119:
356:
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education. German
Bohemians held that in the closed German-speaking part of Bohemia, only German should be an official language, and objected to the language regulations as being motivated by the Czech "state rights" ideology. When some of the Old Czechs attempted to work out a compromise with the Bohemian Germans in 1890, they were denounced by a younger and more radical intelligentsia. The next year the Old Czechs were soundly defeated by the Young Czechs, ending a period of attempted compromises.
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775:) with a constitutional arrangement similar to Hungary's. In 1871 the Old Czechs seemed to have succeeded, because the government agreed to the Fundamental Articles, which would have reinstated the historic rights of the Bohemian Kingdom. Violent protests from both German and Hungarian liberals ensued, however, and the articles were never adopted.
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838:
During the final decade of the empire, obstructionism by both Czechs and
Germans rendered parliamentary politics ineffectual, and governments rose and fell with great frequency. The importance of the Young Czech Party waned as Czech politics changed orientation. Political parties advocating democracy
762:
In
Austria, German liberals held political power in parliament from 1867 to 1879. They were determined to maintain German dominance in the Austrian part of the empire. The Czech leaders, subsequently labeled Old Czechs, favored alliance with the conservative and largely Germanized Bohemian nobility
739:
Despite a series of crises, this dual system survived until 1918. It made permanent the dominant positions of the
Hungarians in Hungary and of the Germans in the Austrian parts of the monarchy. Although both halves of the empire had parliamentary systems, in the Austrian half a series of franchise
800:
in Prague was divided into two separate institutions: one Czech and the other German. These concessions, however, seemed insufficient to a newly developing Czech commercial and industrial bourgeoisie. Intense conflict ensued as Czechs and
Germans attempted to control local administration and
747:
At the local level, the various nationalities gained a great deal of control over provincial and municipal affairs after a series of reforms in local government in the 1860s and 1870s. The monarchy's inability or unwillingness to come to terms with its nationalities problems weakened the
791:'s conservative "Iron Ring" cabinet (1879–1883). The Taaffe government took the Slavic element into greater account than the liberals had, and in turn was supported by the Old Czechs. Czech cooperation with Taaffe led to several important gains. A language decree promulgated in 1880 put
830:, in 1905, between the Czech majority and the German minority. Although the German language retained a slight predominance, the preservation of Czech language and culture was legally guaranteed. The compromise seemed to work reasonably well until the end of Habsburg rule in 1918.
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on an equal footing with German in the
Bohemian "outer service" (the language government officials spoke to the public) and law. This law applied to all 216 judicial districts of Bohemia including 77 judicial districts without any significant presence of Czech-speakers. In 1882
866:
In the first months of World War I, the response of the Czech soldiers and civilians to the war and mobilisation were highly enthusiastic; however later it turned into apathy. The cause of Czech self-government was greatly advanced by the war, during which, in 1917, the
740:
reforms, culminating in universal manhood suffrage in 1907, allowed the Czechs to play an increasingly active role in the political life of
Austria. In the last decades before 1914 a succession of governments included a number of non-German ministers and even one Polish
821:
While relations between Czechs and
Germans worsened in Bohemia, they remained relatively tranquil in Moravia. Although the separate administrative status of Moravia had been abolished in the 18th century, the area was reconstituted as a separate
847:. Basing its struggle for national autonomy on the principle of popular sovereignty, the Czech Progressive Party supported parliamentary politics, advocated universal suffrage, and rejected radicalism.
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The two parts of the empire were united by a common ruler, by a joint foreign policy, and, to some extent, by shared finances. Otherwise,
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843:, a university professor and former Young Czech deputy who was to become president of the Czechoslovak Republic, founded the
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were virtually independent states, each having its own parliament, government, administration, and judicial system.
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871:, signed by over two hundred leading Czechs, was published. This favoured the concept of Czech autonomy.
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and advocated the restoration of traditional
Bohemian autonomy. In essence, they wanted a reconstituted
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744:, but Austria's Germans dominated political power at the imperial level until the end of the state.
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Objecting to an increase of Slavs in the empire, the German liberals opposed the 1878
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in 1849. In
Moravia, unlike in Bohemia, a compromise was reached by Karel Emanuel v.
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A Hopeless Struggle: The Austro-Hungarian Army and Total War, 1914-1918
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parliamentary system at a time of escalating international crises.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Young Czech and Czech Progressive Party era (1891–1914)
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History of Bohemia during the Old Czech era (1878–1891)
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History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)
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History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)
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Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
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926:Independent Social Democratic Party (Czech Lands)
854:" entity began to be advocated by some Czech and
27:History of the Czech lands (Bohemia and Moravia)
752:Negotiations on Bohemian autonomy (1867–1877)
720:(also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire).
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850:At the turn of the century, the idea of a "
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724:Overview of political dynamics 1867–1918
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323:Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)
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813:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, portrait by
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710:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
518:Czech lands in the High Middle Ages
350:Czechoslovak Provisional Government
954:. New York: Penguin. p. 274.
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839:and socialism emerged. In 1900
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931:Austria-Hungary in World War I
805:History of Moravia (1867–1918)
18:Kingdom of Bohemia (1867–1918)
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649:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1033:Manifest českých spisovatelů
798:Charles-Ferdinand University
758:Fundamental Articles of 1871
1093:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
886:Bohemia under Habsburg rule
601:First Czechoslovak Republic
336:First Czechoslovak Republic
268:Austro-Hungarian Compromise
150:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
45:Länder der Böhmischen Krone
40:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
32:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
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950:Crankshaw, Edward (1963).
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418:History of the Czech lands
279:• Dissolution of the
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862:World War I
767:(including
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492:Middle Ages
300:Preceded by
173:(1867–1918)
162:Crown lands
1072:Categories
961:0140064591
937:References
824:crown land
474:West Slavs
460:Marcomanni
233:Government
214:(official)
129:(drawn by
858:leaders.
207:Religion
92:1867–1918
875:See also
828:Zierotin
409:a series
407:Part of
168:part of
970:8806740
773:Silesia
769:Moravia
734:Hungary
730:Austria
388:Germany
378:Austria
266:•
253:History
222:Judaism
179:Capital
164:of the
152:at 1891
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158:Status
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201:Latin
193:Czech
80:Latin
66:Czech
1013:ISBN
966:OCLC
956:ISBN
771:and
732:and
708:The
446:Boii
286:1918
273:1867
244:King
226:Jews
148:The
112:Flag
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