2272:
684:
parallel the administrative division of the state into regions, subregions, zones, and collectivities. The
Kimbanguist Church deliberately rotates its officials outside their areas of origin in order to depoliticize ethnicity and centralize power, a policy taken directly from the state. An insistence on absolute obedience to the leader and a ban on doctrinal disputes also are shared by both institutions. In many ways, the Kimbanguist Church and the Catholic Church have exchanged places in their relationship with the state; the former outlaw has become a close ally and the former ally an outspoken critic.
214:, and sorcery and vary widely among ethnic groups. The syncretic sects often merge Christianity with traditional beliefs and rituals, and may not be accepted by mainstream churches as part of Christianity. A clear delineation of religious affiliation into these membership categories can give a misleading picture of Congolese reality. The number of persons who can be categorized as belonging exclusively to one group or another is limited. Overlapping affiliations are more common. As with class identity or with ethnic identity, an individual's religious identity may be situational.
889:
746:
522:
552:
exceptions) reserved exclusively for
Catholic institutions until after World War II. The colonial state divided up the colony into spiritual franchises, giving each approved mission group its own territory. At independence in 1960, some forty-six Protestant missionary groups were at work, the majority of them North American, British, or Scandinavian in origin. The missions established a committee to maintain contact and minimize competition among them. This body evolved into a union called the Church of Christ in the Congo, now simply the
1055:
illness to crops, animals, and people, and their actions can be voluntary or involuntary. A witch might dream an angry dream about a friend or relative, for example, and awake to find that person struck ill or dead by the agency of his or her dream. Sorcerers are the possessors of nonhereditary powers that can be bought or acquired. A sorcerer might be consulted and paid to provide a medicine or object that strengthens the client in the hunt (or, in contemporary life, in taking an exam) or that brings misfortune on an enemy.
661:
and was sentenced to death for hostility against the state; the sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment, and
Kimbangu died in prison in 1950. His movement, however, did not die with him. It flourished and spread "in exile" in the form of clandestine meetings, often held in remote areas by widely scattered groups of congregants. In 1959, on the eve of independence, the state despaired of stamping Kimbanguism out and afforded it legal recognition.
584:
the Church of Christ served the state in areas where state-church interests coincided. Both church and state looked askance at the formation of new uncontrolled religious movements and splinter groups. The government's requirement that religious groups register with the state and post a Z100,000 deposit in a bank in order to be legally recognized helped limit their development; so too did the lingering effects of the colonial franchise system.
218:
against their opponents. Sophisticated urbanites, faced with disease in a family member, may patronize indigenous healers and diviners. And
Congolese practicing traditional African religions may also go to both established Christian clergy and breakaway Christian sects in search of spiritual assistance. In the search for spiritual resources, the Congolese have frequently displayed a marked openness and pragmatism. 5138008
1063:
afflicted person's life and social situation, the diviner will diagnose the misfortune by citing the agency of angry ancestors, nature spirits, sorcerers, or witches. Different ethnic groups add or subtract from the set of agents of affliction, but these are the most common. Once a diagnosis has been made, the diviner will then prescribe the appropriate cure. Diviners' powers are beneficent and their role highly valued.
488:
693:
Some have been founded by figures known as prophets, individuals who respond to situations of popular dissatisfaction with existing spiritual agents and organizations by creating new religious movements. New movements often recombine familiar elements with new ones, a synthesis effected sometimes with exclusively indigenous elements and sometimes with a mixture of
Christian and indigenous elements.
630:
676:. The Kimbanguist Church has been a member of the World Council of Churches since 1969. Estimates of its membership vary depending on the source. The church claims 5 million members, yet its own internal figures indicate no more than 300,000 practicing members. Individual congregations are scattered throughout much of the country, but the greatest concentrations have always been in
715:. Although accepted by the Catholic Church (members continue to participate in parish activities and do not withdraw from the institutional church), the church hierarchy has periodically questioned the degree to which Jamaa deviates from Catholic belief and practice. The church has never denounced the Jamaa movement, but the hierarchy has grown steadily more wary of it.
964:, and the millennial doctrine that all government but Christ's would cease, which was considered to be seditious and anticolonial in ideology. Kamwana's movement had no concrete strategy of revolution, although the colonial authorities arrested him after six months of preaching in April 1909. and at first imprisoned him, then deported him to South Africa in 1910.
1070:; accidents are virtually unheard of, and there is always a cause behind any misfortune. In many indigenous societies, for example, a death is always followed by an inquest at which the cause of death and the identity of the killer are determined. Measures are then taken against the alleged miscreant, even when someone dies of disease in bed at an advanced age.
81:
937:
groups acquired, studied, and circulated publications of
Jehovah’s Witnesses. For decades people assumed that the Kitawala adherents were Jehovah's Witnesses. But they were not. The movement converted miners who then spread elements of the movement northward from their South African base into the Katangan copper belt.
165:
According to the 2020 Report on
International Religious Freedom, an estimated 48.1% of the population are Protestant, including evangelical Christians and the Church of Jesus Christ on Earth through the Prophet Simon Kimbangu (Kimbanguist), and 47.3% Catholic. Other Christian groups include Jehovah’s
1014:
Colonial bannings failed to eradicate the movement, however. And the independent state that succeeded colonial authority, black
African though it be, has been no more successful in converting the Kitawalists from their apolitical, antiauthoritarian stance. Kitawalists continue to resist saluting the
683:
Since being legalized, the
Kimbanguists have bent over backward to curry favor with the state. The church's head, Simon Kimbangu's son, regularly exchanges public praise with Mobutu and has become one of the state's main ideological supports. Structurally, the church organization has been changed to
660:
In June 1921, the government judged the movement out of control, banned the sect, exiled members to remote rural areas, and arrested
Kimbangu, only to have the prophet "miraculously" escape; the escape further amplified his popular mystique. In September he voluntarily surrendered to the authorities
1010:
Theological messages varied from place to place, but a common core of beliefs included the struggle against sorcery, the purification of society, and the existence of a black God. Kitawala denounced all forms of authority as the work of Satan, including taxes, forced labour, and most other coercive
559:
Since independence, church leadership and control have been widely and successfully Africanized, though not without conflict. Most mission property has been transferred to autonomous Congolese churches, and many foreign missionaries now work directly under the supervision of a Congolese-run church.
656:
The extent of his success caused increasing alarm among both church and state authorities. Numerous preachers and sages appeared, many of them professing to be his followers. Some of these preachers and possibly some of Kimbangu's own disciples introduced anti-European elements in their teachings.
583:
State solicitation of Protestant action was logical. The state sought a counterweight to its critics in the powerful Catholic church. Protestant churches, and particularly the Church of Christ leadership, have been consistently supportive of Mobutu, making them an attractive potential partner. And
1054:
Nature spirits play a minor role in negotiating everyday life compared with that played by witches and sorcerers. Witches are individuals who possess an internal organ giving them extraordinary power, generally malevolent power. The organ and its powers are hereditary. Witches can bring death and
1006:
Over time the movement became more Africanized and more radical. The term combines the prefix "ki" with "tawala", a corruption of a local word for "tower" and is by far the most common term for the movement; the invented term "Waticitawala" has sometimes been used intentionally to evoke the early
692:
Africanized variants of traditional Christianity can be found throughout the continent. In spite of state prohibitions, new churches outside the three officially recognized in the DRC have sprung up and, so long as they remain small and nonthreatening, have usually been left alone by authorities.
648:
when he reportedly first received his visions and divine call to preach the word and heal the sick. Touring the lower Congo, he gained a large following drawn both from members of Protestant churches and adherents of indigenous religious practice. He preached a doctrine that was in many ways more
502:
in the country, representing about half of the total population. There are six archdioceses and 41 dioceses. The impact of the Catholic Church in the DRC is enormous. Besides involving over 40% of the population in its religious services, its schools have educated over 60% of the nation's primary
217:
Different spiritual traditions, agents, and communities may be sought out for assistance, depending on the situation at hand. For example, Christian students may employ sorcery with the objective of improving their individual exam scores or of helping their school's soccer team win in competition
1062:
in order to identify the agent responsible for his or her affliction. The diviner is a specialist skilled in identifying the social tensions present in the community of the afflicted, and, for a fee, will identify the agent responsible for the individual's misfortune. By obtaining details of the
1035:
The wide variety of African indigenous beliefs and practices makes generalizations difficult, but some commonalities may nonetheless be noted. In general, Zairians believe themselves to be subject to a number of unseen agents and forces. Most indigenous communities recognize a high god, and many
936:
during the 1920s. "Kitawala" is derived from a Swahili term that means "to dominate, direct, or govern". Accordingly, the goal of this movement was essentially political—to establish independence from Belgium. That goal, some reasoned, could best be achieved under the cloak of religion. Kitawala
612:
arrived in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1986 and has been growing rapidly, though it remains minor. The group first received recognition in 1986 under petition from members who had joined the Church while studying abroad in Switzerland and Belgium. The Church is thought to have 42,689
1002:
After Kamwana's death, these churches split on regional lines, those in the Belgian Congo later adopted the name "Kitawala". The greatest difference between Kitawala and the authentic Jehovah's Witnesses is that the latter do not engage in politics. As was the case with Kimbanguism, the state
551:
Situated outside of the governing colonial trinity of state, Catholic church, and companies, Protestant missions did not enjoy the same degree of official confidence as that accorded their Catholic counterparts. State subsidies for hospitals and schools, for example, were (with two individual
1022:
At times they have resisted state pressure violently, as in Shaba in 1979 when the appearance of army units in their midst provoked an attack by Kitawalists on the state's administrative offices and the killing of two soldiers. The state retaliated with a vicious repression. More frequently,
1050:
live in particular places, such as rivers, rocks, trees, or pools, or in natural forces such as wind and lightning. A typical practice involving a nature spirit in much of northern Zaire is the commonplace tossing of a red item (palm nut, cloth, matches, etc.) in a river before crossing it,
1039:
Far more significant are ancestors, who are believed to continue to play a part in community life long after their death. In general, the living are required to speak respectfully of ancestors and to observe certain rites of respect so that the dead will look favorably on their descendants'
580:(nationalized in 1971), but churches were asked if they would be willing to station representatives within the major government ministries in order to discourage and/or report acts of corruption by state officials. Sensing the threat of co-optation, the Protestants respectfully declined.
609:
604:
567:
Protestant churches are valued, as are their Catholic counterparts, not only for the medical and educational services they provide, but also for serving as islands of integrity in a sea of corruption. Explicit recognition of this role came in 1983 when
591:(Église du Christ de L'Oubangi) broke away in 1988 to ally his own congregation with a charismatic but officially recognized church community in distant Kivu, the Church of Christ in Zaire stepped in to adjudicate. The governing body prevented the
503:
school students and more than 40% of its secondary students. The church owns and manages an extensive network of hospitals, schools, and clinics, as well as many diocesan economic enterprises, including farms, ranches, stores, and artisans' shops.
649:
strict than that of the Protestantism from which it evolved. Healing by the laying on of hands; strict observance of the law of Moses; the destruction of fetishes; the repudiation of sorcery, magic, charms, and witches; and the prohibition of
1044:; rather, the living address and relate to their deceased elders in much the same way that they relate to their living ones. Often the terms of address and the gifts given to placate a dead elder are identical to those accorded a living one.
556:. The Church of Christ developed rules that permitted members of one evangelical congregation to move to and be accepted by another. It also established institutions that served common needs, such as bookstores and missionary guest houses.
711:), like other Christian sects in Africa, has taken root under the umbrella of an existing church, in this case the Catholic one. Jamaa is actually a European-African hybrid in that it was initially founded by a Flemish Franciscan priest,
506:
The church's penetration of the country at large is a product of the colonial era. The Belgian colonial state authorized and subsidized the predominantly Belgian Catholic missions to establish schools and hospitals throughout the colony.
544:(1885–1908), some Protestant missionaries witnessed and publicized state and charter company abuses against the population during rubber- and ivory-gathering operations. That evidence helped lead to the international outcry that forced
1930:
919:
1003:
attempted to repress Kitawala by relegating its members to isolated rural regions. Ironically, this strategy once again simply served to speed the spread of the movement as exiled adherents converted their rural neighbours.
1810:
1700:
843:
1954:
1664:
1825:
1976:
1764:
2199:
912:
2467:
1690:
983:, with its own rituals and scriptural interpretations, although many of its members still read the Watch Tower Society's magazines. Kamwana remained its leader and promoted daughter churches in
668:(Église de Jésus-Christ sur Terre par le Prophète Simon Kimbangu—EJCSK), has since succeeded in becoming one of the only three Christian groups recognized by the state, the other two being the
1180:
2034:
1964:
1845:
1820:
540:
Protestant missionaries have been active since 1878 when the first Protestant mission was founded among the Congo. Early relations with the state were not warm. During the existence of the
2864:
2100:
2014:
1891:
1835:
1112:
1011:
elements of colonial rule. The movement's anticolonial message was so strong that the Jehovah's Witnesses had to make it very clear that they never had anything to do with that religion.
2058:
905:
576:
with local and international Protestant officials followed. Not only was a renewed church involvement sought with struggling institutions, such as the formerly Protestant university in
2173:
2029:
1920:
1165:
873:
482:
975:
until 1925, the American organisation then disowned them. When Kamwana was eventually allowed to return to Nyasaland in 1937, he initiated the Mlondo or Watchman Healing Mission, an
1971:
1830:
1805:
1544:"The Baháʼí Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Baháʼí Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963"
1896:
1881:
1815:
1657:
760:
2110:
2085:
1947:
1925:
1908:
1876:
1871:
1160:
868:
471:
2004:
1913:
980:
2163:
2075:
2070:
1937:
1903:
811:
2120:
2105:
2090:
2044:
1959:
1886:
1793:
767:
2158:
1859:
1840:
1650:
595:
church from accepting the rebellious preacher and his congregation, leaving him with no outside allies or resources and effectively localizing his potential impact.
2192:
2135:
2039:
1992:
1682:
1358:
1332:
753:
736:
134:
2143:
2095:
2019:
816:
2168:
2125:
2080:
1759:
1175:
1079:
932:
A much more radical product of the synthesis of African and Christendom elements is the Kitawala movement or so-called "Watchtower movement", which appeared in
827:
806:
798:
788:
657:
And European interests were affected when African personnel abandoned their posts for long periods in order to follow Kimbangu and participate in his services.
572:
sent emissaries to Europe and the United States to encourage increased involvement by foreign mission boards in Zairian institution-building; a conference in
2153:
1245:
863:
1051:
particularly in places where the water is rough or turbulent. Thus placated, the spirit will refrain from stirring up the waters or overturning the boat.
2674:
1271:
1219:
2246:
2208:
1942:
1291:
727:
492:
1353:
1136:
Even though the religion was temporarily banned, and the country torn by wars, the religion grew so that in 2003 there were some 541 assemblies. The
2514:
2213:
893:
1729:
1516:
1240:
1205:
2664:
1602:
1185:
1137:
1099:-trading purposes. Today, Muslims constitute approximately 1% of the Congolese population according to Pew research center. The majority are
416:
2277:
960:
message of exclusively. Besides preaching the imminent arrival of God's kingdom, Kamwana also preached Booth's message of racial equality,
972:
1151:
In the same year, it was ranked as the 37th worst country to be a Christian. This was mainly due to ADF and other terrorist activity.
2808:
2753:
1710:
2271:
1497:
1250:
122:
1781:
1673:
1088:
525:
114:
1695:
84:
2300:
179:
or ECC). It is often simply referred to as 'The Protestant Church', since it covers most of the 20% of the population who are
2764:
1125:
wrote letters encouraging taking the religion to Africa in 1916. The first Baháʼí to settle in the country came in 1953 from
1058:
In the event of illness, or of crop failure, or of misfortune in some other sphere of life, the stricken party may consult a
1023:
Kitawalists withdraw when state pressure becomes excessive. Entire communities have moved into deep forest in areas such as
2544:
2437:
2385:
2239:
1722:
1314:
1170:
49:
2310:
409:
1036:
attribute to him the role of creator; otherwise, he has few specific characteristics beyond that of ultimate cause.
745:
645:
588:
2845:
2827:
533:
521:
2584:
2295:
2009:
941:
673:
553:
516:
170:
1623:
1327:
2814:
2699:
2689:
2494:
2232:
976:
961:
309:
2704:
2589:
2524:
1557:
1024:
2821:
2801:
2795:
2684:
2644:
2629:
2614:
2569:
2509:
2330:
1354:"New Temples Announced for France, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa, Colombia, Utah and Wyoming"
984:
957:
952:
in 1906 and 1907 respectively. Kamwana returned to his native Nyasaland in 1908 and preached a mixture of
130:
126:
2788:
2776:
1140:
estimated that the DRC had the fifth highest population of Baháʼís in 2010, with some 283,000 adherents.
2634:
669:
545:
360:
138:
1543:
1118:
150:
2832:
2739:
2714:
2559:
2554:
2534:
2504:
2489:
2365:
945:
2782:
2748:
2724:
2694:
2679:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2604:
2599:
2549:
2499:
2474:
2430:
1479:
1122:
618:
317:
267:
1066:
From an outsider's perspective, the most striking aspect of indigenous belief and practice is its
2734:
2729:
2669:
2619:
2579:
2479:
2415:
2390:
2355:
2325:
2320:
2255:
1570:
1539:
1489:
1130:
367:
1634:
457:
640:
The Kimbanguist Church, a growing Congolese religion, emerged from the charismatic ministry of
2770:
2709:
2654:
2609:
2594:
2574:
2564:
2539:
2484:
2442:
2405:
2380:
2335:
2148:
1565:
1493:
1483:
1272:"US STATE DEPT 2020 REPORT: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM"
996:
968:
774:
614:
358:
1292:
Religiously Remapped - Mapping Religious Trends In Africa - Dataset of Religious Affiliations
2719:
2624:
2519:
2410:
2395:
2285:
1754:
1739:
1705:
1642:
1579:
1041:
933:
708:
569:
541:
207:
166:
Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the Greek Orthodox Church.
2452:
2420:
2375:
2370:
2305:
2024:
1749:
712:
587:
When, for example, a charismatic preacher of the officially recognized but noncharismatic
560:
The new indigenous leadership has succeeded in expanding its churches in Africa's largest
499:
169:
62 of the Protestant denominations in the country are federated under the umbrella of the
103:
956:
beliefs and Watch Tower doctrines, using Watch Tower publications but did not preach the
1452:'A Very Antagonistic Spirit': Elliot Kamwana: Christianity and the World in Nyasaland".
1409:'A Very Antagonistic Spirit': Elliot Kamwana: Christianity and the World in Nyasaland",
967:
The Watch Tower churches initiated by Kamwana in northern Nyasaland and which spread to
129:(of which nearly half are Catholic, another half are Protestant, and a small number are
2425:
2400:
2350:
2345:
2340:
1047:
641:
605:
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
203:
1133:
of the country was elected in 1957. By 1963 there were 143 local assemblies in Congo.
2858:
2290:
1776:
1771:
1717:
1583:
1437:
The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1944
1424:
The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1944
1381:
The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1964
988:
107:
487:
1734:
1561:
949:
95:
39:
1597:
121:
nation and freedom of religion is enshrined in its constitution. As of 2021, the
2457:
2447:
1241:
2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Democratic Republic of the Congo
1092:
1067:
953:
665:
561:
180:
1467:
Oral Literature and Moral Education among the Lakeside Tonga of Northern Malawi
629:
2267:
1220:"DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 2020 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT"
1059:
211:
992:
677:
577:
191:
80:
2315:
1439:. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press pp. 139–140, 150–151
650:
573:
529:
199:
142:
17:
2360:
1016:
195:
187:
was introduced and mainly spread by Arab merchants and slave traders.
154:
118:
2224:
1126:
633:
1566:"The Baháʼí Faith 1957-1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments"
617:. In 2011, it announced its intention to build its first Congolese
1744:
1520:
1100:
1096:
1084:
628:
520:
486:
184:
146:
88:
79:
59:
125:
reported that more than 95% of the population is affiliated with
1027:
Province in order to escape any contact with civil authorities.
592:
2228:
1646:
548:
to cede control of the Congo Free State to the Belgian state.
1148:
In 2023, DRC was scored as 3 out of 4 for religious freedom.
702:
666:
Church of Jesus Christ on Earth by the Prophet Simon Kimbangu
226:
Estimates concerning religion in the DRC Congo vary greatly.
1426:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 68
1181:
History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
680:; some villages there have long been totally Kimbanguist.
644:
in the early 1920s. Kimbangu was already a member of the
1166:
Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
483:
Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1171:
Protestantism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1161:
Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1015:
flag, participating in party-mandated public works (
971:
received funding and publications from the American
472:
Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2747:
2466:
2262:
2134:
2057:
1991:
1858:
1792:
1681:
1328:"Country Profile: Democratic Republic of the Congo"
2865:Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1394:Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa
1121:in Democratic Republic of the Congo began after
1113:Baháʼí Faith in Democratic Republic of the Congo
100:religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1359:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1333:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1091:since the 18th century, when Arab traders from
737:Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
610:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
599:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
141:). The remaining 5% follow other non-Christian
1598:"QuickLists: Most Baha'i (sic) Nations (2010)"
1492:: US Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. 47–59.
1469:. Oxford: African Books Collective, pp. 119–20
1304:The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa
190:Traditional religions embody such concepts as
2240:
1658:
1396:. Princeton University Press. pp. 99, 115–116
1176:Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1080:Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
948:became members of the Watch Tower Society in
913:
8:
1246:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
174:
1624:Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-01
894:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal
636:, the holiest Kimbanguist site in the Congo
528:at the Église Francophone CBCO Kintambo in
2247:
2233:
2225:
2063:
1997:
1864:
1798:
1665:
1651:
1643:
920:
906:
722:
228:
493:Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Lubumbashi
1635:Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-01
1007:twentieth century thread from Kitawala.
1511:
1509:
1197:
826:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
734:
653:were all part of his original message.
1040:activities. Africans do not engage in
1603:Association of Religion Data Archives
1186:Religion in the Republic of the Congo
1138:Association of Religion Data Archives
417:Association of Religion Data Archives
7:
2278:Traditional African religions portal
32:Religion in the DRC (2021 estimate)
973:Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society
664:The legalized church, known as the
1586:– via Baháʼí Library Online.
1206:"Democratic Republic of the Congo"
25:
1765:Transitional Government (2003–06)
1525:Baháʼí International News Service
1315:October 2019 talk by Dale Renlund
1279:United States Department of State
1251:United States Department of State
1227:United States Department of State
688:Other African Christian movements
2809:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2530:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2270:
1674:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1089:Democratic Republic of the Congo
887:
744:
115:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1521:"Double cause for celebrations"
1413:, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 16–17, 20
110:being its main denominations.
1701:Colonial governors (1885–1960)
1517:Baháʼí International Community
646:English Baptist Mission Church
589:Church of Christ of the Ubangi
1:
2438:Traditional African religions
1454:The Society of Malawi Journal
1411:The Society of Malawi Journal
1095:pushed into the interior for
1031:Traditional African religions
406:(Including other Christians)
306:(Including other Christians)
157:, and indigenous religions).
1782:M23 offensive (2022–present)
1755:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
1730:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)
1706:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
1584:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8
1326:Mokgare, Mpho (2020-10-21).
979:entirely independent of the
498:There are around 35 million
2590:Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
2311:Traditional Berber religion
1897:Foreign policy under Mobutu
1542:Residing in the Holy Land.
1362:(Press release). 2011-10-01
2881:
2846:African diaspora religions
1740:State of Katanga (1960–63)
1485:Tablets of the Divine Plan
1110:
1077:
999:before his death in 1956.
944:and his African associate
602:
534:Baptist Community of Congo
514:
480:
469:
414:
365:
315:
265:
2842:
2296:Ancient Egyptian religion
2186:
2066:
2000:
1867:
1801:
1750:First Congo War (1996–98)
674:Church of Christ in Congo
554:Church of Christ in Congo
517:Church of Christ in Congo
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
176:Église du Christ au Congo
171:Church of Christ in Congo
2515:Central African Republic
1872:Administrative divisions
1131:Local Spiritual Assembly
1087:has been present in the
991:in addition to those in
977:African initiated church
962:equal pay for equal work
1777:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
1718:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
1456:, Vol. 64, No. 1, p. 27
1422:Rotberg, R. I. (1965).
940:The British missionary
127:Christian denominations
1735:Congo Crisis (1960–65)
1696:Colonization (1867–85)
1488:(Paperback ed.).
1465:D. K. Mphande (2014).
1435:R. I. Rotberg (1965).
1379:R. I. Rotberg (1965).
703:
637:
564:Protestant community.
537:
495:
175:
92:
2675:São Tomé and Príncipe
2665:Republic of the Congo
1546:. pp. 25, 59–60.
1392:K. E. Fields (1985).
1019:), and paying taxes.
632:
524:
490:
83:
844:World Heritage Sites
701:The Jamaa movement (
532:, affiliated to the
85:Holy Ghost Cathedral
2431:Serer creation myth
1144:Freedom of religion
1129:. The first Baháʼí
981:Watch Tower Society
318:Pew Research Center
268:US State Department
230:
173:or CCC (in French,
131:Jehovah's Witnesses
123:US State Department
98:is the predominant
74: Others (0.1%)
2416:Malagasy mythology
2326:Bushongo mythology
2256:Religion in Africa
2035:Telecommunications
1882:Court of Cassation
1846:Former place names
1540:Hands of the Cause
1490:Wilmette, Illinois
1448:H. Donati (2011).
1405:H. Donati (2011).
638:
625:Kimbanguist Church
538:
496:
368:CIA World Factbook
229:
93:
50:Traditional faiths
2852:
2851:
2758:other territories
2545:Equatorial Guinea
2443:Tumbuka mythology
2406:Lugbara mythology
2391:Khoe/San religion
2336:Dahomean religion
2222:
2221:
2182:
2181:
2101:Human trafficking
2053:
2052:
1987:
1986:
1955:Political parties
1948:National Assembly
1892:Foreign relations
1854:
1853:
997:Northern Rhodesia
969:Northern Rhodesia
930:
929:
463:
462:
68: None (0.4%)
16:(Redirected from
2872:
2468:Sovereign states
2411:Maasai mythology
2396:Lotuko mythology
2286:Akamba mythology
2280:
2275:
2274:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2226:
2202:
2195:
2064:
2025:Franc (currency)
1998:
1865:
1799:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1476:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1323:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1302:Timothy Insoll.
1300:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1042:ancestor worship
934:Katanga Province
922:
915:
908:
892:
891:
890:
748:
739:
723:
707:means family in
706:
542:Congo Free State
261:
256:
231:
208:ancestor worship
178:
73:
67:
57:
47:
37:
21:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2838:
2757:
2752:
2743:
2462:
2453:Yoruba religion
2421:Mbuti mythology
2376:Isoko mythology
2306:Bantu mythology
2276:
2269:
2258:
2253:
2223:
2218:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2178:
2174:Public holidays
2130:
2049:
1983:
1921:Law enforcement
1850:
1788:
1745:Zaire (1965–97)
1677:
1671:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1460:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1157:
1146:
1115:
1109:
1082:
1076:
1033:
946:Elliott Kamwana
926:
888:
886:
879:
878:
874:National anthem
859:
858:
849:
848:
839:
838:
822:
821:
802:
801:
735:
721:
713:Placide Tempels
699:
690:
670:Catholic Church
627:
613:members in 145
607:
601:
546:King Léopold II
526:Worship service
519:
513:
485:
479:
474:
468:
454:
453:
447:
446:
440:
439:
433:
432:
426:
425:
405:
404:
398:
397:
391:
390:
384:
383:
377:
376:
355:
354:
348:
347:
341:
340:
334:
333:
327:
326:
305:
304:
298:
297:
291:
290:
284:
283:
277:
276:
259:
254:
224:
163:
78:
77:
76:
75:
71:
69:
65:
63:
55:
53:
45:
43:
35:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2828:Western Sahara
2825:
2818:
2812:
2805:
2799:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2765:Canary Islands
2761:
2759:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2426:Serer religion
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2401:Lozi mythology
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:Efik mythology
2348:
2346:Dogon religion
2343:
2341:Dinka religion
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2316:Bono mythology
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:Child marriage
2067:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1972:Prime Minister
1969:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1931:Chief of Staff
1923:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676: articles
1672:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1627:
1616:
1589:
1549:
1530:
1519:(2003-09-06).
1505:
1498:
1471:
1458:
1441:
1428:
1415:
1398:
1385:
1372:
1345:
1318:
1307:
1295:
1284:
1263:
1232:
1211:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1145:
1142:
1111:Main article:
1108:
1105:
1078:Main article:
1075:
1072:
1048:Nature spirits
1032:
1029:
958:Bible Students
928:
927:
925:
924:
917:
910:
902:
899:
898:
897:
896:
881:
880:
877:
876:
871:
866:
860:
856:
855:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
840:
836:
835:
834:
831:
830:
824:
823:
820:
819:
814:
809:
803:
797:
796:
795:
792:
791:
785:
784:
778:
777:
771:
770:
764:
763:
757:
756:
750:
749:
741:
740:
732:
731:
720:
717:
698:
695:
689:
686:
642:Simon Kimbangu
626:
623:
603:Main article:
600:
597:
512:
509:
481:Main article:
478:
475:
470:Main article:
467:
464:
461:
460:
455:
451:
450:
448:
444:
443:
441:
437:
436:
434:
430:
429:
427:
423:
422:
420:
412:
411:
407:
402:
401:
399:
395:
394:
392:
388:
387:
385:
381:
380:
378:
374:
373:
371:
363:
362:
356:
352:
351:
349:
345:
344:
342:
338:
337:
335:
331:
330:
328:
324:
323:
321:
313:
312:
307:
302:
301:
299:
295:
294:
292:
288:
287:
285:
281:
280:
278:
274:
273:
271:
263:
262:
257:
252:
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
223:
220:
162:
159:
139:Greek Orthodox
70:
64:
54:
44:
34:
30:
29:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2877:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2847:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Guinea-Bissau
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2458:Zulu religion
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Igbo religion
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Akan religion
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Social issues
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:Deforestation
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:Kivu conflict
1770:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:Early history
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1562:Momen, Moojan
1559:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:0-87743-233-3
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
989:Belgian Congo
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
935:
923:
918:
916:
911:
909:
904:
903:
901:
900:
895:
885:
884:
883:
882:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
853:
852:
845:
842:
841:
833:
832:
829:
825:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
800:
794:
793:
790:
786:
783:
779:
776:
772:
769:
765:
762:
758:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:
738:
733:
729:
725:
724:
718:
716:
714:
710:
705:
696:
694:
687:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
658:
654:
652:
647:
643:
635:
631:
624:
622:
621:in Kinshasa.
620:
616:
615:congregations
611:
606:
598:
596:
594:
590:
585:
581:
579:
575:
571:
565:
563:
557:
555:
549:
547:
543:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
511:Protestantism
510:
508:
504:
501:
494:
489:
484:
476:
473:
465:
458:
456:
449:
442:
435:
428:
421:
419:
418:
413:
410:
408:
400:
393:
386:
379:
372:
370:
369:
364:
361:
359:
357:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
320:
319:
314:
310:
308:
300:
293:
286:
279:
272:
270:
269:
264:
258:
253:
250:
249:
237:Christianity
232:
227:
221:
219:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
177:
172:
167:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
108:Protestantism
105:
101:
97:
90:
86:
82:
61:
51:
41:
33:
27:
19:
2820:
2807:
2794:
2749:Dependencies
2700:South Africa
2690:Sierra Leone
2529:
2495:Burkina Faso
2331:Christianity
2301:Baháʼí Faith
2115:
2111:Prostitution
2086:Demographics
2010:Central Bank
1909:Human rights
1877:Constitution
1811:Conservation
1723:World War II
1630:
1619:
1608:. Retrieved
1601:
1592:
1578:(1): 63–91.
1575:
1569:
1558:Smith, Peter
1552:
1538:Compiled by
1533:
1524:
1484:
1480:`Abdu'l-Bahá
1474:
1466:
1461:
1453:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1423:
1418:
1410:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1364:. Retrieved
1357:
1348:
1337:. Retrieved
1331:
1321:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1287:
1278:
1266:
1255:. Retrieved
1244:
1235:
1226:
1214:
1200:
1150:
1147:
1135:
1123:`Abdu'l-Bahá
1119:Baháʼí Faith
1116:
1107:Baháʼí Faith
1083:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
966:
950:South Africa
942:Joseph Booth
939:
931:
869:Coat of arms
781:
700:
691:
682:
663:
659:
655:
639:
608:
586:
582:
566:
558:
550:
539:
505:
497:
466:Christianity
415:
366:
316:
266:
225:
216:
189:
168:
164:
112:
99:
96:Christianity
94:
40:Christianity
31:
26:
2705:South Sudan
2448:Waaqeffanna
2005:Agriculture
1103:Muslims.
1093:East Africa
1068:determinism
954:sabbatarian
562:Francophone
477:Catholicism
181:Protestants
104:Catholicism
2844:See also:
2835:(Tanzania)
2822:Somaliland
2815:St. Helena
2779:(Portugal)
2754:autonomies
2685:Seychelles
2645:Mozambique
2630:Mauritania
2615:Madagascar
2570:The Gambia
2510:Cape Verde
2366:Irreligion
2076:Corruption
1938:Parliament
1904:Government
1821:Ecoregions
1711:Atrocities
1610:2020-10-21
1366:2020-10-21
1339:2020-10-21
1257:2020-10-21
1249:(Report).
1192:References
985:Tanganyika
812:Television
515:See also:
260:Protestant
222:Statistics
212:witchcraft
2635:Mauritius
2263:Religions
2106:Languages
2091:Education
2045:Transport
2015:Companies
1960:President
1887:Elections
1836:Volcanoes
1826:Mountains
1794:Geography
1482:(1991) .
993:Nyasaland
837:Monuments
768:Languages
678:Bas-Congo
578:Kisangani
500:Catholics
192:pantheism
143:religions
2859:Category
2833:Zanzibar
2804:(France)
2796:Puntland
2785:(France)
2740:Zimbabwe
2715:Tanzania
2560:Ethiopia
2555:Eswatini
2535:Djibouti
2505:Cameroon
2490:Botswana
2356:Hinduism
2321:Buddhism
2209:Category
2159:Football
2116:Religion
1926:Military
1860:Politics
1841:Wildlife
1571:Religion
1564:(1989).
1383:, p. 66.
1155:See also
1025:Équateur
987:and the
782:Religion
728:a series
726:Part of
719:Kitawala
672:and the
651:polygyny
574:Kinshasa
530:Kinshasa
255:Catholic
200:vitalism
161:Overview
18:Kitawala
2802:Réunion
2791:(Spain)
2789:Melilla
2783:Mayotte
2777:Madeira
2773:(Spain)
2767:(Spain)
2725:Tunisia
2695:Somalia
2680:Senegal
2660:Nigeria
2650:Namibia
2640:Morocco
2605:Liberia
2600:Lesotho
2550:Eritrea
2525:Comoros
2500:Burundi
2475:Algeria
2386:Judaism
2381:Jainism
2193:Outline
2149:Cuisine
2136:Culture
2059:Society
2040:Tourism
1993:Economy
1683:History
1060:diviner
1017:Salongo
857:Symbols
775:Cuisine
754:History
709:Swahili
246:Source
240:Muslim
234:Source
196:animism
151:Baháʼís
147:Muslims
135:Mormons
119:secular
102:, with
42:(95.4%)
2735:Zambia
2730:Uganda
2670:Rwanda
2620:Malawi
2580:Guinea
2480:Angola
2214:Portal
2144:Cinema
2096:Health
2030:Mining
2020:Energy
1943:Senate
1831:Rivers
1806:Cities
1606:. 2010
1496:
1253:. 2018
1127:Uganda
817:Cinema
761:People
730:on the
634:Nkamba
619:Temple
570:Mobutu
536:, 2019
438:42.25%
431:52.25%
251:total
243:Other
204:spirit
72:
66:
62:(1.5%)
58:
56:
52:(2.6%)
48:
46:
38:
36:
2771:Ceuta
2756:, and
2710:Sudan
2655:Niger
2610:Libya
2595:Kenya
2575:Ghana
2565:Gabon
2540:Egypt
2485:Benin
2371:Islam
2200:Index
2169:Music
2164:Media
2126:Women
2081:Crime
1760:2000s
1275:(PDF)
1223:(PDF)
1101:Sunni
1097:ivory
1085:Islam
1074:Islam
828:Sport
807:Radio
799:Media
789:Music
704:jamaa
697:Jamaa
459:2023
452:3.53%
445:1.47%
403:42.1%
389:26.7%
382:29.9%
375:95.9%
311:2017
185:Islam
117:is a
89:Kindu
60:Islam
2817:(UK)
2720:Togo
2625:Mali
2520:Chad
2154:Flag
1977:List
1965:List
1914:LGBT
1494:ISBN
1117:The
995:and
864:Flag
593:Kivu
491:The
396:1.3%
353:2.5%
346:1.5%
206:and
155:Jews
137:and
113:The
106:and
1580:doi
424:95%
339:48%
332:47%
325:96%
303:10%
289:40%
282:50%
275:90%
87:in
2861::
1600:.
1576:19
1574:.
1568:.
1560:;
1523:.
1508:^
1356:.
1330:.
1277:.
1243:.
1225:.
296:5%
210:,
202:,
198:,
194:,
183:.
153:,
149:,
133:,
2751:,
2248:e
2241:t
2234:v
1666:e
1659:t
1652:v
1613:.
1582::
1527:.
1502:.
1450:"
1407:"
1369:.
1342:.
1281:.
1260:.
1229:.
1208:.
921:e
914:t
907:v
145:(
91:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
