42:
341:. In the legend, Sibula's storied travels are used to explain why several local kingdoms highly respected drums as symbols of royal authority. However, this legend is only partially corroborated by other oral traditions; thus it is mostly likely only partially historical. Another oral telling of this story claims that Ntare II Kibogora of Burundi invaded Bugesera, then ruled by
418:
353:
By the start of the 18th century, Bugesera had dimished and become one of the weaker regional states. In contrast, the kingdoms of Rwanda and Gisaka had grown more powerful. At this point, most of the local states had hostile relationships, often fighting over territory and engaging in regular cattle
318:
Nsoro
Sangano of Bugesera gave shelter to Prince Mashira of the Nduga kingdom when the latter was conquered by Mibambwe Mutabazi. Mashira later retook Nduga. In another story, the Nyoro people once again launched an invasion of the region, capturing Nsoro Sangano and forcing him to act as a scout for
390:
responded to this crisis by invading
Bugesera's southern heartland to capture new cattle and pastures for his realm. The Burundians heavily defeated the army of Bugesera, and then annexed the occupied territory. Meanwhile, opportunistic Rwandan herders moved into the remaining Bugeseran territory
247:. However, little information was preserved for the Kingdom of Bugesera; the state is mainly known via Rwandan stories and records. Archaeological research is also lacking in the area formerly occupied by Bugesera. Thus, no reliable chronology or list of its kings can be established for Bugesera.
401:
subsequently launched its own invasion and quickly captured the
Bugeseran royal drum and royal herd. As these were the signs of authority of the monarch, their loss broke the Kingdom of Bugesera. The state collapsed and Rwanda annexed its remaining territory. The last Bugeseran monarch fled into
242:
was largely handed down through oral traditions and legends. The reliability of these is often unclear, and many oral retellings of local events contradict each other. For instance, some accounts of the eventual fall of
Bugesera are anachronistic, attributing its conquest to monarchs of entirely
276:
elite was related to Rwanda's royal clan, researchers LĂ©onidas
Ndoricimpa and Claude Guillet further suggested that Burundi could have also emerged as a subordinate principality of Bugesera. Indeed, up until the 18th century, the Kingdom of Bugesera was an extensive realm, as evidenced by many
391:
from the north; they encountered little resistance and were quickly able to seize a substantial area. According to one legend, the herders were actually inspired by a "madman" who rallied Rwanda's commoners to invade
Bugesera because he felt that he had been cheated by Bugeseran traders.
369:, allowing the Burundians to turn the tide of war. As an ancient stone structure, possibly a victory monument, was discovered at Mbuye, these traditions are regarded as credible. After his army was defeated,
330:. Led by Nsoro Sangano or his successor Muhoza, Bugeseran armies invaded "Bunyabungo" and ravaged the land, killing a local king and taking his pregnant wife as prisoner. This wife gave birth to a son named
3842:
288:
Nsoro
Bihembe of Bugesera, was the destined queen of Rwanda. To obtain her, Cyilima I Rugwe befriended Bugesera and even ceded territory to Bugesera. This newly won territory was later lost to the
326:
Mibambwe
Mutabazi of Rwanda formed an alliance with Bugesera and Burundi at one point in history to avenge the murder of his mother in "Bunyabungo", an area corresponding to the region west of
3726:
3847:
365:
launched several wars of expansion, including against
Bugesera. Some oral traditions claim that the Bugeseran army actually managed to invade Ntare's lands and was only stopped at
474:
As no reliable or chronological list of rulers can be established for
Bugesera, the following monarchs are not necessarily in the right order or even historical figures:
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679:
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3832:
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736:
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2517:
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41:
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their armies. However, the Rwandans and their allies defeated the Nyoro invaders; Nsoro Sangano was left abandoned in the Ngiga forests far from home.
767:
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exile; he later attempted to return, but was soon captured and executed. Historian Jan Vansina estimated that the Kingdom of Bugesera fell in 1799.
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1719:
358:
who is associated with cave inscriptions as well as oral traditions that are spread over a large area in modern-day Rwanda and Burundi. However,
2261:
1819:
1381:
380:. When Ntare threatened to invade Rwanda unless Nsoro was extradited, the latter was expelled from the Rwandan capital but allowed to go free.
345:, whereupon Rwanda intervened on Bugesera's side. The intervention resulted in a peace agreement, ultimately leading to an cultural exchange.
3041:
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90:
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1958:
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264:(kings), similarly to the monarchs of other regional states. Accounts of the regional royal lineages have led some historians such as
2764:
1677:
1196:
1020:
978:
398:
311:
3309:
1293:
334:(or "Ntsibura"); when the latter grew up, he was able to return to his homeland, rose to king, and took revenge by killing Rwandan
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associated sites and tales. According to Rwandan stories, Bugesa sheltered Prince Mwendo after the latter had attempted to murder
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1732:
1420:
2707:
2251:
1500:
1269:
190:
176:
3286:
2789:
1753:
1425:
1222:
1057:
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (1988). "Les traditionnistes lettres du Burundi a l'ecole des Bibliotheques Missionaires (1940-1960)".
3123:
1576:
1525:
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1212:
59:
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1946:
1853:
1616:
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invasions. However, Nyanguge was possibly already pregnant when she was sent to Cyilima I Rugwe; the next Rwandan
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1315:
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In the late 18th century, a great drought affected both Rwanda and Burundi, whereas Bugesera was largely spared.
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that existed from the 16th to 18th century in Central Africa. Around 1799, it was conquered and divided by the
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raiding. However, Bugesera's relations to Gisaka were relatively stable. Bugesera's last major ruler was
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1936:
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1591:
1535:
1452:
1410:
1388:
1335:
1320:
1303:
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355:
338:
281:
211:
97:
488:
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of Rwanda. In addition, divine oracles reportedly informed Cyilima I Rugwe that Nyanguge, wife of
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169:
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3236:
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3056:
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2177:
2115:
2029:
1987:
1809:
1804:
1785:
1758:
1740:
1611:
1581:
1254:
1099:
Newbury, David (2001). "Precolonial Burundi and Rwanda: Local Loyalties, Regional Royalties".
1035:
1016:
995:
974:
953:
932:
425:
406:
272:
ruled by a branch of the Bugeseran royal family. As some oral traditions claim that Burundi's
223:
183:
456:
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of Bugesera traditionally took the name "Nsoro". The Bahondongo were the state's royal clan.
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2511:
2358:
2193:
2158:
2148:
2143:
2123:
1941:
1601:
1505:
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to the conclusion that Bugesera originally dominated Rwanda, with the latter being a mere
260:
The Bugesera kingdom was possibly founded in the 16th century. Its rulers were known as
3752:
3534:
3519:
3484:
3224:
3219:
3102:
3036:
2908:
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2446:
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444:
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3164:
3159:
2938:
2581:
2439:
2398:
2378:
2004:
1775:
1244:
219:
680:"PART 3: Unraveling a different perspective on political dynamics in ancient Rwanda"
3489:
3011:
2973:
2873:
2456:
452:
293:
1120:
Twaddle, Michael (1975). "Towards an Early History of the East African Interior".
1010:
989:
968:
947:
926:
3721:
3230:
3026:
2913:
2833:
2424:
2408:
307:
Various Rwandan legends tell of events relating to Bugesera during the reign of
265:
244:
805:"Political manipulation in Ancient Rwanda: The battle against Banyoro invaders"
3276:
3214:
3133:
2373:
2338:
3635:
3625:
3194:
2501:
2388:
737:"Revealing a fresh perspective on political manipulation in Rwandan history"
421:
327:
2928:
3772:
3655:
3645:
3464:
2963:
2235:
394:
Realizing the extent of Bugesera's weakness, the Kingdom of Rwanda under
1154:
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and thus sparsely populated, though its southern area was more fertile.
3665:
3620:
3595:
3149:
2933:
2918:
2858:
2476:
2429:
2368:
2292:
2246:
1192:
1133:
1112:
1070:
768:"Political manipulation in Ancient Rwanda: The second Banyoro invasion"
460:
429:
304:, was thus widely believed to be the son of Nsoro Bihembe of Bugesera.
1091:
3747:
3660:
2923:
2823:
2466:
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1728:
373:
Nsoro Nyabarega of Bugesera fled north, and took refuge with Rwandan
1161:
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417:
243:
different time periods. Further information can be gleamed from
2208:
1701:
1165:
1078:
Cohen, D. W. (1970). "A Survey of Interlacustrine Chronology".
949:
Kings and Clans: Ijwi Island and the Lake Kivu Rift, 1780-1840
2204:
314:
of Rwanda, son of Kigeli I Mukobanya. According to one tale,
606:
604:
1034:(Revised and updated ed.). London: C. Hurst & Co.
530:
528:
526:
545:
543:
879:
877:
864:
862:
860:
858:
845:
843:
841:
839:
238:
Until the 19th century, the history of the states of the
1141:
Vansina, Jan (1961). "Notes sur l'Histoire du Burundi".
1107:(2). Boston University African Studies Center: 255–314.
623:
621:
619:
443:
The Kingdom of Bugesera was located south of the rivers
46:
Bugesera (green) and its neighbors, approximate borders
1101:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
994:(Revised ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
572:
570:
3843:
States and territories established in the 16th century
1015:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
952:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
591:
589:
587:
585:
428:. This area was part of the kingdom's north; its dry
3679:
3588:
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2999:
2811:
2802:
2698:
2680:
2612:
2527:
2492:
2485:
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2114:
2047:
1986:
1886:
1835:
1739:
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1358:
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1203:
970:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
132:
119:
107:
87:
73:
65:
55:
18:
1012:Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: The Nyiginya Kingdom
459:region. Its territory was mainly dominated by dry
722:
660:
639:
925:Ndoricimpa, LĂ©onidas; Guillet, Claude (1984).
3848:States and territories disestablished in 1799
2220:
1713:
1177:
1032:Burundi: Biography of a Small African Country
928:L'Arbre-mémoire: traditions orales du Burundi
432:did not allow for a high population density.
8:
973:(Abridged ed.). Oxford: James Currey.
534:
2808:
2489:
2227:
2213:
2205:
2053:
1992:
1892:
1841:
1720:
1706:
1698:
1559:
1493:
1364:
1308:
1184:
1170:
1162:
1086:(2). Cambridge University Press: 177–201.
409:of Rwanda is named after the old kingdom.
40:
15:
3838:18th-century disestablishments in Africa
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
761:
759:
673:
671:
669:
1128:. Cambridge University Press: 147–184.
1065:. Cambridge University Press: 407–430.
907:
895:
883:
868:
849:
830:
627:
610:
576:
561:
549:
510:
2262:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
3833:16th-century establishments in Africa
322:According to another Rwandan legend,
131:
118:
114:
86:
82:
72:
7:
595:
517:
2257:List of current sovereign monarchs
14:
803:Ruti, Peter (12 September 2023).
2775:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
766:Ruti, Peter (6 September 2023).
188:
174:
2252:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
991:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda
1754:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1223:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1080:The Journal of African History
988:Twagilimana, Aimable (2007) .
735:Ruti, Peter (22 August 2023).
1:
723:Ndoricimpa & Guillet 1984
678:Ruti, Peter (7 August 2023).
661:Ndoricimpa & Guillet 1984
640:Ndoricimpa & Guillet 1984
138:
125:
47:
32:
28:
2267:List of monarchy referendums
1475:Current provincial governors
1294:Burundian unrest (2015–2018)
931:. Paris: Éditions Karthala.
3828:Former monarchies of Africa
2106:Water supply and sanitation
1382:Constitution of the Kingdom
3879:
3823:Former countries in Africa
946:Newbury, David S. (1991).
2242:
2171:
2056:
1995:
1895:
1844:
1664:
1562:
1496:
1367:
1311:
1149:(1). Honoré Vinck: 1–10.
149:
145:
115:
103:
83:
39:
27:
2404:Self-proclaimed monarchy
1372:Administrative divisions
967:Ogot, B.A., ed. (1999).
413:Government and territory
2672:Vatican City (Holy See)
2954:Islands of Refreshment
2384:Legitimacy (political)
455:. To its west was the
433:
215:
134:• Disestablished
2765:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2354:Criticism of monarchy
2344:Abolition of monarchy
1030:Watt, Nigel (2016) .
1009:Vansina, Jan (2004).
420:
218:) was an independent
2597:United Arab Emirates
1501:Bank of the Republic
1426:Council of Ministers
1261:Burundian genocides
339:Ndahiro II Cyamatare
60:Traditional religion
3793:Trinidad and Tobago
3680:Commonwealth realms
3565:United Baltic Duchy
2708:Antigua and Barbuda
2700:Commonwealth realms
2394:Order of succession
1947:Chamber of Deputies
1282:Burundian Civil War
833:, pp. 134–135.
613:, pp. 110–111.
451:, and north of the
388:Ntare IV of Burundi
240:African Great Lakes
208:Kingdom of Bugesera
121:• Established
21:Kingdom of Bugesera
3858:History of Burundi
2025:Telecommunications
1793:Rwandan Revolution
1781:Colonial residents
1771:German East Africa
1526:Telecommunications
1250:Colonial residents
1240:German East Africa
1228:Kingdom of Burundi
434:
378:Yuhi III Mazimpaka
363:Ntare I of Burundi
302:Kigeli I Mukobanya
228:Kingdom of Burundi
170:Kingdom of Burundi
93:17th/18th century
3863:History of Rwanda
3853:Former monarchies
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3495:Piedmont-Sardinia
3247:Sip Song Chau Tai
3057:Thirteen Colonies
2798:
2797:
2202:
2201:
2167:
2166:
2091:Human trafficking
2043:
2042:
1982:
1981:
1959:Political parties
1910:Foreign relations
1882:
1881:
1810:Rwandan Civil War
1805:Bugesera invasion
1786:Ruzagayura famine
1759:Kingdom of Rwanda
1695:
1694:
1660:
1659:
1617:Human trafficking
1549:
1548:
1483:
1482:
1448:Political parties
1441:National Assembly
1394:Foreign relations
1354:
1353:
1287:1993 coup attempt
1255:Ruzagayura famine
1122:History in Africa
1059:History in Africa
642:, pp. 22–23.
552:, pp. 8, 45.
426:Bugesera District
407:Bugesera District
312:Mibambwe Mutabazi
290:Kingdom of Gisaka
224:Kingdom of Rwanda
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
184:Kingdom of Rwanda
3870:
3734:Irish Free State
3500:Poland–Lithuania
2809:
2760:Papua New Guinea
2490:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2187:
2180:
2054:
2008:
1993:
1954:Decentralization
1893:
1842:
1827:Second Congo War
1815:Rwandan genocide
1798:Coup of Gitarama
1722:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1680:
1673:
1560:
1509:
1494:
1365:
1309:
1277:Second Congo War
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535:Twagilimana 2007
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49:
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3727:princely states
3675:
3611:Kingdom of Fiji
3584:
3330:Austria-Hungary
3298:
3061:
2995:
2794:
2780:Solomon Islands
2694:
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2608:
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2481:
2413:
2359:Democratization
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2238:
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2198:
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2183:
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2154:Public holidays
2110:
2076:Gender equality
2039:
2006:
1978:
1927:Law enforcement
1878:
1831:
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1726:
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1647:Public holidays
1545:
1507:
1479:
1416:Law enforcement
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1298:
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1051:Further reading
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700:
690:
688:
677:
676:
667:
659:
646:
638:
634:
626:
617:
609:
602:
594:
583:
575:
568:
560:
556:
548:
541:
533:
524:
516:
512:
507:
499:Nsoro Nyabarega
472:
415:
405:The modern-day
356:Nsoro Nyabarega
351:
282:Cyilima I Rugwe
258:
256:Early dominance
253:
236:
189:
175:
135:
122:
98:Nsoro Nyabarega
94:
51:
23:
22:
12:
11:
5:
3876:
3874:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3815:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3731:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3485:Ottoman Empire
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3445:Kartli-Kakheti
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:Central Africa
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2790:United Kingdom
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:Prince regnant
2444:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:Decolonization
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2318:Personal union
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2288:Constitutional
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2020:Stock Exchange
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1974:Prime Minister
1971:
1969:Vice President
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1864:National parks
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1820:Initial events
1812:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:Communications
1574:
1572:Child marriage
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1470:Prime Minister
1467:
1465:Vice-President
1462:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1138:
1117:
1096:
1075:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:978-1849045094
1040:
1027:
1021:
1006:
1001:978-0810853133
1000:
985:
979:
964:
959:978-0299128944
958:
943:
938:978-2865370986
937:
921:
919:
916:
913:
912:
910:, p. 150.
900:
898:, p. 213.
888:
886:, p. 155.
873:
871:, p. 112.
854:
852:, p. 110.
835:
823:
786:
755:
727:
698:
665:
644:
632:
630:, p. 134.
615:
600:
598:, p. 403.
581:
566:
564:, p. 238.
554:
539:
522:
520:, p. 398.
509:
508:
506:
503:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
471:
465:
424:in modern-day
414:
411:
350:
347:
257:
254:
252:
249:
235:
232:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
186:
180:
179:
172:
163:
160:
159:
154:
147:
146:
143:
142:
136:
133:
130:
129:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:
77:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
25:
24:
20:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3875:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3606:Easter Island
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Jabal Shammar
3143:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Liechtenstein
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2440:Queen regnant
2438:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:Republicanism
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Head of state
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:Non-sovereign
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:Ethnic groups
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:National Bank
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:Ruanda-Urundi
1774:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1709:
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1597:Ethnic groups
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1245:Ruanda-Urundi
1243:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:Urewe culture
1216:
1214:
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1198:
1194:
1187:
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1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1022:0-299-20124-4
1018:
1014:
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1007:
1003:
997:
993:
992:
986:
982:
980:0-85255-095-2
976:
972:
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965:
961:
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951:
950:
944:
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934:
930:
929:
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865:
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861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:
824:
812:
811:
810:The New Times
806:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
787:
775:
774:
773:The New Times
769:
762:
760:
756:
744:
743:
742:The New Times
738:
731:
728:
725:, p. 22.
724:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
699:
687:
686:
685:The New Times
681:
674:
672:
670:
666:
663:, p. 23.
662:
657:
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653:
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649:
645:
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636:
633:
629:
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622:
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616:
612:
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582:
579:, p. 45.
578:
573:
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563:
558:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
537:, p. 21.
536:
531:
529:
527:
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519:
514:
511:
504:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:Nsoro Sangano
482:
480:
479:Nsoro Bihembe
477:
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464:
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458:
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220:Bantu kingdom
217:
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78:
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68:
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61:
58:
54:
43:
38:
31:16th century–
26:
17:
3783:South Africa
3778:Sierra Leone
3725:
3555:Two Sicilies
3490:Papal States
3290:
3229:
3122:
2988:
2748:Cook Islands
2601:
2587:Saudi Arabia
2516:
2096:Prostitution
2061:Demographics
1915:Human rights
1900:Constitution
1642:Prostitution
1587:Demographics
1541:Trade unions
1399:Human rights
1377:Constitution
1146:
1142:
1125:
1121:
1104:
1100:
1083:
1079:
1062:
1058:
1031:
1011:
990:
969:
948:
927:
908:Newbury 1991
903:
896:Vansina 2004
891:
884:Vansina 2004
869:Vansina 2004
850:Vansina 2004
831:Newbury 1991
826:
814:. Retrieved
808:
777:. Retrieved
771:
746:. Retrieved
740:
730:
689:. Retrieved
683:
635:
628:Newbury 1991
611:Vansina 2004
577:Vansina 2004
562:Vansina 2004
557:
550:Vansina 2004
513:
473:
468:
442:
437:
435:
404:
395:
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374:
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359:
352:
335:
323:
321:
315:
308:
306:
297:
285:
278:
261:
259:
237:
207:
205:
157:Succeeded by
156:
128:16th century
74:
3722:British Raj
3694:(Sri Lanka)
3580:WĂĽrttemberg
3292:South Yemen
3180:Maguindanao
3073:Afghanistan
2834:Barotseland
2770:Saint Lucia
2743:New Zealand
2652:Netherlands
2425:Chhatrapati
2409:Sovereignty
2349:Aristocracy
1920:LGBT rights
1627:LGBT rights
1516:Agriculture
1404:LGBT rights
918:Works cited
266:Jan Vansina
245:archaeology
212:Kinyarwanda
3817:Categories
3788:Tanganyika
3703:The Gambia
3631:Niuē-Fekai
3570:Yugoslavia
3470:Montenegro
3277:Upper Yafa
3272:Upper Asir
2909:Madagascar
2642:Luxembourg
2374:Government
2339:Abdication
2308:Hereditary
2236:Monarchies
2139:Literature
2086:Healthcare
2007:(currency)
1937:Parliament
1854:Ecoregions
1508:(currency)
1431:Parliament
1143:Aequatoria
816:4 February
779:4 February
748:4 February
691:4 February
505:References
449:Nyabarongo
270:dependency
66:Government
3758:Mauritius
3651:Rarotonga
3636:Nuku Hiva
3626:Mangareva
3601:Bora Bora
3480:Neuchâtel
3450:Lithuania
3355:Catalonia
3242:Sri Lanka
3195:Manchukuo
3170:Kurdistan
3124:Indonesia
3047:Talamanca
3007:AraucanĂa
2990:and other
2969:Wassoulou
2713:Australia
2389:Oligarchy
2134:Languages
2066:Education
2035:Transport
1964:President
1905:Elections
1869:Volcanoes
1837:Geography
1622:Languages
1592:Education
1536:Transport
1453:President
1411:Judiciary
1389:Elections
1336:Provinces
1304:Geography
596:Ogot 1999
518:Ogot 1999
494:Rwagitare
422:Shrubland
343:Rwagitare
328:Lake Kivu
216:Ubugesera
56:Religion
3773:Rhodesia
3768:Pakistan
3687:Barbados
3656:Rimatara
3646:Rapa Iti
3575:Valencia
3550:Tavolara
3540:Scotland
3505:Portugal
3465:Moldavia
3350:Bulgaria
3345:Brittany
3320:Asturias
3200:Mongolia
3190:Maldives
3052:Trinidad
3042:Suriname
3000:Americas
2984:Zimbabwe
2979:Zanzibar
2964:Wituland
2939:Ngazidja
2934:Ndzuwani
2869:Ethiopia
2592:Thailand
2572:Malaysia
2552:Cambodia
2502:Eswatini
2298:Elective
2283:Absolute
2194:Category
2101:Religion
1932:Military
1888:Politics
1874:Wildlife
1749:Timeline
1733:articles
1687:Category
1652:Religion
1607:Football
1567:Abortion
1421:Military
1360:Politics
1346:Wildlife
1326:Communes
1213:Timeline
1197:articles
1155:25838960
445:Akanyaru
399:Sentabyo
69:Monarchy
3763:Nigeria
3738:Ireland
3666:Tahuata
3641:Raiatea
3621:Huahine
3596:Abemama
3589:Oceania
3560:Tuscany
3515:Romania
3510:Prussia
3475:Navarre
3455:Majorca
3435:Ireland
3430:Imereti
3425:Iceland
3420:Hungary
3415:Hanover
3410:Granada
3400:Germany
3395:Georgia
3390:Galicia
3380:Finland
3370:Corsica
3365:Cilicia
3335:Bavaria
3325:Austria
3310:Albania
3282:Vietnam
3225:Sarawak
3215:Qu'aiti
3150:Kathiri
3113:Dapitan
3088:Bukhara
3037:Miskito
2959:Tunisia
2949:Shilluk
2859:Dahomey
2849:Burundi
2839:Bagirmi
2819:Adamawa
2738:Jamaica
2733:Grenada
2718:Bahamas
2682:Oceania
2632:Denmark
2627:Belgium
2622:Andorra
2537:Bahrain
2512:Morocco
2507:Lesotho
2486:Current
2477:Pharaoh
2430:Emperor
2369:Dynasty
2323:Regency
2303:Federal
2293:Diarchy
2247:Monarch
2178:Outline
2124:Cuisine
2116:Culture
2049:Society
2030:Tourism
1988:Economy
1741:History
1671:Outline
1582:Cuisine
1555:Culture
1531:Tourism
1489:Economy
1321:Climate
1205:History
1193:Burundi
1134:3171471
1113:3097483
1071:3171873
461:savanna
457:Kinyaga
430:savanna
349:Decline
292:due to
251:History
234:Sources
108:History
89:•
3798:Uganda
3748:Malawi
3713:Guyana
3692:Ceylon
3671:Tahiti
3661:Rurutu
3616:Hawaii
3545:Serbia
3530:Saxony
3520:Russia
3405:Greece
3385:France
3375:Cyprus
3360:Crimea
3340:Bosnia
3315:Aragon
3303:Europe
3267:Taiwan
3237:Sikkim
3220:Ryukyu
3205:Najran
3103:Chehab
3083:Bengal
3032:Mexico
3017:Brazil
2944:Rwanda
2924:Maravi
2824:Ankole
2812:Africa
2804:Former
2785:Tuvalu
2728:Canada
2723:Belize
2667:Sweden
2657:Norway
2647:Monaco
2614:Europe
2567:Kuwait
2562:Jordan
2547:Brunei
2542:Bhutan
2494:Africa
2467:Sultan
2418:Titles
2332:Topics
2081:Health
2015:Mining
2005:Franc
1942:Senate
1849:Cities
1731:
1729:Rwanda
1612:Health
1521:Mining
1506:Franc
1436:Senate
1341:Rivers
1316:Cities
1195:
1153:
1132:
1111:
1092:180316
1090:
1069:
1038:
1019:
998:
977:
956:
935:
489:Muhoza
467:Known
453:Rurubu
332:Sibula
111:
79:
3753:Malta
3743:Kenya
3718:India
3708:Ghana
3535:Savoy
3525:Samos
3440:Italy
3287:Yemen
3262:Tibet
3257:Syria
3210:Nepal
3185:Mahra
3165:Kumul
3160:Korea
3155:Khiva
3134:Qajar
3118:Hejaz
3108:China
3093:Burma
3022:Haiti
3012:Aztec
2929:Mwali
2919:Maore
2899:Libya
2894:Kongo
2889:Kaffa
2884:Gumma
2879:Gomma
2874:Ghana
2864:Egypt
2844:Bornu
2829:Aussa
2690:Tonga
2662:Spain
2582:Qatar
2557:Japan
2185:Index
2159:Sport
2149:Music
2144:Media
1859:Lakes
1764:kings
1678:Index
1637:Music
1632:Media
1331:Lakes
1233:kings
1151:JSTOR
1130:JSTOR
1109:JSTOR
1088:JSTOR
1067:JSTOR
469:mwami
438:mwami
396:mwami
385:Mwami
375:mwami
371:mwami
367:Mbuye
360:mwami
336:mwami
324:mwami
316:mwami
309:mwami
298:mwami
294:Nyoro
286:mwami
279:mwami
274:Ganwa
262:mwami
75:Mwami
3698:Fiji
3252:Sulu
3231:Shan
3175:Laos
3140:Iraq
3130:Iran
3098:Cebu
3078:Asir
3066:Asia
3027:Inca
2974:Yeke
2914:Mali
2904:Luba
2753:Niue
2603:list
2577:Oman
2529:Asia
2518:list
2472:Shah
2462:Tsar
2457:khan
2452:Raja
2435:King
2276:Type
2129:Flag
1602:Flag
1458:list
1270:1993
1265:1972
1036:ISBN
1017:ISBN
996:ISBN
975:ISBN
954:ISBN
933:ISBN
818:2024
781:2024
750:2024
693:2024
447:and
436:The
226:and
206:The
141:1799
50:1700
35:1799
3460:Man
91:fl.
3819::
3736:/
3724:,
1147:24
1145:.
1124:.
1105:34
1103:.
1084:11
1082:.
1063:15
1061:.
876:^
857:^
838:^
807:.
789:^
770:.
758:^
739:.
701:^
682:.
668:^
647:^
618:^
603:^
584:^
569:^
542:^
525:^
300:,
230:.
214::
139:c.
126:c.
48:c.
33:c.
29:c.
3730:)
3720:(
3295:)
3289:(
3136:)
3132:(
2228:e
2221:t
2214:v
1721:e
1714:t
1707:v
1185:e
1178:t
1171:v
1157:.
1136:.
1126:2
1115:.
1094:.
1073:.
1044:.
1025:.
1004:.
983:.
962:.
941:.
820:.
783:.
752:.
695:.
210:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
