949:
46:
893:, the natural resources, and the passing of time, they do so in respect to Ona. Ona, together with Muttaf, is responsible for the creation of all things. These creations credited to the deity known as Muttaf, range from relatives, ancestors, the individual, the natural resources of the Earth, the Earth included, the sky, and everything else. However, Muttaf is not singularly the creator of all things, such as the monotheistic god adopted by
534:, a Fulani Muslim from French Cameroons, would remain in power from 1960 to his death in 1989. The kirdi have sought representation in recent years from minority parties like the Social Democratic Front (SDF) in opposition to the Fulani-dominated Union Nationale pour la Démocratie et le Progrès (UNDP). Christian missionaries have had some success among the Kirdi in recent years. Major Kirdi personalities include
977:
1760:
963:
914:. They establish one realm where the humans inhabit, and another realm of holy deities, and a third intermediary universe that interacts with both where the supernatural beings exist. These spirits can be summoned and communicated with the Fali followers, so as to make pardons for the holy deities on the believer's behalf. Some of these supernatural deities of the intermediary realm include
905:
bleeds into other religious sects, the god Muttaf is prohibited from being drawn, as by its very nature he is opposed to being limited by any and all modes of expression. There have been cases where violence has ensued spurred from drawings of Muttaf. Additionally, the religion includes supernatural
721:
the elongated triangle has popularly been known as miniature Africa, or the microcosm of all of Africa. Many of the staple foods of the Kirdi have been influenced through trade and exploitation from
European powers. These influences came first with the arrival of the British in 1800, followed by the
347:
people are located in the Far North
Cameroon region and are known for many agricultural technological achievements. These ethno-engineering procedures include: small-scale irrigation, canalization, and drainage systems. In addition, the Mafa practice an extensive variety of soil fertility management
183:
converted to Islam and spread throughout West Africa in the following centuries. They had also begun migrating to
Cameroon, where they had attempted to convert the pre-existing peoples. Therefore, the kirdi, have fewer similarities culturally or linguistically as they do in their general geographic
653:. The kirdi then became the group that lacked a government to resist Fulani intrusion and so became slaves to the Fulani and placed under their oppressive reign until they submitted to Islam. To this day, many of the nations that resisted conversion at the time of the Adama Emirate, still are not
256:
at 10 percent of the
Cameroon population; then Cameroon Highlanders 31 percent, Equatorial Bantu 19 percent, Northwestern Bantu, 8 percent, and Eastern Nigritic 7 percent, and other African and non-Africans representing 14 percent. Given their historical under-representation, the Kirdi has never
478:
were capture as slaves. This is where the term kirdi earned its use. However, writers have repurposed the term to encompass a general collective group not united with language, customs, or religion, but of the specific negation of one religion, as well as being historical peoples of the
331:, the Kapsiki people live on the slopes of the mountains and the western plains. The Kapsiki have been living in this area for five centuries, long before the great slave hunts of the 19th century, but due to their isolated habitat they have been able to maintain themselves against the
503:
came under the United
Nations as UN Trusteeships, anticipating that the Kirdi would be granted their own self-governance, which seemed perspective as most political groups began to form from the people groups. During the eleventh century and onwards into the nineteenth century
598:. The Fulani colonization would eventually lead to the Fulani becoming the preeminent people in the region. Given that the Fulani are not native to the region, it is a remarkable achievement that they became the dominant population. Modibbo Adama was a Fulani scholar and
261:
or UC. Although the Kirdi community is vastly diverse in cultures, based on pressures from rival groups, such as the Fulani, they have come to see themselves as a single group of people, and have had an increasing interest in representation in the political system.
519:, this continued into the nineteenth century. The Fulani population grew at the coast and southern area of Cameroon and converted the pre-existing inhabitants. During the late 1770s and the early 19th century, the Fulani, an Islamic pastoral people of the western
384:, also known as the Tupouri, have historically resided east of Kaélé in the Kaele division and in the Kar-Hay subdivision of the Mayo-Danay division of the Far North Province. They are a kirdi ethnic group and language, that stretches from northern Cameroon into
637:. There, they learned that his intention was to extend his jihad eastward, into Fumbina. The goal was ostensibly to convert various Kirdi (pagan) peoples to Islam. Once under the control of the region, Adama gave enemy nations two options: either
311:, they are called the Bana people. They speak various unrelated languages. These people have origins from the Ngomma people, who founded an ancient capital of their once sovereign land, Timpil. They are monotheistic and atavistic but later became
831:
of this region, and the thousands of years of traditional medicinal practices that have provided some relief before multilateral health initiatives. These medical practices include the consumption of raw plants, crude extraction methods,
1267:
Planet, Lonely; Ham, Anthony; Grosberg, Michael; Luckham, Nana; Maric, Vesna; Ranger, Helen; Sieg, Caroline; Smith, Helena; Louis, Regis St; Stiles, Paul; Butler, Stuart (1 September 2017). Lonely Planet West Africa. Lonely Planet.
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and other Muslim groups, they do not all practice atavistic customs and pagan rituals, many have converted to
Christianity and are increasingly self-identifying as a Christian political bloc, to contrast the Muslims opposing blocs.
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and similar branches have dubbed it as Muttaf, although other names have also been adopted for the same general concept. As well as the creator god, the Fali believe, there is another by the name of Ona, which has come to signify
669:(DeLancey, 2010). This introduced increased rates of literacy in a region that had virtually no literacy. While the Kirdi tended to be sedentary cultivators of their land, the Fulani and associated groups were primarily
806:
Cameroon like other West
African countries has a pattern of mortality that far outstretches that of the developed world. This has been slowly improving with the help of global initiatives that have aided in bringing
770:. In some recipes, fat is added to fufu for added fortification. This fat can derive from animals or plants. Local ingredients include the following staple foods in Cameroon: cassava, yams, rice, plantain, potato,
693:. The kirdi has had to battle with discrimination and disenfranchisement from many other powers particularly those groups who had a history of campaigns to convert the collection of communities towards
424:
language word for "monkey". Although some writers have considered the name as a proper moniker for the collection of peoples. Presently, Kirdi bears the general meaning "pagan," in opposition to the
455:, though some speak Niger-Congo Languages, this depends on the geographic dispersal of the groups, while there are still groups considered kirdi that have remained within the governance of
257:
constituted a political voting bloc. Seeking to gain Kirdi votes, the Fulani, while historically they despise the Kirdi, cajole them into boosting their electoral chances, such as for the
327:
people, also known as the Kamwe people, live in villages of 2000–6000 people, and subsist on livestock farming, agriculture and, in the village of
Rumsiki in particular, on tourism. In
594:
peoples, not native to that region. The great displacement of the historical residents of these regions started in the early nineteenth century, from what would come to be known as the
372:(Musgum or Mulwi) are a Chadic ethnic group in Cameroon. Many Musgums engage in agriculture with staple crops including: ground nuts and cotton which are sold for commercial use.
440:
1795:
1370:
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819:. However, continuing high rates of mortality indicate the significant impact of infectious diseases and the high risks of death during pregnancy and childbirth.
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The historical meaning of the word, kirdi, can be best translated to mean the following, ‘all those who were non-Muslims and who could therefore be subjected to
348:
procedures, including: crop rotation and mixed cropping, Agroforestry, biomass, nutrient management. They speak the Mafa language of the Chadic language family.
811:, and western medicine to the region. Diligent workers came to the local communities to assist professionals and provide equipment, establishing a link between
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declared its independence and adopted a constitution by popular referendum. By 1972, the constitution was redrafted essentially establishing a one-party state.
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In line with many sub-Saharan
African states Cameroon has had a tumultuous history under authoritarian ruling powers, their first president a Muslim Fulani,
495:, the locus of most Kirdi began at the start of colonization from insurgent Muslim groups. By the 1400s Europeans started their occupation, such as from the
1175:
Kwache, Iliya Yame (2016): Kamwe People of
Northern Nigeria: Origin, History and Culture. Prudent Universal Press and Publishing Company Ltd Kaduna Nigeria
1145:
Vubo, Emmanuel Yenshu , Management of Ethnic Diversity in Cameroon against the Backdrop of Social Crises, Cahiers d'études africaines, 2008. Available at:
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primarily exist in the extreme North Province of Cameroon. Their languages are separate languages of the Biu–Mandara branch of the Chadic language family.
335:. Other peoples of the Mandara region, such as the Mafa, Mofu, Podoko Guisiga, or Daba peoples have also remained protected due to their isolated habitat.
451:
term Matchoubé, meaning "slave" or "servant," is used instead. Most groups, that are recognized under the umbrella term that is the kirdi peoples speak
613:. Adama's reign lasted from 1806 to his death in 1847. Modibbo Adama conquered the region of Fombina, which presently makes up the areas of modern-day
483:. From this, Kirdi has come to be interpreted in the context of a group of people united by the social ideology that emphasizes resistance overall.
1788:
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groups. In recent years, many have reclaimed the label as a means of identification and political unity, giving rise to the “kirditude” movement.
1310:
Kuete, V., & Efferth, T. (2010). Cameroonian medicinal plants: pharmacology and derived natural products. Frontiers in pharmacology, 1, 123.
930:(2017). Currently, 99 percent of Fali are Christian. The most prominent churches in Fali land, being in the northwestern region of Cameroon, are
621:. His actions opened the opportunity for more of his people to enter into the region and claim the territory as theirs. After declaring his own
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Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "Musgu". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 2 February 2007.
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1189:
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Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "Tupuri". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 7 June 2006
1078:
DeLancey, M. D., et al. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon. Historical Dictionaries of Africa, No. 113, 2010. Available at:
645:. Those groups that both formed their own formidable resistance but lacked the structural integrity available under nations gifted with a
954:
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capable of granting wishes, sacred crocodiles that are to be coveted and praised, and the black snake. By 2009, a growing proportion of
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Johnston, H. A. S. (1967): The Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Chapter 8: "The Jihad in Adamawa and Bauchi". London: Oxford University Press.
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number only approximately 13,500 persons in their current historical region. They are Chadic people. The language that they speak is
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during the 1991 election campaign. The term is only recognized in the Extreme North and North regions, while it is not used in the
1840:
1322:
Hans Dieter Neuwinger, (1996) African Ethnobotany, Poisons and Drugs: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology . CRC Press: p. 33.
1166:(James Stuart Olson, editor)(1996)"Fali," The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood : p. 174-175.
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Estimates of how many groups may be described as Kirdi vary, with estimates ranging from 26 (2007) to more than 40 (1977).
1080:
http://shcas.shnu.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/0e/08/4b0564f84fd9b9a65bde70ec5e4a/67ccaabe-3afc-4fb2-9df9-b7b27b0ebc0a.pdf
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Kirditude is thought to have been kickstarted as a movement in opposition to the largely Muslim Fulani political base for
91:
629:, Adama entered into the region accompanied with a legion of people dedicated to converting the region under which these
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city in Africa. The kirdi have some traditional foods specific to their specific region, which reflect some of the many
1126:
Ngoh, Victor Julius, The Political Evolution of Cameroon, 1884–1961. Dissertations and Theses, 1979. Available at:
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Fred Zaal (1 April 2016). Sustainable Land Management in the Tropics: Explaining the Miracle. Routledge. pp. 145–.
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571:
189:
45:
19:
This article is about followers of indigenous religions in West Africa. For the Northeast Caucasian language, see
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Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
523:, conquered most of what is now northern Cameroon, subjugating or displacing its largely non-Muslim inhabitants.
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religion have kept this faith for thousands of years. Their beliefs include that there is a creator god that is
690:
531:
315:. The Fali are distinguished from the other Kirdi for their vibrant ornately decorated textiles and clothing.
2026:
1875:
463:, the kirdi are a vast multitude of many diverse languages, some of which vary by entire language families.
1825:
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452:
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926:. The population of Fali in total is well over 250, 000 people, or roughly the same as the population of
823:
remain one of the leading causes of death. To mitigate the harsh conditions that pastoral communities of
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are concentrated in mountainous areas of Northern Cameroon and some live in northeastern Nigeria. In
241:
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Minorities at Risk Project, Assessment of Kirdi in Cameroon. MAR. AMAR Project, 2006, available at:
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Kirdi had converted to Christianity, although many of these converts still maintain their syncretic
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now. Major changes occurred based on the legacy of Modibo Adama even after the sovereignty of his
436:
388:. This language is from the Chadic language family. The language they speak is also called Tupuri.
149:
1342:
Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan, (1999). "Fali," Almanac of African Peoples and Nations. Transaction: p. 309.
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have had some success among the Kirdi in recent years. While kirdi generally bears the meaning "
245:
726:. Although other cuisines from China, Italy, and Russia have crept into the Northern region of
1289:
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Mbaku, John Mukum (2005). Culture and Customs of Cameroon. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press.
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term has been adopted by Fulani and other Cameroonian languages. The term has an origin from
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has been used interchangeably with the planet Earth. When the Fali speak of the planet, the
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248:, the Kirdi represent 11 percent of the Cameroon population, compared to the predominantly
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have to deal with, international health organizations have invested in understanding the
222:, Vame and Zulgo are all considered Kirdi, due to their resistance to Islam. They speak
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There is controversy regarding the name “Kirdi”, as it has come to be associated as a
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The first mentioning of Kirdi is by Denham in 1826 (1985:145) who translates the word
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While being a Chadic people, their language is from the Zulgu-Gezmek apart from the
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Minorities at Risk Project, Chronology for Kirdi in Cameroon, 2004, available at:
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then split between north and south regions by France and Britain. Following the
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in Cameroon, who are reported to wash their dead in a decoction of the plant.
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beliefs while being influenced under the subjugation of religions such as
673:, which led to the land changing starkly to one that better suits cattle.
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was lost to other powers from the south. New converts to Islam learned
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led to more than 60 percent of the region's total population being of
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The kirdi, in keeping with their traditional practices prior to the
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From Cameroon to Paris: Mousgoum Architecture In and Out of Africa
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dispersal, primarily situated in the arid steppe and savannahs of
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CIA World Factbook. 2006. "Cameroon People – 2006. Available at:
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is just under half Muslim, mostly concentrated by the coast by
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by the Fulani had permanently altered the land of the Northern
605:. Before leading the jihad, he was a student of the school of
26:
This article is about the Kirdi people. For the language, see
148:
The term was applied to various ethnic groups who refused to
291:, while those that remain in their historic region continue
119:
697:. As it currently stands, the religious demographic of the
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as "Negroes who have never embraced the Mohammedan faith".
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https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/
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made from boiled and pounded starchy provisions such as
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processes. Plants used for medicinal practices include
609:. He was mentored under the teachings of Fulani mystic
240:
Generally, the Kirdi have been underrepresented in the
1147:
http://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/15159
1201:"Master of the Killer Ants", PBS, Nova, November 2007
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Ethnic groups of the northern Nigeria–Cameroon border
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or to be relegated as merely a tributary during the
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http://www.mar.umd.edu/assessment.asp?groupId=47101
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81:
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1004:"Refworld | Assessment for Kirdi in Cameroon"
742:common to West Africa. The most popular staple is
705:communities, while the Kirdi tend to state in the
906:beings, as people that have fought to keep their
420:and is ultimately thought to be derived from the
152:after Islamic conquests of the region and was a
1047:https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38751e.html
864:beliefs. These beliefs had been identified as
633:resided. Adama met Usman in 1806, probably in
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876:. This superior overarching character to the
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1023:(2007). University of Chicago Press: p. 155.
641:or submit to losing autonomy and becoming a
179:In the eleventh century, people such as the
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625:, as Usman had done in Northern regions in
570:, as well as the historical peoples of the
566:The Kirdi are the historical people of the
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470:’. Those that rejected conversion to
287:. Many Bata people have converted to
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562:Islamisation during the Fulani jihad
955:Traditional African religion portal
942:churches emerging in recent days.
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1128:https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.2924
244:. Based on the frequently quoted
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574:. In the nineteenth century the
252:and more culturally homogeneous
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1090:Gert Chesi and Rudolf Kreuzer.
746:, which generally refers to a
730:, as the capital of Cameroon,
1:
709:further inland in the north.
649:, had but one option: become
459:as opposed to Cameroon. Like
160:it. The term comes from the
156:, although some writers have
275:The Bata people of Northern
242:Cameroonian political system
133:) are the many cultures and
218:, Muyang, Ouldeme, Podoko,
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844:, which is significant to
825:Far North Region, Cameroon
572:Far North Region, Cameroon
25:
18:
2148:Ethnic groups in Cameroon
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1805:Ethnic groups in Cameroon
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1094:(1977). Perlinger: p. 18.
137:who inhabit northwestern
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70:
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2153:Ethnic groups in Nigeria
1380:Ethnic groups in Nigeria
717:Located in West Africa,
691:Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo
665:writing and studied the
553:," in opposition to the
532:Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo
868:. The followers of the
786:, and many vegetables.
515:basin have migrated to
647:centralized government
453:Afro-Asiatic languages
398:Chadic language family
285:Chadic language family
842:Cissus quadrangularis
798:are also cultivated.
538:and Etienne Hollong.
266:Main peoples of Kirdi
821:Respiratory diseases
813:traditional medicine
782:, a wide variety of
699:Republic of Cameroon
493:Republic of Cameroon
192:regions of Cameroon
2158:Religion in Nigeria
1276:– via Google Books.
938:, and EYN with few
895:Abrahamic religions
852:Spiritual practices
802:Medicinal practices
437:Maigari Bello Bouba
40:
1765:Nigeria portal
899:human intelligence
685:Disenfranchisement
547:Christian missions
246:CIA World Factbook
210:, Massa, Matakam,
172:are predominantly
92:Traditional Faiths
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1826:Anglo-Cameroonian
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1190:978-1-317-04776-6
1092:The Last Africans
722:French, then the
568:Mandara mountains
481:Mandara Mountains
259:Cameroonian Union
228:Adamawa languages
141:and northeastern
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903:Islamic thought
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643:tributary state
611:Usman dan Fodio
596:Adamawa Emirate
576:Islamic scholar
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476:Adamawa Emirate
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220:Toupouri people
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76:French language
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584:Modibbo Adama
581:
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382:Tupuri people
375:
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370:Musgum people
363:
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170:Kanuri people
167:
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146:
144:
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135:ethnic groups
130:
106:
97:
93:
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69:
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47:
42:
33:
29:
22:
1954:
1948:Yerwa Kanuri
1639:
1615:Iwellemmedan
1318:
1215:
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1197:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1020:
998:
883:mother earth
866:monotheistic
855:
838:fermentation
805:
736:metropolitan
716:
703:Bantu people
688:
671:pastoralists
565:
545:
525:
490:
465:
447:region, the
434:
407:
404:Name origins
395:
379:
367:
355:
342:
333:Fulbe people
322:
302:
274:
239:
234:
232:
197:
194:
178:
147:
104:
102:
88:Christianity
39:Kirdi people
35:Ethnic group
32:
1881:Beti-Pahuin
940:Pentecostal
829:ethnobotany
358:Mofu people
305:Fali people
295:practices.
283:, from the
61:15,029,000
2142:Categories
990:References
885:. The Ona
874:omnipotent
834:decoctions
428:and other
414:derogatory
410:pejorative
198:The Bata,
154:pejorative
1816:Akunakuna
924:dogmatism
908:atavistic
774:, maize,
756:plantains
659:caliphate
536:Luc Ayang
526:In 1960,
511:from the
313:Christian
190:Far North
164:word for
66:Languages
1861:Bamileke
1856:Baligham
1670:Mambilla
1610:Itsekiri
1578:Kalabari
1396:Anlo Ewe
932:Catholic
928:Suriname
809:vaccines
792:pumpkins
784:cocoyams
752:mandioca
728:Cameroon
719:Cameroon
615:Cameroon
542:Religion
528:Cameroon
517:Cameroon
461:Cameroon
449:Fulfulde
364:Mousgoum
277:Cameroon
216:Mousgoum
214:, Mora,
206:, Mada,
139:Cameroon
82:Religion
2122:Wodaabe
2117:Widikum
2042:Mandara
2037:Mambila
1965:Kapsiki
1851:Bakossi
1710:Tangale
1675:Mandara
1660:Longuda
1568:Engenni
1551:Ukwuani
1546:Ikwerre
1406:Afusari
936:Baptist
768:malanga
764:cassava
740:staples
732:Yaoundé
724:Germans
707:savanna
679:plateau
619:Nigeria
603:warrior
497:Kamerun
487:History
468:slavery
457:Nigeria
445:Adamawa
412:. This
329:Nigeria
325:Kapsiki
319:Kapsiki
309:Nigeria
235:Kerdies
204:Kapsiki
143:Nigeria
2047:Mankon
2007:Kotoko
1985:Tupuri
1980:Musgum
1943:Kanuri
1908:Chamba
1903:Buduma
1846:Bakoko
1740:Yoruba
1725:Urhobo
1680:Mumuye
1650:Kotoko
1645:Kofyar
1630:Kanuri
1625:Kamuku
1593:Nkoroo
1536:Ekpeye
1511:Ibibio
1501:Goemai
1496:Gbagyi
1446:Djerma
1436:Defaka
1431:Chamba
1426:Buduma
1416:Bariba
1401:Anaang
1391:Afemai
1292:
1272:
1188:
916:genies
836:, and
794:, and
788:Melons
780:millet
667:Qur'an
663:Arabic
655:Muslim
651:slaves
635:Gwandu
631:tribes
592:Fulani
555:Fulani
509:Fulani
506:Muslim
430:Muslim
426:Fulani
422:Arabic
418:Kanuri
376:Tupuri
254:Fulani
250:Muslim
224:Chadic
181:Fulani
174:Muslim
168:; the
162:Kanuri
21:Karata
2127:Wovea
2112:Vengo
2102:Tikar
2092:Shuwa
2082:Nzime
2067:Mungo
2057:Mboko
2032:Makaa
2027:Limba
2022:Kwele
2012:Kuteb
2002:Kombe
1955:Kirdi
1938:Hausa
1933:Gbaya
1918:Dwe'e
1913:Duala
1876:Bassa
1871:Banda
1866:Bamum
1836:Bafia
1745:Ijebu
1715:Tarok
1695:Ogoni
1655:Kuteb
1640:Kirdi
1635:Kilba
1620:Jukun
1605:Isoko
1598:Obolo
1588:Nkoro
1573:Ibani
1563:Bille
1541:Etche
1526:Igede
1521:Igala
1516:Idoma
1506:Hausa
1476:Eleme
1451:Ebira
1441:Dendi
1421:Berom
1411:Atyap
912:Islam
887:deity
862:pagan
858:jihad
796:beans
776:beans
766:, or
748:dough
695:Islam
623:jihad
607:Islam
580:jihad
551:pagan
521:Sahel
513:Niger
472:Islam
392:Zulgo
293:pagan
289:Islam
212:Mofou
186:North
166:pagan
105:Kirdi
96:Islam
2097:Subu
2087:Pori
2072:Njem
2062:Mofu
1992:Kole
1975:Masa
1970:Mafa
1960:Fali
1928:Fula
1923:Ekoi
1898:Bubi
1891:Fang
1886:Beti
1841:Baka
1735:Yakö
1730:Waja
1705:Tera
1700:Saro
1690:Ogba
1685:Nupe
1665:Mafa
1583:Kula
1558:Ijaw
1531:Igbo
1491:Fula
1481:Esan
1471:Ekoi
1466:Eket
1461:Efik
1290:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1186:ISBN
920:Fali
891:soil
878:Fali
870:Fali
846:Fali
815:and
760:yams
744:fufu
713:Food
627:Chad
617:and
600:holy
578:and
491:The
441:UNDP
386:Chad
380:The
368:The
356:The
352:Mofu
345:Mafa
343:The
339:Mafa
323:The
303:The
299:Fali
281:Bata
271:Bata
226:and
208:Mafa
200:Fali
188:and
103:The
2107:Tiv
2077:Nso
2052:Mbo
2017:Kwe
1997:Kom
1831:Aro
1821:Ana
1720:Tiv
1486:Fon
1456:Edo
439:’s
120:ɜːr
2144::
1327:^
1301:^
1281:^
1260:^
1240:^
1235:.
1224:^
1134:^
1111:^
1053:^
1028:^
1012:^
934:,
790:,
778:,
762:,
758:,
754:,
681:.
582:,
400:.
230:.
176:.
145:.
94:,
90:,
74:,
1797:e
1790:t
1783:v
1372:e
1365:t
1358:v
1296:.
1192:.
1006:.
129:/
126:ɪ
123:d
117:k
114:ˈ
111:/
107:(
30:.
23:.
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