2051:
3891:
1133:
4109:
90:
1473:
131:
4106:
1110:
1805:(Смутное Время). Despite the Tsar's persecution of the boyars, the townspeople's dissatisfaction, and the gradual enserfment of the peasantry, efforts at restricting the power of the Tsar were only halfhearted. Finding no institutional alternative to the autocracy, discontented Russians rallied behind various pretenders to the throne. During that period, the goal of political activity was to gain influence over the sitting autocrat or to place one's own candidate on the throne. The boyars fought among themselves, the lower classes revolted blindly, and foreign armies occupied
1404:
74:
2586:
67:
3940:
2372:
3925:
2141:, a Cossack who was from the Don River region, led a revolt that drew together wealthy Cossacks who were well established in the region and escaped serfs seeking free land. The unexpected uprising swept up the Volga River valley and even threatened Moscow. Tsarist troops finally defeated the rebels after they had occupied major cities along the Volga in an operation whose panache captured the imaginations of later generations of Russians. Razin was publicly tortured and executed.
3910:
3872:
1072:
1535:
1499:
1091:
1658:
4658:
121:
2150:
1175:
1925:
3692:
2279:
588:
5196:
5147:
2483:
1817:
1359:
reforms. In the 1550s, he declared a new law code, revamped the military, and reorganized local government. These reforms undoubtedly were intended to strengthen the state in the face of continuous warfare. The key documents prepared by the so-called Select
Council of advisors and promulgated during this period are as follows:
1791:, gained support in Poland and marched to Moscow, gathering followers among the boyars and other elements as he went. Historians speculate that Godunov would have weathered this crisis had he not died in 1605. As a result, False Dmitriy I entered Moscow and was crowned tsar that year, following the murder of Tsar
1688:). For his private domain, Ivan chose some of the most prosperous and important districts of Russia. In these areas, Ivan's agents attacked boyars, merchants, and even common people, summarily executing some and confiscating land and possessions. Thus began a decade of terror in Russia that culminated in the
4706:
Advertissement au
Lecteur // Jacques Margeret. Estat de l'empire de Russie et grande duché de Moscovie, avec ce qui s'y est passé de plus mémorable et tragique... depuis l'an 1590 jusques en l'an 1606 en septembre, par le capitaine Margeret. M. Guillemot, 1607. Modern French-Russian edition: Маржерет
2317:, Russia gained links to Polish and Central European influences and to the wider Orthodox world. Although the Zaporozhian Cossack link induced creativity in many areas, it also weakened traditional Russian religious practices and culture. The Russian Orthodox Church discovered that its isolation from
2120:
and craftsmen were assessed taxes, and, like the serfs, they were forbidden to change residence. All segments of the population were subject to military levy and to special taxes. By chaining much of
Russian society to specific domiciles, the legal code of 1649 curtailed movement and subordinated the
4488:
William K. Medlin. Moscow and East Rome: A Political Study of the
Relations of Church and State in Muscovite Russia. Delachaux et Niestl, 1952. p. 117: Addressing Patriarch Jeremiah, Tsar Feodor Ivanovich declares, "We have received the sceptre of the Great Tsardom of Russia to support and to watch
2531:
against Sweden consumed much of Peter's attention for years; however, the Swedes were eventually defeated, and peace was agreed to in 1721. Russia annexed the Baltic coast from Sweden and parts of
Finland, which would become the site of the new Russian capital, Saint Petersburg. The Russian victory
1358:
competed for control of the regency until Ivan assumed the throne in 1547. Reflecting Moscow's new imperial claims, Ivan's coronation as Tsar was a ritual modeled after those of the
Byzantine emperors. With the continuing assistance of a group of boyars, Ivan began his reign with a series of useful
2356:
founded there in 1631. Other more direct channels to the West opened as international trade increased and more foreigners came to Russia. The Tsar's court was interested in the West's more advanced technology, particularly when military applications were involved. By the end of the 17th century,
2336:
texts and practices of the time. But Nikon encountered opposition among the many
Russians who viewed the corrections as improper foreign intrusions. When the Orthodox Church forced Nikon's reforms, a schism resulted in 1667. Those who did not accept the reforms came to be called the
2496:(1672–1725), who became ruler in his own right in 1696, brought the Tsardom of Russia, which had little prior contact with Western Europe, into the mainstream of European culture and politics. After suppressing numerous rebellions with considerable bloodshed, Peter embarked on
4432:
Press, 2004. p. 37. Note 34: "Since the first Rome fell through the
Appollinarian heresy and the second Rome, which is Constantinople, is held by the infidel Turks, so then thy great Russian Tsardom, pious Tsar, which is more pious than previous kingdoms, is the third
3890:
1029:, stated that foreigners make "a mistake when they call them Muscovites and not Russians. When they are asked what nation they are, they respond 'Russac', which means 'Russians', and when they are asked what place they are from, the answer is Moscow,
2124:
Under this code, increased state taxes and regulations altered the social discontent that had been simmering since the Time of
Troubles. In the 1650s and 1660s, the number of peasant escapes increased dramatically. A favourite refuge was the
1942:
The immediate task of the new dynasty was to restore order. However, Russia's major enemies, Poland and Sweden, were engaged in a conflict with each other, which provided Russia with the opportunity to make peace with Sweden in 1617. The
130:
1840:
The Time of
Troubles included a civil war in which a struggle over the throne was complicated by the machinations of rival boyar factions, the intervention of regional powers Poland and Sweden, and intense popular discontent, led by
1703:
families, thereby destroying precisely those persons who had built up Russia and were the most capable of administering it. Trade diminished, and peasants, faced with mounting taxes and threats of violence, began to leave Russia.
4769:О великом и славном Российском Московском государстве. Гл. 50 // Арсеньев Ю. В. Описание Москвы и Московского государства: По неизданному списку Космографии конца XVII века. М, 1911. С. 6–17 (Зап. Моск. археол. ин-та. Т. 11)
3575:
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3512:
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Little Russian, Polish, and West European penetration had weakened the Russian cultural synthesis – at least among the elite – and had prepared the way for an even more radical transformation.
3408:
905:
appear to have co-existed as interchangeable during the late 16th century and throughout the 17th century with different Western maps and sources using different names, so that the country was called "Russia, or Moscovia"
4451:
Maija Jansson. England and the North: The Russian Embassy of 1613–1614. American Philosophical Society, 1994. p. 82: "...the towns of our great Russian Tsardom", "all the people of all the towns of all the great Russian
4418:
Lee Trepanier. Political Symbols in Russian History: Church, State, and the Quest for Order and Justice. Lexington Books, 2010. p. 61: "so your great Russian Tsardom, more pious than all previous kingdoms, is the Third
1338:
specifically in archaic usage and as an epithet for tsars: "Courageous, magnificent, magisterial and keeping enemies in fear, but people in obedience". Other translations have also been suggested by modern scholars.
3416:
5745:
3034:
2076:
introduced in 1649, illustrates the extent of state control over Russian society. By that time, the boyars had largely merged with the new elite, who were obligatory servitors of the state, to form a new
1715:
According to a popular theory, the oprichnina was started by Ivan in order to mobilize resources for the wars and to quell opposition. Regardless of the reason, Ivan's domestic and foreign policies had a
1017:. Muscovites ("Russians" in the German version) refute this, saying that their country was originally called Russia (Rosseia)". Pointing to the difference between Latin and Russian names, French captain
1593:. These victories transformed Russia into a multiethnic and multiconfessional state, which it continues to be today. The tsar now controlled the entire Volga River and gained access to Central Asia.
3657:
1779:, a national assembly of boyars, church officials, and commoners, which proclaimed him tsar, although various boyar factions refused to recognize the decision. Widespread crop failures caused the
4632:
3830:
Tsars instituted the two-headed eagle Imperial Flag of the Tsar, which origin dates back to 1472, as a Civil Flag, it remained the Civil Flag of Russia until replaced during the Empire in 1858.
2508:
among the nobility were banned, and the Orthodox Church was brought under state control. Military academies were established to create a modern Western European-style army and officer corps.
1888:
appeared in the Swedish-occupied territories, but was soon apprehended and executed. The Polish presence led to a patriotic revival among the Russians, and a volunteer army, financed by the
4808:
1680:. Historians have not determined whether policy differences, personal animosities, or mental imbalance caused his wrath. In 1565, he divided Russia into two parts: his private domain (or
2805:
2744:
2729:
4697:
Sigismund von Herberstein. Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii. Synoptische Edition der lateinischen und der deutschen Fassung letzter Hand. Basel 1556 und Wien 1557. München, 2007. p. 29
2260:) self-governing under the sovereignty of the tsar. However, the self-government did not last long and Cossack territory was eventually incorporated into the Russian Empire (after the
3818:: black double-headed eagle carrying St. Vladimir Red Coat of Arms, on a golden rectangular field, adopted in 1700 instead of the older white-blue-red Standard of the Tsar of Moscow.
6651:
1132:
6269:
2209:, which had helped them to throw off Polish rule. Once the Poles convinced the Tartars to switch sides, the Zaporozhian Cossacks needed military help to maintain their position.
3871:
2201:
remained fiercely independent and staged several rebellions against the Poles. In 1648, the peasants of what is now Eastern Ukraine joined the Cossacks in rebellion during the
4707:Ж. Состояние Российской империи (Тексты, комментарии, статьи). Ж. Маржерет в документах и исследованиях. Серия: Studia historica М. Языки славянской культуры. 2007. С. 46, 117
6646:
5962:
833:, and in numerous official texts. The formula in manuscripts "to all his state of Great Russia" later replaced those found in other manuscripts – "to all the Russian realm" (
2500:. He became impressed with what he saw and was awakened. Peter began requiring the nobility to wear Western European clothing and shave off their beards, an action that the
4442:
Richard S. Wortman. Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy from Peter the Great to the Abdication of Nicholas II. Princeton University Press, 2013. p. 17
1573:
Despite the domestic turmoil of the 1530s and 1540s, Russia continued to wage wars and to expand. It grew from 2.8 to 5.4 million square kilometers from 1533 to 1584. Ivan
5579:
2085:. The state required service from both the old and the new nobility, primarily in the military because of permanent warfare on southern and western borders and attacks of
4628:
Milton, John. A brief history of Moscovia and of other less-known countries lying eastward of Russia as far as Cathay, gather'd from the writings of several eye-witnesses
1109:
89:
4934:; p. 78: "But Ivan IV, Ivan the Terrible, or as the Russian has it, Ivan groznyi, "Ivan the Magnificent" or "Ivan the Great" is precisely a man who has become a legend"
1758:, the only time of the year when serfs were free to move from one landowner to another). Perhaps the most important event of Feodor's reign was the proclamation of the
1784:
1383:
5139:
3404:
6578:
3491:
3388:
2248:) as a participating party of the agreement ended the war in 1667. Cossacks considered it as a Moscow betrayal. As a result, it split Cossack territory along the
2511:
These changes did not win Peter many friends, and in fact caused great political division in the country. These, along with his notorious cruelties (such as the
3396:
3378:
4582:
Felicity Stout. Exploring Russia in the Elizabethan commonwealth: The Muscovy Company and Giles Fletcher, the elder (1546–1611). Oxford University Press. 2015
5367:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
5459:
3720:
1997:, had been elected by Russian boyars as tsar of Russia during the Time of Troubles, renounced all claims to the title as a condition of the peace treaty.
5419:
3000:
2349:
2314:
1455:
4626:
2116:, which were responsible for taxes and other obligations. Like serfs, however, state peasants were attached to the land they farmed. Middle-class urban
4394:"Чин венчания на царство Ивана IV Васильевича. Российский государственный архив древних актов. Ф. 135. Древлехранилище. Отд. IV. Рубр. I. № 1. Л. 1–46"
2348:
The tsar's court also felt the impact of Little Russia and the West. Kiev was a major transmitter of new ideas and insight through the famed scholarly
1944:
1865:
1741:
981:
was used instead of Russia in many parts of Europe where prior to the reign of Peter the Great there was a lack of direct knowledge of the country. In
6686:
3568:
2112:. Landlords had complete power over their peasants. Peasants living on state-owned land, however, were not considered serfs. They were organized into
2050:
1717:
3924:
6344:
1527:) in 1549. This provided a broad view of what had been a rarely visited and poorly reported state. In the 1630s, the Russian Tsardom was visited by
4393:
4383:
Robert Auty, Dimitri Obolensky. Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History. Cambridge University Press, 1976. p. 99
1612:, Sweden, and Denmark. Despite first successes, Ivan's army was pushed back, and the nation failed to secure a coveted position on the Baltic Sea.
1403:
1310:
The development of the Tsar's autocratic powers reached a peak during the reign of Ivan IV, and he gained the sobriquet "Grozny". The English word
5881:
5786:
5701:
5228:
3939:
3350:
3161:
1472:
4128:
3909:
6681:
6585:
6002:
5020:
6481:
6097:
5760:
5439:
4537:
4510:
4249:
3177:
2516:
702:
5396:
3677:
3307:
6661:
6431:
6143:
4754:
3547:
2845:
1376:
5318:
4090:
748:(based on the Greek name for Rus'). In the 1480s, Russian state scribes Ivan Cherny and Mikhail Medovartsev mention Russia under the name
6656:
6374:
1442:
2341:; they were officially pronounced heretics and were persecuted by the church and the state. The chief opposition figure, the protopope
2182:
1609:
970:
666:
5876:
5495:
4219:
4069:
3342:
3332:
1978:, to run his government. Morozov abused his position by exploiting the populace, and in 1648 Aleksey dismissed him in the wake of the
1967:
5091:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
6309:
6198:
6133:
5434:
5182:
4964:
4931:
4332:
4149:
3964:
2113:
653:
From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew by an average of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) per year. The period includes the
311:
5293:
2759:
2237:
2162:
354:
4985:
2025:
faction controlling the throne. In the 17th century, the bureaucracy expanded dramatically. The number of government departments (
6057:
6040:
5706:
3589:
3135:
3123:
3024:
2497:
66:
2541:
1780:
6671:
6666:
5851:
5389:
3713:
3328:
2537:
1369:
5065:
1326:
as in "inspiring fear or terror; dangerous; powerful; formidable". It does not convey the more modern connotations of English
563:
549:
535:
521:
507:
493:
6456:
6082:
5515:
3059:
2974:
2519:
for plotting a rebellion) and the immense human suffering that accompanied many of his projects, such as the construction of
2035:) increased from twenty-two in 1613 to eighty by mid-century. Although the departments often had overlapping and conflicting
1169:
4899:
4543:
3112:
2345:, was burned at the stake. The split afterwards became permanent, and many merchants and peasants joined the Old Believers.
1489:
2532:
in the Great Northern War marked a watershed in European politics, as it not only brought about the eclipse of Sweden as a
1849:, was proclaimed tsar in 1606. In his attempt to retain the throne, Shuysky allied himself with the Swedes, unleashing the
1049:), which was used along with the name "Russia", sometimes in one sentence, as in the name of the 17th century Russian work
973:, which competed with Moscow for the western regions of Rus'. Due to the propaganda of the Commonwealth, as well as of the
6252:
5967:
5791:
5751:
5505:
5429:
5424:
5328:
4688:Хорошкевич А. Л. Русское государство в системе международных отношений конца XV – начала XVI в. – М.: Наука, 1980. – С. 84
3974:
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2827:
2445:
1750:, who was uninterested in ruling and possibly mentally deficient. Actual power went to Feodor's brother-in-law, the boyar
830:
4723:
4470:
Readings for Introduction to Russian civilization, Volume 1. Syllabus Division, University of Chicago Press, 1963. p. 253
3354:
2464:. Peace with China strengthened the initial breakthrough to the Pacific that had been made in the middle of the century.
6538:
6518:
6421:
6072:
6022:
5886:
5731:
5696:
5379:
3855:: white field with a blue saltire, adopted in 1712. Before that, the naval ensign of Russia was white-blue-red tricolor.
3526:
3505:
2996:
2273:
1071:
686:
5200:
2205:, because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule. Initially, Cossacks were allied with
1631:
put a stop to such northward incursions. But for decades to come, the southern borderland was annually pillaged by the
6436:
6173:
6045:
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5906:
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3400:
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2857:
2533:
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678:
2301:
Russia's southwestern expansion, particularly its incorporation of the Wild Fields (modern day Eastern Ukraine), had
6641:
6496:
6329:
6111:
6092:
5992:
5982:
5977:
5569:
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3706:
3292:
3227:
2865:
2565:
2486:
2290:
1559:
1520:
1226:
1214:
1090:
931:
890:
861:) to denote an imperial and absolutist state, subordinating both Russian and non-Russian territories. The old name
2173:
The Tsardom of Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century. In the southwest, it claimed the
6711:
6706:
6548:
6528:
6501:
6257:
6017:
5776:
5655:
5584:
5464:
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3813:
3420:
3412:
2937:
2707:
1755:
1705:
1516:
1502:
1351:
1081:
998:
950:, published posthumously, starting it with the words: "The Empire of Moscovia, or as others call it, Russia...".
681:, to the reign of Peter the Great, who took power in 1689 and transformed the tsardom into an empire. During the
4660:
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5736:
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Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy from Peter the Great to the Abdication of Nicholas II
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1956:
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229:
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governors, was able to control and regulate all social groups, as well as trade, manufacturing, and even the
6716:
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6379:
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6188:
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3233:
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1990:
1877:
1763:
1665:
1640:
1259:
195:
6506:
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6334:
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5311:
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2302:
2018:
1759:
1343:
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95:
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opened the passage between America and Asia. By the middle of the 17th century, Russians had reached the
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962:
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712:
498:
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1762:
in 1589. The creation of the patriarchate climaxed the evolution of a separate and totally independent
1531:, whose lively and well-informed writings were soon translated into all the major languages of Europe.
922:). In England in the 16th century, it was known both as Russia and Muscovy. Such notable Englishmen as
73:
4125:
1857:, allied with the Poles, appeared under the walls of Moscow and set up a mock court in the village of
1013:
in his work on the Russian tsardom and noted: "The majority believes that Russia is a changed name of
821:), thereby proclaiming the Tsardom of Russia, or "the Great Russian Tsardom", as it was called in the
6563:
6471:
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6153:
5911:
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4356:Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 55–56
4347:Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 30–38
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John T. Shawcross. John Milton: The Self and the World. University Press of Kentucky, 2015. p. 120
4374:Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 57
4365:Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 61
4295:Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 13
1258:) rule. In 1547 the Grand Duke Ivan IV was crowned Tsar and thus was recognized – at least by the
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4564:Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 4
4286:Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 3
4160:Костомаров Н. И. Русская история в жизнеописаниях ее главнейших деятелей. Olma Media Group, 2004
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1547:
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1218:
1165:
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1002:
806:
708:
682:
367:
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2671:
2093:. In the preceding century, the state had gradually curtailed peasants' rights to move from one
4573:Шмидт С. О. Памятники письменности в культуре познания истории России. М., 2007. Т. 1. Стр. 545
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2189:, warriors organized in military formations, lived in the frontier areas bordering Poland, the
1676:
During the late 1550s, Ivan developed a hostility toward his advisers, the government, and the
1361:
6604:
6356:
6324:
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6304:
6279:
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6027:
5957:
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4891:
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4328:
4245:
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1639:, who took local inhabitants with them as slaves. Tens of thousands of soldiers protected the
1586:
1251:
1179:
1100:
986:
802:
791:
639:
526:
315:
248:
222:
4479:
Hans Georg Peyerle, George Edward Orchard. Journey to Moscow. LIT Verlag Münster, 1997. p. 47
4144:Хорошкевич, А. Л. Символы русской государственности. -М. :Изд-во МГУ,1993. -96 с. :ил., фот.
6553:
6491:
6446:
6389:
6294:
6213:
6178:
5987:
5638:
5537:
5345:
4844:
4739:
4207:
4020:
3993:
3827:
3739:
3314:
3173:
3091:
3048:
2841:
2831:
2520:
2403:
2387:
2286:
2229:
2217:
2198:
2010:
1971:
1963:
1948:
1913:
1897:
1885:
1829:
1801:
1787:, Ivan IV's son who had died in 1591. This pretender to the throne, who came to be known as
1737:
1721:
1628:
1578:
1574:
1413:
1283:
1230:
1018:
690:
662:
654:
540:
512:
380:
341:
288:
184:
172:
5129:
is a 16th-century set of rules regulating everyday behaviour in the Russian boyar families.
5123:(1665) is the indispensable source for those studying administration of the Russian tsardom
4313:
Lawrence N. Langer. Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia. Scarecrow Press, 2001. p. 186
1951:
in 1618, restoring temporarily Polish and Lithuanian rule over some territories, including
1534:
1498:
6613:
6573:
6476:
6416:
6406:
6394:
6339:
6158:
5552:
5527:
5306:
5024:
4823:
4758:
4727:
4664:
4591:
4132:
4113:
4094:
4062:
The Tsar's Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia
2988:
2926:
2904:
2783:
2676:
2493:
2473:
2430:
2329:
2322:
2310:
2306:
2282:
2178:
2166:
2062:
2013:
and the rule of weak or corrupt tsars because of the strength of the government's central
1893:
1854:
1842:
1788:
1636:
1620:
1563:
1555:
1461:
1119:
982:
954:
647:
261:
5087:
2646:
2456:, Russia ceded its claims to the Amur Valley, but it gained access to the region east of
4304:
E. Hellberg-Hirn. Soil and Soul: The Symbolic World of Russianness. Ashgate, 1998. p. 54
1657:
6511:
6384:
5645:
5611:
5335:
5288:
4977:
3012:
3004:
2948:
2893:
2660:
2615:
2512:
2477:
2438:
2375:
2333:
2318:
2206:
2190:
2058:
1966:
were weak rulers. Under Mikhail, state affairs were in the hands of the tsar's father,
1825:
1616:
1271:
1267:
1209:
1185:
By the 16th century, the Russian ruler had emerged as a powerful, autocratic figure, a
923:
915:
907:
826:
733:), a new form of its name in Russian became common by the 15th century. The vernacular
674:
670:
643:
581:
393:
199:
79:
2149:
1566:, and several London merchants. Ivan IV used these merchants to exchange letters with
948:
A brief history of Moscovia and of other less-known countries lying eastward of Russia
120:
6635:
6618:
6523:
6032:
5771:
5362:
5151:
4921:
4864:
3734:
3696:
3392:
3080:
3030:
2717:
2687:
2338:
2249:
1975:
1833:
1821:
1751:
1528:
1506:
658:
554:
464:
798:
written by Dosifei Toporkov (died 1543 or 1544) in 1516–1522, and in other sources.
6399:
5384:
5374:
5061:
4211:
4183:), Зимин А. А., Хорошкевич А. Л. Россия времени Ивана Грозного. Москва, Наука, 1982
3847:
3834:
3783:
3259:
3248:
3165:
3069:
2837:
2449:
2426:
2353:
2138:
2130:
2036:
1986:
1905:
1775:
1605:
1493:
1331:
1287:
1279:
838:
328:
282:
2185:
rule and sought assistance from Russia to leave the rule of the Commonwealth. The
1174:
17:
4978:"Peter I | Biography, Accomplishments, Reforms, Facts, Significance, & Death"
4879:
4527:
4500:
4461:
Walter G. Moss. A History of Russia Volume 1: To 1917. Anthem Press, 2003. p. 207
3795:
There was no single flag during the Tsardom. Instead, there were multiple flags:
1318:
in Ivan's nickname, but this is a somewhat archaic translation. The Russian word
5594:
5401:
5278:
4848:
3839:: the white-blue-red tricolor, that was adopted on 20 January 1705 by decree of
3336:
3237:
3219:
3197:
3185:
2607:
2536:, but also Russia's decisive emergence as a permanent European great power. The
2457:
2174:
2154:
2082:
2014:
1901:
1850:
1806:
1632:
1590:
1567:
1274:
in 1453, the Russian tsar remained the only legitimate Orthodox ruler, and that
1250:
expressed only the literal meaning of an independent ruler, but in the reign of
1142:
943:
568:
837:); the former is more typical of the 17th century, when the usage of the term "
5623:
5283:
5273:
4716:
3859:
2978:
2524:
2407:
2073:
1934:
1924:
1889:
1685:
1681:
1652:
1597:
1255:
1246:
822:
4895:
4607:
Marshall Poe (editor). Early exploration of Russia. Volume 1. Routledge. 2003
2421:, merchants, traders, and explorers pushed eastward from the Ob River to the
1643:– a burden for a state whose social and economic development was stagnating.
5268:
5126:
3454:
3449:
3169:
2984:
2418:
2313:
Polish also brought them Western intellectual currents. Through the Cossack
2278:
2117:
2006:
1979:
1551:
1433:
1302:
would resonate in the self-image of the Russian people in future centuries.
783:
779:
5175:
Modernizing Muscovy: Reform and Social Change in Seventeenth Century Russia
5195:
5168:
4835:
Jacobsen, C. G. (1993). "Myths, Politics and the Not-so-New World Order".
2332:, was determined to bring the Russian texts back into conformity with the
1876:. A group of Russian boyars signed in 1610 a treaty of peace, recognising
1554:
in 1553 and continued overland to Moscow. Upon his return to England, the
961:
was a result of traditional habit and the need to distinguish between the
778:
of the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery in
3899:(1699–1700), a transitional variant between the 1697–1699 ensign and the
3776:
3754:
3466:
3370:
3193:
3016:
2636:
2549:
2391:
2109:
2094:
2078:
2040:
2017:. Government functionaries continued to serve, regardless of the ruler's
1952:
1543:
1014:
849:
replaced Rus' to describe the extent of the tsar's imperial authority in
212:
4780:
4489:
over our pious and present Great Russian Tsardom and, with God's grace".
2386:
Russia's eastward expansion encountered little resistance. In 1581, the
1989:
from Poland in 1632, Russia made peace with Poland in 1634. Polish king
1845:. False Dmitriy I and his Polish garrison were overthrown, and a boyar,
634:, was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of
5628:
4677:Восток – Россия – Запад: исторические и культурологические исследования
3900:
3744:
3201:
2552:, although Russia surrendered those gains after Peter's death in 1725.
2461:
2422:
2399:
2342:
2105:
2090:
2055:
1873:
1869:
1858:
1615:
Hoping to make profit from Russia's concentration on Livonian affairs,
1601:
1423:
1347:
1194:
1030:
974:
618:
610:
606:
207:
108:
4856:
5237:
3809:
in the center. Replaced by the Imperial standard in 1700 (see below).
3769:
2411:
2213:
2031:
1783:, and during the ensuing discontent, a man emerged who claimed to be
1542:
Further information about Russia was circulated by English and Dutch
1190:
942:
and used it in their works. So did numerous other authors, including
614:
166:
4202:
Monahan, Erika (2016). "Russia: 3. Tsardom of Muscovy (1547–1721)".
1798:
Subsequently, Russia entered a period of continuous chaos, known as
1207:) represents the Slavic adaptation of the Roman Imperial title/name
758:), and Medovartsev also mentions the sceptre "of Russian lordship" (
2482:
1816:
1712:. In 1572, Ivan finally abandoned the practices of the oprichnina.
1033:, Ryasan and other cities". The closest analogue of the Latin term
5206:
3749:
3181:
2667:
2501:
2481:
2370:
2277:
2148:
2134:
2086:
2049:
2022:
1923:
1815:
1770:
1700:
1677:
1656:
1582:
1533:
1497:
1355:
1173:
894:
5746:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
5150:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
938:(1668), both of whom visited Russia, were familiar with the term
2545:
2434:
2232:. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer, which was ratified in the
2225:
2098:
2097:
to another; the 1649 code officially attached peasants to their
1515:
remained a fairly unknown society in Western Europe until Baron
1186:
1161:
635:
276:
5210:
4815:. Available in many editions as well as online, for example at
2193:
lands. Although part of them was serving in the Polish army as
1970:, who in 1619 became Patriarch of Moscow. Later, Mikhail's son
1365:
1813:
as a necessary means to restoring order and unity in Russia.
1699:, Ivan broke the economic and political power of the leading
4923:
Storytelling and Mythmaking: Images from Film and Literature
4428:
Barbara Jelavich. Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 1806–1914.
4327:. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 17.
4116:. Academia.edu (28 December 2010). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
1892:
merchants and blessed by the Orthodox Church, was formed in
4097:. Tacitus.nu (30 August 2008). Retrieved on 20 August 2013.
1708:
by tying them to their land brought Russia closer to legal
969:
part of Rus', as well as of the political interests of the
845:) became widely established. By the 17th century, the form
770:). In the following century, the new forms co-existed with
4816:
1720:
and led to a period of social struggle and civil war, the
1021:, who served in Russia and left a detailed description of
4809:
Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language
2489:, an example of the 17th-century Russian uzorochye style
1600:
proved to be much more difficult. In 1558, Ivan invaded
1037:
in Russia was "Tsardom of Moscow", or "Moscow Tsardom" (
957:
and Anna Khoroshkevich, the continuous use of the term
2390:
merchant family, interested in the fur trade, hired a
2165:. The drawing is based on the pieces preserved in the
4596:
Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia
4192:Перевезенцев, С. В. Смысл русской истории, Вече, 2004
4178:
4034:
4007:
2523:, led many pious Russians to believe that he was the
2429:
and the coast of the Pacific Ocean. In 1648, Cossack
1062:
O velikom i slavnom Rossiyskom Moskovskom gosudarstve
1060:
1056:О великом и славном Российском Московском государстве
1044:
1025:
of the early 17th century that was presented to King
989:, however, the country was known under its own name,
865:
was replaced in official documents, though the names
816:
765:
728:
6355:
6110:
5934:
5678:
5477:
5412:
5254:
5245:
4880:"Books Abroad: An International Literary Quarterly"
1505:, raised to the present height during the reign of
602:
460:
446:
436:
426:
416:
407:
390:
377:
364:
351:
338:
325:
308:
296:
272:
255:
242:
228:
218:
206:
191:
180:
162:
34:
2548:brought about the acquisition of territory in the
4943:Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, p. 80
4740:"В некотором царстве, в некотором государстве..."
4655:Россия в первой половине XVI в: взгляд из Европы.
4135:. Warconflict.ru (2014). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
3864:: red field with a blue saltire, adopted in 1700.
3805:(1693–1700): white-blue-red tricolor with golden
1904:, drove the Poles out of the Kremlin. In 1613, a
1866:Poland intervened into Russian affairs officially
1769:In 1598, Feodor died without an heir, ending the
879:The Russian state partly remained referred to as
3587:
3280:
2309:were Orthodox, but their close contact with the
2181:and South-Western Russia), which had been under
1233:terms, rituals, titles, and emblems such as the
1193:tried to emphasize that he was a major ruler or
2452:, Russia made peace with China in 1689. By the
1706:Efforts to curtail the mobility of the peasants
5121:Russia during the reign of Alexey Mikhailovich
4241:A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples
2321:had caused variations to appear between their
2256:) with Poland and leaving the eastern sector (
1623:, accompanied by as many as 120,000 horsemen,
1314:is usually used to translate the Russian word
1051:On the Great and Glorious Russian Moscow State
774:and appeared in an inscription on the western
6652:States and territories disestablished in 1721
5222:
4746:, Doctor of history sciences, academician of
4172:
3714:
1912:as tsar, beginning the 300-year reign of the
1377:
1202:
1054:
1038:
897:term was never used in Russia. The two names
810:
759:
749:
722:
716:
46:
39:
8:
4679:. Памятники исторической мысли, 2001 – С. 69
4244:. University of Toronto Press. p. 223.
4126:Population and Territory of Russia 1646–1917
2089:. In return, the nobility received land and
914:) or "Russia, popularly known as Moscovia" (
5140:Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613)
1189:. By assuming that title, the sovereign of
6647:States and territories established in 1547
6116:
5940:
5684:
5483:
5251:
5229:
5215:
5207:
4532:. Princeton University Press. p. 17.
3721:
3707:
2559:
2238:a protracted war between Poland and Russia
1987:an unsuccessful attempt to regain Smolensk
1384:
1370:
1362:
1225:, the niece of the late Byzantine Emperor
889:) throughout Europe, predominantly in its
129:
31:
4499:Skrynnikov, Ruslan G. (20 October 2015).
4083:
4081:
3931:Naval ensign of the Imperial Russian Navy
3897:Naval ensign of the Imperial Russian Navy
3878:Naval ensign of the Imperial Russian Navy
1278:, becoming the final lineal successor to
5013:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4064:. Oxford University Press. p. 147.
2406:and claimed the territories west of the
1672:, one of the first Russian printed books
1254:(1533–1584) it came to imply unlimited (
876:were still common and synonymous to it.
857:using the term "Great Russian Tsardom" (
689:and proclaimed the Russian Empire after
5882:Collective Security Treaty Organization
4959:. Moscow: Nauka, 1983. Reprinted 2003.
4052:
3986:
3916:Naval jack of the Imperial Russian Navy
3867:
3312:
3155:
2968:
2825:
2749:
2665:
2573:
2562:
2244:, which did not involve the Hetmanate (
1773:Dynasty. Boris Godunov then convened a
1625:repeatedly devastated the Moscow region
1067:
953:According to prominent historians like
406:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5048:
2468:Peter the Great and the Russian Empire
2121:people to the interests of the state.
1596:Expanding to the northwest toward the
5440:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
5173:Jarmo Kotilaine, Marshall Poe (ed.),
5094:from the original on 24 February 2022
4902:from the original on 16 December 2023
4890:. University of Oklahoma Press: 343.
2398:, to lead an expedition into western
445:
435:
425:
415:
411:
389:
376:
363:
350:
337:
324:
307:
303:
254:
241:
237:
227:
7:
6579:Unified Sports Classification System
4988:from the original on 11 October 2019
4546:from the original on 1 December 2023
2108:, and runaway peasants became state
1809:in Moscow, prompting many to accept
1647:Late reign of Ivan IV and oprichnina
1604:, eventually involving himself in a
1322:reflects the older English usage of
1229:, in 1472, the Moscow court adopted
642:in 1547 until the foundation of the
4675:Тихвинский, С. Л., Мясников, В. С.
2498:an incognito tour of Western Europe
2252:, reuniting the western sector (or
2224:, offered to ally with the Russian
2133:. A major uprising occurred in the
1993:, whose father and predecessor was
1933:Tsar Michael at the Session of the
1695:As a result of the policies of the
1443:The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir
1262:– as Emperor. Notably, the hegumen
807:tsar and grand prince of all Russia
715:used in its documents were "Rus'" (
5877:Commonwealth of Independent States
4635:from the original on 18 March 2017
4526:Wortman, Richard (26 March 2006).
2039:, the central government, through
1974:(r. 1645–1676) relied on a boyar,
703:Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia
25:
5068:from the original on 1 April 2019
3965:Coronation of the Russian monarch
2054:Portrait of Russian diplomat and
1754:(who is credited with abolishing
1746:Ivan IV was succeeded by his son
1346:in 1533 at the age of three. The
1330:, such as "defective" or "evil".
6687:1721 disestablishments in Russia
5194:
5145:
3938:
3923:
3908:
3889:
3870:
3690:
2584:
2328:The Russian Orthodox patriarch,
1742:Polish–Muscovite War (1609–1618)
1521:Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii
1471:
1402:
1286:; these were the two centers of
1131:
1108:
1089:
1070:
586:
561:
547:
533:
519:
505:
491:
119:
88:
72:
65:
4752:, Journal "Rodina", Nr. 12/2004
3602:Not internationally recognized.
2538:Russian colonization of Siberia
818:Tsar i Velikiy knyaz vseya Rusi
4721:. in 2 v. Moscow: Agraph, 2001
4212:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe425
3946:Standard of the Tsar of Russia
3803:Standard of the Tsar of Russia
3596:
3060:General Secretariat of Ukraine
2145:Acquisition of the Wild Fields
1610:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1170:Succession of the Roman Empire
971:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
812:Царь и Великий князь всея Руси
667:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
6682:1547 establishments in Russia
5787:Political abuse of psychiatry
5042:. Chartwell Books, 1993, pg32
3975:Demographic history of Russia
3610:
2828:Great Stand on the Ugra River
2446:Sino-Russian border conflicts
2163:Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667
1244:At first, the Byzantine term
110:
6432:Traditions and superstitions
4920:McConnell, Frank D. (1979).
3862:of the Imperial Russian Navy
3799:Standards used by the Tsar:
2380:Yermak's Conquest of Siberia
2274:Schism of the Russian Church
1718:devastating effect on Russia
1589:, where the Volga meets the
6662:Former monarchies of Europe
6098:Water supply and sanitation
5018:History of the Russian Flag
4926:. Oxford University Press.
4849:10.1177/0022343393030003001
4786:Online Etymology Dictionary
4653:Кудрявцев, Олег Фёдорович.
4323:Obolensky, Dimitri (1994).
4274:Russia under the old regime
4179:
4035:
4008:
3124:Provisional Priamurye Govt.
2367:Russian conquest of Siberia
2264:) during the 18th century.
2104:The state fully sanctioned
1781:Russian famine of 1601–1603
1684:) and the public realm (or
1484:Foreign policies of Ivan IV
1392:Inaugural documents of the
1266:claimed in 1510 that after
1061:
1045:
936:The Present State of Russia
817:
766:
729:
679:Russian conquest of Siberia
657:of the transition from the
47:
6733:
6657:Former countries in Europe
5137:
4878:Noth, Ernst Erich (1941).
4204:The Encyclopedia of Empire
2487:Nativity Church at Putinki
2471:
2364:
2291:Cathedral of the Archangel
2271:
1735:
1650:
1538:Mounted archers of Muscovy
1525:Notes on Muscovite Affairs
1487:
1298:) of earlier periods. The
1290:and of the Roman empires (
1227:Constantine XI Palaiologos
1159:
928:Of the Russe Common Wealth
859:Velikorossisskoe tsarstvie
835:vo vse Rossisskoe tsarstvo
721:) and the "Russian land" (
700:
6598:
6119:
5943:
5687:
5486:
5163:Federal Research Division
4837:Journal of Peace Research
4598:. Routledge. 2014. p. 650
4173:
4024:
3997:
3566:
3545:
3527:Luhansk People's Republic
3524:
3506:Donetsk People's Republic
3503:
3482:
3465:
3448:
3269:
3258:
3122:
3101:
3090:
3079:
3058:
2947:
2936:
2925:
2914:
2903:
2708:Principality of Chernigov
2437:and the outskirts of the
2137:region in 1670 and 1671.
1517:Sigismund von Herberstein
1503:Ivan the Great Bell Tower
1490:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
1469:
1409:
1400:
1276:Moscow was the Third Rome
1203:
1055:
1039:
999:Sigismund von Herberstein
884:
811:
760:
750:
723:
717:
665:dynasties, wars with the
470:
456:
412:
403:
304:
268:
238:
128:
106:
61:
56:
40:
5872:Prime Minister of Russia
4502:Reign of Terror: Ivan IV
3960:List of Russian monarchs
3133:
2803:
2727:
2645:
2635:
2625:
1957:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1237:, which survives in the
985:and at the court of the
153:
146:
139:
6310:Social entrepreneurship
6199:Forced public apologies
6134:Anti-American sentiment
5023:31 January 2010 at the
4757:29 October 2007 at the
4325:Byzantium and the Slavs
4060:W. Werth, Paul (2014).
3385:Eurasian Economic Union
3234:Parade of sovereignties
2698:Principality of Polotsk
2460:and the trade route to
2303:unintended consequences
2045:Eastern Orthodox Church
1764:Russian Orthodox Church
1558:was formed by himself,
1260:Russian Orthodox Church
790:(1514), in the work by
27:1547–1721 Russian state
6672:17th century in Russia
6667:16th century in Russia
6058:Social security system
6041:Science and technology
5707:Classified information
5533:Central Russian Upland
4663:13 August 2002 at the
4505:. BRILL. p. 189.
4093:8 January 2018 at the
3882:civil ensign of Russia
2975:Provisional Government
2916:Grand Duchy of Finland
2794:Principality of Moscow
2490:
2402:. Yermak defeated the
2383:
2298:
2170:
2129:region, domain of the
2065:
1939:
1878:Ladislaus IV of Poland
1837:
1760:Patriarchate of Moscow
1673:
1585:in 1552 and later the
1539:
1509:
1344:Grand Prince of Moscow
1306:Early reign of Ivan IV
1239:coat of arms of Russia
1182:
919:
911:
280:(1547–1549; 1684–1711)
135:Territory of Russia in
109:Seal of Tsar Ivan IV (
6519:Russian tsars regalia
5852:Intelligence agencies
5575:Great Russian Regions
5319:Expansion (1500-1800)
4131:24 April 2021 at the
4112:25 April 2021 at the
3852:Imperial Russian Navy
3816:of the Tsar of Russia
3616:Not fully controlled.
3450:Republic of Tatarstan
3343:Constitutional crisis
2485:
2374:
2295:Alexander Litovchenko
2281:
2155:Russian noble cavalry
2152:
2053:
1927:
1908:proclaimed the boyar
1880:, son of Polish king
1832:in 1612. Painting by
1819:
1660:
1537:
1501:
1177:
1139:Russia vulgo Moscovia
1005:in Russia, used both
926:, author of the book
920:Russia vulgo Moscovia
788:Theotokos of Vladimir
767:Rosiyskago gospodstva
761:Росийскаго господства
740:was transformed into
713:Grand Duchy of Moscow
701:Further information:
499:Grand Duchy of Moscow
181:Common languages
6586:World Heritage sites
5963:Droughts and famines
5516:Environmental issues
5264:Proto-Indo-Europeans
5203:at Wikimedia Commons
4822:10 July 2017 at the
4726:4 March 2016 at the
4430:Cambridge University
4180:Rossiyskoye tsarstvo
4088:Population of Russia
4036:Moskovskoye tsarstvo
3389:Annexation of Crimea
2997:Constituent Assembly
2874:Second Patriotic War
2540:also continued, and
2504:protested bitterly.
2234:Treaty of Pereyaslav
2203:Khmelnytsky Uprising
2199:Zaporozhian Cossacks
2187:Zaporozhian Cossacks
2070:Sobornoye Ulozheniye
1945:Polish–Muscovite War
1884:, as tsar. In 1611,
1690:Massacre of Novgorod
1606:twenty-five-year war
1575:defeated and annexed
1300:"Third Rome" concept
1213:) on a par with the
1124:Atlas Cosmographicae
1046:Moskovskoye tsarstvo
1001:, ambassador of the
801:On 16 January 1547,
630:, also known as the
6437:Forms of addressing
6046:Academy of Sciences
6003:Financial districts
5867:President of Russia
5792:Political divisions
5752:Freedom of assembly
5634:West Siberian Plain
5380:Great Patriotic War
5341:February Revolution
5177:, Routledge, 2004,
5117:Grigory Kotoshikhin
5062:"vexillographia.ru"
4657:Русский мир, 1997.
3807:double-headed eagle
3761:Bureaucratic titles
3569:Zaporizhzhia Oblast
3401:Invasion of Ukraine
3190:Great Patriotic War
3162:Cultural revolution
3103:Transcaucasian SFSR
2971:February Revolution
2858:Emancipation reform
2756:Council of Uvetichi
2606: •
2602: •
2454:Treaty of Nerchinsk
2417:From such bases as
2396:Yermak Timofeyevich
2361:Conquest of Siberia
2354:Metropolitan Mohyla
2195:Registered Cossacks
1947:was ended with the
1896:and, led by Prince
1872:, and occupied the
1785:Tsarevich Demetrius
1462:Patriarch Chronicle
1264:Philotheus of Pskov
1235:double-headed eagle
1223:Sophia Palaiologina
1116:Russia seu Moscovia
912:Russia seu Moscovia
796:Russian Chronograph
691:victory over Sweden
687:substantial reforms
6487:Russian given name
6073:Telecommunications
6023:Petroleum industry
5887:State of emergency
5732:Far-right politics
5697:Capital punishment
5543:Meshchera Lowlands
5397:Russian Federation
5353:October Revolution
5088:"www.crwflags.com"
5040:Flags of the World
4982:www.britannica.com
4400:on 23 January 2019
4174:Российское царство
4171:later changed to:
4025:Московское царство
3485:Republic of Crimea
3436:Russian Federation
3379:Presidential terms
3271:Karelo-Finnish SSR
3224:Chernobyl disaster
2964:Russian Revolution
2862:Russo-Japanese War
2850:1812 Patriotic War
2764:Battle of Kulikovo
2752:Council of Liubech
2529:Great Northern War
2506:Arranged marriages
2491:
2444:After a period of
2384:
2299:
2254:Right-bank Ukraine
2242:Truce of Andrusovo
2222:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
2171:
2072:, a comprehensive
2066:
2001:Legal code of 1649
1995:Sigismund III Vasa
1940:
1882:Sigismund III Vasa
1838:
1674:
1548:Richard Chancellor
1540:
1510:
1183:
1166:Moscow, third Rome
1156:Byzantine heritage
1040:Московское царство
1023:L'Empire de Russie
1003:Holy Roman Emperor
893:part, though this
683:Great Northern War
632:Tsardom of Muscovy
368:Great Northern War
18:Kingdom of Muscovy
6642:Tsardom of Russia
6627:
6626:
6594:
6593:
6174:Domestic violence
6106:
6105:
6028:Russian oligarchs
5953:Aircraft industry
5930:
5929:
5907:Mass surveillance
5897:Search and rescue
5862:Political parties
5742:Foreign relations
5674:
5673:
5473:
5472:
5465:Historical cities
5324:Tsardom of Russia
5201:Tsardom of Russia
5199:Media related to
5134:Secondary sources
4953:Ruslan Skrynnikov
4779:Harper, Douglas.
4539:978-0-691-12374-5
4512:978-90-04-30401-7
4251:978-1-4426-1021-7
4107:History of Russia
4033:
4009:Russkoye tsarstvo
4006:
3970:Tsarist autocracy
3814:Imperial Standard
3731:
3730:
3697:Russia portal
3625:
3624:
3319:Belavezha Accords
3301:
3300:
3212:Era of Stagnation
3178:Industrialization
3144:
3143:
3021:Soviet-Polish War
2957:
2956:
2938:Russian Manchuria
2884:Tsardom of Russia
2870:October Manifesto
2854:Decembrist Revolt
2846:Petrovian reforms
2814:
2813:
2774:Novgorod Republic
2738:
2737:
2654:
2653:
2425:, then on to the
2262:Battle of Poltava
2258:Left-bank Ukraine
2246:Cossack Hetmanate
2183:Polish–Lithuanian
2159:поместная конница
2153:A warrior of the
1991:Władysław IV Vasa
1929:Andrei Ryabushkin
1811:Tsarist autocracy
1795:, Godunov's son.
1670:Pyotr Mstislavets
1641:Great Abatis Belt
1587:Astrakhan Khanate
1480:
1479:
1394:Tsardom of Russia
1215:Byzantine emperor
1180:Ivan IV of Russia
987:Holy Roman Empire
792:Maximus the Greek
707:While the oldest
685:, he implemented
628:Tsardom of Russia
624:
623:
598:
597:
594:
593:
574:
573:
527:Astrakhan Khanate
394:Empire proclaimed
386:10 September 1721
257:• 1682–1721
244:• 1547–1584
223:Absolute monarchy
48:Russkoye tsarstvo
36:Tsardom of Russia
16:(Redirected from
6724:
6712:Christian states
6707:Former countries
6607:
6554:Russian language
6497:National symbols
6117:
6036:
5993:Fishing industry
5983:Economic regions
5978:Defence industry
5941:
5685:
5639:Russian Far East
5538:Northwest Russia
5496:Cities and towns
5484:
5346:Russian Republic
5252:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5208:
5198:
5166:
5149:
5148:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5058:
5043:
5036:
5030:
5015:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4974:
4968:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4935:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4832:
4826:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4761:
4753:
4747:
4737:
4731:
4714:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4680:
4673:
4667:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4599:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4496:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4434:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4396:. Archived from
4390:
4384:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4272:Pipes, Richard.
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4236:Magocsi, Paul R.
4232:
4226:
4225:
4206:. pp. 1–6.
4199:
4193:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4142:
4136:
4123:
4117:
4104:
4098:
4085:
4076:
4075:
4057:
4040:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4001:
3999:
3991:
3942:
3927:
3912:
3893:
3880:(1697–1699) and
3874:
3740:Pososhniye lyudi
3723:
3716:
3709:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3681:
3619:
3618:
3605:
3604:
3581:
3560:
3539:
3518:
3497:
3477:
3467:Chechen Republic
3460:
3443:
3432:
3431:
3329:USSR dissolution
3245:
3244:
3174:Collectivization
3092:Byelorussian SSR
3049:Russian Republic
3045:
3044:
2880:
2879:
2842:Treaty of Nystad
2770:
2769:
2684:
2683:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2588:
2578:
2560:
2521:Saint Petersburg
2404:Khanate of Sibir
2323:liturgical books
2236:in 1654, led to
2218:Zaporozhian Host
2216:(leader) of the
2011:Time of Troubles
1949:Truce of Deulino
1898:Dmitry Pozharsky
1886:False Dmitry III
1830:Prince Pozharsky
1802:Time of Troubles
1738:Time of Troubles
1732:Time of Troubles
1722:Time of Troubles
1629:Battle of Molodi
1579:Khanate of Kazan
1550:, sailed to the
1475:
1406:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1354:factions of the
1217:. Indeed, after
1206:
1205:
1178:Ivory throne of
1135:
1112:
1093:
1074:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1019:Jacques Margeret
888:
870:
843:Velikaya Rossiya
820:
814:
813:
805:was crowned the
769:
763:
762:
753:
752:
738:
732:
726:
725:
720:
719:
590:
589:
578:
577:
565:
564:
551:
550:
541:Khanate of Sibir
537:
536:
523:
522:
513:Khanate of Kazan
509:
508:
495:
494:
488:
487:
472:
471:
381:Treaty of Nystad
355:Russo-Polish War
342:Time of Troubles
289:Governing Senate
196:Russian Orthodox
173:Saint Petersburg
156:
154:
149:
147:
142:
140:
133:
123:
112:
92:
76:
69:
50:
43:
42:
32:
21:
6732:
6731:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6692:1710s in Russia
6677:1700s in Russia
6632:
6631:
6628:
6623:
6610:
6603:
6590:
6549:Public holidays
6544:Political jokes
6529:Personification
6482:Names of Russia
6351:
6270:Life expectancy
6102:
6034:
5926:
5777:Law enforcement
5670:
5656:Protected areas
5553:Smolensk Upland
5548:Oka–Don Lowland
5528:European Russia
5469:
5408:
5294:Mongol invasion
5241:
5235:
5191:
5158:Country Studies
5155:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5113:
5111:Primary sources
5108:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5069:
5060:
5059:
5046:
5037:
5033:
5025:Wayback Machine
5016:
5001:
4991:
4989:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4903:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4824:Wayback Machine
4817:slovardalja.net
4807:Dal, Vladimir,
4806:
4802:
4791:
4789:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4759:Wayback Machine
4751:
4745:
4738:
4734:
4728:Wayback Machine
4715:
4711:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4674:
4670:
4665:Wayback Machine
4652:
4648:
4638:
4636:
4631:. 3 July 1682.
4625:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4592:Jennifer Speake
4590:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4549:
4547:
4540:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4155:
4143:
4139:
4133:Wayback Machine
4124:
4120:
4114:Wayback Machine
4105:
4101:
4095:Wayback Machine
4086:
4079:
4072:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4019:
4015:
3998:Русское царство
3992:
3988:
3983:
3956:
3949:
3943:
3934:
3928:
3919:
3913:
3904:
3894:
3885:
3875:
3793:
3727:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3635:
3627:
3626:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3594:
3593:
3579:
3558:
3537:
3516:
3495:
3475:
3458:
3441:
3430:
3425:2022 annexation
3409:Mass emigration
3397:2020 amendments
3380:
3338:
3324:
3311:
3310:
3302:
3243:
3229:
3207:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3043:
3026:
2989:Kornilov affair
2967:
2966:
2958:
2927:Congress Poland
2905:Russian America
2878:
2866:1905 Revolution
2833:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2784:Vladimir-Suzdal
2768:
2760:Mongol conquest
2748:
2747:
2739:
2682:
2677:Russkaya Pravda
2672:Baptism of Rus'
2664:
2663:
2655:
2620:pre-9th century
2598:
2596:
2576:
2569:
2558:
2494:Peter the Great
2480:
2474:Peter the Great
2472:Main articles:
2470:
2431:Semyon Dezhnyov
2369:
2363:
2325:and practices.
2315:Academy in Kiev
2307:Little Russians
2283:Patriarch Nikon
2276:
2270:
2268:Raskol (Schism)
2179:Eastern Ukraine
2167:Kremlin Armoury
2147:
2063:Godfrey Kneller
2003:
1922:
1910:Mikhail Romanov
1894:Nizhny Novgorod
1855:False Dmitry II
1843:Ivan Bolotnikov
1789:False Dmitriy I
1744:
1736:Main articles:
1734:
1726:Smutnoye vremya
1655:
1649:
1637:Crimean Khanate
1564:Hugh Willoughby
1560:Sebastian Cabot
1556:Muscovy Company
1546:. One of them,
1496:
1488:Main articles:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1467:
1450:Book of Degrees
1436:
1407:
1396:
1390:
1342:Ivan IV became
1308:
1172:
1160:Main articles:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1136:
1127:
1113:
1104:
1094:
1085:
1075:
983:Northern Europe
955:Alexander Zimin
868:
782:(1515), on the
736:
730:Russkaya zemlya
705:
699:
648:Peter the Great
617:
613:
609:
587:
562:
548:
534:
520:
506:
492:
449:
439:
429:
419:
399:2 November 1721
396:
383:
370:
357:
344:
331:
321:16 January 1547
318:
291:
287:
285:
281:
279:
258:
245:
175:
171:
169:
158:
152:
151:
145:
144:
138:
137:
136:
124:
117:
102:
101:
100:
98:
93:
85:
84:
82:
77:
70:
52:
44:
41:Русское царство
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6730:
6728:
6720:
6719:
6717:Former empires
6714:
6709:
6704:
6702:1721 in Russia
6699:
6697:1720 in Russia
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6634:
6633:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6609:
6608:
6600:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6261:
6260:
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6245:
6244:
6243:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6063:Space industry
6060:
6055:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6038:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5902:Urban planning
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5754:
5749:
5739:
5737:Federal budget
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5646:North Caucasus
5643:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5587:
5582:
5580:Highest points
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5525:
5523:Extreme points
5520:
5519:
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5508:
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5498:
5493:
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5475:
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5470:
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5409:
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5394:
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5392:
5387:
5382:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5355:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5338:
5336:Russian Empire
5333:
5332:
5331:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5260:
5258:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240: articles
5236:
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5233:
5226:
5219:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5190:
5189:External links
5187:
5186:
5185:
5171:
5138:Main article:
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4913:
4870:
4843:(3): 241–250.
4827:
4800:
4771:
4762:
4743:Sigurd Schmidt
4732:
4719:Moscow Tsardom
4709:
4699:
4690:
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4221:978-1118455074
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4071:978-0199591770
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3005:Bolshevik Coup
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2949:Uryankhay Krai
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2894:Russian Empire
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2877:
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2821:Tsarist Russia
2818:
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2658:
2657:
2656:
2652:
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2649:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:Rus' Khaganate
2622:
2621:
2618:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2513:torture murder
2478:Russian Empire
2469:
2466:
2439:Chinese Empire
2376:Vasily Surikov
2365:Main article:
2362:
2359:
2319:Constantinople
2311:Roman Catholic
2293:. Painting by
2272:Main article:
2269:
2266:
2212:In 1648, the
2207:Crimean Tatars
2146:
2143:
2059:Pyotr Potemkin
2002:
1999:
1955:, lost by the
1921:
1918:
1847:Vasily Shuysky
1826:Moscow Kremlin
1824:surrender the
1733:
1730:
1728:, 1598–1613).
1651:Main article:
1648:
1645:
1617:Devlet I Giray
1581:on the middle
1519:published his
1485:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1429:Book of Saints
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1307:
1304:
1284:Constantinople
1272:Ottoman Empire
1268:Constantinople
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1076:
1069:
932:Samuel Collins
924:Giles Fletcher
827:Constantinople
698:
695:
675:Ottoman Empire
644:Russian Empire
622:
621:
604:
600:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
584:
582:Russian Empire
575:
572:
571:
566:
558:
557:
552:
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538:
530:
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516:
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365:
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339:
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323:
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309:
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53:
38:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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6606:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6587:
6584:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6569:Seven Wonders
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6534:Playing cards
6532:
6530:
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6256:
6254:
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6250:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6229:Mental health
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6189:Ethnic groups
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
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5937:
5933:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5892:Civil defense
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5837:Media freedom
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5722:Criminal code
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5702:Civil Service
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5625:
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5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5604:
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5596:
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5517:
5514:
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5512:
5509:
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5499:
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5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
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5482:
5480:
5476:
5466:
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5461:
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5446:
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5441:
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5403:
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5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5363:Russian state
5361:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5330:
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5326:
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5322:
5320:
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5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
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5297:
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5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5232:
5227:
5225:
5220:
5218:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5183:0-415-30751-1
5180:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5164:
5160:
5159:
5153:
5152:public domain
5144:
5143:
5141:
5133:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5038:Yenne, Bill.
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4965:5-17-010892-3
4962:
4958:
4957:Boris Godunov
4954:
4949:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4932:0-19-502572-5
4929:
4925:
4924:
4917:
4914:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4775:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:Vernadsky V.
4713:
4710:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4622:
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4613:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4588:
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4570:
4567:
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4558:
4545:
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4535:
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4522:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4495:
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4476:
4473:
4467:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4448:
4445:
4439:
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4431:
4425:
4422:
4415:
4412:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4334:9780881410082
4330:
4326:
4319:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4276:. p. 83.
4275:
4268:
4265:
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4247:
4243:
4242:
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4231:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4181:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4150:5-211-02521-0
4147:
4141:
4138:
4134:
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4127:
4122:
4119:
4115:
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4108:
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3990:
3987:
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3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3796:
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3735:Mestnichestvo
3733:
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3437:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3393:War in Donbas
3390:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3375:Five-Days War
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3347:Privatization
3344:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3308:Modern Russia
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3263:
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3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
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3246:
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3213:
3209:
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3199:
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3179:
3175:
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3167:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:Russian State
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:Ukrainian SSR
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:War Communism
3028:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2980:Dvoyevlastiye
2976:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2941:
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2935:
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2753:
2750:
2746:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2718:Rostov-Suzdal
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2688:Novgorod Land
2686:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2650:
2648:
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2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:Yenisey River
2420:
2415:
2413:
2412:Irtysh Rivers
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:Old Believers
2335:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
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2275:
2267:
2265:
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2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:Dnieper River
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:Crimean Tatar
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2161:) during the
2160:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:jurisdictions
2034:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:survived the
2008:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:Boris Morozov
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1853:with Sweden.
1852:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1834:Ernst Lissner
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:Boris Godunov
1749:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1666:Ivan Fyodorov
1663:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:Adam Olearius
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1507:Boris Godunov
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1474:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:Pedigree Book
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1052:
1047:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
882:
877:
875:
871:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
825:document, by
824:
819:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
757:
747:
743:
739:
731:
724:Русская земля
714:
710:
704:
696:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:
603:Today part of
601:
585:
583:
580:
579:
576:
570:
567:
560:
559:
556:
555:Qasim Khanate
553:
546:
545:
542:
539:
532:
531:
528:
525:
518:
517:
514:
511:
504:
503:
500:
497:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
466:
465:Russian ruble
463:
459:
455:
451:
441:
431:
421:
402:
398:
395:
385:
382:
372:
369:
359:
356:
346:
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333:
330:
320:
317:
313:
299:
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284:
278:
275:
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267:
263:
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233:
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224:
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217:
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211:
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201:
197:
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186:
183:
179:
174:
168:
165:
161:
132:
127:
122:
116:
114:
105:
97:
91:
81:
75:
68:
60:
55:
51:
49:
33:
30:
19:
6629:
6507:Coat of arms
6467:Martial arts
6375:Army culture
6365:Architecture
6335:Witch trials
6290:Prostitution
6236:Human rights
6169:Demographics
6083:Trade unions
6053:Shipbuilding
6013:Homelessness
5973:Central Bank
5968:Car industry
5807:Conservatism
5717:Constitution
5712:Conscription
5385:Eastern Bloc
5375:Soviet Union
5368:Russian SFSR
5323:
5298:Feudal Rus'
5174:
5157:
5120:
5096:. Retrieved
5082:
5070:. Retrieved
5039:
5034:
5028:(in Russian)
5027:
4990:. Retrieved
4981:
4972:
4956:
4948:
4939:
4922:
4916:
4904:. Retrieved
4887:
4884:Books Abroad
4883:
4873:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4812:
4803:
4790:. Retrieved
4784:
4774:
4765:
4735:
4718:
4712:
4702:
4693:
4684:
4676:
4671:
4654:
4649:
4637:. Retrieved
4627:
4621:
4612:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4578:
4569:
4560:
4548:. Retrieved
4528:
4521:
4501:
4494:
4484:
4475:
4466:
4457:
4447:
4438:
4424:
4414:
4402:. Retrieved
4398:the original
4388:
4379:
4370:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4324:
4318:
4309:
4300:
4291:
4282:
4273:
4267:
4255:. Retrieved
4240:
4230:
4203:
4197:
4188:
4167:
4156:
4140:
4121:
4102:
4061:
4055:
4016:
3989:
3945:
3930:
3915:
3903:Flag of 1712
3896:
3881:
3877:
3858:
3848:Naval ensign
3846:
3835:Civil ensign
3833:
3826:: The early
3823:
3812:
3802:
3794:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3615:
3609:
3601:
3595:
3590:full list...
3588:
3574:
3567:
3553:
3546:
3532:
3525:
3511:
3504:
3490:
3483:
3421:Mobilization
3413:Debt default
3355:Chechen wars
3306:since 1991:
3283:full list...
3281:
3260:Russian SFSR
3249:Soviet Union
3166:Korenization
3136:full list...
3134:
3070:Russian SFSR
2979:
2883:
2838:Zemsky Sobor
2806:full list...
2804:
2730:full list...
2728:
2675:
2661:Ancient Rus'
2556:Organization
2510:
2492:
2450:Qing dynasty
2443:
2416:
2414:for Russia.
2385:
2379:
2347:
2327:
2300:
2211:
2177:(modern day
2172:
2158:
2139:Stenka Razin
2131:Don Cossacks
2123:
2103:
2067:
2030:
2026:
2004:
1984:
1961:
1941:
1932:
1906:zemsky Sobor
1863:
1839:
1799:
1797:
1776:Zemsky Sobor
1774:
1768:
1745:
1725:
1714:
1696:
1694:
1675:
1661:
1627:, until the
1614:
1608:against the
1595:
1572:
1541:
1524:
1511:
1494:Livonian War
1460:
1448:
1441:
1393:
1341:
1335:
1332:Vladimir Dal
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1288:Christianity
1270:fell to the
1245:
1243:
1208:
1198:
1184:
1138:
1115:
1096:
1077:
1050:
1034:
1022:
1010:
1006:
994:
990:
978:
958:
952:
947:
946:, who wrote
939:
935:
934:, author of
930:(1591), and
927:
902:
898:
880:
878:
874:Russian land
873:
866:
862:
858:
850:
846:
842:
839:Great Russia
834:
800:
795:
771:
755:
745:
741:
734:
706:
652:
631:
627:
625:
481:Succeeded by
480:
475:
452:15.7 million
448:• 1719
438:• 1646
428:• 1600
418:• 1500
329:Livonian War
283:Zemsky Sobor
107:
96:Coat of arms
45:
29:
6559:tea culture
6412:Fairy tales
6275:Open access
6248:Immigration
6209:Gun control
5948:Agriculture
5917:Term limits
5827:Martial law
5822:Nationalism
5817:Irredentism
5812:Imperialism
5595:Caspian Sea
5511:Environment
5506:Earthquakes
5402:Union State
5390:Dissolution
5289:Kievan Rus'
5279:Early Slavs
5098:23 November
3948:(1693–1700)
3933:(from 1712)
3918:(from 1700)
3884:(from 1705)
3791:State flags
3315:August Coup
3238:War of Laws
3220:Perestroika
3198:Warsaw Pact
3186:Great Purge
3149:1923–1991:
3013:White Guard
2993:Directorate
2962:1917–1923:
2819:1480–1917:
2745:Feudal Rus'
2743:1240–1480:
2616:Rus' people
2608:Early Slavs
2575:History of
2534:great power
2517:his own son
2458:Lake Baikal
2175:Wild Fields
2083:dvoryanstvo
2015:bureaucracy
1982:in Moscow.
1902:Kuzma Minin
1868:, captured
1851:Ingrian War
1807:the Kremlin
1662:The Apostle
1633:Nogai Horde
1591:Caspian Sea
1568:Elizabeth I
1523:(literally
1456:Chronograph
1424:Church Code
1143:Atlas Maior
1082:Herberstein
977:, the term
944:John Milton
831:Jeremiah II
569:Nogai Horde
476:Preceded by
292:(1711–1721)
286:(1549–1684)
273:Legislature
176:(1712–1721)
170:(1547–1712)
99:(1667–1721)
83:(1693–1721)
6636:Categories
6564:Television
6539:Philosophy
6472:Mass media
6462:Literature
6457:Inventions
6219:Healthcare
6154:Corruption
6144:Censorship
6035:(currency)
5912:Separatism
5857:Opposition
5842:Neo-Nazism
5832:Monarchism
5802:Liberalism
5797:Propaganda
5757:Government
5624:North Asia
5425:Journalism
5284:East Slavs
5274:Sarmatians
4811:, article
4639:5 December
4594:(editor).
4550:30 October
4404:2 December
4047:References
3901:Andreevsky
3860:Naval jack
3824:Civil flag
3381:amendments
3293:Tannu Tuva
3216:Afghan War
3151:Soviet Era
2659:879–1240:
2600:Prehistory
2525:Antichrist
2435:Amur River
2427:Lena River
2074:legal code
2041:provincial
2019:legitimacy
1962:The early
1935:Boyar Duma
1756:Yuri's Day
1697:oprichnina
1686:zemshchina
1682:oprichnina
1664:(1564) by
1653:Oprichnina
1598:Baltic Sea
1256:autocratic
1247:autokrator
967:Lithuanian
883:(English:
855:Feodor III
829:Patriarch
823:coronation
677:, and the
673:, and the
442:14 million
432:12 million
408:Population
312:Coronation
277:Boyar Duma
219:Government
208:Demonym(s)
187:(official)
6422:Festivals
6315:Sociology
6265:Languages
6184:Education
6088:Transport
5922:Terrorism
5767:Judiciary
5761:Apparatus
5727:Elections
5692:Anarchism
5666:Far North
5617:Volcanoes
5602:Mountains
5479:Geography
5358:Civil war
5269:Scythians
5127:Domostroy
5072:2 October
4896:0006-7431
4865:146782336
4730:(Russian)
4452:Tsardom".
4257:19 August
4030:romanized
4003:romanized
3837:of Russia
3674:1982–1991
3670:1964–1982
3666:1953–1964
3662:1927–1953
3658:1917–1927
3654:1894–1917
3650:1855–1894
3646:1796–1855
3642:1721–1796
3417:Sanctions
3367:Oligarchy
3297:1921–1944
3275:1940–1956
3264:1922–1991
3253:1922–1991
3170:Stalinism
3128:1921–1923
3117:1918–1920
3107:1922–1922
3096:1920–1922
3085:1919–1922
3074:1917–1922
3064:1917–1918
3053:1917–1918
3039:Emigrants
3025:Priamurye
3009:Civil War
2985:July Days
2953:1914–1921
2942:1900–1905
2931:1867–1915
2920:1809–1917
2909:1799–1867
2898:1721–1917
2888:1547–1721
2798:1263–1547
2788:1157–1331
2778:1136–1478
2722:1093–1157
2647:Garðaríki
2604:Antiquity
2448:with the
2419:Mangazeya
2388:Stroganov
2285:and Tsar
2230:Aleksey I
2127:Don River
2118:tradesmen
2110:fugitives
2029:; sing.,
2007:autocracy
1980:Salt Riot
1959:in 1509.
1890:Stroganov
1864:In 1609,
1793:Feodor II
1552:White Sea
1544:merchants
1434:Domostroy
1231:Byzantine
1015:Roxolania
963:Muscovite
784:icon case
780:Yaroslavl
746:Ros(s)iya
742:Rus(s)iya
693:in 1721.
655:upheavals
650:in 1721.
422:6 million
373:1700–1721
360:1654–1667
347:1598–1613
334:1558–1583
192:Religion
150:1600 and
57:1547–1721
6614:Category
6492:Nobility
6452:Internet
6447:Heraldry
6442:Graffiti
6427:Folklore
6370:Armorial
6300:Religion
6285:Polygamy
6224:HIV/AIDS
6204:Funerals
6194:Feminism
6164:Deafness
6149:Citizens
6139:Cannabis
6124:Abortion
6068:Taxation
6008:Gambling
5998:Forestry
5847:Military
5680:Politics
5661:Wildlife
5607:Caucasus
5570:Glaciers
5450:Military
5435:Internet
5413:By topic
5307:Vladimir
5302:Novgorod
5256:Timeline
5092:Archived
5066:Archived
5021:Archived
4986:Archived
4900:Archived
4820:Archived
4755:Archived
4724:Archived
4661:Archived
4633:Archived
4544:Archived
4238:(2010).
4129:Archived
4110:Archived
4091:Archived
3954:See also
3777:Podyachy
3755:Votchina
3638:860–1721
3634:Timeline
3371:Putinism
3325:Protocol
3323:Alma-Ata
3228:Karabakh
3208:transfer
3194:Cold War
3017:Red Army
3001:election
2834:Troubles
2712:988–1402
2702:987–1397
2692:882–1136
2637:Arthania
2566:a series
2564:Part of
2550:Caucasus
2394:leader,
2114:communes
2095:landlord
2091:peasants
2079:nobility
1964:Romanovs
1953:Smolensk
1920:Romanovs
1916:family.
1692:(1570).
1635:and the
1414:Law Code
1334:defined
1328:terrible
1324:terrible
1312:terrible
1221:married
1219:Ivan III
1120:Mercator
1101:Mercator
1078:Moscovia
1035:Moscovia
1027:Henry IV
1011:Moscovia
979:Moscovia
965:and the
959:Moscovia
903:Moscovia
891:Catholic
881:Moscovia
709:endonyms
461:Currency
200:official
6605:Outline
6417:Fashion
6407:Fashion
6395:Cuisine
6357:Culture
6345:in army
6330:Wedding
6325:Suicide
6320:Smoking
6305:Slavery
6280:Orphans
6253:Illegal
6129:Alcohol
6112:Society
6078:Tourism
5958:Banking
5936:Economy
5781:Prisons
5629:Siberia
5585:Islands
5565:Geology
5501:Climate
5491:Borders
5455:Outline
5430:Judaism
5420:Economy
5247:History
4992:4 March
4906:27 July
4813:ГРОЗИТЬ
4792:13 June
4032::
4021:Russian
4005::
3994:Russian
3850:of the
3841:Peter I
3828:Romanov
3745:Sloboda
3680:present
3580:present
3559:present
3538:present
3517:present
3496:present
3476:present
3459:present
3442:present
3405:Prelude
3202:Comecon
2832:Time of
2595:Periods
2462:Beijing
2400:Siberia
2392:Cossack
2350:academy
2343:Avvakum
2305:. Most
2289:in the
2106:serfdom
2056:voivode
2027:prikazy
2021:or the
1972:Aleksey
1968:Filaret
1914:Romanov
1874:Kremlin
1870:Shuisky
1859:Tushino
1710:serfdom
1602:Livonia
1513:Muscovy
1348:Shuysky
1296:Eastern
1292:Western
1252:Ivan IV
1195:emperor
1151:History
1031:Vologda
975:Jesuits
886:Muscovy
853:, with
847:Rossiya
803:Ivan IV
786:of the
751:"Росиа"
711:of the
663:Romanov
661:to the
640:Ivan IV
619:Ukraine
611:Finland
607:Belarus
392:•
379:•
366:•
353:•
340:•
327:•
316:Ivan IV
310:•
297:History
262:Peter I
251:(first)
249:Ivan IV
213:Russian
185:Russian
163:Capital
6619:Portal
6574:Sports
6502:Anthem
6390:Cinema
6385:Ballet
6295:Racism
6258:Labour
6214:Health
6179:Doping
6033:Ruble
6018:Mining
5988:Energy
5651:Rivers
5560:Fjords
5460:Postal
5312:Moscow
5238:Russia
5181:
5169:Russia
5154:.
4963:
4930:
4894:
4863:
4857:424804
4855:
4781:"tsar"
4536:
4509:
4331:
4248:
4218:
4148:
4068:
3770:Prikaz
3339:abroad
3206:Crimea
2577:Russia
2568:on the
2546:Persia
2527:. The
2502:boyars
2382:(1895)
2287:Alexis
2240:. The
2214:Hetman
2197:, the
2087:nomads
2081:, the
2032:prikaz
1985:After
1938:(1893)
1748:Feodor
1678:boyars
1621:Crimea
1562:, Sir
1356:boyars
1352:Belsky
1336:grozny
1320:grozny
1316:grozny
1210:Caesar
1191:Moscow
1168:; and
1145:, 1645
1126:, 1596
1103:, 1595
1097:Russia
1084:, 1549
1007:Russia
995:Rossia
991:Russia
940:Russia
899:Russia
794:, the
776:portal
671:Sweden
615:Russia
300:
264:(last)
234:
167:Moscow
155:
148:
143:1500
141:
6524:Opera
6477:Music
6340:Women
6241:LGBTQ
6159:Crime
6093:Waste
5612:Urals
5590:Lakes
4861:S2CID
4853:JSTOR
4433:Rome"
4419:Rome"
3981:Notes
3750:Ukase
3678:1991–
3614:
3600:
3440:1991–
3182:GULAG
3027:Govt.
2668:Rurik
2544:with
2352:that
2334:Greek
2330:Nikon
2135:Volga
2023:boyar
1822:Poles
1771:Rurik
1701:boyar
1583:Volga
916:Latin
908:Latin
895:Latin
869:'
851:chiny
772:Rus'
756:Rosia
737:'
659:Rurik
113:1539)
6512:Flag
6400:Wine
6380:Arts
5445:LGBT
5329:Army
5179:ISBN
5100:2012
5074:2010
4994:2023
4961:ISBN
4928:ISBN
4908:2017
4892:ISSN
4794:2019
4641:2016
4552:2023
4534:ISBN
4507:ISBN
4406:2016
4329:ISBN
4259:2016
4246:ISBN
4216:ISBN
4146:ISBN
4066:ISBN
3784:Dyak
3576:2022
3555:2022
3534:2022
3513:2022
3492:2014
3472:2000
3455:1994
3365:) •
3351:CSTO
3341:" •
3337:Near
3035:USSR
3003:) •
2476:and
2410:and
2226:tsar
2099:home
2068:The
2005:The
1900:and
1820:The
1800:The
1740:and
1668:and
1577:the
1492:and
1350:and
1294:and
1282:and
1280:Rome
1204:царь
1199:tsar
1187:Tsar
1162:Tsar
1009:and
901:and
872:and
863:Rus'
718:Русь
697:Name
636:tsar
626:The
230:Tsar
157:1700
80:Flag
5772:Law
5119:'s
4845:doi
4749:RAN
4208:doi
3363:2nd
3359:1st
3335:• "
3333:CIS
3230:War
3158:NEP
2542:war
2515:of
2061:by
1828:to
1619:of
1065:).
993:or
867:Rus
841:" (
744:or
735:Rus
646:by
638:by
314:of
6638::
5167:–
5161:.
5090:.
5064:.
5047:^
5002:^
4984:.
4980:.
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4886:.
4882:.
4859:.
4851:.
4841:30
4839:.
4783:.
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4214:.
4177:,
4080:^
4027:,
4023::
4000:,
3996::
3676:•
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3656:•
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3644:•
3640:•
3611:^B
3597:^A
3423:•
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3407:•
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3226:•
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3007:•
2995:•
2991:•
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2868:•
2864:•
2860:•
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