189:(divine vizier), and one lists Kittum and Niĝgina as two separate deities, with the former referred to as a son and the later as a daughter of Utu. Jacob Klein argues that Kittum was regarded as the sun god's "primary" daughter. He points out a text describing her as the "beloved daughter of Utu" (
270:
both of them were additionally grouped with Ūmu and Dajjānu. It is possible that she was among the deities worshiped in
Ebabbar, the temple of Shamash located in this city. Outside Sippar, the pair Kittum and Misharu is also attested in the
134:, and it is possible that the Akkadian name was older, which would make Niĝgina an artificial translation. A possible forerunner to the idea of a goddess embodying truth are proverbs or dialogues copied in scribal schools in which truth was
729:
207:
functioned as Kittum's sukkal. Instances of a sukkal having a sukkal of their own, while known, should be regarded as an anomaly according to
Richard L. Litke. Iqbi-damiq's name means "she said 'it is fine!'"
156:
sign which preceded divine names. Kittum could alternatively be equated with another of Utu's courtiers, Nigzida, but the meaning of the latter name was not identical, and terms like "
212:'s earlier translation, "he spoke, it is pleasant," presumed Iqbi-damiq was male. However, a text referring to her as a "daughter" is now known. She is also attested in the god list
332:
and Tabubu. The name Kittum-šimhī can be translated as "Kittum is my joy". She is also one of the
Mesopotamian deities who appear in Akkadian theophoric names from
870:
792:
Die
Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen
846:
800:
742:
637:
610:
123:
581:
888:
761:
304:, two examples being Kittum-lizziz and Apil-Kittum. She is also attested in women's theophoric names from Old Babylonian
167:
Kittum was one of the deities associated with law and justice. She could be invoked in legal texts as a divine witness.
893:
146:, one example being Niĝginaidug ("truth is good"), but there is no indication that they were necessarily
267:
131:
99:
290:
864:
209:
185:. She usually appears as the first of his daughters, but some copies instead refer to her as his
244:. Their ceremonial names are presently unknown, and available documents simply refer to both as
852:
842:
806:
796:
777:
748:
738:
633:
606:
587:
577:
198:
127:
119:
83:
627:
236:
Sources from the Old
Babylonian period attest the existence of two temples of Kittum, one in
769:
317:
220:. An illness called "hand of Iqbi-damiq" is mentioned in a medical text alongside "hand of
147:
898:
325:
882:
329:
246:
161:
143:
69:
773:
731:
A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:A-nu-um and AN:Anu šá Ameli
194:
79:
692:
673:
259:
819:
711:
654:
600:
762:"A Study of Women's Theophoric Personal Names in Old Babylonian Texts from Mari"
305:
135:
856:
602:
Wisdom, Gods and
Literature: Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W. G. Lambert
273:
237:
204:
181:
49:
781:
752:
810:
591:
313:
225:
308:. She is one of the seven goddesses appearing in names with the element -
217:
157:
768:. 30 and 31. The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan: 234–253.
321:
255:
221:
186:
152:
45:
790:
297:
278:
241:
103:
333:
282:
263:
599:
George, Andrew R. (2000). "Four Temple
Rituals from Babylon".
176:
107:
65:
301:
175:
There are differences regarding the position of Kittum in
526:
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75:
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56:
41:
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110:/Shamash and was associated with law and justice.
240:and another in Raḫabu, a settlement located near
130:counterpart, Niĝgina, is not attested before the
693:"Sonnengott A. I. In Mesopotamien. Philologisch"
296:Theophoric names invoking Kittum are known from
281:. References to this pair as the "attendants of
164:" are considered more accurate translations.
266:who was also associated with justice. In the
8:
106:. She belonged to the circle of the sun god
869:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
837:Zadok, Ran (2018). "The Peoples of Elam".
737:. New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection.
422:
385:
142:are already attested in sources from the
515:
503:
464:
345:
862:
795:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
542:
530:
491:
449:
179:'s court between individual copies of
150:, and the word is written without the
102:who was regarded as the embodiment of
18:
554:
434:
410:
373:
7:
476:
258:, Kittum commonly appears alongside
14:
632:. Atlantic Studies. Eisenbrauns.
122:and she was regarded as a divine
201:were regarded as her siblings.
171:Associations with other deities
118:Kittum's name means "truth" in
774:10.5356/orient1960.30and31.234
1:
629:Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography
262:, a deity from the circle of
16:Mesopotamian goddess of truth
824:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
716:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
710:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1980),
697:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
678:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
659:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
576:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
691:Krebernik, Manfred (2011),
672:Krebernik, Manfred (2008),
915:
728:Litke, Richard L. (1998).
572:George, Andrew R. (1993).
126:of this concept. Kittum's
28:Divine embodiment of truth
789:Schwemer, Daniel (2001).
138:. Names with the element
26:
626:Horowitz, Wayne (1998).
193:) is known. The deities
760:Nakata, Ichiro (1995).
254:In offering lists from
889:Mesopotamian goddesses
336:from the same period.
312:, the other six being
289:) are also known from
818:Stol, Marten (1998),
674:"Richtergott(heiten)"
653:Klein, Jacob (1998),
268:Neo-Babylonian period
132:Old Babylonian period
100:Mesopotamian goddess
841:. Abingdon, Oxon.
210:Wilfred G. Lambert
894:Justice goddesses
848:978-1-315-65803-2
839:The Elamite world
802:978-3-447-04456-1
744:978-0-9667495-0-2
639:978-0-931464-99-7
612:978-1-57506-004-0
89:
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42:Major cult center
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655:"Niĝgina/Kittum"
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94:, also known as
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224:" and "hand of
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623:
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596:
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568:
566:
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557:, p. 155.
547:
545:, p. 240.
535:
533:, p. 248.
520:
508:
496:
494:, p. 168.
481:
479:, p. 147.
469:
467:, p. 151.
454:
452:, p. 298.
439:
437:, p. 133.
427:
425:, p. 602.
423:Krebernik 2011
415:
413:, p. 312.
390:
388:, p. 354.
386:Krebernik 2008
378:
376:, p. 311.
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583:0-931464-80-3
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544:
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532:
527:
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521:
518:, p. 67.
517:
516:Schwemer 2001
512:
509:
506:, p. 84.
505:
504:Horowitz 1998
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191:dumu kiag Utu
188:
184:
183:
178:
170:
168:
165:
163:
162:righteousness
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:Ur III period
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137:
133:
129:
125:
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68:/Shamash and
67:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
838:
828:, retrieved
823:
791:
765:
730:
719:, retrieved
715:
712:"Iqbi-damiq"
701:, retrieved
696:
682:, retrieved
677:
663:, retrieved
658:
643:. Retrieved
628:
616:. Retrieved
601:
573:
565:Bibliography
550:
538:
511:
499:
472:
465:Lambert 1980
430:
418:
381:
309:
295:
291:Neo-Assyrian
286:
277:ritual from
272:
253:
245:
235:
213:
203:
190:
180:
174:
166:
151:
139:
117:
95:
91:
90:
826:(in German)
699:(in German)
680:(in German)
661:(in German)
543:Nakata 1995
531:Nakata 1995
492:George 1993
450:George 2000
287:mazzāz Ekur
136:personified
34:Other names
883:Categories
857:1022561448
830:2022-06-13
721:2022-06-13
703:2022-06-13
684:2022-06-13
665:2022-06-12
645:2022-06-12
618:2022-06-13
555:Zadok 2018
435:Litke 1998
411:Klein 1998
374:Klein 1998
340:References
293:sources.
238:Bad-tibira
205:Iqbi-damiq
148:theophoric
124:hypostasis
50:Bad-tibira
865:cite book
782:1884-1392
753:470337605
477:Stol 1998
249:Ki-it-tim
226:Kanisurra
214:An = Anum
182:An = Anum
114:Character
57:Genealogy
820:"Nanaja"
811:48145544
592:27813103
158:fidelity
128:Sumerian
120:Akkadian
98:, was a
76:Siblings
52:, Raḫabu
274:Tākultu
232:Worship
216:and in
140:niĝgina
96:Niĝgina
62:Parents
37:Niĝgina
855:
845:
809:
799:
780:
766:Orient
751:
741:
636:
609:
590:
580:
326:Išḫara
322:Ishtar
260:Mīšaru
256:Sippar
222:Nanaya
187:sukkal
160:" or "
153:dingir
92:Kittum
46:Sippar
22:Kittum
899:Truth
735:(PDF)
310:šimhī
298:Larsa
279:Assur
242:Larsa
218:Šurpu
199:Sisig
104:truth
84:Sisig
871:link
853:OCLC
843:ISBN
807:OCLC
797:ISBN
778:ISSN
749:OCLC
739:ISBN
634:ISBN
607:ISBN
588:OCLC
578:ISBN
334:Susa
318:Admu
314:Annu
306:Mari
300:and
283:Ekur
264:Adad
197:and
195:Mamu
80:Mamu
770:doi
330:Aya
285:" (
228:."
177:Utu
108:Utu
70:Aya
66:Utu
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867:}}
863:{{
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