244:
221:
118:
143:
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149:
1581:. In rat hypothalamus, it was found that over three-fourths of GnRH neurons coexpress the receptor for kisspeptin, GPR54, in their RNA. Kisspeptin was also able to bring about the release of GnRH both ex vivo and in vivo in rat and sheep. It can be concluded that by activating GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus, kisspeptin causes GnRH release which leads to the release of FSH and LH. The major role kisspeptin/GPR54 plays in
1566:
1417:
1622:, the system was then tested for genes involved in the injected chromosome 6. KISS1 was discovered to be the only gene expressed in non-metastatic cells and absent in metastatic, metastatic meaning the ability for cancer to spread to unconnected areas. This suggested that Kisspeptin is an essential regulation factor in whether or not a cell will be
1643:
Kisspeptin is highly expressed during pregnancy. In early-term placentas, GPR54 was expressed at a higher rate than placentas at-term. The expression of kisspeptin, however, remains unchanged in the placenta throughout pregnancy. The increased expression of GPR54 in early-term placentas is due to the
1758:
However, for kisspeptin to be involved in the regulation of GnRH release, it must also be sensitive to circulating sex steroid levels, as it is established that steroids produced by the gonads exert regulatory effects on FSH and LH levels through GnRH mediation. Thus, there are at least two possible
1626:
or not. Additional experimentation identified CRSP3 as the exact gene responsible for KISS1 regulation within chromosome 6. In clinical evidence studies, KISS1 and
Kisspeptin were found in primary, metastatic tumors, and growing tumors showing decreased levels of KISS1 and Kisspeptin. In conclusion,
1648:
during the beginning of pregnancy. Term cells, by comparison are less invasive. When measuring kisspeptin-54 during pregnancy, a 1000x increase was observed in early pregnancy with a 10 000x increase seen by the third trimester. Following birth, kisspeptin-54 levels returned to normal, showing the
1601:
pathway. The addition of kisspeptin to female rats who had yet to mature led to the initiation of gonadotropin pathway. In humans, it was shown that females at the beginning stages of puberty had much higher kisspeptin levels than those females of the same age who had yet to begin puberty. It has
1755:, where there is an abundance of GnRH cell bodies. This anatomical evidence suggests that Kisspeptin fibers appear in close anatomical relationship to GnRH (parvicellular) neurons. In fact, Kisspeptin appears to act directly on GnRH neurons (via GPR54) to stimulate the secretion of GnRH.
1370:
sequence consisting of ten amino acids. Specifically, positions 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 in this region are completely conserved where any variation seen is due to random mutations. The sequence on the carboxy terminal side of the conserved region is a well-known site for cleavage in
1366:. This fragment is then proteolytically processed into several smaller fragments that have been isolated in humans composed of 13 and 14 amino acids (kisspeptin-13 and kisspeptin-14 respectively). Each of these fragments has a similar conserved region at the
1537:
secretion, which leads to sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce. Puberty can also be affected by a range of environmental factors, and is known to be affected by a person's metabolic capacity. Gonadotropin secretion is brought about and regulated by
1395:. Sequences found in transmembrane spanning regions one, four, and seven are all very highly conserved throughout species. Variation appears in the around the amino and C-terminal domains, which accounts for the different types of Kisspeptin
1097:). Introduction of this chromosome into the once active cancer cell inhibited it from spreading and the cDNA responsible was taken from that cell. The fact that KISS1 was responsible for this was proved when it was transfected into
1222:. Studies have shown that the levels of KISS1 mRNA expressed in the hippocampus are proportional to less than half of the levels found in the hypothalamus. Despite this, it is suggested that expression of KISS1 is influenced by the
2342:
Takahashi K, Shoji I, Shibasaki A, Kato I, Hiraishi K, Yamamoto H, Kaneko K, Murakami O, Morimoto R, Satoh F, Ito S, Totsune K (May 2010). "Presence of kisspeptin-like immunoreactivity in human adrenal glands and adrenal tumors".
1154:. These observations prompted the research on how kisspeptin is involved during the beginning of puberty. This research led to the discovery that kisspeptin stimulates the neurons that were involved in the release of
1119:
were isolated from cells (HEK293, B16-BL6, and CHO-K1 cells) that had these receptors inserted into them. The next step in the history of
Kisspeptin involved revealing more of its pathways and the mechanism involved.
1558:. The primary event that leads to the beginning of puberty is the activation of GnRH neurons. This event is thought to involve kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling, which leads to the eventual activation of GnRH
1428:, specifically GPR54 (Kiss1R). Other versions of kisspeptin are also able to interact with Kiss1R. Research in both rats and humans has provided evidence that the binding of kisspeptin stimulates PIP2
1597:. This suggests that there is greater expression of KISS1 and potentially even GPR54 at the onset of puberty leading to an increase in kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling that results in the activation of the
1762:
Coexpression imaging of KISS1 mRNA (using vector red) and steroid receptors determined that neurons that express KISS1 mRNA are targets for the action of sex steroids in both male and female mice.
1692:
in the adrenals glands stimulated by kisspeptin. Kisspeptin directly increases release of aldosterone by several means, the first being through these receptors leading to a direct route to
2190:
Lee DK, Nguyen T, O'Neill GP, Cheng R, Liu Y, Howard AD, Coulombe N, Tan CP, Tang-Nguyen AT, George SR, O'Dowd BF (March 1999). "Discovery of a receptor related to the galanin receptors".
1258:. The exact nature of the expression of kisspeptins in human adrenal glands unfortunately has not been fully clarified yet and remains a large topic of research among many scientists.
1589:
that blocked the expression of the GPR54 gene. In rats, the initiation of puberty accompanied a greater presence of KISS1 and GPR54 in mRNA. The same events were later observed in
1516:
Kisspeptin induces production of LH and FSH, which are required for menstruation. Female athletes may not menstruate if they have low body fat levels; fat produces the hormone
1759:
scenarios: that either kisspeptin neurons express sex steroid receptors themselves, or they receive input about circulating sex steroid levels from a different mechanism .
1131:
in GPR54 was considered responsible for this abnormality because those who held this mutation, or were missing GPR54 altogether, had problems in gonadal development during
1499:
Kisspeptin appears to directly activate GnRH neurons. Evidence for this involves the persistence of a neural response to kisspeptin levels even in the presence of TTX, a
257:
156:
1562:. Several studies have confirmed that addition of kisspeptin to biological systems including rat, mouse, and sheep are able to bring about the release of LH and FSH.
1510:-perforated patch recordings: about 30% of GnRH neurons respond to kisspeptin administration in prepubertal males, whereas 60% of GnRH neurons in adult mice responded.
1513:
Because only adult mice respond to low doses of kisspeptin, it appears that GnRH neurons become developmentally activated by kisspeptin over the course of puberty.
3332:
1290:
sequence. These N-terminally truncated peptides are known as the kisspeptins and belong to a larger family of peptides known as RFamides which all share a common
1874:
Messager S, Chatzidaki EE, Ma D, Hendrick AG, Zahn D, Dixon J, Thresher RR, Malinge I, Lomet D, Carlton MB, Colledge WH, Caraty A, Aparicio SA (February 2005).
1720:
3252:
728:
2065:
1751:
Kisspeptin-expressing neurons reside in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus and the arcuate nucleus, among others, and send projections into the
1664:, with a single intravenous infusion of kisspeptin-54 being well tolerated and showing some evidence for efficacy in both men and women diagnosed with
709:
79:
1045:(GnRH) at puberty, the extent of which is an area of ongoing research. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is released from the hypothalamus to act on the
2650:"Effects of Kisspeptin on Sexual Brain Processing and Penile Tumescence in Men With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial"
1704:
more efficiently. Lastly, the kisspeptin-angiotensin II pathway of producing aldosterone is increased. Aldosterone that comes from the neighboring
1226:
hormones similar to the hypothalamus. There is a high degree of expression of GPR54 in the hippocampus. The density of GPR54 is not discernable in
2878:
2386:
2384:
2382:
1856:
2265:
1838:
3367:
1468:
but not others, only one of which responds to kisspeptin. The neurons response to kisspeptin is also hypothesized to be related to age and
1187:
1362:
that can be cleaved into several pieces. In humans, one of these pieces is made up of 54 amino acids, while in mice it is made up of 52
928:
243:
935:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
614:
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled signaling pathway
1665:
1101:
cells and yet again, metastasis was suppressed. Later, a breakthrough would occur not involving
Kisspeptin, but with its receptor.
220:
2488:
1286:
of the receptor known as GPR54. Different types made up of 14 and 13 amino acids have been isolated and they each share a common
1065:
in rodents and humans. The Kiss1 gene is located on chromosome 1. It is transcribed in the brain, adrenal gland, and pancreas.
3242:
1825:
1804:
1539:
1155:
1062:
1042:
1022:
1821:
142:
117:
1124:
1800:
1341:
is absent, a downstream stop codon is used, and the encoded protein extends for an additional seven amino acid residues.
3257:
1547:
1163:
1054:
59:
2871:
2083:
Meczekalski B, Podfigurna-Stopa A, Genazzani AR (January 2011). "Why kisspeptin is such important for reproduction?".
1425:
1392:
1306:
residues, which are paired in this family of peptides. Also within this conserved family is a C-terminus that has an
256:
155:
2601:"Effects of Kisspeptin Administration in Women With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial"
1105:
1018:
249:
148:
3277:
2393:"Kisspeptins: a multifunctional peptide system with a role in reproduction, cancer and the cardiovascular system"
1771:
2445:
Smith JT, Clarke IJ (March 2007). "Kisspeptin expression in the brain: catalyst for the initiation of puberty".
2850:
773:
67:
1602:
been concluded that the activation of the GPR54/kisspeptin pathway is a catalyst that leads to puberty onset.
2440:
2438:
2436:
1173:, as well as to more specifically determine the mechanism behind kisspeptin's action on GnRH and LH release.
3377:
1734:
1728:
1396:
754:
1464:. But, it is hypothesized that there are two different types of GFP-GnRH neurons due to expression in some
3372:
3327:
2864:
1681:
1318:
1151:
1876:"Kisspeptin directly stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone release via G protein-coupled receptor 54"
1275:
1030:
1014:
1440:
1 (ERK1), ERK2, and p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation. Although GnRH is located in many areas such as the
3302:
3297:
3287:
3272:
1887:
1619:
131:
2552:"Kisspeptin/G protein-coupled receptor-54 system as an essential gatekeeper of pubertal development"
1278:. The KISS1 gene was first isolated as a tumor spreading gene by investigators and named metastin.
46:
3129:
1543:
1159:
1094:
1093:
was named KISS1 because of the location of where it was discovered (Hershey, Pennsylvania, home of
1050:
2936:
2846:
2961:
2470:
2368:
2324:
2215:
2144:
2142:
2108:
1582:
1046:
91:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
1108:
was identified in rat, cloned, and termed GPR54. Additionally, two years later, this receptor's
911:
890:
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843:
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2905:
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2720:
2679:
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2525:
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2316:
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2005:
1956:
1915:
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39:
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2710:
2669:
2661:
2620:
2612:
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2563:
2515:
2454:
2412:
2404:
2352:
2308:
2271:
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2199:
2162:
2092:
2036:
1995:
1987:
1946:
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1895:
1433:
336:
267:
211:
166:
494:
87:
3292:
3017:
3007:
2023:
Lee JH, Miele ME, Hicks DJ, Phillips KK, Trent JM, Weissman BE, Welch DR (December 1996).
1933:
Lee JH, Miele ME, Hicks DJ, Phillips KK, Trent JM, Weissman BE, Welch DR (December 1996).
1744:
1677:
1441:
1330:
1227:
1202:. The hippocampus is known to integrate information on a person's spatial environment and
1170:
311:
2599:
Thurston L, Hunjan T, Ertl N, Wall MB, Mills EG, Suladze S, et al. (October 2022).
1891:
3312:
3307:
3040:
3035:
3012:
2914:
2820:
2795:
2771:
2746:
2674:
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2649:
2648:
Mills EG, Ertl N, Wall MB, Thurston L, Yang L, Suladze S, et al. (February 2023).
2625:
2616:
2600:
2576:
2551:
2417:
2392:
2276:
2000:
1975:
1709:
1676:
Kisspeptin and its receptor was found in various sites in the kidney, including in the
1657:
1460:, but also excite many GnRH neurons, leading to high expression of kisspeptin in these
1457:
1437:
1251:
2203:
1910:
1875:
1688:
tubule cells. Much of the impact on the kidney deals with the increased production of
1169:
Today, much effort is being made to characterize the regulation of kisspeptin and its
643:
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1326:
1303:
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1147:
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523:
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2328:
2219:
1632:
71:
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3178:
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3140:
2891:
2474:
2312:
1701:
1700:
adrenal cells stimulated by kisspeptin can synthesize aldosterone by breaking down
1645:
1598:
1594:
1578:
1555:
1534:
1477:
1271:
1243:
1231:
1215:
1195:
1144:
1086:
329:
108:
2252:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 784. pp. 113–131.
1708:
causes reabsorption of filtrate in order to retain water, leading to an increased
1456:
gonadotropes. Many studies show that kisspeptin has the ability to not only cause
1333:. An adenosine present at the polymorphic site represents the third position in a
1186:
2096:
1270:
protein to a 54 amino acid long peptide. This gene is located on the long arm of
1254:. Kisspeptin is distributed from the adrenal cortex and it is transcribed in the
95:
3322:
3232:
3160:
3135:
3071:
3056:
2976:
2946:
2931:
2257:
1861:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1843:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1776:
1693:
1689:
1489:
1445:
1384:
1363:
1247:
1207:
1140:
1074:
2299:
Arai AC (January 2009). "The role of kisspeptin and GPR54 in the hippocampus".
1880:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1266:
Kisspeptin is a product of the KISS1 gene which is cleaved from an initial 145
412:
3337:
3124:
3088:
3078:
3061:
3027:
2999:
2956:
2567:
2458:
2356:
2041:
2024:
1951:
1934:
1623:
1565:
1507:
1500:
1472:. The binding of kisspeptin to the GnRH receptor can have effects on puberty,
1429:
1416:
1367:
1334:
1287:
1267:
1136:
1113:
1082:
1041:. Kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling has an important role in initiating secretion of
1038:
228:
125:
75:
2149:
Pasquier J, Kamech N, Lafont AG, Vaudry H, Rousseau K, Dufour S (June 2014).
3262:
3247:
3093:
3083:
3066:
2923:
1991:
1900:
1615:
1586:
1453:
1338:
1311:
1255:
673:
472:
350:
295:
282:
194:
181:
83:
2829:
2780:
2724:
2683:
2634:
2585:
2529:
2466:
2426:
2408:
2364:
2320:
2285:
2211:
2176:
2104:
2009:
1919:
1274:(1q32) and has four exons of which the 5' and 3' exons only partly undergo
2856:
2050:
1960:
1452:
is highly dependent upon GnRH neuron activation and less dependent on the
1198:, but is also found in other areas of the brain including the hippocampal
975:
970:
50:, HH13, KiSS-1, KiSS-1 metastasis-suppressor, KiSS-1 metastasis suppressor
3237:
3216:
3211:
3155:
2762:
2715:
2698:
2248:
Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ (2013). "Kisspeptin
Excitation of GNRH Neurons".
1650:
1299:
1291:
1279:
1219:
1128:
1109:
1098:
1034:
959:
818:
799:
2520:
2503:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2167:
2150:
3282:
3267:
2887:
1590:
1559:
1530:
1493:
1469:
1465:
1400:
1359:
1132:
1116:
1003:
785:
740:
1976:"The kisspeptin-GnRH pathway in human reproductive health and disease"
1298:-NH2 motif at their C-terminus. Among these conserved amino acids are
3203:
2811:
2025:"KiSS-1, a novel human malignant melanoma metastasis-suppressor gene"
1935:"KiSS-1, a novel human malignant melanoma metastasis-suppressor gene"
1661:
1551:
1517:
1283:
1203:
943:
695:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
1127:
in 2003, which was supported by several independent lab groups. A
3116:
1697:
1685:
1611:
1564:
1473:
1461:
1415:
1383:
The structure for GPR54 is very similar throughout many different
1307:
1223:
1185:
1585:
was initially found in sexually immature humans and mice who had
1314:
releasing peptide and gonadotropin releasing inhibiting hormone.
1057:(FSH). These gonadotropic hormones lead to sexual maturation and
658:
654:
1752:
1593:, where KISS1 and GPR54 mRNA increased more than twofold in the
1449:
1355:
1322:
1211:
1090:
1078:
1010:
63:
2860:
2151:"Molecular evolution of GPCRs: Kisspeptin/kisspeptin receptors"
1234:
layer. It is known to be found in specific nuclei and neurons.
503:
3342:
1112:
in humans would be isolated. Using the identified receptors,
1158:(GnRH) and possibly may have some impact on the release of
1573:
Kisspeptin's ability to stimulate the release of GnRH and
624:
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration
2391:
Mead EJ, Maguire JJ, Kuc RE, Davenport AP (August 2007).
1282:
is derived from the protein kisspeptin and is a natural
319:
1242:
The neuropeptide kisspeptin plays an important role in
2796:"The inextricable role of the kidney in hypertension"
1387:. It is composed of 398 amino acids that form seven
484:
1653:
as the source of these increased kisspeptin levels.
619:
positive regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
599:
negative regulation of cell population proliferation
3225:
3202:
3171:
3115:
3106:
3049:
3026:
2998:
2975:
2922:
2913:
2898:
2066:"Kisspeptin: the master regulator of reproduction?"
1660:as a potential medication for the treatment of low
1577:is the result of its effect on GnRH release at the
1310:added to it. This family which kisspeptin includes
904:
883:
857:
836:
2745:Oakley AE, Clifton DK, Steiner RA (October 2009).
2556:Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism
1817:
1815:
1813:
1796:
1794:
1792:
2489:"Entrez Gene: KISS1 KiSS-1 metastasis-suppressor"
266:
165:
1081:from a cancer cell that was not able to undergo
2504:"Kisspeptin and energy balance in reproduction"
1974:Skorupskaite K, George JT, Anderson RA (2014).
629:positive regulation of growth hormone secretion
3333:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
2447:Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
1822:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000116158
3253:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
2872:
1631:. When it is active in cells the tumor stays
8:
2250:Kisspeptin Signaling in Reproductive Biology
1194:Kisspeptin is most notably expressed in the
1139:related to this mutation included a smaller
1077:'s lab in Hershey, Pennsylvania, isolated a
644:G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
604:positive regulation of synaptic transmission
1801:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000170498
1230:, but has high levels of expression in the
3112:
2919:
2879:
2865:
2857:
1214:expressed are decidedly lower than in the
669:
519:
307:
206:
103:
2849:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2819:
2770:
2714:
2673:
2624:
2575:
2519:
2416:
2275:
2166:
2040:
1999:
1950:
1909:
1899:
1520:, which induces production of kisspeptin.
2697:Bhattacharya M, Babwah AV (April 2015).
2029:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1939:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1436:release, extracellular signal-regulated
1206:. KISS1 is known to be expressed in the
1788:
1123:Kisspeptin was found to play a role in
1061:. Disrupting GPR54 signaling can cause
2064:Comninos AN, Dhillo WS (Summer 2018).
1488:Kisspeptin can stimulate secretion of
1033:gene that has the ability to suppress
20:
2800:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1542:(GnRH). GnRH leads to the release of
1029:was originally identified as a human
271:
232:
227:
170:
129:
124:
7:
639:generation of ovulation cycle rhythm
423:periventricular zone of hypothalamus
2747:"Kisspeptin signaling in the brain"
2502:De Bond JA, Smith JT (March 2014).
1740:Anterodorsal preoptic nucleus (ADP)
609:positive regulation of MAPK cascade
2666:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.54313
2617:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36131
2155:Journal of Molecular Endocrinology
1656:Kisspeptin-54 has undergone early
1550:(FSH), which primarily target the
1150:in the circulating blood and even
901:
880:
854:
833:
809:
790:
764:
745:
719:
700:
489:
407:
345:
324:
14:
2345:Journal of Molecular Neuroscience
1666:hypoactive sexual desire disorder
1627:kisspeptin plays a large role in
1618:tumor cells were injected into a
1190:Human hypothalamus (shown in red)
1644:increased presence of intrusive
493:
255:
248:
242:
219:
154:
147:
141:
116:
3243:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
2397:British Journal of Pharmacology
1614:suppression. In a study where
1210:. However, the levels of KISS1
2699:"Kisspeptin: beyond the brain"
2313:10.1016/j.peptides.2008.07.023
1540:gonadotropin releasing hormone
1156:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
1063:hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
1043:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
504:More reference expression data
473:More reference expression data
369:olfactory zone of nasal mucosa
1:
2204:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00009-5
1721:Kisspeptin expressing neurons
1635:and does not spread or grow.
1424:Kisspeptin-54 interacts with
1125:hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
1104:Three years later in 1999, a
1089:was added to the cell. This
240:
139:
3258:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
2097:10.3109/09513590.2010.506291
1548:follicle stimulating hormone
1533:is marked by an increase in
1503:that blocks nerve signals.
1164:follicle-stimulating hormone
1055:follicle stimulating hormone
3368:Genes on human chromosome 1
2258:10.1007/978-1-4614-6199-9_6
2085:Gynecological Endocrinology
1610:Kisspeptin plays a role in
1426:G protein-coupled receptors
1393:G-protein coupled receptors
1358:for kisspeptin codes for a
1013:in humans. Kisspeptins are
542:kisspeptin receptor binding
3396:
1106:G protein coupled receptor
1049:triggering the release of
1019:G-protein coupled receptor
393:mucosa of transverse colon
3278:Gastrin-releasing peptide
2568:10.6065/apem.2013.18.2.55
2459:10.1007/s11154-007-9026-4
2357:10.1007/s12031-009-9306-4
1980:Human Reproduction Update
1857:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
1839:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1772:Neuropeptide VF precursor
1606:Role in tumor suppression
1182:Hippocampal dentate gyrus
974:
969:
965:
958:
942:
936:Chr 1: 133.25 – 133.26 Mb
923:
908:
887:
876:
861:
840:
829:
816:
812:
797:
793:
784:
771:
767:
752:
748:
739:
726:
722:
707:
703:
694:
679:
672:
668:
652:
634:cytoskeleton organization
522:
518:
501:
492:
483:
470:
419:
410:
357:
348:
318:
310:
306:
289:
276:
239:
218:
209:
205:
188:
175:
138:
115:
106:
102:
57:
54:
44:
37:
32:
28:
23:
2851:Medical Subject Headings
2794:Coffman TM (June 2014).
929:Chr 1: 204.19 – 204.2 Mb
2042:10.1093/jnci/88.23.1731
1952:10.1093/jnci/88.23.1731
1901:10.1073/pnas.0409330102
1735:Periventricular nucleus
1729:periventricular nucleus
1696:release. Secondly, the
1672:Role in kidney function
1554:to trigger puberty and
1448:, research proves that
3328:Pancreatic polypeptide
2409:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707295
1682:vascular smooth muscle
1570:
1421:
1246:, but also stimulates
1191:
563:apical plasma membrane
2550:Rhie YJ (June 2013).
1992:10.1093/humupd/dmu009
1568:
1419:
1189:
1031:metastasis suppressor
998:), formerly known as
3273:Galanin-like peptide
2847:KISS1+protein,+human
2763:10.1210/er.2009-0005
2716:10.1210/en.2014-1915
1639:Role in reproduction
558:extracellular region
439:striatum of neuraxis
234:Chromosome 1 (mouse)
132:Chromosome 1 (human)
2521:10.1530/REP-13-0509
2168:10.1530/JME-13-0224
1892:2005PNAS..102.1761M
1544:luteinizing hormone
1492:and the release of
1484:Biological function
1432:, Ca mobilization,
1391:domains, like most
1250:secretion from the
1160:luteinizing hormone
1051:luteinizing hormone
583:extracellular space
365:right lobe of liver
1716:Kisspeptin neurons
1583:sexual development
1571:
1422:
1192:
1047:anterior pituitary
1037:and breast cancer
774:ENSMUSG00000116158
592:Biological process
573:neuronal cell body
551:Cellular component
530:Molecular function
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3102:
3101:
2751:Endocrine Reviews
2654:JAMA Network Open
2605:JAMA Network Open
2267:978-1-4614-6198-2
2035:(23): 1731–1737.
1723:are located in:
1629:tumor suppression
1135:. Several other
985:
984:
981:
980:
954:
953:
919:
918:
898:
897:
872:
871:
851:
850:
825:
824:
806:
805:
780:
779:
761:
760:
735:
734:
716:
715:
664:
663:
578:neuron projection
514:
513:
510:
509:
479:
478:
466:
465:
404:
403:
373:nucleus accumbens
302:
301:
201:
200:
96:KISS1 - orthologs
16:Mammalian protein
3385:
3113:
2920:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2858:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2812:10.1172/JCI72274
2806:(6): 2341–2347.
2791:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2709:(4): 1218–1227.
2694:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2611:(10): e2236131.
2596:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2547:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2442:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2403:(8): 1143–1153.
2388:
2377:
2376:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2245:
2224:
2223:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2161:(3): T101–T117.
2146:
2117:
2116:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1835:
1829:
1819:
1808:
1798:
1476:suppression and
1434:arachidonic acid
1399:seen in various
1331:protein isoforms
1321:in the terminal
1095:Hershey's Kisses
1085:after the human
967:
966:
938:
931:
914:
902:
893:
881:
877:RefSeq (protein)
867:
855:
846:
834:
810:
791:
765:
746:
720:
701:
670:
520:
506:
497:
490:
475:
415:
413:Top expressed in
408:
353:
351:Top expressed in
346:
325:
308:
298:
285:
274:
259:
252:
246:
235:
223:
207:
197:
184:
173:
158:
151:
145:
134:
120:
104:
98:
49:
42:
21:
3395:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3347:
3303:Neuropeptide VF
3298:Neuropeptide SF
3293:Neuropeptide FF
3288:Neuropeptide AF
3221:
3198:
3167:
3108:
3098:
3045:
3022:
2994:
2971:
2940:
2915:Opioid peptides
2909:
2894:
2885:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2744:
2743:
2732:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2660:(2): e2254313.
2647:
2646:
2642:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2549:
2548:
2537:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2444:
2443:
2434:
2390:
2389:
2380:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2268:
2247:
2246:
2227:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2148:
2147:
2120:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2070:Endocrinologist
2063:
2062:
2058:
2022:
2021:
2017:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1820:
1811:
1799:
1790:
1785:
1768:
1745:arcuate nucleus
1718:
1678:collecting duct
1674:
1658:clinical trials
1641:
1608:
1569:Figure 28 03 01
1527:
1525:Role in puberty
1486:
1442:pituitary gland
1420:GNRH1 structure
1414:
1409:
1381:
1352:
1347:
1329:results in two
1264:
1240:
1228:pyramidal cells
1184:
1179:
1171:gene expression
1071:
1006:encoded by the
976:View/Edit Mouse
971:View/Edit Human
934:
927:
924:Location (UCSC)
910:
889:
863:
842:
755:ENSG00000170498
648:
587:
546:
537:protein binding
502:
471:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
443:muscle of thigh
441:
437:
433:
429:
427:arcuate nucleus
425:
411:
400:
395:
391:
387:
385:pituitary gland
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
349:
293:
280:
272:
262:
261:
260:
253:
233:
210:Gene location (
192:
179:
171:
161:
160:
159:
152:
130:
107:Gene location (
58:
45:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3381:
3380:
3378:Cell signaling
3375:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3313:Neuropeptide Y
3310:
3308:Neuropeptide S
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3041:Leu-enkephalin
3038:
3036:Met-enkephalin
3032:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2967:β-Neoendorphin
2964:
2962:α-Neoendorphin
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2842:
2841:External links
2839:
2836:
2835:
2786:
2757:(6): 713–734.
2730:
2689:
2640:
2591:
2535:
2494:
2480:
2432:
2378:
2351:(1): 138–144.
2334:
2291:
2266:
2225:
2198:(1): 103–107.
2182:
2118:
2075:
2056:
2015:
1986:(4): 485–500.
1966:
1945:(23): 1731–7.
1925:
1866:
1848:
1830:
1809:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1727:Anteroventral
1717:
1714:
1710:blood pressure
1706:adrenal glands
1673:
1670:
1640:
1637:
1607:
1604:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1485:
1482:
1458:depolarization
1438:protein kinase
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1380:
1377:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1263:
1260:
1252:adrenal cortex
1239:
1236:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1070:
1067:
983:
982:
979:
978:
973:
963:
962:
956:
955:
952:
951:
949:
947:
940:
939:
932:
925:
921:
920:
917:
916:
906:
905:
899:
896:
895:
885:
884:
878:
874:
873:
870:
869:
859:
858:
852:
849:
848:
838:
837:
831:
827:
826:
823:
822:
814:
813:
807:
804:
803:
795:
794:
788:
782:
781:
778:
777:
769:
768:
762:
759:
758:
750:
749:
743:
737:
736:
733:
732:
724:
723:
717:
714:
713:
705:
704:
698:
692:
691:
686:
681:
677:
676:
666:
665:
662:
661:
650:
649:
647:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
595:
593:
589:
588:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
554:
552:
548:
547:
545:
544:
539:
533:
531:
527:
526:
516:
515:
512:
511:
508:
507:
499:
498:
487:
481:
480:
477:
476:
468:
467:
464:
463:
461:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
416:
405:
402:
401:
399:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:
354:
342:
341:
333:
322:
316:
315:
312:RNA expression
304:
303:
300:
299:
291:
287:
286:
278:
275:
270:
264:
263:
254:
247:
241:
237:
236:
231:
225:
224:
216:
215:
203:
202:
199:
198:
190:
186:
185:
177:
174:
169:
163:
162:
153:
146:
140:
136:
135:
128:
122:
121:
113:
112:
100:
99:
56:
52:
51:
43:
35:
34:
30:
29:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3391:
3390:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:Neuropeptides
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3109:neuropeptides
3105:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2990:Endomorphin-2
2988:
2986:
2985:Endomorphin-1
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Big dynorphin
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2892:neuropeptides
2889:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2703:Endocrinology
2700:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2514:(3): R53-63.
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:(5): 1761–6.
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:, and in the
1683:
1679:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:gonadotropins
1567:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1529:The onset of
1524:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:transmembrane
1386:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1373:neuropeptides
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:phenylalanine
1301:
1297:
1296:phenylalanine
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:Adrenal gland
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:dentate gyrus
1197:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:concentration
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:gametogenesis
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:kisspeptin-54
989:
977:
972:
968:
964:
961:
957:
950:
948:
945:
941:
937:
933:
930:
926:
922:
915:
913:
907:
903:
900:
894:
892:
886:
882:
879:
875:
868:
866:
860:
856:
853:
847:
845:
839:
835:
832:
830:RefSeq (mRNA)
828:
821:
820:
815:
811:
808:
802:
801:
796:
792:
789:
787:
783:
776:
775:
770:
766:
763:
757:
756:
751:
747:
744:
742:
738:
731:
730:
725:
721:
718:
712:
711:
706:
702:
699:
697:
693:
690:
687:
685:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
660:
656:
651:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
594:
591:
590:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
553:
550:
549:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:Gene ontology
521:
517:
505:
500:
496:
491:
488:
486:
482:
474:
469:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:preoptic area
430:
426:
422:
421:
418:
414:
409:
406:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:
356:
352:
347:
344:
343:
340:
338:
334:
332:
331:
327:
326:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
297:
292:
288:
284:
279:
269:
265:
258:
251:
245:
238:
230:
226:
222:
217:
213:
208:
204:
196:
191:
187:
183:
178:
168:
164:
157:
150:
144:
137:
133:
127:
123:
119:
114:
110:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
27:
22:
19:
3318:Neurophysins
3146:Neurokinin B
3141:Neurokinin A
2977:Endomorphins
2903:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2754:
2750:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2562:(2): 55–59.
2559:
2555:
2511:
2508:Reproduction
2507:
2497:
2483:
2450:
2446:
2400:
2396:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2307:(1): 16–25.
2304:
2300:
2294:
2249:
2195:
2192:FEBS Letters
2191:
2185:
2158:
2154:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2059:
2032:
2028:
2018:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1719:
1702:pregnenolone
1675:
1655:
1646:trophoblasts
1642:
1633:consolidated
1620:model system
1609:
1599:gonadotropin
1595:hypothalamus
1579:hypothalamus
1572:
1556:reproduction
1535:gonadotropin
1528:
1498:
1487:
1478:reproduction
1446:GnRH neurons
1423:
1412:GnRH release
1382:
1353:
1319:polymorphism
1316:
1272:chromosome 1
1265:
1244:reproduction
1241:
1232:granule cell
1216:hypothalamus
1196:hypothalamus
1193:
1168:
1145:gonadotropin
1122:
1103:
1087:chromosome 6
1072:
1026:
1007:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:
909:
888:
862:
841:
817:
798:
772:
753:
727:
708:
688:
683:
377:right testis
335:
328:
294:133,257,639
281:133,249,613
193:204,196,491
180:204,190,341
55:External IDs
18:
3323:Neurotensin
3233:Angiotensin
3172:Neuromedins
3161:Physalaemin
3136:Substance P
3130:Tachykinins
3125:Bradykinins
3072:Hemorphin-4
3057:Adrenorphin
3028:Enkephalins
3018:γ-Endorphin
3013:β-Endorphin
3008:α-Endorphin
2947:Dynorphin B
2937:Dynorphin A
2932:Dynorphin A
2091:(1): 8–13.
1777:KNDy neuron
1694:aldosterone
1690:aldosterone
1490:aldosterone
1385:vertebrates
1364:amino acids
1337:. When the
1276:translation
1248:aldosterone
1208:hippocampus
1141:sex steroid
1075:Danny Welch
990:(including
988:Kisspeptins
381:left testis
273:1|1 E4
33:Identifiers
3362:Categories
3152:amphibian
3089:Spinorphin
3079:Nociceptin
3062:Amidorphin
3000:Endorphins
2957:Leumorphin
2924:Dynorphins
2453:(1): 1–9.
1828:, May 2017
1807:, May 2017
1783:References
1624:metastatic
1508:Gramicidin
1501:neurotoxin
1430:hydrolysis
1368:C-terminal
1350:Kisspeptin
1335:stop codon
1288:C-terminal
1268:amino acid
1137:phenotypes
1114:endogenous
1083:metastasis
1053:(LH), and
1039:metastasis
339:(ortholog)
76:HomoloGene
3263:FMRFamide
3248:Carnosine
3132:: mammal
3094:Valorphin
3084:Opiorphin
3067:Hemorphin
2113:207488432
1616:malignant
1587:mutations
1546:(LH) and
1454:pituitary
1397:receptors
1345:Structure
1339:adenosine
1312:prolactin
1256:neocortex
1162:(LH) and
1152:sterility
1073:In 1996,
912:NP_839991
891:NP_002247
865:NM_178260
844:NM_002256
674:Orthologs
568:cytoplasm
451:conceptus
84:GeneCards
3238:Bombesin
3156:Kassinin
2906:hormones
2899:Hormones
2888:Peptides
2830:24892708
2781:19770291
2725:25590245
2684:36735255
2635:36287566
2586:24904852
2530:24327738
2467:17334929
2427:17519946
2373:36407231
2365:19898965
2329:33934227
2321:18765263
2301:Peptides
2286:23550004
2220:38910830
2212:10100623
2177:24577719
2105:20672907
2010:24615662
1920:15665093
1824:–
1803:–
1766:See also
1651:placenta
1444:and the
1325:of this
1300:arginine
1292:arginine
1280:Metastin
1262:Genomics
1220:amygdala
1129:mutation
1110:ortholog
1099:melanoma
1035:melanoma
1004:proteins
1000:metastin
960:Wikidata
653:Sources:
459:placenta
397:duodenum
361:placenta
3338:RVD-Hpα
3283:Ghrelin
3268:Galanin
3204:Orexins
2821:4092877
2772:2761114
2675:9898824
2626:9606846
2577:4027097
2475:9496307
2418:2189831
2277:4019505
2051:8944003
2001:4063702
1961:8944003
1888:Bibcode
1826:Ensembl
1805:Ensembl
1591:mammals
1560:neurons
1531:puberty
1494:insulin
1470:puberty
1466:neurons
1407:Pathway
1401:species
1360:peptide
1177:Sources
1166:(FSH).
1133:puberty
1117:ligands
1069:History
1017:of the
1015:ligands
786:UniProt
741:Ensembl
680:Species
659:QuickGO
389:putamen
314:pattern
72:2663985
40:Aliases
3117:Kinins
3050:Others
2853:(MeSH)
2828:
2818:
2779:
2769:
2723:
2682:
2672:
2633:
2623:
2584:
2574:
2528:
2473:
2465:
2425:
2415:
2371:
2363:
2327:
2319:
2284:
2274:
2264:
2218:
2210:
2175:
2111:
2103:
2072:(128).
2049:
2008:
1998:
1959:
1918:
1911:545088
1908:
1731:(AVPV)
1662:libido
1552:gonads
1518:leptin
1284:ligand
1204:memory
1002:) are
946:search
944:PubMed
819:Q6Y4S4
800:Q15726
729:280287
696:Entrez
485:BioGPS
435:embryo
172:1q32.1
64:603286
3226:Other
3107:Other
2471:S2CID
2369:S2CID
2325:S2CID
2216:S2CID
2109:S2CID
1747:(Arc)
1737:(PeN)
1698:H295R
1686:renal
1612:tumor
1474:tumor
1462:genes
1379:GPR54
1308:amide
1224:gonad
1027:Kiss1
1023:GPR54
1008:KISS1
996:KP-54
689:Mouse
684:Human
655:Amigo
455:liver
337:Mouse
330:Human
277:Start
212:Mouse
176:Start
109:Human
88:KISS1
47:KISS1
24:KISS1
2904:see
2826:PMID
2777:PMID
2721:PMID
2680:PMID
2631:PMID
2582:PMID
2526:PMID
2463:PMID
2423:PMID
2361:PMID
2317:PMID
2282:PMID
2262:ISBN
2208:PMID
2173:PMID
2101:PMID
2047:PMID
2006:PMID
1957:PMID
1916:PMID
1753:MPOA
1743:The
1450:GnRH
1356:gene
1354:The
1327:mRNA
1323:exon
1302:and
1218:and
1212:mRNA
1143:and
1091:gene
1079:cDNA
1011:gene
710:3814
447:lung
320:Bgee
268:Band
229:Chr.
167:Band
126:Chr.
80:1701
60:OMIM
3343:VGF
2939:1–8
2816:PMC
2808:doi
2804:124
2767:PMC
2759:doi
2711:doi
2707:156
2670:PMC
2662:doi
2621:PMC
2613:doi
2572:PMC
2564:doi
2516:doi
2512:147
2455:doi
2413:PMC
2405:doi
2401:151
2353:doi
2309:doi
2272:PMC
2254:doi
2200:doi
2196:446
2163:doi
2093:doi
2037:doi
1996:PMC
1988:doi
1947:doi
1906:PMC
1896:doi
1884:102
290:End
189:End
92:OMA
68:MGI
3364::
2890::
2824:.
2814:.
2802:.
2798:.
2775:.
2765:.
2755:30
2753:.
2749:.
2733:^
2719:.
2705:.
2701:.
2678:.
2668:.
2656:.
2652:.
2629:.
2619:.
2607:.
2603:.
2580:.
2570:.
2560:18
2558:.
2554:.
2538:^
2524:.
2510:.
2506:.
2469:.
2461:.
2449:.
2435:^
2421:.
2411:.
2399:.
2395:.
2381:^
2367:.
2359:.
2349:41
2347:.
2323:.
2315:.
2305:30
2303:.
2280:.
2270:.
2260:.
2228:^
2214:.
2206:.
2194:.
2171:.
2159:52
2157:.
2153:.
2121:^
2107:.
2099:.
2089:27
2087:.
2068:.
2045:.
2033:88
2031:.
2027:.
2004:.
1994:.
1984:20
1982:.
1978:.
1955:.
1943:88
1941:.
1937:.
1914:.
1904:.
1894:.
1882:.
1878:.
1859:.
1841:.
1812:^
1791:^
1712:.
1680:,
1668:.
1496:.
1480:.
1403:.
1375:.
1317:A
1025:.
1021:,
657:/
296:bp
283:bp
195:bp
182:bp
90:;
86::
82:;
78::
74:;
70::
66:;
62::
3217:B
3212:A
3194:U
3189:S
3184:N
3179:B
2880:e
2873:t
2866:v
2832:.
2810::
2783:.
2761::
2727:.
2713::
2686:.
2664::
2658:6
2637:.
2615::
2609:5
2588:.
2566::
2532:.
2518::
2491:.
2477:.
2457::
2451:8
2429:.
2407::
2375:.
2355::
2331:.
2311::
2288:.
2256::
2222:.
2202::
2179:.
2165::
2115:.
2095::
2053:.
2039::
2012:.
1990::
1963:.
1949::
1922:.
1898::
1890::
1863:.
1845:.
1294:-
994:(
214:)
111:)
94::
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