422:, and began the long process of also converting his entire kingdom to that religion. Herbert S. Lewis credits Abba Jifar with having initiated "many administrative and political innovations", despite the lack of specific historical evidence. According to oral tradition, Abba Jifar claimed the right to the extensive areas of the newly conquered land as well as virgin or unused land, which he both kept for himself and used to reward his family, followers and favorites. He reportedly constructed at least five palaces in different parts of Jimma. The historian Mordechai Abir notes that between the years 1839 and 1841 of his reign, Abba Jifar fought with Abba Bagido, the King of
268:
557:("house of the table"). It consisted of a great hall with several large round wooden tables. The King and 20 to 30 other individuals sat around the main table, with the remaining tables ranked in importance according to how close they were positioned to the King. During the evening, the King typically dined alone with one of his wives, and often summoned instrumentalists or Arab merchants with a gramophone for musical accompaniment.
36:
542:, exclusively overseeing domestic palace affairs. The azazi maintained a number of treasuries, and dispensed funds to cover court-related expenses. The palace also housed professional soldiers, whom the azazi had the power to assign infrastructural maintenance chores to. Other officers oversaw other day-to-day activities at the palace, including artisanal labor and royal court guest hospitality.
364:, she drove the Kaffa people living in the area across the Gojeb River. While this suggests that the Oromo invaders drove the original inhabitants from the area, Herbert S. Lewis notes that Oromo society was inclusionist, and the only ethnic differences they made are reflected in the history of various kinship groups.
514:
seized the opportunity to finally annex Jimma. As Harold Marcus observes, the kingdom's "autonomy had been undermined by the declining world economy, the deteriorating health of its ruler, the road that slowly advanced from Addis Abeba, the advent of air power, and the transcendent needs of modern,
545:
Like the other Gibe kingdoms, Jimma's ruler King Abba Jifar also owned many slaves. They served as officials in the royal palace, where they attended to the needs of the King's wives and supervised the abattoir and meal preparation, among other activities. The slaves also acted as jailers, market
521:
editorialized that the kingdom was in danger because her king, Abba Jifar, was old and ill and his grandson and heir no longer properly obeyed the central government and was using the kingdom's revenues to build up an army. Seven days later, on 12 May, 400 soldiers and a team of administrators
442:
on the other. While the two Kings negotiated a peace in 1841, and sealed the treaty with the marriage of Abba Jifar's daughter to Abba Bagido's son Abba Dula, the Jimma King eventually conquered Badi-Folla (1847) and secured control over this important caravan route.
471:
began to reach into the Gibe region for the first time in centuries. As Lewis notes, "Borrelli, Franzoj and other travellers accorded him little hope of retaining his kingdom for long." However, heeding the wise advice of his mother
762:
882:
454:
was conquered and annexed into Jimma. King Gomol settled wealthy men from his kingdom in the former state. He also brought important men from Garo to live at Jiren, thus integrating the two polities.
371:, and destroyed her power. The various groups then pursued their own courses, loosely bound into a confederation that held councils at Hulle, where laws were passed under the
522:
descended upon Jimma and brought the kingdom to an end. During the reorganization of the provinces in 1942, the last administrative traces of the kingdom vanished into
641:, p. 65. He also notes that the Gadaa system was almost entirely forgotten in Jimma by 1960, and suggests that its use may have ended a generation or two earlier.
546:
judges, and stewards of the King's territories. Additionally, they sometimes served as governors of a province, though this position was usually given to wealthy
344:
According to legend, a number of Oromo groups (variously given from five to 10) were led to Jimma by a great sorceress and Queen named
Makhore, who carried a
887:
390:), but late in the 18th century another group, the Diggo of Mana, began to extend their domain, conquering the Lalo clan who lived around
597:) became a major cash crop in Jimma only in the reign of King Abba Jifar II. Another source of income was the extraction of oil from
614:
484:
state initially surrendered to the
Abyssinians, opposition grew quickly and a resistance movement formed under their new leader
877:
63:
35:
858:"The Rise of Coffee and the Demise of Colonial Autonomy: The Oromo Kingdom of Jimma and Political Centralization in Ethiopia"
619:
892:
534:
The
Kingdom of Jimma had its own administration, which was centered at the royal palace. An officer referred to as the
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360:
system) which when placed on the ground would cause the earth to tremble and men to fear. It is said that with this
481:
523:
488:, numerous nobles of the Jimma kingdom including the brother of king Abba Jifar joined the militia in Hadiya.
704:
The era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and the re-unification of the
Christian empire, 1769-1855
491:
King Abba Jifar instead found himself enthusiastically helping the Shewan king conquer his neighbors:
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473:
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Eventually, the Oromo grew unhappy with
Makhore's rule, and through a ruse, deprived her of her
350:
538:("the orderer") served there as the head. His function at the court was essentially that of a
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that the kingdom of Jimma coalesced, and after this time Jimma was frequently referred to as
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believes that the Badi lost their predominant position in part due to raids by king
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At noon, the King, his retinue, court officials and guests dined together at the
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426:, over the district of Badi-Folla. The area was important for control of the
394:, and gaining access to the market and trade center at Hirmata (later called
78:
65:
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in 1894, and Kaffa in 1897. In 1928, the tribute of Jimma amounted to
588:
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that emerged in the 18th century. It shared its western border with
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463:
439:
419:
410:, but also due to constant infighting. It was during the reign of
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767:. African Studies Center, Michigan State University. p. 69.
480:, and counseled his neighboring kings to do the same. Although
476:, he submitted to Menelik II, and agreed to pay tribute to the
386:
were the predominant clan (which led to the alternate name of
327:. Jimma was considered the most powerful militarily of the
515:
centralized power." On 5 May 1932, the official newspaper
842:
The Galla of
Ethiopia; the Kingdoms of Kafa and Janjero
883:
States and territories established in the 19th century
844:(London: International African Institute, 1955), p. 26
16:
1790–1932 Oromo kingdom based in southwestern
Ethiopia
831:(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965), p. 86
815:(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965), p. 71
795:
The Life and Times of
Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
375:; at this point, Jimma was commonly referred to as
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166:
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122:
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581:were used as currency until the reign of Emperor
510:Following the death of Abba Jifar II, Emperor
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8:
797:(Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1995), p. 121
691:A Galla Monarchy: Jimma Abba Jifar, Ethiopia
823:
821:
807:
805:
803:
665:The Oromo of Ethiopia: A History 1570-1860)
34:
18:
461:assumed the throne that the power of the
751:. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 4–5.
667:, (Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1994), p. 111
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864:, New Series, 9 (2002), pp. 51-74
434:on the one hand, and the provinces of
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7:
418:. King Abba Jifar also converted to
829:A Galla Monarchy: Jimma Abba Jifar
813:A Galla Monarchy: Jimma Abba Jifar
764:Northeast African Studies Volume 9
706:(London: Longmans, 1968), p. 91ff.
14:
693:(Madison, Wisconsin, 1965), p. 40
615:Rulers of the Gibe state of Jimma
266:
190:• Renamed Jimma Abba Jifar
40:The five Oromo kingdoms of the
620:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
550:(chief of trade and markets).
312:, its eastern border with the
1:
888:1790 establishments in Africa
457:It was shortly after his son
319:, and was separated from the
348:(usually connected with the
909:
354:, or headman of the Oromo
862:Northeast African Studies
745:Local History of Ethiopia
601:, which was used to make
575:) and salt blocks called
503:87,000 and an additional
241:
237:
174:
162:
134:
33:
28:
878:Monarchies of Ethiopia
382:At first, the Badi of
300:Muslim kingdom in the
293:
567:Maria Theresa Thalers
507:15,000 for the army.
95:Common languages
893:Oromo royal families
840:G.W.B. Huntingford,
323:to the south by the
742:Lindahl, Bernhard.
180:• Established
75: /
827:Herbert S. Lewis,
811:Herbert S. Lewis,
793:Harold G. Marcus,
689:Herbert S. Lewis,
430:route between the
317:Kingdom of Janjero
226:• Annexed by
79:7.6666°N 36.8333°E
779:Galla of Ethiopia
663:Mohammed Hassen,
282:
281:
278:
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213:• Vassal to
200:• Vassal to
140:• 1830–1855
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432:Kingdom of Kaffa
416:Jimma Abba Jifar
321:Kingdom of Kaffa
294:Mootummaa Jimmaa
286:Kingdom of Jimma
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262:Ethiopian Empire
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215:Ethiopian Empire
202:Kingdom of Shewa
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452:Kingdom of Garo
400:Mohammed Hassen
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340:Establishment
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249:Succeeded by
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152:• 1932
145:Abba Jifar I
124:
55:(now called
555:mana sank'a
446:Under King
404:Abba Bagido
325:Gojeb River
302:Gibe region
109:Sunni Islam
82: /
42:Gibe region
872:Categories
680:, pp. 41f.
583:Menelik II
565:In Jimma,
448:Abba Gomol
388:Jimma Badi
377:Jimma Kaka
296:) was an
157:Abba Jofir
115:Government
70:36°50′00″E
540:majordomo
495:in 1889,
373:abba boku
369:virginity
351:abba boku
105:Religion
67:7°40′00″N
29:1790–1932
781:, p. 61.
609:See also
548:nagadras
306:Ethiopia
118:Monarchy
732:, p. 43
728:Lewis,
719:, p. 45
715:Lewis,
676:Lewis,
654:, p. 38
650:Lewis,
637:Lewis,
603:perfume
561:Economy
464:neguses
428:caravan
335:History
167:History
49:Capital
599:civets
589:Coffee
578:amoleh
497:Walamo
482:Hadiya
474:Gumiti
436:Gojjam
314:Sidamo
170:
130:
123:King (
749:(PDF)
626:Notes
536:azazi
493:Kullo
478:negus
469:Shewa
440:Shewa
420:Islam
396:Jimma
392:Jiren
384:Saqqa
357:Gadaa
298:Oromo
290:Oromo
99:Oromo
57:Jimma
53:Jiren
438:and
362:boku
346:boku
284:The
233:1932
220:1889
207:1884
194:1830
184:1790
125:Moti
572:MTT
505:MTT
501:MTT
467:of
406:of
398:).
304:of
874::
860:,
820:^
802:^
786:^
605:.
585:.
526:.
379:.
331:.
292::
591:(
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