405:
1373:
1384:
146:
1056:
1222:
1026:
132:
163:
1037:
2499:
911:
1721:
380:
2214:
1131:
508:), as all three participated in deposing their father. When García died in 914, León went to Ordoño, who now ruled both León and Galicia as Ordoño II. At Ordoño's death in 924, the throne went to his brother Fruela II (924–925), who died of leprosy a year later. Fruela's death in 925 was followed by a civil war, after which Alfonso, the eldest son of Ordoño II, emerged as the new king
738:
436:
516:, the younger brother of Alfonso IV, became king in 932, having captured his brother Alfonso, as well as the three sons of Fruela II – Alfonso, Ordoño and Ramiro. Alfonso IV may have died soon after, but he left two infant sons, called Ordoño and Fruela. When Ramiro died in 951, he left two sons by two different wives. When the elder son
926:
to temporary independence. In the division of lands which followed his death, his son
Fernando succeeded to the county of Castile. Two years later, in 1037, he defeated the king of León who died in the battle and, because Fernando was married to the Leonese king's sister, he became king of León and
1105:
against the Moors. Modern historians see the fall of Toledo as marking a basic change in relations with the
Moorish south, turning from the simple extortion of annual tribute to outright territorial expansion. Alfonso VI was drawn into local politics by strife within Toledo and inherited the
1416:
Key figures, including monarchs and ecclesiastical leaders, played a pivotal role in shaping this art, with a notable infusion of
Andalusian tastes. The art of León during the 9th to 11th centuries successfully merged diverse traditions, creating a distinctive style within the context of
863:
upon return towards Ría de Ferrol (where they had their stranded ships). The
Galician troops captured Gunrod and many of his warriors, executing them all. Sporadic Viking assaults continued in the north of Spain even into the 11th century. In 1008, Galicia and the
821:
began a campaign to expand Burgos and make it independent and hereditary. He took for himself the title Count of
Castile, in reference to the many castles of the territory (around Burgos), and continued expanding his area at the expense of León by allying with the
567:
of Norway raided Spain's
Atlantic coast. There are also reports of a series of attacks on the Christian lands of north Spain in 1028, 1032, and 1038, and the Christian kingdoms in the north commonly used Vikings as mercenaries in their internecine wars.
693:
León was a small town during this time, but one of the few former Roman cities in the
Kingdom of Asturias which still held significance (the surviving Roman walls bear the medieval walling upon them). During Visigothic times, the city had served as a
1249:'s replacement by Castilian. The Kingdom of León and the Kingdom of Castile kept different Parliaments, different flags, different coin and different laws until the Modern Era, when Spain, like other European states, centralized governmental power.
1181:
Alfonso IX did not want his kingdom to disappear upon his death and designated his heirs as Sancha and Dulce, the daughters of his first wife. In order to maintain the independence of the
Kingdom of León, Afonso IX applied in his testament the
978:
Few in Europe would have known of this immense new wealth in a kingdom so isolated that its bishops had virtually no contact with Rome, except that
Ferdinand and his heirs (the kings of León and Castile) became the greatest benefactors of the
1217:
waited until 1296, following Sancho's death the previous year, to be crowned as John I, King of León, Galicia and
Seville. In 1301, he abdicated, and the king of Castile assumed the Crown of León, reuniting the two kingdoms.
858:
left Galicia without an authority capable of facing the Vikings, who for three years camped comfortably, looting different Galician regions. In 971, Gunrod and his Vikings were surprised and defeated by Count
765:
into a no-man's land that separated Christian kingdoms in the north of Iberia from the Muslim states in the south. Ramiro II was nicknamed "The Devil" by Muslims because of his great military skill.
698:, and incorporating the city into Asturias brought legitimacy to the Asturian monarchs who sought to lead a unified Iberian church, during a time when most of the Iberian Peninsula was governed by
761:(931–951) assumed the throne and brought stability to the kingdom. A brave military commander who defeated the Muslim armies in their own territory, Ramiro's expeditions turned the valley of the
1962:
1279:
of León, among others, many of which lasted until the 19th century. The Castilian monarchs, however, soon began a process of unifying the laws of the two kingdoms, as exemplified by the
1205:
The union between León and Castile was not accepted by the Leonese people. King Ferdinand III needed two years to suppress the secessionist revolts in the Kingdom of León, so his son
1186:
right of inheritance, which granted men and women equality in succession, thus leaving his daughters to be the future queens of León. However, when Alfonso IX died in 1230, his son by
3155:
1694:
3160:
1354:. Leonesist parties gained 13.6% of votes cast in the León autonomic elections in 2007. There have also been initiatives approved by some Leonese city councils to establish a
1194:, invaded León and assumed the crown. He thus became the first joint sovereign of both kingdoms since the death of Alfonso VII in 1157. The isolated Atlantic province, the
3110:
1436:
like the "beatos" exemplify the vibrancy and evolution of Leonese art, incorporating elements from Byzantine-Merovingian influences to an Islamic-Carolingian character.
3185:
1120:. Alfonso VI thus found his role as a Catholic king redefined as he governed large cities with sophisticated urban, Muslim subjects and growing Christian populations.
898:
area and then became a mercenary for Rodrigo Romániz, but was defeated by the bishop of Compostela. The last recorded raids occurred during the period 1047–1066 when
3150:
3145:
3140:
488:
is the first of the kings described by the charters as reigning in León. It is generally assumed that the old Asturian kingdom was divided among the three sons of
3200:
555:
carried on the struggle until Count Gonzalo Sánchez defeated the invaders and killed Gunrod himself. Count Sánchez destroyed the entire fleet of Gunrod. In 1008,
2330:
3180:
1097:
lands, and the traditional view of Spanish history has been that they brought with them the remains of Visigothic and Classical culture, and a new ideology of
587:
in 1230. From 1296 to 1301, the Kingdom of León was again independent and after the re-union with Castile remained a Crown until 1833, but as part of a united
3115:
946:
successor states of the Caliphate, the Christian kingdoms, who had been sending tribute to the Caliphate, found themselves in a position to demand payments (
2159:
1214:
1443:
became prominent examples of Romanesque sculpture and painting. This period also laid the foundation for the Romanesque predecessors of the cathedrals of
531:
had been born in 961 and was only about five years old when his father died. He was also the only legitimate member of the direct family line. His mother
3175:
2704:
2389:
959:
Thus, though scarcely influenced by the culture of the successor territories of the former Caliphate, Ferdinand I followed the example of the counts of
3170:
1439:
During the 11th and 12th centuries, the arrival of Romanesque art marked a significant shift in Leonese artistic expression. Masterpieces such as the
2120:"Cenobios leoneses altomedievales ante la europeización: San Pedro y San Pablo de Montes, Santiago y San Martín de Peñalba y San Miguel de Escalada"
591:
from 1479. In the Royal Decree of 30 November 1833, the Kingdom of León was considered one of the Spanish regions and divided into the provinces of
2000:
535:
had retired into the recently founded monastery of San Pelayo, of which her sister-in-law Elvira was the abbess. Another nun, Sancho's full sister
1946:
3130:
1106:
political alliances of the city-state. He found himself faced with problems unfamiliar to him, such as appointing and dealing with a Catholic
2195:
1791:
1756:
1704:
145:
3125:
2919:
1723:
The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church
162:
1885:
1372:
1199:
842:(966–982) ascended to the throne of León. In the second year of his reign, 968, a Viking fleet of 100 ships landed in Galicia led by king
3195:
2231:
1672:
Carta de reconocimiento de los fueros, privilegios y franquezas del concejo de Toro por parte de D.ᵃ María, esposa del infante D. Sancho
1418:
3105:
2548:
2030:
343:
1307:
as its own government. The modern region of León was established in 1833 and was divided into León, Zamora, and Salamanca provinces.
2297:
1994:
1956:
1055:
975:
were split among his three sons, of whom Alfonso emerged the victor in the classic fratricidal strife common to feudal successions.
2525:
2278:
398:
2520:
2250:
1448:
1440:
2185:
1383:
1332:
938:
Early in its existence, León lay directly to the north of the powerful Caliphate of Córdoba. When internal dissensions divided
608:
3135:
2697:
2382:
2338:
2235:
1402:
1367:
1116:, which were dependent on Toledo and which often bought the king's favour with gold from their trade with Al-Andalus and the
2257:
1237:
Though the kings of Castile and León initially continued to take the title King of León as the superior title, and to use a
615:. However, significant parts of the former kingdom today integrate these three provinces and the autonomous communities of
2671:
2530:
603:. In 1978, these three provinces of the region of León were included along with six provinces of the historic region of
1013:. He assumed control of first León, and later Castile and Galicia, when his brother died attacking the Leonese city of
131:
3165:
3100:
3059:
2264:
1351:
1300:
899:
520:, who ruled from 951 to 956, suddenly died aged little more than thirty, he was succeeded by his younger half-brother
3095:
1468:
1316:
3069:
3064:
3039:
3024:
2563:
1350:, the Leonese regionalist and nationalist movements, support the creation of an autonomous community separate from
2224:
3044:
3029:
2934:
2690:
2375:
2246:
1421:. Noteworthy features include a mix of architectural styles, experimentation with various artistic elements like
809:
During the early 10th century, León expanded to the south and east, securing territory that became the County of
212:
1221:
3120:
3054:
2713:
2572:
2398:
1473:
1191:
471:
245:
2453:
517:
782:
and especially from Asturias and León. This migration of Asturian and Leonese peoples greatly influenced the
3074:
2816:
2587:
2553:
2463:
2428:
2418:
1410:
1209:
restored the independence of the Kingdom of León. However, this was not respected by his son and successor,
1167:
1139:
1025:
1000:
823:
818:
719:
493:
489:
3019:
2644:
2607:
2515:
2488:
1433:
1413:
traditions, produced structures ranging from modest single-nave churches to elaborate monastic complexes.
1377:
1124:
996:
932:
803:
799:
560:
2958:
2423:
715:
485:
264:
2640:
2592:
2433:
2410:
2064:
1984:
1328:
1187:
992:
919:
600:
501:
2811:
2558:
2478:
2473:
2443:
1452:
1143:
1076:
1044:
918:
The Kingdom of León continued to be the most important of all those of the Iberian Peninsula. However,
839:
754:
547:
of Norway, the Viking leader, established himself on Galician soil and held out for a year and a half:
528:
509:
279:
3190:
2756:
2625:
2582:
2577:
2483:
2448:
1387:
1210:
1206:
851:
758:
548:
513:
186:
30:
474:
fought civil wars, wars against neighbouring kingdoms, and campaigns to repel invasions by both the
3009:
2990:
2939:
2930:
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2653:
2635:
2615:
2468:
2458:
1775:
Histoire des musulmans d'Espagne jusqu'à la conquête de l'Andalousie par les Almoravides (711–1110)
1628:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1336:
1320:
1296:
1226:
1060:
1040:
1029:
922:(1004–1035) took over Castile in the 1020s, and managed León in the last year of his life, leaving
895:
827:
687:
612:
592:
580:
521:
455:
385:
190:
84:
2271:
3034:
2985:
2948:
2943:
2905:
2893:
2852:
2768:
2744:
2630:
1797:
1644:
1513:
1508:
1324:
1195:
1183:
988:
927:
Galicia. For nearly 30 years, until his death in 1065, he ruled over the kingdom of León and the
876:. The Vikings managed to successfully capture the bishop and many of the town's inhabitants. The
731:
596:
584:
576:
572:
329:
112:
2507:
2438:
1079:
was a turning point in the development of León and Castile and the first major milestone in the
750:
2498:
1881:
1036:
855:
2976:
2953:
2898:
2840:
2828:
2806:
2773:
2727:
2663:
2649:
2620:
2191:
2141:
2100:
2092:
2026:
1990:
1952:
1787:
1752:
1700:
1620:
1604:
1444:
1159:
928:
878:
727:
711:
652:
564:
536:
532:
451:
439:
296:
194:
151:
70:
42:
2963:
2119:
2972:
2926:
2909:
2597:
2567:
2131:
1779:
1744:
1612:
1599:
1577:
1571:
1545:
1498:
1478:
1262:
1246:
1230:
1175:
1147:
891:
860:
783:
644:
539:
emerged as regent during his long minority. Under the regency of Elvira, fresh raids of the
221:
202:
56:
722:(914–924). Ordoño II was also a military leader who brought expeditions from León south to
3014:
2980:
2077:
1539:
1393:
The art of the Kingdom of León, originating in the 10th century and flourishing until the
983:, where Abbot Hugh (died 1109) undertook construction of the huge third abbey church, the
923:
869:
779:
675:
620:
497:
217:
1429:, and the use of mural painting techniques influenced by both Roman and Caliphal styles.
137:
1295:
In the 19th century, León declared war, together with Galicia and Asturias, against the
868:
region were attacked, and in 1014 or 1015 a major raid was launched against the city of
3049:
1636:
1426:
1394:
1280:
1258:
770:
660:
640:
467:
176:
98:
3089:
1801:
1518:
1242:
1072:
1014:
885:
873:
791:
718:(910–914) who moved the capital of the kingdom of Astures to León. His successor was
459:
910:
648:
984:
2136:
1857:
1123:
The two kingdoms of León and Castile were split in 1157, when a major defeat for
2872:
2213:
1155:
1081:
1010:
999:, and the large hostels and churches along the route encouraged building in the
902:, the bishop of Compostela, fought and won several battles against the Vikings.
683:
616:
604:
306:
1455:
pioneering the use of personal emblems, contributing to the visual language of
1130:
1017:. He was crowned Emperor of Spain over all the kings of the Iberian Peninsula.
2793:
1488:
1398:
1271:
1171:
1151:
1090:
1006:
939:
798:
elements. Notable examples of the Mozarabic style are the Leonese churches of
2353:
2340:
2145:
2104:
1110:
in Toledo and the settling of garrisons in the small Muslim strongholds, the
2739:
2540:
1422:
1406:
1347:
1284:
1138:
The last two kings of an independent Kingdom of León (1157–1230) were
960:
953:
795:
746:
737:
671:
667:
435:
238:
2682:
2056:
1773:
1738:
1783:
1748:
890:
describe another big raid after this one, in the year 1028. It was led by
1456:
664:
628:
624:
552:
540:
505:
427:
2327:(Chapter 1): Gives the cultural context of earlier and 12th century León
524:"The Fat" (956–966), as Ordoño had failed to produce a legitimate heir.
2316:
1397:
period, is characterized by a unique blend of influences, notably from
1163:
1117:
1102:
1094:
1086:
847:
723:
695:
556:
479:
228:
1846:. Casemate Publishers & Book Distributors, LLC. 2016. p. 347.
2763:
1858:"Leovigild | Visigothic Ruler, Reformer & Conqueror | Britannica"
1355:
1245:, power in fact became centralized in Castile, as exemplified by the
1107:
964:
952:) instead, in return for favours to particular factions or as simple
948:
843:
814:
810:
699:
544:
463:
2367:
2321:
450:
was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the
2846:
2834:
2822:
2751:
2331:"A brief explanation about the modern Leonese Country regionalism"
1382:
1371:
1340:
1220:
1129:
1112:
1035:
980:
943:
865:
817:, Burgos remained within Leon until the 930s, at which time Count
768:
As the Leonese troops advanced they were followed by a process of
762:
736:
679:
588:
475:
434:
423:
198:
1238:
714:, divided his realm among his three sons. León was inherited by
656:
2686:
2371:
942:' loyalties in the 11th century, leading to the age of smaller
710:
León was created as a separate kingdom when the Asturian king,
682:. However, León was one of the first cities retaken during the
583:
in 1139 and the eastern, inland part of León was joined to the
2207:
1986:
The Kingdom of León-Castilla Under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157
1451:. Sculpture, goldsmithing, and heraldry further thrived, with
1265:, with León possessing separate institutions, such as its own
1174:
with representation of the citizenry ever seen in Europe, the
971:
of the Taifas. When he died in 1065, his territories and the
482:, all in order to protect their kingdom's changing fortunes.
2324:
The Episcopate in the Kingdom of León in the Twelfth Century
2093:"Promotores, clasicismo y estilo en el arte mozárabe leonés"
991:
called pilgrims from Western Europe to the supposed tomb of
1683:
Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. "El Dialecto Leonés" pp. 33–37. 1906
1583:
1551:
1557:
512:, ruling from 925 to 932. After a further power struggle,
2097:
Brigecio: Revista de estudios de Benavente y sus tierras
838:
Sancho I died towards the end of 966 and five year old
1166:), was the most modern king of his time, founding the
794:. Mozarabic art is a mixing of Visigoth, Islamic, and
678:
population. In 717, León fell again, this time to the
551:
of Compostela died fighting him, and his successor St
454:. It was founded in 910 when the Christian princes of
1830:
Medieval Culture and the Mexican American Borderlands
1586:
1560:
745:
After a few years of civil wars during the reigns of
1948:
Routledge Revivals: Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia
1548:
790:
period, there arose a distinct form of art known as
2662:
2606:
2539:
2506:
2409:
2238:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1832:. Texas A&M University Press. 2001. p. 11.
1580:
1554:
1009:was one of the most important kings of León of the
419:
340:
326:
316:
302:
292:
273:
258:
244:
234:
208:
182:
172:
21:
2057:"La herencia del arte cordobés en Castilla y León"
674:, who did not harass the already well-established
1989:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 136.
543:were repelled from the coast of Galicia. In 968,
651:. It was the headquarters of that legion in the
76:
104:
3156:States and territories established in the 910s
1401:, resulting in what is traditionally known as
854:, the bishop of Compostela. The defeat in the
663:nearby. In 569, the city was conquered by the
62:
34:
3161:States and territories disestablished in 1230
2698:
2383:
1198:, had won independence in 1139 to become the
442:(848–910), king of León, Galicia and Asturias
48:
8:
1032:at the times of King Alfonso VII (1105–1157)
1882:"10 Most Savage Viking Voyages Of All Time"
883:
90:
16:Country on the Iberian Peninsula (910–1230)
2866:
2787:
2721:
2705:
2691:
2683:
2390:
2376:
2368:
2184:Alonso, Fernando de Olaguer-Feliú (2003).
1932:, n.º 12, Madrid: HRH Editores, 2006.
161:
18:
3111:Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula
2298:Learn how and when to remove this message
2135:
1459:that became crucial in medieval battles.
850:defeated the Galician forces, and killed
2118:Martínez Tejera, Artemio Manuel (2002).
1905:
1903:
1358:(European Statistical Region) for León.
1170:in 1212 and summoning in 1188 the first
1093:had come north to populate the deserted
1054:
1024:
909:
734:, in the heart of the Muslim territory.
3186:13th-century disestablishments in Spain
2045:Real Decreto de 30 de noviembre de 1833
1663:
1530:
1075:, the old Visigoth capital, in 1085 by
2073:
2062:
2025:(Paperback ed.). London: Pocket.
1405:. This artistic expression, rooted in
774:, which consisted of repopulating the
3201:10th-century establishments in Europe
1940:
1938:
1598:
1283:. By the 16th century, León became a
1146:. Fernando II led León's conquest of
826:, until 966, when he was defeated by
778:high plains, with people coming from
559:Vikings attacked Galicia, destroying
339:
325:
315:
311:
272:
257:
253:
243:
7:
3181:10th-century establishments in Spain
2236:adding citations to reliable sources
1134:A map of the Kingdom of León in 1210
627:, in Spain, in addition to northern
579:separated to become the independent
167:The Kingdom of León (green) in 1095.
3151:13th century in the Kingdom of León
3146:12th century in the Kingdom of León
3141:11th century in the Kingdom of León
3116:Former countries in Spanish history
1910:Brink, Stefan; Price, Neil (2008).
1720:Herbermann, Charles George (1913).
1257:The Kingdom of León coexisted as a
1127:weakened the authority of Castile.
967:and became hugely wealthy from the
2764:(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania
2091:Regueras Grande, Fernando (2018).
1726:. Encyclopedia Press. p. 175.
1696:Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796-1031
1154:, besides conquering the whole of
1150:, a city dating from Roman times.
344:1833 territorial division of Spain
14:
3176:1230s disestablishments in Europe
2807:Province of the Umayyad Caliphate
1888:from the original on 28 June 2019
563:and seventeen other towns, while
3171:1301 disestablishments in Europe
2497:
2317:"History of the Kingdom of León"
2212:
1818:. CUP Archive. 1971. p. 38.
1576:
1544:
1319:is composed of the provinces of
1275:of the Kingdom of León, and the
403:
378:
144:
130:
3035:Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia
2223:needs additional citations for
2055:Puentes Arranz, Miguel (2015).
2023:The life and death of democracy
2003:from the original on 2022-06-23
1965:from the original on 2022-06-23
1945:Gerli, E Michael, ed. (2017) .
1346:Political parties representing
1305:Junta General del Reino de León
647:("twin seventh legion") of the
460:northern coast of the peninsula
1368:Mozarabic art and architecture
1233:(after the union with Castile)
655:and was a centre for trade in
1:
3131:History of Portugal by polity
1914:. Routledge. pp. 467–68.
1693:Collins, Roger (2014-01-28).
2137:10.3989/hs.2002.v54.i109.189
741:The new kingdom of León, 910
3126:Former monarchies of Europe
1983:Reilly, Bernard F. (1998).
1051:manuscript of 12th century.
914:The Kingdom of León in 1037
462:shifted their capital from
3217:
3196:Former countries in Europe
1951:. Routledge. p. 327.
1432:In the realm of painting,
1388:Codex biblicus legionensis
1365:
813:. Fortified with numerous
328:• Permanent union of
3106:Medieval history of Spain
3005:
2935:Principality of Catalonia
2880:
2869:
2865:
2802:
2790:
2786:
2735:
2724:
2720:
2495:
2190:(in Spanish). Encuentro.
1699:. John Wiley & Sons.
1331:, and is now part of the
1158:(including the cities of
894:, who tried to go to the
357:
353:
312:
288:
254:
213:Chalcedonian Christianity
160:
126:
121:
2714:Spain in the Middle Ages
2187:El arte románico español
1930:Historia de Iberia Vieja
1924:Eduardo Morales Moreno:
1474:List of Leonese monarchs
1469:León (historical region)
1192:Ferdinand III of Castile
2873:Feudal Christian realms
1737:Collins, Roger (2012).
1648:
1608:
1441:Basilica of San Isidoro
1434:illuminated manuscripts
1168:University of Salamanca
1030:Flag of Kingdom of León
819:Ferdinand II of Castile
686:and became part of the
490:Alfonso III of Asturias
105:
35:
3020:Monarchs of al-Andalus
2160:"Los Beatos Mozárabes"
2072:Cite journal requires
1926:Los vikingos en España
1640:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1449:Santiago de Compostela
1390:
1380:
1234:
1135:
1125:Alfonso VII of Castile
1068:
1052:
1033:
997:Santiago de Compostela
915:
884:
800:San Miguel de Escalada
742:
575:split off in 931, the
561:Santiago de Compostela
443:
215:(official, until 1054)
91:
77:
63:
49:
3136:10th century in Spain
2166:(in European Spanish)
1816:A History of Portugal
1784:10.1163/9789004600935
1749:10.1002/9781118273968
1674:, Infante Doña Maria.
1386:
1375:
1224:
1188:Berenguela of Castile
1133:
1058:
1039:
1028:
993:Saint James the Great
920:Sancho III of Navarre
913:
740:
659:, which was mined at
438:
183:Common languages
3070:Monarchs of Valencia
3030:Monarchs of Asturias
2817:Caliphate of Córdoba
2757:Kingdom of the Suebi
2354:42.59833°N 5.57028°W
2232:improve this article
2164:Turismo Prerrománico
2021:Keane, John (2010).
1884:. 29 December 2017.
1772:Dozy, R P A (1932).
1376:Mozarabic church of
1362:Art and architecture
1333:autonomous community
1303:, and organised the
872:at the mouth of the
824:Caliphate of Córdoba
609:autonomous community
3065:Monarchs of Navarre
3060:Monarchs of Majorca
3050:Monarchs of Granada
3045:Monarchs of Galicia
3040:Monarchs of Castile
3010:Visigothic monarchs
2991:Kingdom of Valencia
2959:Kingdom of Artajona
2940:Kingdom of Pamplona
2931:County of Barcelona
2885:Kingdom of Asturias
2608:House of Trastámara
2411:Astur-Leonese house
2350: /
1504:Kingdom of Asturias
1494:History of Portugal
1395:European Romanesque
1378:Santiago de Peñalba
1297:First French Empire
1272:Real Adelantamiento
1200:Kingdom of Portugal
933:Ferdinand I of León
804:Santiago de Peñalba
688:Kingdom of Asturias
643:was founded by the
581:Kingdom of Portugal
386:Kingdom of Asturias
318:• Established
191:Galician-Portuguese
3166:910 establishments
3101:Kingdom of Castile
3025:Monarchs of Aragon
2986:Kingdom of Majorca
2949:Kingdom of Viguera
2944:Kingdom of Navarre
2906:Kingdom of Castile
2894:Kingdom of Galicia
2853:Emirate of Granada
2812:Emirate of Córdoba
2769:Duchy of Cantabria
2745:Visigothic Kingdom
2359:42.59833; -5.57028
1862:www.britannica.com
1514:Kingdom of Galicia
1509:Kingdom of Castile
1419:pre-Romanesque art
1391:
1381:
1339:within the modern
1235:
1227:Leonese royal arms
1196:County of Portugal
1136:
1077:Alfonso VI of León
1069:
1061:purple lion emblem
1053:
1034:
989:Way of Saint James
987:of every eye. The
916:
856:Battle of Fornelos
743:
585:Kingdom of Castile
577:County of Portugal
444:
3083:
3082:
3001:
3000:
2977:Kingdom of Aragon
2954:Kingdom of Najera
2920:Kingdom of Toledo
2899:County of Castile
2861:
2860:
2841:Almohad Caliphate
2829:Almoravid Emirate
2782:
2781:
2774:Duchy of Vasconia
2728:Early Middle Ages
2680:
2679:
2664:House of Habsburg
2541:House of Burgundy
2308:
2307:
2300:
2282:
2247:"Kingdom of León"
2197:978-84-7490-683-7
1793:978-90-04-60093-5
1758:978-0-631-18184-2
1740:Caliphs and Kings
1706:978-1-118-73001-0
1670:2 November 1283,
1641:Regnum Legionense
1285:captaincy-general
1241:as part of their
1047:displayed in the
963:and the kings of
929:county of Castile
720:Ordoño II of León
712:Alfonso the Great
653:Late Roman Empire
573:County of Castile
492:: García (León),
452:Iberian Peninsula
440:Alfonso the Great
433:
432:
415:
414:
411:
410:
391:
390:
284:
275:• 1188–1230
269:
92:Regnum Legionense
3208:
3055:Monarchs of León
2973:County of Aragon
2967:
2927:Catalan counties
2910:Crown of Castile
2867:
2788:
2722:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2684:
2508:House of Jiménez
2501:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2303:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2240:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1942:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1912:The Viking World
1907:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1651:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1499:History of Spain
1484:Heraldry of León
1479:Leonese language
1427:horseshoe arches
1341:Kingdom of Spain
1337:Castile and León
1263:Crown of Castile
1247:Leonese language
1213:, whose brother
1021:León and Castile
892:Ulv Galiciefarer
889:
828:Sancho I of León
784:Leonese language
645:Legio VII Gemina
613:Castile and León
549:Bishop Sisnando
407:
406:
395:
394:
382:
381:
375:
374:
359:
358:
336:10 December 1230
282:
267:
220:(official, from
165:
148:
134:
116:
108:
102:
94:
88:
80:
74:
66:
60:
52:
46:
38:
19:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3121:Former kingdoms
3096:Kingdom of León
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3075:Military orders
3015:Suebic monarchs
2997:
2981:Crown of Aragon
2961:
2889:Kingdom of León
2876:
2857:
2798:
2778:
2731:
2716:
2711:
2681:
2676:
2658:
2602:
2535:
2502:
2493:
2439:Alfonso Fróilaz
2405:
2396:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2322:R.A. Fletcher,
2313:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2241:
2239:
2229:
2217:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2130:(109): 87–108.
2117:
2116:
2112:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2071:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1997:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1966:
1959:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1794:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1600:[leˈon]
1595:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1465:
1453:King Alfonso IX
1370:
1364:
1313:
1293:
1255:
1023:
908:
861:Gonzalo Sánchez
836:
751:Alfonso Fróilaz
708:
637:
565:Olaf Haraldsson
466:to the city of
448:Kingdom of León
426:
404:
379:
346:
333:
319:
276:
261:
260:• 910–914
239:Feudal monarchy
218:Catholic Church
216:
168:
156:
155:
154:
149:
141:
140:
135:
117:
110:
103:
96:
89:
82:
75:
68:
61:
54:
47:
40:
24:
23:Kingdom of León
17:
12:
11:
5:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2956:
2951:
2937:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2319:
2312:
2311:External links
2309:
2306:
2305:
2220:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2176:
2151:
2124:Hispania Sacra
2110:
2083:
2074:|journal=
2047:
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2032:978-1416526063
2031:
2013:
1995:
1975:
1957:
1934:
1917:
1899:
1873:
1849:
1844:Vikings at War
1835:
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1807:
1792:
1764:
1757:
1729:
1712:
1705:
1685:
1676:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:Reino de Lhion
1609:Reinu de Llión
1529:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
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1471:
1464:
1461:
1366:Main article:
1363:
1360:
1312:
1309:
1301:Peninsular War
1292:
1289:
1281:Siete Partidas
1259:personal union
1254:
1251:
1176:Cortes of León
1071:The taking of
1022:
1019:
981:Abbey of Cluny
907:
904:
879:Knýtlinga saga
835:
832:
707:
704:
636:
633:
607:to create the
537:Elvira Ramírez
533:Teresa Ansúrez
431:
430:
421:
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310:
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303:Historical era
300:
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297:Cortes of León
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106:Reino de Lhion
36:Reinu de Llión
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3213:
3202:
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3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
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3122:
3119:
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3112:
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3011:
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3004:
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2911:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
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2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Ferdinand III
2571:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2299:
2291:
2288:November 2009
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249: –
2248:
2244:
2243:Find sources:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2221:This article
2219:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2177:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2099:(28): 27–45.
2098:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2066:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1996:9780812234527
1992:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1976:
1964:
1960:
1958:9781351665780
1954:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:Reino de Leão
1630:
1626:
1625:Reino de León
1622:
1618:
1617:Reino de León
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1591:
1573:
1565:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
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31:Old Leonese
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2007:2020-12-12
1969:2020-12-12
1928:. Revista
1867:2024-09-08
1658:References
1629:Portuguese
1519:Nuevo León
1489:Al-Andalus
1423:modillions
1411:Andalusian
1407:Visigothic
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2146:0018-215X
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