and with the dissipation of several of the Armenian 569: 559: 4272: 3343: 2975:

The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century

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The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I, The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century

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observes, "this fragmentation of Arab authority provided the opportunity for the resurgence of Bagratuni leadership under

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In the mid-10th century, a new internal challenge to the authority of the Armenian Church and the kingdom arose when the

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A third and final rebellion, stemming from similar grievances as the second, was launched in 774 under the leadership of

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History of Armenia, by Father Michael Chamich: From B. C. 2247 to the year of Christ 1780, or 1229 of the Armenian era

1978:. Regardless, there was a notable Muslim presence in certain regions of Armenia. For instance, the southern region of 873: 744: 649: 504: 476: 3975: 2052:

natural look of the human body in illustrations or to forgo it and instead concentrate on the aspect of decoration.

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him and sending him back to Abkhazia. Abas died in 953, leaving his kingdom to his two sons, Ashot III and Mushegh.

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The Byzantines had slowly been creeping eastward towards Armenia in the final decade of the 10th century. Emperor

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in 976). Ashot's sponsorship of the construction of all these edifices earned him the nickname of "the Merciful" (

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who kept a territory that should have included Dvin, but which he could not occupy because of its capture by the

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This prosperous age which Armenia lived through continued unabated under the reign of Ashot's son and successor,

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and several of the Arab emirates. Ashot's reign was brief and upon his death in 890, he was succeeded by his son

1239: 824: 699: 167: 127: 4251: 1628:, and stipends from Constantinople. With the death of Ashot Bagratuni of Taron in 967 (not to be confused with 1027: 994:

The first half of the 11th century saw the decline and eventual collapse of the kingdom. The Byzantine emperor

964: 549: 524: 3955: 3925: 3507: 2111: 2081: 1811: 1480: 1347: 1243: 859: 734: 1555:) Ashot was also largely successful in foreign affairs. When a Byzantine army led by the Byzantine emperor 4312: 4068: 3842: 3697: 2970: 2481: 2044: 1559:

entered Taron in 973, purportedly to avenge the death of his Domestic killed at the hands of the Arabs in

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during the 7th century led to the rise of another regional power, the Muslim Arabs. The Arabs under the

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Garsoïan, Nina (2004). "The Byzantine Annexation of the Armenian Kingdoms in the Eleventh Century". In

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to Constantinople, where he was obliged to cede his domain to the empire in exchange for a domain in

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rite. Abas refused to make any concessions and ambushed Ber's forces in a dawn assault. Several more

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The Arab raids and invasion of Armenia as well as the devastation wrought upon the land during the

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A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus

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Between Islam and Byzantium: Aght'amar and the Visual Construction of Medieval Armenian Rulership

2837:[The Flourishing of the Bagratuni Kingdom]. In Arakelyan, Babken N.; et al. (eds.). 2709: 2174: 2071: 2066: 1958: 1926: 1716: 1701: 1658: 1508: 1231: 1157: 1031: 976: 916: 817: 757: 724: 654: 639: 624: 513: 448: 278: 218: 206: 17: 1696:

After the death of King Gagik I (in 1017 or 1020), the kingdom was split between his two sons,

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The Bagratuni kingdom was based on essentially two economies: one which was centered around

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had watched the Arab invasion of Armenia unfold with consternation and so she ordered the

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kingdom of Vaspurakan was later annexed as well. In 1003, the last ruler of the kingdom

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captured Bagrat, Smbat, and other Armenian princes and brutally put down the rebellion.

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Another foreign threat that Abas steadfastly confronted was an invasion by king Ber of

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Emirate of Armenia under Arab rule, prior to the establishment of the Bagratid dynasty

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became the kingdom's capital and grew into a thriving economic and cultural center.

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The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and his Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium

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and it was here where his coronation ceremony was held sometime in 884 or 885.

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rule. With each of the two contemporary powers in the region—the Abbasids and

368: 1308:

against Armenia continued even after Afshin's death in 901, when his brother

951:

Ashot's prestige rose as both Byzantine and Arab leaders—eager to maintain a

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The Armenian State in the Bagratuni and Byzantine Period, 9th-11th centuries

2273:(in Armenian). Vol. 1. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences. pp. 2025: 1888: 1863: 1847: 1835: 1705: 1629: 1581: 1568: 1567:

and Mosul. Ashot also had unsuccessfully attempted to capture Dvin from the

1515: 1455: 1392: 1354: 1005:) won a string of victories and annexed parts of southwestern Armenia; King 912: 659: 2181:

A Concise History of the Armenian People: From Ancient Times to the Present

1688:

Royal enthronement scene from the frontispiece of a gospel commissioned by

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in the early 880s following nearly two centuries of foreign domination of

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The Feudal Bagratuni Principality of Taron from the 9th to 10th Centuries

2009:

had largely stifled any expression of Armenian culture in fields such as

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Bagratid Armenia and neighboring Armenian states of Vaspurakan, Taron,

1548: 1544: 1415: 1410: 1400: 1276: 1153: 1111: 1085: 935: 931: 839: 579: 1810:, but there were elements in Armenian society who also adhered to the 1522:

as king of Armenia took place in 961, following the relocation of the

3607: 1900: 1564: 1511:

that originally had him holding a model of the Church of St. Gregory.

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On the architecture of Ani as well as general Armenian architecture.

2998: 1403:"Yerkat", or Iron; he died in 929 and was succeeded by his brother, 1399:. Ashot's efforts to preserve and defend the kingdom earned him the 1326:

distracted by the resistance put up by his former ally, Smbat's son

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VirtualANI: Dedicated to the Deserted Medieval Armenian City of Ani

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The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 3

1904: 1875: 1427: 1199: 1149: 972: 928: 554: 134: 3752: 3315: 3255:. vol. vi: part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966. 2024:

The lack of a strong Arab presence saw a rise in the number of

1527: 1395:

also turned his attention from the east to fight the Arabs in

1391:, thus reducing the Arab threat to Armenia. Byzantine emperor 988: 141: 102:

Bagratuni Armenia and other medieval Armenian kingdoms c. 1000

2865:

Arakelyan, "Flourishing of the Bagratuni Kingdom", pp. 52-58.

1751:, still kept his throne even after 1064 when Ani fell to the 2406:Տարոնի Բագրատունիների ֆեոդալական իշխանությունը IX-X դարերում 1744:

which was renamed "Iberia and Ani" or "Iberia and Armenia".

523: 3263:Армянские государства эпохи Багратидов и Византия, IX-XI вв 2480:(2004). "The Independent Kingdoms of Medieval Armenia". In 3103: 3101: 1102:

over the Mamikonians (other notable families included the

2573:. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 460. 2142:Բագրատունյաց թագավորության սկզբնավորման թվագրության շուրջ 1226:

Rise of the Kingdom of Armenia under the Bagratid dynasty

27:

Armenian state ruled by the Bagratuni dynasty (885–1045)

2145:[On dating the formation of Bagratid Armenia]. 1357:, entering Taron with scant opposition from the Arabs. 3190:(ed.) New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, p. 178. 49: 3075:. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. p. 112. 3021:. London, Thames & Hudson. p. 204, item 55. 2892:]. Saint Petersburg: I. N. Skorokhodov. pp. 2812:. London, Thames & Hudson. p. 201, item 37. 2658:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 130. 1446:, demanding that the new church be consecrated under 4260: 4119: 4014: 3906: 3786: 3686: 3626: 3535: 3430: 3350: 2305:Արաբական ամիրայությունները Բագրատունյաց Հայաստանում 1878:; and the main route leading from the Caliphate to 1152:

to rule in newly created administrative districts (

1032:

Emirate of Armenia (a.k.a. Principality of Armenia)

363: 349: 339: 325: 309: 284: 272: 260: 248: 236: 224: 212: 200: 186: 174: 159: 149: 115: 107: 34: 3180:Taylor, Alice. "Armenian Art and Architecture" in 2977:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 187–193. 2178: 1580:Dzoraget near Lake Sevan was given to Ashot's son 1353:, moved out the next year and marched along Upper 1414:Relief carvings of Smbat and Gurgen Bagratuni at 2106:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). 1917: 3145:Garsoïan, "Independent Kingdoms", pp. 176–177. 2641:Garsoïan, "Independent Kingdoms", pp. 157–158. 1493:was built by Queen Khosrovanush, wife of king 40: 3764: 3327: 2488:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 146. 1184:, or prince of princes, whereas his brother, 881: 8: 2571:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 1526:from Vaspurakan to Argina, near the city of 1341:to write an official letter to the Armenian 1230:In 857, Smbat had been succeeded by his son 1870:; other routes were connected to cities in 3771: 3757: 3749: 3334: 3320: 3312: 3231:Histoire de l'Arménie: des origines à 1071 2530: 2528: 2526: 888: 874: 498: 96: 31: 3120:Garsoïan, "Independent Kingdoms", p. 179. 3095:Garsoïan, "Independent Kingdoms", p. 178. 2632:Garsoïan, "Independent Kingdoms", p. 157. 2508:Garsoïan, "Independent Kingdoms", p. 147. 3297:The Arts of Armenia by Dickran Kouymjian 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 1842:in towns and cities. Peasants (known as 1838:and the other which was concentrated on 1790: 1683: 1489:St. Amenaprkich (Holy Savior) Church in 3510:, Shanazarians and Avanians, 1603–1822) 2835:Բագրատունյաց թագավորության բարգավաճումը 2440: 2438: 2436: 2098: 1700:who received the territory of Ani, and 1180:and inherited the prestigious title of 512: 501: 2309:The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia 2255: 2253: 2251: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 955:near their frontiers—courted him. The 3307:Notable societies of Europe, 900 A.D. 2517: 1899:, horses, cattle, salt, wine, honey, 348: 338: 334: 308: 283: 271: 259: 247: 235: 223: 211: 199: 195: 185: 7: 2548:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 1970:specified that Armenian was used in 76:Flag of Bagratuni Dynasty of Armenia 4356: 3801:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 3301:California State University, Fresno 3212:California State University, Fresno 2155:from the original on March 19, 2024 1957:An illuminated manuscript from the 1944:from an 1173 illuminated manuscript 3893:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 3001:," in Eva Allinger et al, (eds.), 1616:Decline and Byzantine encroachment 1242:make religious concessions to the 25: 4323:Historiography in the Middle Ages 3015:Der Nersessian, Sirarpie (1969). 2806:Der Nersessian, Sirarpie (1969). 2550:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 2185:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda. p. 1668:Bagratid Armenia, annexed by the 4355: 4346: 4345: 4335: 3421: 3378:Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages) 2849:Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences 2460:Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences 2414:Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences 2313:Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences 2238:Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences 1661:kingdoms remaining independent. 1479: 1470: 1083:, the province was headed by an 481: 467: 453: 439: 425: 400: 81: 69: 18:Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages) 3821:Christianity in the Middle Ages 3816:Decline of Hellenistic religion 3514:Republic of Mountainous Armenia 3494:Zakarid Principality of Armenia 3286:Armenian History; Tacentral.com 2148:Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri 1806:Most Armenians belonged to the 1000: 835:Republic of Mountainous Armenia 4099:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 3360:Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity) 3299:. Armenian Studies Program at 3210:. Armenian Studies Program at 3183:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 2845:History of the Armenian People 2833:Arakelyan, Babken N. (1976). 2412:] (in Armenian). Yerevan: 2311:] (in Armenian). Yerevan: 2151:(in Armenian) (2–3): 114–125. 1588:Progress under Smbat and Gagik 1129:and with the support of other 1075:(prince) of Armenia. Known as 1: 4273:Disability in the Middle Ages 3946:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 3878:Rise of the Venetian Republic 2847:]. Vol. 3. Yerevan: 2230:[Bagratuni Kingdom]. 2228:Բագրատունիների թագավորություն 1321:Resurgence under Ashot Yerkat 909:Բագրատունիների թագավորություն 88:Coat of Arms of Ani Bagratids 2910:, pp. 153–155. According to 2876:Stepanos Taronetsi (Asoghik) 2455:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia 2270:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia 2233:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia 1218:Establishment of the kingdom 3388:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 3214:. Accessed January 3, 2009. 3073:Armenia: A Historical Atlas 2744:Byzantine State and Society 2712:, this titled was rendered 2693:Byzantine State and Society 1747:The Bagratid king of Kars, 1709:Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Fadl 1692:, ruler of Kars circa 1050. 650:Christianization of Armenia 477:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 50: 4403: 4074:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 3472:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget 3253:Cambridge Medieval History 2714:Shahan Shah Hayots Metsats 2569:Treadgold, Warren (1997). 2077:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget 1994: 1929:that it received the name 1780: 1680:Internal quarrels and fall 1461: 1263:principalities existed in 1140: 1025: 715:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget 675:Muslim conquest of Armenia 463:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget 4331: 4001:Mongol invasion of Europe 3528:(1991–2023, unrecognized) 3506:(Beglarians, Israelians, 3450:Principality of Hamamshen 3419: 3251:. "Armenia and Georgia." 2404:Grigoryan, Gnel (1983). 2139:Grigoryan, M. G. (2012). 1808:Armenian Apostolic Church 1783:Armenian Apostolic Church 908: 825:First Republic of Armenia 700:Principality of Hamamshen 570:Lchashen–Metsamor culture 560:Trialeti–Vanadzor culture 379: 359: 335: 321: 196: 95: 65: 60: 41: 2918:, pp. 153–154, note 165. 2884: 2840:Հայ ժողովրդի պատմություն 2839: 2834: 2458:. Vol. 1. Yerevan: 2449: 2405: 2304: 2264: 2236:. Vol. 2. Yerevan: 2227: 2141: 1720:The son of Ashot, young 1659:Eastern Syunik and Baghk 1028:Arab conquest of Armenia 3956:Investiture Controversy 3926:Second Bulgarian Empire 2971:Hovannisian, Richard G. 2482:Hovannisian, Richard G. 2302:Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram N. 2224:Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram N. 2112:Oxford University Press 2082:Kingdom of the Iberians 2045:illuminated manuscripts 1812:Eastern Orthodox Church 1799:, completed in 1001 by 1348:Domestic of the Schools 1244:Eastern Orthodox Church 735:Principality of Khachen 600:Urartu (Kingdom of Van) 545:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 528:Coat of Arms of Armenia 4313:Post-classical history 4069:Fall of Constantinople 3976:Capet–Plantagenet feud 3843:First Bulgarian Empire 3687:Other provinces under 3627:Other Armenian regions 3474:(Kiurikians, 979–1118) 3342:Historical states and 3233:. Paris: Payot, 1947. 2175:Bournoutian, George A. 1962: 1945: 1922: 1803: 1693: 1676: 1612: 1512: 1418: 1371:, or "king of kings." 1302:Muhammad Ibn Abi'l-Saj 1296: 1227: 1041: 983:. During the reign of 529: 351:• Disestablished 3504:Melikdoms of Karabakh 3456:Kingdom of Vaspurakan 2916:Principality of Taron 2908:Principality of Taron 2885:Պատմութիւն տիեզերական 2718:Շահան Շահ Հայոց Մեծաց 2595:Principality of Taron 1997:Armenian architecture 1956: 1939: 1794: 1687: 1667: 1602: 1506: 1413: 1293:kingdom of Vaspurakan 1290: 1225: 1137:Rise of the Bagratids 1044:The weakening of the 1039: 915:state established by 911:) was an independent 710:Kingdom of Vaspurakan 527: 150:Common languages 51:Bagratunyanc Hayastan 42:Բագրատունյաց Հայաստան 4293:Medieval reenactment 4089:Renaissance Humanism 3996:Medieval Warm Period 3966:Republic of Florence 3780:European Middle Ages 3656:Armenian Mesopotamia 3516:(1921, unrecognized) 3490:(Khachen, 1000–1261) 3351:Independent Armenian 3259:Yuzbashyan, Karen. N 3240:Jones, Lynn (2007). 3199:Kouymjian, Dickran. 3188:Alexander P. Kazhdan 2912:Sempad the Constable 2880:Malkhasyants, Stepan 2757:Chamchiants, Mikayel 2446:Arakelyan, Babken N. 1931:vordan karmiri gyugh 1724:with the support of 1462:Armenia's Golden Age 1422:Stability under Abas 1079:with its capital at 840:Contemporary Armenia 4387:880s establishments 4006:Kingdom of Portugal 3873:Old Church Slavonic 3858:Anglo-Saxon England 3412:Republic of Armenia 3406:Republic of Armenia 2452:[Ashot I]. 2007:Byzantine-Arab wars 2001:Armenian literature 1801:Trdat the Architect 1759:Culture and society 1645:Senekerim-Hovhannes 1524:Holy See of Cilicia 1310:Yusuf Ibn Abi'l-Saj 1186:Smbat the Confessor 1176:received Taron and 1174:Bagrat II Bagratuni 845:Republic of Artsakh 595:Nairi Confederation 550:Kura–Araxes culture 341:• Established 294:Hovhannes-Smbat III 111:Independent kingdom 4187:In popular culture 4152:Crusading movement 4024:Hundred Years' War 3883:Civitas Schinesghe 3868:Carolingian Empire 3853:Kingdom of Croatia 3806:Barbarian kingdoms 3690:Tigranes the Great 3488:Kingdom of Artsakh 3440:Satrapy of Armenia 3431:Minor or dependent 3344:regions of Armenia 3206:2008-12-31 at the 2794:History of Armenia 2710:Classical Armenian 2708:, pp. 136–137. In 2072:Kingdom of Georgia 2067:Bagrationi dynasty 1991:Art and literature 1963: 1959:Echmiadzin Gospels 1946: 1927:Armenian cochineal 1804: 1702:Ashot IV the Brave 1694: 1677: 1613: 1513: 1419: 1297: 1228: 1182:ishkhanats ishkhan 1158:George Bournoutian 1127:Mushegh Mamikonian 1042: 745:Kingdom of Cilicia 725:Kingdom of Artsakh 705:Kingdom of Armenia 695:Emirate of Armenia 655:Kingdom of Sophene 635:Kingdom of Armenia 625:Satrapy of Armenia 530: 449:Kingdom of Artsakh 168:Armenian Apostolic 4369: 4368: 4278:Basic topics list 4079:Swiss mercenaries 4029:Wars of the Roses 3936:Kingdom of Poland 3921:Holy Roman Empire 3788:Early Middle Ages 3746: 3745: 3478:Kingdom of Syunik 3466:Kingdom of Vanand 3269:). Moscow, 1988. 3082:978-0-226-33228-4 3028:978-0-500-02066-1 2997:Finbarr, Barry, " 2890:Universal History 2819:978-0-500-02066-1 2781:Romanus Lecapenus 2731:Romanus Lecapenus 2680:Romanus Lecapenus 2665:978-0-521-35722-7 2580:978-0-8047-2630-6 2495:978-0-312-10169-5 2315:. pp. 42–43. 2261:Ghafadaryan, Karo 2196:978-1-56859-141-4 1987:from Azerbaijan. 1507:A statue of King 1491:Sanahin Monastery 1393:Romanos Lekapenos 1339:Nicholas Mystikos 1273:Caucasian Albania 1143:Bagratuni dynasty 1050:Umayyad Caliphate 957:Abbasid Caliphate 921:Bagratuni dynasty 917:Ashot I Bagratuni 898: 897: 805:National movement 795:Armenian genocide 790:Armenian question 720:Kingdom of Syunik 665:Byzantine Armenia 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 435:Kingdom of Syunik 413: 412: 311:• 1042–1045 286:• 1020–1040 188:Bagratuni dynasty 16:(Redirected from 4394: 4382:Bagratid Armenia 4359: 4358: 4349: 4348: 4339: 4298:Medieval studies 4142:Church and State 4016:Late Middle Ages 3908:High Middle Ages 3826:Christianization 3796:Migration Period 3773: 3766: 3759: 3750: 3541:of Armenia Major 3425: 3374:, 553 BC–428 AD) 3336: 3329: 3322: 3313: 3272: 3249:Toumanoff, Cyril 3245: 3236: 3215: 3201:Arts of Armenia 3197: 3191: 3178: 3172: 3165: 3159: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3134: 3129:Ter-Ghevondyan, 3127: 3121: 3118: 3112: 3105: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3069:Hewsen, Robert H 3065: 3059: 3054:Ter-Ghevondyan, 3052: 3046: 3041:Ter-Ghevondyan, 3039: 3033: 3032: 3012: 3006: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2966: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2927:Ter-Ghevondyan, 2925: 2919: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2803: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2753: 2747: 2740: 2734: 2727: 2721: 2704:Ter-Ghevondyan, 2702: 2696: 2689: 2683: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2652:Runciman, Steven 2648: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2619:Ter-Ghevondyan, 2617: 2611: 2606:Ter-Ghevondyan, 2604: 2598: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2544:Yarshater, Ehsan 2536:Toumanoff, Cyril 2532: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2500: 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2507: 2503: 2496: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2451: 2444: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2421: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2389: 2385: 2379:Concise History 2376: 2372: 2366:Concise History 2363: 2359: 2353:Concise History 2350: 2346: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2289:Concise History 2286: 2282: 2267:[Ani]. 2266: 2259: 2258: 2249: 2229: 2222: 2221: 2204: 2197: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2062: 2003: 1995:Main articles: 1993: 1951: 1903:, leather, and 1828: 1789: 1781:Main articles: 1779: 1766: 1761: 1742:theme of Iberia 1698:Hovhannes-Smbat 1682: 1618: 1590: 1577: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1476: 1475: 1464: 1424: 1323: 1295:, formed in 908 1285: 1240:Armenian Church 1220: 1145: 1139: 1089:, or governor. 1056:, the Armenian 1046:Sasanian Empire 1034: 1026:Main articles: 1024: 1019: 1007:Hovhannes-Smbat 1003: 976–1025 999: 925:Greater Armenia 894: 850: 849: 830:Armenian S.S.R. 820: 810: 809: 800:Western Armenia 785:Armenian Oblast 780:Russian Armenia 775:Ottoman Armenia 765:Iranian Armenia 760: 750: 749: 730:Zakarid Armenia 690: 680: 679: 640:Armenian Empire 620: 610: 609: 540: 515: 508: 482: 468: 454: 440: 426: 401: 371: 352: 342: 312: 302: 298: 297: 292: 289: 287: 275: 263: 262:• 977–989 251: 250:• 953–977 239: 238:• 928–953 227: 226:• 914–928 215: 214:• 890–914 203: 202:• 885–890 140: 139: 133: 132: 126: 125: 119: 103: 91: 90: 89: 86: 78: 77: 74: 56: 48: 47: 46: 39: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4400: 4398: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4374: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4353: 4343: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4303:Misconceptions 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4111:Little Ice Age 4108: 4107: 4106: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4064:Western Schism 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3818: 3813: 3811:Late antiquity 3808: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3694: 3692: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3658: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3634:Lesser Armenia 3630: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3523: 3520:Soviet Armenia 3517: 3511: 3501: 3491: 3485: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3453: 3447: 3436: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3414:(1991–present) 3409: 3403: 3385: 3375: 3356: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3280:External links 3278: 3274: 3273: 3256: 3246: 3237: 3227:Grousset, René 3222: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3192: 3173: 3160: 3147: 3135: 3133:, pp. 239-240. 3122: 3113: 3097: 3088: 3081: 3060: 3047: 3045:, pp. 234-236. 3034: 3027: 3007: 2990: 2983: 2946: 2933: 2931:, pp. 168–171. 2920: 2899: 2867: 2858: 2825: 2818: 2798: 2785: 2783:, pp. 156–157. 2772: 2748: 2735: 2722: 2697: 2684: 2671: 2664: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2612: 2599: 2597:, pp. 116–117. 2586: 2579: 2561: 2522: 2510: 2501: 2494: 2478:Garsoïan, Nina 2469: 2432: 2419: 2396: 2383: 2370: 2357: 2344: 2331: 2318: 2293: 2280: 2247: 2202: 2195: 2166: 2131: 2124: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2011:historiography 1992: 1989: 1950: 1947: 1940:A portrait of 1827: 1824: 1778: 1775: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1734:Constantine IX 1730:Sargis Haykazn 1681: 1678: 1617: 1614: 1589: 1586: 1576: 1573: 1539:to Trebizond. 1488: 1487: 1478: 1477: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1423: 1420: 1376:John Kourkouas 1322: 1319: 1284: 1281: 1248:Constantinople 1219: 1216: 1212:Bugha al-Kabir 1141:Main article: 1138: 1135: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 963:and kingdoms: 961:principalities 896: 895: 893: 892: 885: 878: 870: 867: 866: 852: 851: 848: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 821: 816: 815: 812: 811: 808: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 770:Five Melikdoms 767: 761: 756: 755: 752: 751: 748: 747: 742: 740:Mongol Armenia 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 691: 686: 685: 682: 681: 678: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 621: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 555:Legend of Hayk 552: 547: 541: 536: 535: 532: 531: 520: 519: 510: 509: 502: 495: 494: 491: 490: 487: 486: 479: 473: 472: 465: 459: 458: 451: 445: 444: 437: 431: 430: 423: 414: 411: 410: 405: 393: 392: 387: 377: 376: 365: 361: 360: 357: 356: 353: 350: 347: 346: 343: 340: 337: 336: 333: 332: 327: 326:Historical era 323: 322: 319: 318: 313: 310: 307: 306: 303:(concurrently) 290: 285: 282: 281: 276: 273: 270: 269: 264: 261: 258: 257: 252: 249: 246: 245: 240: 237: 234: 233: 228: 225: 222: 221: 216: 213: 210: 209: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 190: 184: 183: 178: 172: 171: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 117: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 101: 93: 92: 87: 80: 79: 75: 68: 67: 66: 63: 62: 58: 57: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4399: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4362: 4354: 4352: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3971:Scholasticism 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3833:Rise of Islam 3831: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3762: 3760: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3685: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3548:Upper Armenia 3546: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3536:Provinces or 3534: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3446:, 522–331 BC) 3445: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3429: 3424: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3167:Bournoutian, 3164: 3161: 3157: 3154:Bournoutian, 3151: 3148: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3131:Arab Emirates 3126: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3056:Arab Emirates 3051: 3048: 3044: 3043:Arab Emirates 3038: 3035: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3018:The Armenians 3011: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2984:1-4039-6421-1 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2940:Bournoutian, 2937: 2934: 2930: 2929:Arab Emirates 2924: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2809:The Armenians 2802: 2799: 2795: 2792:Chamchiants, 2789: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2706:Arab Emirates 2701: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2621:Arab Emirates 2616: 2613: 2609: 2608:Arab Emirates 2603: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2562: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2520:, p. 37. 2519: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2497: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2447: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428:Arab Emirates 2423: 2420: 2416:. p. 56. 2415: 2411: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2392:Arab Emirates 2387: 2384: 2380: 2377:Bournoutian, 2374: 2371: 2367: 2364:Bournoutian, 2361: 2358: 2354: 2351:Bournoutian, 2348: 2345: 2341: 2340:Arab Emirates 2335: 2332: 2328: 2327:Arab Emirates 2322: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2287:Bournoutian, 2284: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2225: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2135: 2132: 2127: 2125:9780195309911 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 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1352: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1303: 1300:Arab ostikan 1294: 1289: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1233: 1224: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1188:, became the 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1144: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1090: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1008: 997: 992: 990: 987:(952/53–77), 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 949: 947: 946: 941: 937: 933: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 906: 902: 891: 886: 884: 879: 877: 872: 871: 869: 868: 865: 861: 857: 854: 853: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 822: 819: 814: 813: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 759: 754: 753: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 692: 689: 684: 683: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 645:Roman Armenia 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 630:Armenia Minor 628: 626: 623: 622: 619: 614: 613: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 539: 534: 533: 526: 522: 521: 518: 511: 506: 500: 480: 478: 475: 474: 466: 464: 461: 460: 452: 450: 447: 446: 438: 436: 433: 432: 424: 422: 419: 418: 415: 409: 406: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 378: 375: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 344: 331: 328: 324: 320: 317: 314: 301: 295: 291: 280: 277: 268: 265: 256: 253: 244: 241: 232: 229: 220: 217: 208: 205: 191: 189: 182: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 162: 158: 155: 152: 148: 143: 136: 129: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 99: 94: 84: 72: 64: 59: 52: 33: 30: 19: 4132:Architecture 4104:Great Famine 4094:Universities 4034:Hussite Wars 3951:Great Schism 3838:Papal States 3578:Nor Shirakan 3537: 3500:, 1201–1335) 3402:, 1080–1375) 3377: 3275: 3271:(in Russian) 3266: 3262: 3252: 3244:. Routledge. 3241: 3230: 3195: 3181: 3176: 3168: 3163: 3158:, pp. 90–91. 3155: 3150: 3130: 3125: 3116: 3108: 3091: 3072: 3063: 3055: 3050: 3042: 3037: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2993: 2974: 2944:, pp. 87–88. 2941: 2936: 2928: 2923: 2915: 2907: 2902: 2889: 2870: 2861: 2844: 2828: 2808: 2801: 2796:, pp. 82–83. 2793: 2788: 2780: 2775: 2761: 2751: 2743: 2738: 2730: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2700: 2692: 2687: 2679: 2674: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2620: 2615: 2607: 2602: 2594: 2589: 2570: 2564: 2552:. Retrieved 2547: 2513: 2504: 2485: 2472: 2454: 2430:, pp. 83–86. 2427: 2422: 2409: 2399: 2394:, pp. 68-69. 2391: 2386: 2378: 2373: 2368:, pp. 74-75. 2365: 2360: 2352: 2347: 2339: 2334: 2326: 2321: 2308: 2296: 2288: 2283: 2269: 2232: 2180: 2169: 2157:. Retrieved 2146: 2134: 2107: 2101: 2054: 2042: 2023: 2019:architecture 2004: 1964: 1949:Demographics 1930: 1923: 1918: 1909:Central Asia 1856: 1843: 1840:mercantilism 1829: 1816: 1805: 1771:divine right 1767: 1753:Seljuk Turks 1746: 1725: 1695: 1638: 1632:), his sons 1625: 1619: 1605:Syunik-Baghk 1591: 1578: 1575:Sub-kingdoms 1552: 1541: 1518:'s official 1514: 1448:Chalcedonian 1437: 1425: 1387:families in 1373: 1366: 1359: 1324: 1315: 1306: 1298: 1261: 1236: 1229: 1204: 1189: 1181: 1169: 1166: 1162:Ashot Msaker 1146: 1130: 1124: 1091: 1084: 1076: 1070: 1064: 1043: 993: 953:buffer state 950: 943: 900: 899: 704: 580:Arme–Shupria 390:Succeeded by 389: 384: 288:(1021–1039) 164:Christianity 29: 4361:WikiProject 4288:Medievalism 4127:Agriculture 3991:Manorialism 3986:Communalism 3981:Monasticism 3898:Reconquista 3888:Kievan Rus' 3666:Mountainous 3522:(1920–1991) 3484:, 987–1170) 3462:, 908–1021) 3408:(1918–1920) 3384:, 884–1045) 3235:(in French) 2906:Grigoryan, 2742:Treadgold, 2691:Treadgold, 2593:Grigoryan, 2540:"Bagratids" 2462:. pp. 2043:The art of 1976:Nakhichevan 1913:al-Mukadasi 1832:agriculture 1819:Tondrakians 1787:Tondrakians 1547:in 966 and 1520:investiture 1253:Al-Mu'tamid 1095:Nakhichevan 1077:al-Arminiya 1058:Curopalates 688:Middle Ages 575:Hayasa-Azzi 514:History of 385:Preceded by 330:Middle Ages 4376:Categories 4283:Land terms 4237:Technology 4217:Philosophy 4197:Literature 4162:Demography 3863:Viking Age 3728:Cappadocia 3703:Atropatene 3598:Paytakaran 3583:Vaspurakan 3468:(963–1064) 3452:(790–1486) 3382:Bagratunis 2851:. p. 2779:Runciman, 2729:Runciman, 2678:Runciman, 2518:Jones 2007 2240:. p. 2114:. p. 2110:. Oxford: 2094:References 2049:miniatures 2026:historians 2015:literature 1985:Dailamites 1968:Ibn Hawqal 1880:Kievan Rus 1764:Government 1749:Gagik-Abas 1738:Cappadocia 1690:Gagik-Abas 1553:Voghormats 1536:Shirakavan 1452:skirmishes 1389:Azerbaijan 1368:Shahanshah 1351:Leo Phokas 1343:Catholicos 1120:Vaspurakan 1108:Kamsarakan 1069:family as 1062:Mamikonian 1022:Background 969:Vaspurakan 940:Byzantines 818:Modern age 538:Prehistory 369:Hyperpyron 367:Byzantine 176:Government 144:(961–1045) 128:Shirakavan 4268:Dark Ages 4177:Household 4172:Hastilude 3941:Feudalism 3563:Turuberan 3498:Zakarians 3460:Artsrunis 3400:Lusignans 3396:Hethumids 3368:Artaxiads 3111:, p. 112. 3058:, p. 236. 2746:, p. 483. 2733:, p. 134. 2695:, p. 474. 2682:, p. 131. 2623:, p. 123. 2610:, p. 242. 2554:March 19, 2448:(1974). 2263:(1974). 2226:(1976). 2159:March 19, 1889:metalwork 1864:Black Sea 1860:Trebizond 1848:livestock 1836:feudalism 1834:based on 1706:Shaddadid 1630:Ashot III 1626:strategos 1569:Shaddadid 1516:Ashot III 1495:Ashot III 1433:Hamdanids 1355:Euphrates 1336:Patriarch 1131:nakharars 985:Ashot III 864:Etymology 660:Commagene 618:Antiquity 255:Ashot III 160:Religion 137:(929–961) 130:(890–929) 123:(885–890) 61:880s–1045 4351:Category 4318:Timeline 4207:Minstrel 4202:Medicine 4084:Chivalry 4039:Burgundy 3961:Crusades 3708:Adiabene 3573:Corduene 3558:Arzanene 3538:Ashkhars 3444:Orontids 3392:Rubenids 3372:Arsacids 3364:Orontids 3204:Archived 3171:, p. 90. 3107:Hewsen, 3071:(2000). 2878:(1885). 2759:(1827). 2654:(1988). 2538:(1988). 2381:, p. 75. 2355:, p. 74. 2342:, p. 45. 2329:, p. 44. 2291:, p. 87. 2177:(2006). 2153:Archived 2060:See also 1980:Aghdznik 1885:textiles 1872:Anatolia 1868:Abkhazia 1777:Religion 1726:sparapet 1722:Gagik II 1654:Sebastia 1641:Ardzruni 1622:Basil II 1594:Smbat II 1497:, in 966 1456:blinding 1440:Abkhazia 1328:Ashot II 1210:general 1191:sparapet 1154:emirates 1116:Abbasids 1104:Artsruni 1066:nakharar 1011:Gagik II 996:Basil II 945:nakharar 913:Armenian 905:Armenian 856:Timeline 505:a series 503:Part of 408:Arminiya 372:Abbasid 364:Currency 316:Gagik II 300:Ashot IV 267:Smbat II 231:Ashot II 154:Armenian 4261:Related 4247:Warfare 4242:Theatre 4232:Slavery 4227:Science 4182:Hunting 4147:Cuisine 4120:Culture 4059:Castile 4054:England 3738:Osroene 3723:Albania 3713:Assyria 3661:Cilicia 3618:Ayrarat 3593:Artsakh 3568:Moxoene 3553:Sophene 3526:Artsakh 3221:Sources 3109:Armenia 2973:(ed.). 2882:(ed.). 2546:(ed.). 2484:(ed.). 2030:Haghpat 1897:jewelry 1866:and to 1852:farming 1826:Economy 1713:Gandzak 1649:Turkmen 1634:Gregory 1609:Khachen 1549:Haghpat 1545:Sanahin 1532:Bagaran 1509:Gagik I 1416:Sanahin 1401:epithet 1385:Kurdish 1381:Iranian 1283:Smbat I 1277:Smbat I 1269:Georgia 1257:Bagaran 1232:Ashot I 1206:by the 1170:ishkhan 1112:Rshtuni 1086:ostikan 1072:ishkhan 1017:History 977:Khachen 936:Abbasid 932:Umayyad 919:of the 860:Origins 516:Armenia 279:Gagik I 219:Smbat I 207:Ashot I 121:Bagaran 116:Capital 4341:Portal 4222:Poetry 4049:France 3718:Iberia 3644:Second 3608:Gugark 3588:Syunik 3482:Siunis 3353:states 3079: 3025: 2981: 2816: 2662: 2577: 2492: 2450:Աշոտ Ա 2193: 2122: 1901:timber 1844:ramiks 1674:Syunik 1611:, etc. 1582:Gurgen 1565:Aleppo 1444:Araxes 1405:Abas I 1265:Syunik 1208:Turkic 1110:, and 981:Syunik 927:under 605:Etiuni 585:Mushki 565:Armani 507:on the 243:Abas I 192: 108:Status 4252:Women 4212:Music 4167:Domes 4157:Dance 4044:Milan 3733:Judea 3698:Syria 3676:Rocky 3671:Plain 3649:Third 3639:First 2896:–181. 2888:[ 2843:[ 2542:. 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