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237:(LKAB), a large Swedish mining company. In 2018 the mine produced 26.9 million tonnes of iron ore. The Kiruna mine has an ore body which is 4 km (2.5 mi) long, 80 metres (260 ft) to 120 metres (390 ft) thick and reaching a depth of up to 2 km (1.2 mi). Since mining began at the site in 1898, the mine has produced over 950 million tonnes of ore. As of 2020, the main
1802:
315:. The ore body has the form a large sheet inclined about 60° to the east. At surface this sheet was before mining about 4 km long and averages 90 m in width. From geophysical studies it has been inferred that the ore continues as a coherent sheet at least 1500 m below the surface. In many places the ore transition to apparently disorganised ore veins in the
427:
in a volcanic environment. In 1975 Párak listed various arguments against a magmatic origin for the ore. The existence of "abundant fragments and balls" of ore found in the hanging wall of the Kiruna Ore and the nearby
Loussavaara Ore are deemed by Párak to be contrary to a magmatic origin for the
596:
In the same week, first sketches for the layout of the new part of the town became available. The sketches include a travel center, the new locations for the city hall and the church, an artificial lake and an extension of the
Luossavaara hill into the city. The location of the new section of the
428:
ore. The grading of massive ore into quartz-banded ores at the nearby Per Geijer Ore is also deemed by Parák to be contrary to magmatic origin. Parák also argued that the form of the orebodies as tilted sheets is also indicative of them being sedimentary units. Parák further argues that the "
574:
The re-development of Kiruna is a reconstruction project, as the
Kirunavaara mine, run by LKAB, undermines the current town center. The town center is to be moved 3 km (1.9 mi) to the east. 21 of the most important buildings are to be moved.
639:), in the direction of Tuolluvaara, instead of the proposed northwestern location. The town move was started in 2014 in a process that will continue to 2040, with the center-most part of the town re-established by 2022. White Arkitekter AB based in
1098:
Troll, Valentin R.; Weis, Franz A.; Jonsson, Erik; Andersson, Ulf B.; Majidi, Seyed Afshin; Högdahl, Karin; Harris, Chris; Millet, Marc-Alban; Chinnasamy, Sakthi
Saravanan; Kooijman, Ellen; Nilsson, Katarina P. (12 April 2019).
655:
universities won the contract to design the new city, which envisages a denser city center with a greater focus on sustainability, green and blue infrastructure, pedestrians and public transport rather than automobiles.
553:
Until 1999 the deepest level of the mine reached 775 metres (2,543 ft), but after 1999 mining went deeper, reaching a depth of 1,045 metres (3,428 ft). The 1,045 metres (3,428 ft) level could support
362:
ore with the same strike (direction) as the main orebody. The thickness of this seemingly coherent hematite body is mostly within the range of decimeters but at one location it reaches 25 m.
605:
and the railway station. A more official sketch was published early in the spring of 2008, which was then discussed with various interest groups before a further version was to be produced.
369:
discovered in Europe was announced by LKAB in
January 2023 to be at Kiruna. The rare earth elements have been known about at this location for over 100 years and studied in detail before.
759:"Structural Evolution of the Central Kiruna Area, Northern Norrbotten, Sweden: Implications on the Geologic Setting Generating Iron Oxide-Apatite and Epigenetic Iron and Copper Sulfides"
248:
In 2004, it was decided that the present centre of the city would need to be relocated to accommodate mining-related subsidence. The relocation would be made gradually over decades.
355:
the ore in Kiruna Mine is divided into two quality types based on chemistry, phosphorus-poor B-ore and phosphorus-rich D-ore, the latter being more common closer to the surface.
1532:
558:
production until 2018. On
October 28, 2008 LKAB decided to go even deeper, with the mine reaching a depth of 1,365 metres (4,478 ft) by 2012 at a cost of US$ 1.7 billion.
1547:
383:
The origin of the Kiruna ore has been the matter of a protracted scientific debate, with the main point of contention being whether the ore is solidified magma or not.
542:
mining method since the 1960s. In 1985 reserves for the Kiruna Mine were 1,800 million tonnes grading 60–65% iron and 0.2% phosphorus. As of 2018 the Kiruna Mine had
271:
The ore deposit at Kiruna is part of a larger iron ore province stretching west-east from Kiruna to the
Finnish border. This province includes thus also the ores at
1496:
1671:
1465:
1193:
Nyström, Jan Olov; HenrĂquez, Fernando (1994). "Magmatic
Features of Iron Ores of the Kiruna Type in Chile and Sweden: Ore Textures and Magnetite Geochemistry".
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582:. The relocation was to be made gradually over the coming decade. In January 2007 a new location was proposed, to the northwest at the foot of
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Jonsson, Erik; Troll, Valentin R.; Högdahl, Karin; Harris, Chris; Weis, Franz; Nilsson, Katarina P.; Skelton, Alasdair (10 April 2013).
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is a large notable southward outlier of this province. The largest ore bodies in the province are of iron oxide-apatite type, yet
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pointed out a series of problems with the magmatic origin theory and proposed instead that the ore originated as a
593:
The first physical work moving the town commenced in
November 2007, when work on the new main sewer pipe started.
90:
475:
has been found, these beds vary in thickness with the thickest ones being up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) thick.
295:. The iron ores that lie closest to the Kiirunavaara are Loussavaara, Henry, Nakutus, Rektorn and Lappmalmen.
483:
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In 2004, it was decided that the city center would need to be relocated to accommodate mining-related
1548:"Saving this Swedish town from falling into a mine has big lessons about a post-climate change world"
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PĂĄlsson, Bertil I.; Martinsson, Olof; Wanhainen, Christina; Fredriksson, Andreas (5 September 2014).
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598:
502:
260:
1101:"Global Fe–O isotope correlation reveals magmatic origin of Kiruna-type apatite-iron-oxide ores"
441:
432:" at Loussavaara Ore is due to its chemistry and texture not equivalent to the main ore bodies.
409:
The hematite bodies of Kiruna are considered by R. Frietsch to be "hydrothermal impregnations".
288:
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are also common gangue minerals but occur only in very small amounts. For reasons related to
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volcano in Chile, leading to the claim they were both formed by volcanic activity.
340:
335:. Apatite is at places evenly distributed in the magnetite ore, but occurs also as
242:
1025:"Magmatic origin of giant 'Kiruna-type' apatite-iron-oxide ores in Central Sweden"
292:
1247:(1975). "Kiruna iron ores are not "intrusive-magmatic ores of the Kiruna type"".
608:
In June 2010 the city council decided that the town would be moved eastwards (to
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In the beginning, surface mining was used, but the mine has been mined with the
272:
1601:
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1179:
1156:
Frietsch, R. (1978). "On the magmatic origin of iron ores of the Kiruna type".
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The geology of the Kiruna ore has many parallels to that of the iron ore of
324:
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757:
Andersson, Joel B.H.; Bauer, Tobias E.; Martinsson, Olof (December 2021).
939:. ERES 2014 - 1st European Rare Earth Resources Conference. Milos, Greece
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was completed, allowing the shipment of ore through the ice-free port of
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1387:"Kiruna: the town being moved 3km east so it doesn't fall into a mine"
1048:
808:"'Will I have existed?' The unprecedented plan to move an Arctic city"
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footwall. Then the ore bed was covered by further volcanic deposits,
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1521:(in Swedish). 2010. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011.
1081:"Mining firm: Europe's largest rare earths deposit found in Sweden"
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468:. At some locations next to the ore what is thought to be beds of
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933:
Unlocking Rare Earth
Elements From European Apatite-Iron Ores
390:
activity. One theory holds that the ores are the result of
386:
The Kiruna mineral deposit was formed following intense
1349:. Association of Iron and Steel Engineers. p. 281.
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1310:The Industrial Transformation of Subarctic Canada
498:The hanging wall of the Kiruna ore is made up of
251:On May 18, 2020 an earthquake of approximate 4.9
1531:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
752:
750:
259:of the mine. The earthquake was not natural but
482:. To the west the syenite porphyry borders the
601:is still uncertain, as is the location of the
1726:
515:Swedish iron-ore industry during World War II
8:
1239:
1237:
1235:
643:and Ghilardi + Hellsten Arkitekter based in
19:
1602:"Kiruna: How to move a town two miles east"
478:In some rare cases nodules are filled with
213:is the largest and most modern underground
1733:
1719:
1711:
1670:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1347:The Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel
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217:mine in the world. The mine is located in
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358:Within the orebody, there is a volume of
1630:Grip, Erland; Frietsch, Rudyard (1973).
1361:"Mineral reserves and mineral resources"
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394:. Iron-rich solutions precipitated the
1663:
1660:(in Swedish). Tryckericentralen LuleĂĄ.
1546:Anzilotti, Eillie (12 November 2018).
1524:
448:. At places this syenite porphyry has
1513:"Framtida placeringen av Kiruna klar"
565:Cross section of Kiruna iron ore mine
7:
1466:"Nu finns det skiss över nya Kiruna"
676:Swedish iron ore during World War II
546:of 683 million tonnes grading 43.8%
241:is 1,365 m below the ore outcrop at
58:
16:Underground iron ore mine in Sweden
806:Michael, Chris (2 December 2018).
14:
1800:
1464:Jessica Rosengren (2007-11-23).
1438:Jessica Rosengren (2007-11-23).
323:while other gangue minerals are
57:
50:
25:
975:Grip & Frietsch 1973, p. 80
966:Grip & Frietsch 1973, p. 85
889:Grip & Frietsch 1973, p. 86
880:Grip & Frietsch 1973, p. 77
871:Grip & Frietsch 1973, p. 67
647:together with researchers from
523:Miners at work, circa 1940–1959
844:(in Norwegian). Archived from
712:"Kiruna Iron Ore Mine, Sweden"
681:Underground mining (hard rock)
444:at the footwall of the ore is
307:and disseminated interstitial
261:induced by the mining activity
245:that existed prior to mining.
31:Kiruna Mine and townsite from
1:
1880:1898 establishments in Sweden
1367:. LuleĂĄ, Sweden. 20 June 2019
1345:Lankford, William T. (1985).
836:SetsĂĄ, Ronny (May 20, 2020).
714:. mining-technology.com. 2010
319:. Apatite is by far the main
1472:(in Swedish). Archived from
1470:Norrländska Socialdemokraten
1444:Norrländska Socialdemokraten
999:Grip & Frietsch 1973, 78
544:Proven and Probable Reserves
1895:Underground mines in Sweden
1271:10.2113/gsecongeo.70.7.1242
235:Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB
202:Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB
1911:
1217:10.2113/gsecongeo.89.4.820
1180:10.2113/gsecongeo.73.4.478
1125:10.1038/s41467-019-09244-4
512:
376:
311:, with an average of 0.9%
1798:
1634:(in Swedish). Stockholm:
1414:"Klart med Kirunas flytt"
303:The ore is predominately
45:
24:
1658:Kirunamalmernas bildning
1440:"Kirunaflytten är igång"
909:. miningweekly.com. 2010
392:magmatic differentiation
287:iron deposits exists at
484:Kurravaara conglomerate
365:The largest deposit of
233:. The mine is owned by
1708:
1636:Almqvist & Wiksell
907:"Kiruna Iron Ore Mine"
838:"Derfor ristet Kiruna"
566:
524:
452:variously filled with
1741:Mineral resources in
1694:
1573:"FAQ - Kiruna kommun"
1105:Nature Communications
627:67.85028°N 20.30056°E
564:
529:Kiruna Narvik Railway
522:
513:Further information:
255:was triggered in the
133:67.85028°N 20.19278°E
1885:Iron mines in Sweden
1494:Skissförslag nov.-07
1229:Parák 1973, pp. I-II
848:on February 27, 2021
784:10.5382/econgeo.4844
1890:Kiruna Municipality
1703:) to the new mine (
1699:from the old mine (
1307:Liza Piper (2010).
1263:1975EcGeo..70.1242P
1209:1994EcGeo..89..820N
1172:1978EcGeo..73..478F
1117:2019NatCo..10.1712T
1041:2013NatSR...3E1644J
775:2021EcGeo.116.1981A
623: /
486:which underlies it
167:26.9 million tonnes
129: /
21:
1709:
1499:2008-04-08 at the
1029:Scientific Reports
1013:Parák 1973, pp. 29
632:67.85028; 20.30056
586:mountain, by Lake
567:
525:
138:67.85028; 20.19278
71:Location in Sweden
1867:
1866:
1412:TT (2007-01-08).
1393:. 22 October 2014
1049:10.1038/srep01644
987:Parák 1973, p. 28
488:stratigraphically
367:rare earth metals
223:Norrbotten County
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1257:(7): 1242–1258.
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1608:. 6 March 2014
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1705:Kiirunavaara
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1654:Parák, Tibor
1631:
1624:Bibliography
1610:. Retrieved
1605:
1596:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1576:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1552:Fast Company
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1478:. Retrieved
1474:the original
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1448:. Retrieved
1446:(in Swedish)
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1420:(in Swedish)
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1395:. Retrieved
1391:The Guardian
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1369:. Retrieved
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1245:Parák, Tibor
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846:the original
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816:. Retrieved
812:The Guardian
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737:. Retrieved
735:. LKAB. 2010
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716:. Retrieved
671:Kiirunavaara
607:
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527:In 1902 the
526:
497:
494:Hanging wall
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317:country rock
302:
270:
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247:
243:Kiirunavaara
210:
208:
91:Municipality
1782:Svappavaara
1767:Kaunisvaara
1701:Luossavaara
1111:(1): 1712.
1035:(1): 1644.
630: /
588:Luossajärvi
584:Luossavaara
430:ore breccia
421:Tibor Parák
273:Svappavaara
211:Kiruna mine
136: /
124:020°11′34″E
112:Coordinates
65:Kiruna mine
20:Kiruna mine
1874:Categories
1859:Zinkgruvan
1854:Garpenberg
1831:Molybdenum
1787:Malmberget
1777:Ruoutevare
1612:2014-03-06
1587:2016-08-21
1557:29 January
1480:2007-11-25
1450:2015-10-24
1424:2015-10-24
1397:29 October
1371:29 January
1330:29 January
943:29 January
913:2010-08-29
818:29 January
739:29 January
718:2010-08-29
687:References
580:subsidence
454:actinolite
442:waste rock
377:See also:
329:actinolite
313:phosphorus
289:Masugnsbyn
281:Malmberget
164:Production
149:Production
121:67°51′01″N
1792:Mertainen
1757:Dannemora
1666:cite book
1527:cite news
1315:UBC Press
793:244595358
641:Stockholm
618:20°18′2″E
615:67°51′1″N
466:magnetite
325:tremolite
305:magnetite
293:Hindersön
1695:View of
1656:(1973).
1606:BBC News
1497:Archived
1143:30979878
1085:POLITICO
1067:23571605
852:June 15,
814:. London
733:"Mining"
660:See also
556:iron ore
503:porphyry
462:titanite
436:Footwall
425:sediment
419:In 1973
398:on to a
388:volcanic
360:hematite
345:Diopside
257:footwall
215:iron ore
158:Iron ore
154:Products
80:Location
41:Location
1259:Bibcode
1205:Bibcode
1168:Bibcode
1134:6461606
1113:Bibcode
1058:3622134
1037:Bibcode
771:Bibcode
603:railway
509:History
458:apatite
450:nodules
414:El Laco
379:El Laco
349:biotite
333:calcite
309:apatite
299:The ore
267:Geology
227:Lapland
198:Company
180:History
102:Country
96:Lapland
33:Landsat
1822:Ballek
1810:Copper
1772:Kiruna
1762:Kallak
1743:Sweden
1697:Kiruna
1642:
1321:
1141:
1131:
1065:
1055:
791:
533:Narvik
500:quartz
480:zircon
373:Origin
277:Pajala
231:Sweden
219:Kiruna
185:Opened
106:Sweden
84:Kiruna
35:, 2016
1838:Munka
1817:Aitik
937:(PDF)
789:S2CID
653:Delft
649:LuleĂĄ
341:bands
337:veins
285:skarn
193:Owner
1847:Zinc
1750:Iron
1672:link
1640:ISBN
1559:2020
1533:link
1399:2017
1373:2020
1365:LKAB
1332:2020
1319:ISBN
1139:PMID
1063:PMID
945:2020
854:2020
820:2020
741:2020
651:and
645:Oslo
548:iron
473:tuff
470:meta
464:and
440:The
396:iron
347:and
339:and
331:and
291:and
275:and
209:The
188:1898
175:2018
1267:doi
1213:doi
1176:doi
1129:PMC
1121:doi
1053:PMC
1045:doi
779:doi
767:116
599:E10
221:in
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