1993:
67:
202:
1329:. However beginning in the books of the later prophets the word is used to describe Judean generals, for example, in the prophecies of Zachariah twice (9:7, 12:5–6) it had evolved to describe Jewish captains, the word also is used multiple times as a general term for teacher or guide for example in Psalm 55:13. Aluph as it is used to denote teach or guide from the Edomite word for Duke is used 69 times in the Tanakh.
487:
2042:. Quas seems to have descended from a cultural heritage common between Edomites and Jews, with the worship of both the Edomite Quas and the God of the Israelites being described by Egyptians. Quas's popularity during the Persian and Hellenistic periods appears, according to Tebes, to have forced the purportedly pro-Yahwist authors of the
4137:
1158:
1694:. In addition, it explains why Idumean territory was absorbed in Judea over one generation, compared to other non-Judean territories (e.g. Samaritan territories), which remained detached. Reasons for the rapid assimilation include their cultural affinity with Judaism, opposition to Hellenism and aniconic tendencies.
1497:). Evidence also suggests that at that time Edom may have engaged in a treaty betrayal of Judah. The people of Edom would be dealt with during the Messiah's rulership, according to the prophets. Despite this, many Edomites peacefully migrated to southern Judea, which continued even during the reign of
1689:
Some scholars dispute the claim of forced conversions and believe that the
Idumeans voluntarily assimilated into Judean society. Forced conversions were rare in Near Eastern and Hellenistic societies, with some Idumeans retaining their native identity. Others contributed to religious innovations that
961:
reports movement of nomadic "shasu-tribes of Edom" to watering holes in
Egyptian territory. The earliest Iron Age settlements—possibly copper mining camps—date to the 11th century BC. Settlement intensified by the late 8th century BC and the main sites so far excavated have been dated between the 8th
1724:
Overall, Herodian influence on Judea, Jerusalem and the Temple was significant. However, this was obsfucated by later variants of Second Temple
Judaism and Rabbinic Judaism . For example, a minority of contemporary Jews argued Herod cannot be Jewish because of his genealogical origins. These beliefs
1057:
in the 10th century BC, encouraged the trade and production of copper instead of destroying the region. Tel Aviv
University professor Ben Yosef stated "Our new findings contradict the view of many archaeologists that the Arava was populated by a loose alliance of tribes, and they’re consistent with
1099:
788:
are two related but distinct terms; they relate to a historically-contiguous population but to two separate, if adjacent, territories which the
Edomites/Idumeans occupied in different periods of their history. The Edomites first established a kingdom ("Edom") in the southern area of modern-day
680:. Archaeological investigation has shown that the nation flourished between the 13th and the 8th centuries BC and was destroyed after a period of decline in the 6th century BC by the Babylonians. After the fall of the kingdom of Edom, the Edomites were pushed westward towards southern
691:, who first appeared in the historical annals of the 4th century BC and had already established their own kingdom in what used to be Edom by the first half of the 2nd century BC. More recent excavations show that the process of Edomite settlement in the southern parts of the
1680:
and after subduing all the
Idumeans, permitted them to remain in their country as long as they had themselves circumcised and were willing to observe the laws of the Jews. And so, out of attachment to the land of their fathers, they submitted to
1589:
identifies
Idumeans with the Nabateans who were expelled to southern Judea after committing sedition. However, there is evidence for cultural continuity between the Iron Age Edom and Idumea, based on settlement patterns and religious practices.
2074:
is a large-scale copper-mining site excavated by archaeologist Thomas Levy in what is now southern Jordan. The scale of tenth-century mining on the site is regarded as evidence of a strong, centralized 10th century BC Edomite kingdom.
1947:
attacked the Jewish converts of Upper
Idumaea, and brought near complete destruction to the surrounding villages and countryside in that region. It was part of his wider plan to attack Jerusalem and seize authority for himself.
5206:
5201:
4252:
3371:
2933:(2019). "The Bible as History: Sa'adia Gaon, Yefet ben 'Eli, Samuel ben Ḥofni, and Maimonides on the Genealogy of Esau and the Kingdom of Edom (Genesis 36)". In Polliack, Meira; Brenner-Idan, Athalya (eds.).
2011:(קוס) (also known as 'Qaush', 'Kaush', 'Kaus', 'Kos' or 'Qaws'), since Qaus is invoked in the blessing formula in letters and appear in personal names found in ancient Edom. As close relatives of other
1598:
During the
Hellenistic period, both Jews and Idumeans spoke Aramaic and used it for literary and legal documents. An Idumean marriage contract from Maresha, dating from 176 BCE, closely resembles the
4207:
1566:
from sites in
Idumaea, i.e. southern Judah after the fall of the kingdom to the Babylonians, dating mainly to the 4th century BCE, a diverse population of Arabs, Edomites as well as
4245:
3195:
1435:. It also states that the inhabitants of Mount Seir invaded Judea in conjunction with Ammon and Moab, and that the invaders turned against one another and were all destroyed (
66:
1516:, the congregation could not receive descendants of a marriage between an Israelite and an Edomite until the fourth generation. This law was a subject of controversy between
1348:. Moses and the Israelite people twice appealed to their common ancestry and asked the king of Edom for passage through his land, along the "King's Highway", on their way to
2056:
states that Costobarus, appointed by Herod to be governor of Idumea and Gaza, was descended from the priests of "the Koze, whom the Idumeans had formerly served as a god".
4238:
1352:, but the king refused permission. Accordingly, they detoured around the country because of his show of force or because God ordered them to do so rather than wage war (
3866:
3849:
2264:
2145:
962:
and 6th centuries BC. The last unambiguous reference to Edom is an Assyrian inscription of 667 BC. Edom ceased to exist as a state when it became conquered by
4004:
3058:
1604:
used by Jews. However, despite these cultural similarities, some Jews maintained a distinct boundary between themselves and the Idumeans. This is evident in
515:
409:
4072:
1102:
Map showing kingdom of Edom (in red) at its largest extent, c. 600 BC. Areas in dark red show the approximate boundary of classical-age Idumaea.
5221:
1508:
Although the Idumaeans controlled the lands to the east and south of the Dead Sea, their peoples were held in contempt by the Israelites. Hence the
395:
4126:
4105:
3920:
3391:
1685:
and to make their manner of life conform in all other respects to that of the Jews. And from that time onward they have continued to be Jews.
1717:, the Idumaea province was ruled for him by a series of governors, among whom were his brother Joseph ben Antipater, and his brother-in-law
1025:
The existence of the Kingdom of Edom was asserted by archaeologists led by Ezra Ben-Yosef and Tom Levy, by using a methodology called the
2648:
2622:
4898:
5175:
4093:
1974:, the Idumaean people disappear from written history, though the geographical region of "Idumea" is still referred to at the time of
1415:
of Israel. David placed over the Edomites Israelite governors or prefects, and this form of government seems to have continued under
5216:
4182:
3932:
3802:
3650:
3551:
3349:
2853:
2826:
2799:
1138:
appears to have been strongly identified with them and may have been a cultic site. According to biblical narrative, at the time of
1022:(c. 680 BC). According to the Egyptian inscriptions, the "Aduma" at times extended their possessions to the borders of Egypt.
888:
3016:
1608:
50:25–26, which expresses disdain for three "nations," including "the inhabitants of Se'ir", referring to the Edomites/Idumeans.
885:
216:
2265:"'Edomite', 'Negbite'and 'Midianite' pottery from the Negev desert and Jordan: instrumental neutron activation analysis results"
882:
877:
871:
508:
2469:(in Hebrew). Vol. 9. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. p. 325.
1759:, when referring to Upper Idumaea, speaks of towns and villages immediately to the south and south-west of Jerusalem, such as
1090:, where they commingled with the Judaeans and adopted their customs, a view not necessarily shared by modern scholarly works.
707:
in 587/86 BC, both by peaceful penetration and by military means and taking advantage of the already-weakened state of Judah.
475:
470:
4076:
879:
874:
1992:
1074:. They prospered in this new country, called by the Greeks and Romans "Idumaea" or "Idumea", for more than four centuries.
5236:
4262:
3685:
Marciak, Michael (2017). "Idumea and the Idumeans in Josephus' Story of Hellenistic-Early Roman Palestine (Ant. XII-XX)".
656:
3601:
1575:
1026:
846:
2162:
5119:
4893:
3730:
3267:
2241:
1471:
450:
434:
252:
1936:
4274:
4012:
3105:
2930:
2545:
2534:
2508:
1956:
501:
181:
3196:"Bible Gateway passage: Numbers 24:14, Numbers 24:17-18, Isaiah 11:14, Amos 9:11-12 - New American Standard Bible"
3175:"Biblical Evidence from Obadiah and Psalm 137 for an Edomite Treaty Betrayal of Judah in the Sixth Century B.C.E."
455:
390:
5241:
3712:
2674:"Ancient technology and punctuated change: Detecting the emergence of the Edomite Kingdom in the Southern Levant"
1636:
Idumean is unknown. Some scholars maintain that the reference to Idumaea in that passage is an error altogether.
1546:
Compared to the neighboring Moabites and Ammonites, the name "Edom" completely disappeared from the area east of
1524:, who said female descendants were also excluded for four generations. From these, some early conversion laws in
404:
1861:
describes western Judea as being populated by Idumeans, who commingled with Judeans and adopted their customs.
1748:
Evie Gassner believed the Sages disparaged Herod because he supported the Sadducees, who opposed the Pharisees.
5231:
4150:
3879:
2488:
1633:
1460:
1436:
1341:
3094:
3074:
2556:
4377:
4155:
4025:
3640:
3516:
2672:
Levy, Thomas E.; Najjar, Mohammad; Tirosh, Ofir; Yagel, Omri A.; Liss, Brady; Ben-Yosef, Erez (2019-09-18).
2158:
414:
2898:
1448:
4230:
3531:
3305:
3128:
2099:
1702:
1392:
1176:
419:
2872:
1971:
1963:, 20,000 Idumaeans, under the leadership of John, Simon, Phinehas, and Jacob, joined the Zealots as they
1444:
1396:
1353:
5211:
4923:
4871:
4520:
3720:
3161:
3002:
2990:
2329:
1487:
1252:
1208:
802:
399:
39:
3726:
3150:
2887:
2883:
2868:
1479:
2979:
2968:
1456:
4995:
4989:
4535:
3117:
2909:
2685:
1852:
1483:
1455:
attacked and defeated the Edomites, seizing Selah, but the Israelites never subdued Edom completely (
1256:
1041:
dated to 1300-800 BC. According to the results of the analysis, the researchers thought that Pharaoh
921:
909:
663:
624:
348:
3294:
1475:
5058:
5020:
4866:
3290:
2917:
2913:
2043:
1964:
1869:
1745:
origin. These Jews did not openly express their views because Herod violently suppressed critics.
1333:
1248:
1244:
1003:
3722:
Biblical Researches in Palestine, and in the Adjacent Regions. Journal of Travels in the Year 1838
2236:
1332:
If the account may be taken at face value, the kingship of Edom was, at least in early times, not
1183:
These are the kings who ruled in the land of Edom before a king ruled the children of Israel. And
5109:
4055:
3694:
3497:
3489:
3137:
2951:
2843:
2517:
2482:
1987:
1407:, and after David's death returned and tried to start a rebellion, but failed and went to Syria (
1236:
755:
108:
3642:
Contesting Conversion: Genealogy, Circumcision, and Identity in Ancient Judaism and Christianity
2789:
639:
to the south and east. Most of its former territory is now divided between present-day southern
5124:
5099:
4807:
4282:
4178:
4122:
4101:
3928:
3798:
3748:
3734:
3646:
3547:
3481:
3424:
3387:
3345:
3249:
3066:
2934:
2849:
2822:
2795:
2721:
2703:
2470:
2444:
2403:
1649:
1629:
1467:
1400:
1337:
850:
829:, because he was born "red all over". As a young adult, he sold his birthright to his brother
704:
614:
588:
578:
339:
334:
329:
283:
190:
3979:
2816:
1554:
controlled the territory, followed by the Nabateans, thus ensuring the end of Iron Age Edom.
1372:
5134:
5104:
5078:
4908:
4686:
4649:
4047:
3580:
3539:
3473:
3379:
3337:
3239:
3050:
2943:
2764:
2711:
2693:
2434:
2393:
2276:
2094:
2084:
2071:
2003:
The nature of Edomite religion is largely unknown before their conversion to Judaism by the
1848:
1843:
1.2.5), the latter being a principal city of Idumaea after the influx of Idumaeans into the
1706:
1517:
1502:
1452:
1440:
1420:
1139:
1130:. According to Genesis, Esau's descendants settled in the land after they had displaced the
973:
917:
794:
692:
681:
558:
534:
359:
98:
31:
1263:, and his wife's name was Mehetabel bat Matred bat Mezahab. And these are the names of the
201:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5089:
4486:
4449:
4340:
1944:
1884:
1714:
1637:
1220:
1196:
1172:
1161:
1107:
573:
465:
429:
354:
35:
3667:
2689:
1868:, though largely of Idumaean origin, attest to the region being under the influences of
5226:
5170:
5070:
4903:
4660:
4570:
4530:
4362:
4302:
4146:
3892:
3858:
3841:
3790:
3333:
3174:
2716:
2673:
2280:
2179:
1912:
1384:
739:
711:
636:
424:
364:
324:
288:
3024:
2623:"Israeli researchers identify biblical kingdom of Edom - Israel News - Jerusalem Post"
2199:
5196:
5190:
4975:
4819:
4585:
4444:
4168:
4164:
4141:
4059:
3501:
3332:; Stern, Ian (2007). "Idumea in the Late Persian Period (Fourth Century B.C.E.)". In
3054:
2955:
2050:'. Clues about their Edomite heritage appear to be hidden in their theophoric names.
1997:
1920:
1896:
1653:
1432:
1192:
1184:
1111:
950:
763:
491:
344:
319:
4781:
4614:
3414:"An Aramaic Ostracon of an Edomite Marriage Contract from Maresha, Dated 176 B.C.E."
5074:
5066:
4787:
4655:
4638:
4545:
4481:
4292:
3962:
1844:
1816:
1796:
1682:
1625:
1428:
1345:
1300:
1292:
1030:
954:
798:
759:
700:
673:
1967:. Idumean zealotry arguably reflected their attempts to 'prove' their Jewishness.
1106:
The Edomites' original country, according to the Hebrew Bible, stretched from the
1083:
4172:
4116:
3383:
2698:
4938:
4849:
4839:
4695:
4624:
4555:
4550:
4427:
4402:
4225:
4051:
3624:
Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls: their True Meaning for Judaism and Christianity
3329:
2060:
1788:
1571:
1424:
1308:
1288:
1147:
1143:
1067:
1034:
1011:
999:
460:
385:
4038:
Victor Sasson (2006). "An Edomite Joban Text, with a Biblical Joban Parallel".
2504:"Changes in Palestine during the Persian Period in Light of Epigraphic Sources"
1512:
says "Moab is my washpot: over Edom will I cast out my shoe". According to the
1505:
states that "no one will live there, nor will anyone of mankind reside in it".
17:
5094:
5026:
5007:
4824:
4592:
4422:
4332:
4287:
3907:
Echoes from the Past: Hebrew and Cognate Inscriptions from the Biblical Period
3786:
3543:
3477:
2467:
Israel Guide - Judaea (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country)
2140:
2012:
2004:
1904:
1718:
1376:
1357:
1284:
1260:
1135:
1123:
1042:
1019:
1015:
953:
sources. Indeed, a letter from an Egyptian scribe at a border fortress in the
771:
688:
648:
380:
303:
278:
221:
3738:
3485:
3462:"Forced Circumcision and the Shifting Role of Gentiles in Hasmonean Ideology"
3428:
3253:
2707:
2474:
2448:
2407:
2324:
5154:
5084:
5012:
4950:
4943:
4918:
4834:
4829:
4700:
4671:
4565:
4525:
4387:
3948:
3716:
2201:
Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques
2063:, which provides insight on the language, literature, and religion of Edom.
1924:
1892:
1873:
1808:
1742:
1738:
1691:
1617:
1567:
1551:
1498:
1368:
1054:
963:
958:
719:
293:
262:
139:
4854:
4743:
4719:
2725:
2263:
Jan Gunneweg; Th. Beier; U. Diehl; D. Lambrecht; H. Mommsen (August 1991).
1118:, which was the seaport of Edom. On the north of Edom was the territory of
3797:. Vol. 4 (Iudaea / Idumaea). Berlin/Munich: De Gruyter. p. 939.
2845:
Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs
662:Τhe Edomites appear in several ancient sources, including the list of the
5041:
5001:
4813:
4799:
4643:
4603:
4597:
4510:
4351:
4345:
4297:
3752:
3132:
2649:"Bible-era nomadic Edomite tribesmen were actually hi-tech copper mavens"
2053:
2020:
1952:
1824:
1780:
1756:
1726:
1657:
1621:
1605:
1388:
1188:
1007:
821:
means "red", and the Hebrew Bible relates it to the name of its founder,
652:
298:
237:
4140: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3698:
3585:
3568:
3413:
3268:"Bible Gateway passage: Jeremiah 49:17-18 - New American Standard Bible"
3244:
3227:
2947:
2791:
The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads
2521:
2503:
2439:
2422:
2398:
2381:
2352:
2031:. In some Jewish tradition stemming from the Talmud, the descendants of
1482:). Some believe that it is for this reason the prophets denounced Edom (
1419:. When Israel divided into two kingdoms Edom became a dependency of the
5129:
4928:
4760:
4729:
4667:
4619:
4575:
4540:
4476:
4412:
4407:
4367:
4357:
3493:
3461:
3316:
2028:
1940:
1916:
1877:
1865:
1832:
1734:
1677:
1673:
1661:
1600:
1563:
1525:
1521:
1491:
1416:
1280:
1151:
1131:
1050:
970:
767:
666:
5114:
5046:
5036:
5031:
4970:
4965:
4877:
4844:
4770:
4724:
4705:
4633:
4560:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4461:
4455:
4432:
4322:
4317:
4307:
4266:
3768:
3744:
2747:
2089:
2047:
2039:
1975:
1858:
1772:
1760:
1586:
1547:
1509:
1412:
1408:
1364:
1349:
1304:
1272:
1240:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1200:
1165:
1127:
1075:
1071:
1038:
834:
814:
790:
766:. During the 2nd century BC, the Edomites were forcibly converted to
677:
669:
644:
640:
632:
165:
160:
88:
4208:"Scientists find state of Edom which they thought was a Bible story"
3372:"Theoretical Considerations: Nationalism and Ethnicity in Antiquity"
2119:
710:
Once pushed out of their territory, the Edomites settled during the
71:
A theoretical map of the region around 830 BC (Edom shown in yellow)
2007:. Epigraphical evidence suggests that the national god of Edom was
1656:
conquered Idumaea. According to several ancient sources, including
4980:
4960:
4955:
4933:
4883:
4859:
4765:
4753:
4748:
4713:
4690:
4609:
4580:
4515:
4471:
4417:
4397:
2465:
Lepinski, Nadav (n.d.). "Tell Maresha". In Ben-Yosef, Sefi (ed.).
2016:
1991:
1960:
1908:
1900:
1888:
1730:
1710:
1513:
1404:
1326:
1296:
1276:
1232:
1204:
1156:
1115:
1097:
1087:
1079:
1046:
946:
942:
830:
826:
747:
715:
696:
242:
3536:
Jewish Identity and Politics Between the Maccabees and Bar Kokhba
4913:
4737:
4681:
4676:
4466:
4439:
4392:
4382:
4372:
4312:
3070:
2942:. Society of Biblical Literature (SBL Press). pp. 101–120.
2032:
2024:
2008:
1665:
1380:
1322:
1317:
1268:
1264:
1228:
1157:
1119:
822:
775:
685:
628:
257:
4234:
3967:
in rabbinical sources, the word "Edom" was a code name for Rome
3532:"Rise of the Idumeans: Ethnicity and Politics in Herod's Judea"
1098:
4775:
3949:"Did the Edomite tribe Magdiel found Rome? | AskNoah.org"
3569:"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism"
3228:"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism"
2423:"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism"
2382:"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism"
1086:
origin, constituted the majority of the population of Western
778:. Other scholars believe that the assimilation was voluntary.
618:
540:
2159:
churchofjesuschrist.org: "Book of Mormon Pronunciation Guide"
722:. The people appear under a Greek form of their old name, as
703:
had started already before the destruction of the kingdom by
672:
from c. 1215 BC as well as in the chronicle of a campaign by
1058:
the biblical story that there was an Edomite kingdom here."
684:
by nomadic tribes coming from the east; among them were the
5207:
States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC
546:
4118:
Edom at the Edge of Empire: A Social and Political History
2059:
Victor Sasson describes an Edomite text that paralles the
1520:, who said it applied only to male descendants, and other
801:) when Judah was first weakened and then destroyed by the
5202:
States and territories established in the 13th century BC
3378:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–22,
1640:
conquered their territory for a time around 163 BC.
1271:
by their families, by their places, by their names: clan
2561:
This is the genealogy of Esau the father of the Edomites
2035:
are the Romans (and to a larger extent, all Europeans).
1431:, who was probably an Israelite deputy appointed by the
1255:
ruled in his place. And Baal-hanan ben Achbor died, and
1029:
in 2019. Archaeologists mainly took copper samples from
2038:
Juan Manuel Tebes argues that Quas is a similar god to
1713:
after the Roman conquest, was of Idumean origin. Under
647:. Edom appears in written sources relating to the late
1632:
as "Governor of Idumaea"; whether he was a Greek or a
993:
982:
608:
597:
998:; three of its kings are known from the same source:
567:
1082:, held that the Idumaeans, whom he identified as of
863:
582:
543:
5163:
5057:
4798:
4331:
4273:
2184:. Kevaeler: Butzon & Bercker. pp. 364–365.
1363:Nothing further is recorded of the Edomites in the
1231:, ruled in his place, and the name of his city was
549:
537:
153:
136:
126:
114:
104:
94:
84:
76:
47:
4040:Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
4005:"Why the Bible Is Mute about Qos, the Edomite God"
3626:, Anchor Bible Reference Library (Doubleday) 1995.
3065:. Vol. 3. Funk and Wagnalls. pp. 40–41.
1315:The Hebrew word translated as leader of a clan is
793:and later migrated into the southern parts of the
3612:– via Digital Commons @ Andrews University.
3344:. Penn State University Press. pp. 139–143.
3342:Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E
2375:
2373:
1259:ruled in his place, and the name of his city was
4096:. In Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A. (eds.).
1321:, used solely to describe the Dukes of Edom and
30:"Edomite" redirects here. For the language, see
1670:
837:describes the Edomites as descendants of Esau.
4094:"Edom and the Southern Jordan in the Iron Age"
3909:. Jerusalem, Israel: Carta, 2008, pp. 351, 354
3602:"Sacred Times: The Book of Jubilees at Qumran"
1474:and slaughter the Judaeans in 587 or 586 BCE (
988:
977:
941:The Edomites may have been connected with the
603:
592:
4246:
2275:(2). Oxford, UK: Oxford University: 239–253.
2046:to portray several Edomite persons as 'pious
1672:Hyrcanus also captured the Idumean cities of
1122:. The boundary between Moab and Edom was the
562:
509:
8:
4174:Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land
3645:. Oxford University Press. pp. 87–110.
2146:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1187:ruled in Edom, and the name of his city was
714:in an area comprising the southern hills of
2936:Jewish Biblical Exegesis from Islamic Lands
2019:, they seem to have worshiped such gods as
1660:and Ptolemy, he forcibly converted them to
1360:, though he prepared to resist aggression.
4253:
4239:
4231:
4100:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 639–654.
3980:"Esau the Ancestor of Rome - TheTorah.com"
3795:Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae / Palaestinae
2575:, Princeton Univ. Press, 1992. p.228, 318.
2193:
2191:
1709:along with Judean progenitors, that ruled
1164:(Bozra) archaeological site in modern-day
867:
516:
502:
175:
65:
44:
3584:
3243:
2715:
2697:
2573:Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times
2438:
2397:
2235:Prof. Itzhaq Beit-Arieh (December 1996).
2173:
2171:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
1847:region, shortly after the demise of the
1427:(c. 870 – 849 BC) the Tanakh mentions a
1146:was its principal stronghold, Eilat and
825:, the elder son of the Hebrew patriarch
138:• Conquered by the Babylonian king
3923:. In J. van Oorschot; M. Witte (eds.).
3045:
3043:
3041:
2584:
2110:
1371:of Israel in the late 11th century BC (
1356:). The King of Edom did not attack the
1134:. It was also called the land of Seir;
442:
372:
311:
270:
229:
208:
189:
178:
4206:Spencer, Richard (24 September 2019).
3634:
3632:
3376:Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism
2480:
2460:
2458:
1501:.Regarding the territory of Edom, the
27:Ancient kingdom in the southern Levant
3365:
3363:
3361:
2842:Shahid, Irfan; Shahîd, Irfan (1984).
2596:
1179:"before any Israelite king reigned":
1168:, what used to be the capital of Edom
730:, and their new territory was called
135:
125:
121:
7:
3927:. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
3785:Ameling, Walter; Cotton, Hannah M.;
3412:Eshel, Esther; Kloner, Amos (1996).
1872:, as well as that of Nabatean/Arab,
1864:Archaeological records gleaned from
1070:, Edomites settled in the region of
833:for a portion of "red pottage". The
563:
3530:Marshak, Adam Kolman (2012-01-01).
2333:. New York: Robert Appleton Company
2120:"The Formation of Idumean Identity"
1628:refers to a Seleucid general named
1574:inhabited the area during the late
1066:After the conquest of Judah by the
577:
5176:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
4261:Ancient states and regions in the
4177:. New York and London: Continuum.
3921:"YHWH's Provenance from the South"
2281:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1991.tb00701.x
1411:). From that time Edom remained a
1126:. The ancient capital of Edom was
25:
4149:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
2323:Charles Léon Souvay, ed. (1910).
1664:, and incorporated them into the
774:, and were incorporated into the
4159:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
4135:
3725:. Vol. 2. London / Boston:
3441:Josephus, "Ant." xii. 8, §§ 1, 6
2300:Negev & Gibson (ed.), 2001,
2221:Negev & Gibson (ed.), 2001,
1887:states that the Idumeans joined
1624:kingdom (early 2nd century BC),
533:
485:
200:
5222:Groups who converted to Judaism
4028:, Book 15, chapter 7, section 9
3693:(1). Vita e Pensiero: 171–193.
2815:Chancey, Mark A. (2002-05-23).
2765:"Herod | Biography & Facts"
1725:were promoted by works such as
1443:and elected a king of its own (
949:, nomadic raiders mentioned in
762:periods, also mentioned in the
754:), a term that was used in the
3826:Mishna Kilaim 6:4; Ketuvot 5:8
3466:The Harvard Theological Review
3370:Goodblatt, David, ed. (2006),
2821:. Cambridge University Press.
1996:Edomite goddess figure in the
1383:defeated the Edomites in the "
1:
3450:ib. xiii. 9, § 1; xiv. 4, § 4
2818:The Myth of a Gentile Galilee
2237:"Edomites Advance into Judah"
1470:the Edomites may have helped
1325:, in the first five books of
1245:Saul of Rehoboth on the river
1114:. It reached as far south as
1078:, writing around the time of
4428:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia
4115:Crowell, Bradley L. (2021).
3878:Josephus, Wars of the Jews,
3751:in his Latin translation of
3384:10.1017/cbo9780511499067.002
2699:10.1371/journal.pone.0221967
1027:punctuated equilibrium model
994:
983:
847:Ancient history of the Negev
623:) was an ancient kingdom in
619:
609:
598:
568:
410:Establishment of the Emirate
60:c. 13th century BC–c. 553 BC
4226:UCSD article on age of Edom
4098:The Ancient Israelite World
4092:Tebes, Juan Manuel (2022).
4052:10.1515/zatw.2006.117.4.601
4003:Tebes, Juan Manuel (2022).
3600:McGuire, J. Amanda (2011).
3226:Levin, Yigal (2020-09-24).
2738:Ptolemy, "Geography," v. 16
2421:Levin, Yigal (2020-09-24).
2380:Levin, Yigal (2020-09-24).
2242:Biblical Archaeology Review
2204:. Vol. 1. p. 126.
1558:"Idumaea" in southern Judah
1399:). An Edomite prince named
676:(r. 1186–1155 BC), and the
583:
451:Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
5258:
3639:Thiessen, Matthew (2011).
3417:Israel Exploration Journal
3340:; Albertz, Rainer (eds.).
2509:Israel Exploration Journal
1985:
1775:, in Greek called Alurus (
989:
978:
844:
718:down to the area north of
604:
593:
471:Israel–Jordan peace treaty
29:
3544:10.1163/9789004218512_008
3478:10.1017/S0017816000017843
3460:Weitzman, Steven (1999).
3173:Dykehouse, Jason (2013).
3108:, King James Version 1611
2788:Retso, Jan (2013-07-04).
1927:as being "near to Edom."
1616:During the revolt of the
1439:). Edom revolted against
1344:mentions both a king and
976:inscriptions in the form
149:
122:
64:
59:
5217:Semitic-speaking peoples
3622:Schiffman, Lawrence H.,
2198:Gauthier, Henri (1925).
2161:(retrieved 2012-02-25),
1705:, the progenitor of the
1342:first book of Chronicles
1247:ruled in his place. And
1239:ruled in his place. And
1215:ruled in his place. And
1203:ruled in his place. And
4156:The Jewish Encyclopedia
4026:Antiquities of the Jews
3919:M. Leuenberger (2017).
3668:"How Jewish Was Herod?"
3517:Antiquities of the Jews
3063:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2769:Encyclopedia Britannica
2502:Eph'al, Israel (1998).
2357:Encyclopædia Britannica
2313:Ben-Yosef (1979), p. 25
1855:in the 6th-century BC.
966:in the 6th century BC.
805:in the 6th century BC.
415:Trans-Jordan memorandum
34:. For the pottery, see
5021:Luwian-Aramaean states
3925:The Origins of Yahwism
3727:Crocker & Brewster
3666:Gassner, Evie (2019).
2178:Parpola, Simo (1970).
2100:List of rulers of Edom
2000:
1937:First Jewish–Roman War
1931:First Jewish–Roman War
1703:Antipater the Idumaean
1687:
1367:until their defeat by
1313:
1235:. And Hadad died, and
1169:
1103:
1014:(c. 705 BC), and
797:("Idumea", modern-day
631:to the northeast, the
420:Emirate of Transjordan
38:. For other uses, see
4872:Neo-Babylonian Empire
4456:Canaanite city-states
4015:on February 23, 2024.
3567:Levin, Yigal (2020).
2653:www.timesofisrael.com
2647:Amanda Borschel-Dan.
2330:Catholic Encyclopedia
2181:Neo-Assyrian Toponyms
2118:Levin, Yigal (2015).
1995:
1986:Further information:
1935:By 66 CE, during the
1923:'s dwelling place in
1644:Conversion to Judaism
1461:2 Chronicles 25:11–12
1437:2 Chronicles 20:10–23
1387:" (probably near the
1375:). Forty years later
1307:, clan Magdiel, clan
1253:Baal-hanan ben Achbor
1181:
1160:
1101:
969:Edom is mentioned in
845:Further information:
635:to the west, and the
95:Common languages
40:Edom (disambiguation)
5237:Transjordan (region)
5155:Tanukhid confederacy
4990:New Kingdom of Egypt
4073:Kings of Controversy
3095:1 Chronicles 1:43–54
2487:: CS1 maint: year (
1880:and Jewish culture.
1403:escaped and fled to
1110:peninsula as far as
957:during the reign of
349:Kingdom of Jerusalem
304:Christian Ghassanids
4867:Neo-Assyrian Empire
4650:Paleo-Syrian states
4077:National Geographic
3951:. January 13, 2011.
3586:10.3390/rel11100487
3245:10.3390/rel11100487
3021:Regnal Chronologies
2948:10.2307/j.ctvrs8z1w
2899:Deuteronomy 2:13–18
2690:2019PLoSO..1421967B
2629:. 19 September 2019
2440:10.3390/rel11100487
2399:10.3390/rel11100487
2165:-ified from «ē´dum»
1965:besieged the Temple
1692:Pharisaical Judaism
1582:Cultural continuity
1175:36:31-43 lists the
1004:Tiglath-pileser III
926:(1550–1069 BC)
373:Emirate and mandate
128:• Established
5110:Herodian Tetrarchy
3747:who cites in turn
3306:Deuteronomy 23:8–9
3138:Jewish Antiquities
2848:. Dumbarton Oaks.
2130:. London: 187–202.
2044:Book of Chronicles
2001:
1988:Canaanite religion
1957:siege of Jerusalem
1594:Hellenistic period
1237:Samlah of Masrekah
1170:
1104:
1006:(c. 745 BC),
627:, located between
132:c. 13th century BC
109:Canaanite religion
5184:
5183:
5125:Nabataean Kingdom
5100:Hasmonean dynasty
5095:Ghassanid Kingdom
4808:Achaemenid Empire
4644:Ib'al Confederacy
4283:Kish civilization
4128:978-0-88414-528-8
4107:978-1-000-77324-8
3749:Tyrannius Rufinus
3393:978-0-521-86202-8
3338:Knoppers, Gary N.
3015:Gordon, Bruce R.
2931:Tobi, Yosef Yuval
2873:Deuteronomy 2:1–8
2610:Asien und Europa,
2013:Levantine Semites
1972:Jewish–Roman wars
1532:Classical Idumaea
1472:plunder Jerusalem
1468:Nebuchadnezzar II
1449:2 Chronicles 21:8
1423:. In the time of
1354:Deuteronomy 2:4–6
1053:"), who attacked
939:
938:
927:
896:
895:
892:
891:
851:History of Jordan
776:Jewish population
705:Nebuchadnezzar II
695:and parts of the
526:
525:
492:Jordan portal
443:Post-independence
340:Fatimid Caliphate
335:Abbasid Caliphate
330:Umayyad Caliphate
174:
173:
16:(Redirected from
5249:
5242:Canaanite people
5135:Palmyrene Empire
5105:Herodian kingdom
5079:Byzantine Empire
4894:Israel (Samaria)
4255:
4248:
4241:
4232:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4160:
4139:
4138:
4132:
4111:
4080:
4079:, December 2010.
4070:
4064:
4063:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4011:. Archived from
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3984:www.thetorah.com
3976:
3970:
3969:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3916:
3910:
3905:Ahituv, Shmuel.
3903:
3897:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:Wars of the Jews
3854:De Bello Judaico
3847:Wars of the Jews
3837:De Bello Judaico
3833:
3827:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3789:; Ecker, Avner;
3782:
3776:
3766:
3760:
3742:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3636:
3627:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3527:
3521:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3367:
3356:
3355:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3223:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3170:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3129:2 Samuel 9:14–22
3126:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3106:Numbers 20:14–20
3103:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3073:. Archived from
3051:Richard Gottheil
3047:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3023:. Archived from
3017:"Edom (Idumaea)"
3012:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2991:Genesis 36:31–43
2988:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2941:
2927:
2921:
2907:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2881:
2875:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2761:
2755:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2701:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2619:
2613:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2554:
2548:
2546:Genesis 25:29–34
2543:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2478:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2232:
2226:
2219:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2166:
2156:
2150:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2115:
2095:Herodian Dynasty
2085:Edomite language
2072:Khirbat en-Nahas
1849:kingdom of Judah
1733:, which were of
1707:Herodian Dynasty
1698:Herodian dynasty
1690:were adopted in
1648:Around 110 BCE,
1612:Maccabean revolt
1518:Shimon ben Yohai
1503:book of Jeremiah
1488:Jeremiah 49:7–22
1421:Kingdom of Judah
1393:2 Samuel 8:13–14
1379:and his general
1227:in the field of
997:
992:
991:
986:
981:
980:
925:
868:
864:
860:
859:
795:Kingdom of Judah
693:Kingdom of Judah
622:
615:Ancient Egyptian
612:
607:
606:
601:
596:
595:
586:
581:
571:
566:
565:
556:
555:
552:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
518:
511:
504:
490:
489:
488:
476:2011–12 protests
360:Mamluk Sultanate
271:Classical period
204:
194:
176:
69:
54:
45:
32:Edomite language
21:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5232:Former kingdoms
5187:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5159:
5150:Sasanian Empire
5145:Seleucid Empire
5140:Parthian Empire
5090:Emesene Dynasty
5053:
4899:Israel (united)
4814:Aramaean states
4794:
4341:Akkadian Empire
4327:
4269:
4259:
4216:
4214:
4205:
4202:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4171:, eds. (2001).
4163:
4147:Singer, Isidore
4145:
4136:
4129:
4114:
4108:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4071:
4067:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3988:
3986:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3904:
3900:
3889:
3885:
3877:
3873:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3791:Isaac, Benjamin
3784:
3783:
3779:
3767:
3763:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3621:
3617:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3513:
3509:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3369:
3368:
3359:
3352:
3334:Lipschits, Oded
3328:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3300:
3289:
3285:
3276:
3274:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3225:
3224:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3178:Antiguo Oriente
3172:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3145:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3089:
3080:
3078:
3059:"Edom, Idumaea"
3049:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3028:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2963:
2939:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2884:Judges 11:17–18
2882:
2878:
2869:Deuteronomy 1:2
2867:
2863:
2856:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2684:(9): e0221967.
2671:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2632:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2570:
2566:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2479:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2209:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2157:
2153:
2139:
2135:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2081:
2069:
1990:
1984:
1945:Simon bar Giora
1933:
1754:
1715:Herod the Great
1700:
1654:John Hyrcanus I
1646:
1638:Judas Maccabeus
1614:
1596:
1584:
1560:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1480:Obadiah 1:11–14
1466:In the time of
1445:2 Kings 8:20–22
1397:1 Kings 9:15–16
1221:Hadad ben Bedad
1211:of the land of
1197:Jobab ben Zerah
1142:(838 BC),
1096:
1064:
1049:(the Biblical "
1018:at the time of
1010:at the time of
1002:at the time of
924:
907:
902:
878:
858:
853:
843:
811:
587:, lit.: "red";
536:
532:
522:
486:
484:
466:Black September
430:Adwan Rebellion
355:Ayyubid dynasty
230:Ancient history
192:
185:
170:
142:
129:
72:
55:
52:
50:
49:Kingdom of Edom
43:
36:Edomite pottery
28:
23:
22:
18:Kingdom of Edom
15:
12:
11:
5:
5255:
5253:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5189:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5171:Amarna letters
5167:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5071:Roman Republic
5063:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4992:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4617:
4612:
4600:
4598:Hittite Empire
4595:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4352:Amorite states
4348:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4201:
4200:External links
4198:
4197:
4196:
4183:
4169:Gibson, Shimon
4165:Negev, Avraham
4161:
4133:
4127:
4112:
4106:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4075:Robert Draper
4065:
4030:
4018:
3995:
3971:
3954:
3940:
3933:
3911:
3898:
3893:The Jewish War
3883:
3871:
3859:The Jewish War
3842:The Jewish War
3828:
3819:
3810:
3803:
3777:
3761:
3757:The Jewish War
3704:
3677:
3658:
3651:
3628:
3615:
3592:
3559:
3552:
3522:
3507:
3452:
3443:
3434:
3404:
3392:
3357:
3350:
3321:
3309:
3298:
3283:
3259:
3211:
3187:
3165:
3162:2 Kings 3:9–26
3154:
3143:
3121:
3110:
3098:
3087:
3057:(1901-06-19).
3037:
3007:
2994:
2983:
2972:
2961:
2922:
2902:
2891:
2876:
2861:
2854:
2834:
2827:
2807:
2800:
2780:
2756:
2740:
2731:
2664:
2639:
2614:
2601:
2599:, p. 651.
2589:
2577:
2564:
2549:
2538:
2527:
2494:
2454:
2413:
2369:
2344:
2315:
2306:
2293:
2255:
2227:
2223:Edom; Edomites
2207:
2187:
2167:
2151:
2133:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2068:
2065:
1983:
1980:
1932:
1929:
1913:Sea of Galilee
1885:Gospel of Mark
1753:
1750:
1699:
1696:
1645:
1642:
1613:
1610:
1595:
1592:
1583:
1580:
1576:Persian period
1559:
1556:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Persian period
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:were derived.
1510:Book of Psalms
1385:Valley of Salt
1373:1 Samuel 14:47
1124:brook of Zered
1095:
1092:
1063:
1060:
937:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
914:
913:
898:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
886:
883:
880:
875:
872:
857:
854:
842:
839:
810:
807:
712:Persian period
637:Arabian Desert
524:
523:
521:
520:
513:
506:
498:
495:
494:
481:
480:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
445:
444:
440:
439:
438:
437:
432:
427:
425:Kura rebellion
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
393:
388:
383:
375:
374:
370:
369:
368:
367:
365:Ottoman Empire
362:
357:
352:
342:
337:
332:
327:
325:Jund al-Urdunn
322:
314:
313:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
289:Arabia Petraea
286:
281:
273:
272:
268:
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250:
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232:
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137:
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116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
57:
56:
51:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5254:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5059:Classical Age
5056:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4977:
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4969:
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4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4949:
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4942:
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4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
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4917:
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4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4820:Aram-Damascus
4818:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4669:
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4657:
4654:
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4651:
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4645:
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4640:
4637:
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4623:
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4616:
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4611:
4608:
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4605:
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4596:
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4591:
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4579:
4577:
4574:
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4509:
4507:
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4502:
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4465:
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4460:
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4453:
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4434:
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4421:
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4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4378:First Babylon
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4347:
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4339:
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4336:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4186:
4184:0-8264-1316-1
4180:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4142:public domain
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:. SBL Press.
4120:
4119:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3996:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3936:
3934:9783110447118
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3804:9783110544213
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3652:9780199914456
3648:
3644:
3643:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3553:9789004218512
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3423:(1/2): 1–22.
3422:
3418:
3415:
3408:
3405:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3351:9781575065809
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3273:
3272:Bible Gateway
3269:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3201:
3200:Bible Gateway
3197:
3191:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3151:2 Samuel 8:14
3147:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:Numbers 20:21
3114:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3077:on 2007-09-21
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:Max Seligsohn
3052:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3027:on 2006-04-29
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2910:Genesis 36:33
2906:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2888:2 Kings 3:8–9
2885:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2855:9780884021155
2851:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2828:9781139434652
2824:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2801:9781136872891
2797:
2794:. Routledge.
2793:
2792:
2784:
2781:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2628:
2627:www.jpost.com
2624:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2587:, p. 47.
2586:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2535:Genesis 25:25
2531:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2304:, pp. 239–240
2303:
2297:
2294:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2225:, pp. 149–150
2224:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1998:Israel Museum
1994:
1989:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:, during the
1954:
1951:According to
1949:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1921:Rabbi Ishmael
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:Jerusalemites
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1870:Greek culture
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1666:Jewish nation
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:According to
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:Isaiah 34:5–8
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:King of Judah
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:, who struck
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:Bela ben Beor
1180:
1178:
1177:kings of Edom
1174:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:Kadesh Barnea
1109:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
985:
975:
972:
967:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
935:
934:
931:
930:
923:
919:
916:
915:
912:
911:
906:
900:
899:
887:
884:
881:
876:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
862:
861:
855:
852:
848:
840:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
808:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
783:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:New Testament
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
616:
611:
600:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
560:
554:
530:
519:
514:
512:
507:
505:
500:
499:
497:
496:
493:
483:
482:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
447:
446:
441:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
377:
376:
371:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
350:
346:
345:Oultrejordain
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
320:Bilad al-Sham
318:
317:
316:
315:
310:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
274:
269:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
234:
233:
228:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:
207:
203:
199:
198:
195:
188:
183:
177:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
156:
154:Today part of
152:
148:
144:
141:
131:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
68:
63:
58:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5212:Torah places
5075:Roman Empire
5067:Ancient Rome
5019:
4994:
4888:
4876:
4812:
4780:
4736:
4712:
4648:
4602:
4454:
4350:
4293:Chagar Bazar
4217:24 September
4215:. Retrieved
4211:
4188:. Retrieved
4173:
4154:
4117:
4097:
4086:Bibliography
4068:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4021:
4013:the original
4009:TheTorah.com
4008:
3998:
3987:. Retrieved
3983:
3974:
3966:
3957:
3943:
3924:
3914:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3886:
3874:
3863:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3822:
3813:
3794:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3721:
3713:Robinson, E.
3707:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3672:TheTorah.com
3671:
3661:
3641:
3623:
3618:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3535:
3525:
3515:
3510:
3472:(1): 37–59.
3469:
3465:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3420:
3416:
3407:
3397:, retrieved
3375:
3341:
3330:Kloner, Amos
3324:
3312:
3301:
3295:Psalms 108:9
3286:
3275:. Retrieved
3271:
3262:
3235:
3231:
3203:. Retrieved
3199:
3190:
3181:
3177:
3168:
3157:
3146:
3141:viii. 7, S 6
3136:
3124:
3113:
3101:
3090:
3079:. Retrieved
3075:the original
3062:
3029:. Retrieved
3025:the original
3020:
3010:
2997:
2986:
2980:1 Kings 9:26
2975:
2969:2 Kings 14:7
2964:
2935:
2925:
2905:
2894:
2879:
2864:
2844:
2837:
2817:
2810:
2790:
2783:
2772:. Retrieved
2768:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2734:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2656:. Retrieved
2652:
2642:
2631:. Retrieved
2626:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2592:
2585:Crowell 2021
2580:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2557:Genesis 36:9
2552:
2541:
2530:
2516:(1/2): 115.
2513:
2507:
2497:
2466:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2389:
2385:
2360:. Retrieved
2356:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2328:
2318:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2284:. Retrieved
2272:
2269:Archaeometry
2268:
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2240:
2230:
2222:
2200:
2180:
2154:
2144:
2136:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2070:
2058:
2052:
2037:
2002:
1969:
1959:in 70 CE by
1950:
1934:
1882:
1863:
1857:
1853:Judean exile
1845:Mount Hebron
1840:
1836:
1831:4.9.5), and
1828:
1820:
1817:Bethletephon
1812:
1804:
1800:
1799:(Adorayim) (
1792:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1747:
1723:
1701:
1688:
1683:circumcision
1671:
1647:
1626:II Maccabees
1620:against the
1615:
1599:
1597:
1585:
1561:
1545:
1507:
1494:
1476:Psalms 137:7
1465:
1457:2 Kings 14:7
1429:king of Edom
1362:
1331:
1316:
1314:
1182:
1171:
1105:
1094:Hebrew Bible
1065:
1039:Arava valley
1037:in Jordan’s
1031:Timna Valley
1024:
968:
955:Wadi Tumilat
940:
904:
903:
818:
812:
799:Mount Hebron
785:
781:
780:
751:
743:
742:: Ἰδουμαία,
735:
731:
727:
723:
709:
674:Ramesses III
661:
528:
527:
435:Ikhwan raids
400:Arab Kingdom
247:
4840:Bit Bahiani
4625:Tell Hadidi
3862:) IV, 529 (
3845:) IV, 514 (
3787:Eck, Werner
3731:67 (note 7)
3579:(10): 487.
3538:: 117–129.
3520:, 13.257-58
3291:Psalms 60:8
3238:(10): 487.
2918:Isaiah 63:1
2914:Isaiah 34:6
2433:(10): 487.
2392:(10): 487.
2061:Book of Job
1907:in meeting
1787:. 12.9.4),
1572:Phoenicians
1542:Former Edom
1425:Jehoshaphat
1148:Ezion-geber
1068:Babylonians
1012:Sennacherib
1000:Kaus-malaka
922:New Kingdom
910:hieroglyphs
803:Babylonians
756:Hellenistic
720:Be'er Sheva
651:and to the
625:Transjordan
405:Interregnum
391:Sykes–Picot
386:Arab Revolt
312:Islamic era
222:Ghassulians
217:'Ain Ghazal
191:History of
5191:Categories
5027:Carchemish
5008:Nabataeans
4825:Aram Rehob
4593:Carchemish
4403:Third Mari
4383:Third Ebla
4333:Bronze Age
4288:Tell Halaf
4275:Copper Age
3989:2023-09-06
3963:"Edomites"
3896:iv. 4, § 5
3890:Josephus,
3835:Josephus,
3775:Bk.16.2.34
3729:. p.
3514:Josephus,
3399:2024-06-14
3277:2021-06-29
3205:2021-11-08
3081:2005-07-25
3031:2006-08-04
2774:2018-10-13
2754:Bk.16.2.34
2658:2019-09-23
2633:2019-09-23
2597:Tebes 2022
2362:8 December
2337:8 December
2286:8 December
2248:8 December
2106:References
2005:Hasmoneans
1970:After the
1919:refers to
1905:Jordanians
1874:Phoenician
1839:. 13.9.1,
1803:. 13.9.1,
1719:Costobarus
1634:Hellenized
1377:King David
1358:Israelites
1346:chieftains
1336:, perhaps
1334:hereditary
1285:Aholibamah
1251:died, and
1243:died, and
1219:died, and
1207:died, and
1195:died, and
1136:Mount Seir
1043:Shoshenk I
1020:Esarhaddon
1016:Kaus-gabri
772:Hasmoneans
689:Nabataeans
649:Bronze Age
381:Hashemites
284:Hasmoneans
279:Nabataeans
209:Prehistory
5120:Macedonia
5085:Commagene
5013:Qedarites
4951:Phoenicia
4919:Philistia
4835:Bit Agusi
4830:Bit-Adini
4672:Tall Bazi
4566:Phoenicia
4536:Jerusalem
4388:Ekallatum
4212:The Times
4060:170594788
3773:Geography
3759:(4.8.1.).
3743:, citing
3739:425957927
3717:Smith, E.
3573:Religions
3502:162887617
3486:0017-8160
3429:0021-2059
3254:2077-1444
3232:Religions
3184:: 75–122.
2956:243304416
2752:Geography
2708:1932-6203
2571:Redford,
2483:cite book
2475:745203905
2449:2077-1444
2427:Religions
2408:2077-1444
2386:Religions
1925:Kfar Aziz
1903:and east
1901:Sidonians
1878:Palmyrene
1809:Caphethra
1795:4.8.1.),
1767:. 12.8.6,
1650:Hasmonean
1618:Maccabees
1568:Judahites
1552:Qedarites
1499:Nabonidus
1369:King Saul
1084:Nabataean
1055:Jerusalem
974:cuneiform
964:Nabonidus
959:Merneptah
728:Idumaeans
294:Tanukhids
263:Qedarites
145:c. 553 BC
140:Nabonidus
105:Religion
5042:Palistin
5002:Itureans
4800:Iron Age
4604:Hurrians
4346:Alashiya
4298:Hamoukar
3817:Mark 3:8
3793:(2018).
3753:Josephus
3719:(1856).
3699:26477573
3133:Josephus
3071:16014703
2920:, et al.
2726:31532811
2678:PLOS ONE
2608:Müller,
2522:27926503
2325:"Idumea"
2079:See also
2054:Josephus
1982:Religion
1953:Josephus
1851:and the
1823:4.8.1),
1815:4.9.9),
1807:1.2.5),
1789:Begabris
1781:Bethsura
1779:4.9.6),
1771:4.9.7),
1757:Josephus
1743:Sadducee
1739:Hasidean
1727:Jubilees
1658:Josephus
1622:Seleucid
1606:Ben Sira
1601:ketubbot
1389:Dead Sea
1338:elective
1189:Dinhabah
1152:seaports
1008:Aya-ramu
971:Assyrian
951:Egyptian
744:Idoumaía
724:Idumeans
699:down to
664:Egyptian
653:Iron Age
589:Akkadian
461:1967 War
456:1948 War
299:Salihids
238:Amorites
182:a series
180:Part of
80:Monarchy
5164:Sources
5130:Osroene
4929:Ascalon
4904:Jericho
4782:Nuhašše
4730:Suteans
4668:Armanum
4620:Mitanni
4615:Nuhašše
4576:Shechem
4556:Megiddo
4551:Lakisha
4541:Kenites
4531:Jericho
4511:Dimasqu
4482:Aštartu
4477:Ascalon
4413:Palmyra
4368:Andarig
4358:Alalakh
4303:Jericho
4265:of the
4263:history
4190:26 July
4144::
3880:Book IV
3494:1510155
3317:Yevamot
3003:אַלּוּף
2717:6750566
2686:Bibcode
2612:p. 135.
2067:Economy
2048:Levites
1943:leader
1917:Mishnah
1911:by the
1897:Tyrians
1889:Judeans
1866:Maresha
1833:Marissa
1752:Borders
1662:Judaism
1652:leader
1630:Gorgias
1564:ostraca
1526:halacha
1522:Tannaim
1492:Obadiah
1453:Amaziah
1441:Jehoram
1417:Solomon
1303:, clan
1299:, clan
1295:, clan
1291:, clan
1287:, clan
1283:, clan
1281:Jetheth
1279:, clan
1275:, clan
1173:Genesis
1162:Busaira
1140:Amaziah
1132:Horites
1062:Idumaea
1051:Shishak
841:History
770:by the
768:Judaism
752:Idūmaea
736:Idumaea
667:pharaoh
655:in the
559:Edomite
115:History
99:Edomite
85:Capital
5115:Iturea
5047:Pattin
5037:Luhuti
5032:Kummuh
4971:Tartus
4924:Ashdod
4878:Canaan
4855:Sam'al
4850:Hamath
4845:Geshur
4771:Ugarit
4761:Tadmor
4744:ʿApiru
4725:Aḫlamū
4720:ʿApiru
4706:Tuttul
4661:Aleppo
4634:Naziba
4571:Qadesh
4561:Midian
4546:Kumidi
4521:Gibeon
4501:Beruta
4496:Hauran
4492:Bashan
4487:Azzati
4462:Amalek
4433:Yamhad
4423:Ṭābetu
4408:Mukish
4363:Amurru
4323:Urkesh
4318:Ugarit
4308:Byblos
4267:Levant
4181:
4151:"Edom"
4125:
4104:
4058:
3931:
3852:) and
3801:
3769:Strabo
3745:Reland
3737:
3697:
3649:
3606:Papers
3550:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3427:
3390:
3348:
3252:
3069:
2954:
2852:
2825:
2798:
2748:Strabo
2724:
2714:
2706:
2520:
2473:
2447:
2406:
2353:"Edom"
2302:Idumea
2141:"Edom"
2090:Habiru
2040:Yahweh
1976:Jerome
1941:Zealot
1939:, the
1915:. The
1859:Strabo
1773:Halhul
1761:Hebron
1735:Essene
1678:Marisa
1587:Strabo
1550:. The
1548:Arabah
1495:passim
1413:vassal
1409:Aramea
1365:Tanakh
1350:Canaan
1340:. The
1305:Mibzar
1273:Timnah
1241:Samlah
1225:Midian
1217:Husham
1213:Temani
1209:Husham
1201:Bozrah
1191:. And
1166:Jordan
1128:Bozrah
1076:Strabo
1072:Hebron
1035:Faynan
990:𒌑𒁺𒈬
979:𒌑𒁺𒈪
835:Tanakh
815:Hebrew
791:Jordan
786:Idumea
732:Idumea
678:Tanakh
670:Seti I
657:Levant
645:Israel
641:Jordan
633:Arabah
605:𒌑𒁺𒈬
594:𒌑𒁺𒈪
579:אֱדוֹם
574:Hebrew
564:𐤀𐤃𐤌
253:Israel
193:Jordan
184:on the
166:Israel
161:Jordan
118:
89:Bozrah
77:Status
53:𐤀𐤃𐤌
5227:Aqaba
4996:Arabs
4981:Sidon
4966:Gebal
4961:Arwad
4956:Amrit
4934:Ekron
4909:Judah
4884:Ammon
4860:Zobah
4766:Tunip
4754:Shutu
4749:Shasu
4714:Suhum
4701:Nagar
4691:Terqa
4687:Khana
4610:Urshu
4581:Sidon
4526:Hazor
4516:Gezer
4506:Gebal
4472:Arwad
4450:Barga
4418:Qatna
4398:Kurda
4056:S2CID
4046:(4).
3867:4.9.7
3850:4.9.3
3695:JSTOR
3687:Aevum
3498:S2CID
3490:JSTOR
2952:S2CID
2940:(PDF)
2518:JSTOR
2029:'Uzza
2017:Arabs
1961:Titus
1909:Jesus
1837:Antiq
1825:Tekoa
1801:Antiq
1785:Antiq
1765:Antiq
1731:4QMMT
1711:Judea
1674:Adora
1514:Torah
1405:Egypt
1401:Hadad
1327:Moses
1301:Teman
1297:Kenaz
1293:Pinon
1277:Alvah
1265:clans
1257:Hadar
1233:Avith
1205:Jobab
1199:from
1144:Selah
1116:Eilat
1108:Sinai
1088:Judea
1080:Jesus
1047:Egypt
995:Údumu
984:Údumi
947:Shutu
943:Shasu
901:jdwmꜥ
831:Jacob
827:Isaac
817:word
760:Roman
748:Latin
740:Greek
716:Judea
701:Timna
697:Negev
682:Judah
620:jdwmꜥ
610:Údumu
599:Údumi
584:ʾĔḏōm
243:Ammon
5197:Edom
4976:Tyre
4944:Gaza
4939:Gath
4914:Moab
4889:Edom
4788:Niya
4738:Amqu
4696:Mari
4682:Emar
4677:Ebla
4656:Armi
4639:Niya
4586:Tyre
4467:Arqa
4445:Aram
4440:Amqu
4393:Emar
4373:Apum
4313:Ebla
4219:2019
4192:2021
4179:ISBN
4123:ISBN
4102:ISBN
3929:ISBN
3799:ISBN
3735:OCLC
3647:ISBN
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