747:
31:
606:
732:
the extracted plastids, or kleptoplasts, continue to exhibit functional photosynthesis for a short period of roughly 7 days. As the two groups are not sister taxa, and the trait is not shared among groups more closely related, there is evidence that kleptoplasty evolved independently within the two
794:
Due to this unusual ability, the sacoglossans are sometimes referred to as "solar-powered sea slugs," though the actual benefit from photosynthesis on the survival of some of the species that have been analyzed seems to be marginal at best. In fact, some species may even die in the presence of the
798:
Changes in temperature have been shown to negatively affect kleptoplastic abilities in sacoglossans. Rates of photosynthetic efficiency as well as kleptoplast abundance have been shown to decrease in correlation to a decrease in temperature. The patterns and rate of these changes, however, varies
790:
by digestive cells, filling extensively branched digestive tubules, providing their host with the products of photosynthesis. It is not resolved, however, whether the stolen plastids actively secrete photosynthate or whether the slugs profit indirectly from slowly degrading kleptoplasts.
786:, storing the chloroplasts in the cells that line its gut. Juvenile sea slugs establish the kleptoplastic endosymbiosis when feeding on algal cells, sucking out the cell contents, and discarding everything except the chloroplasts. The chloroplasts are
1289:
681:
microalgae, which it ingests to extract chloroplasts. The kleptoplasts are then progressively transformed into ones that resemble the permanent chloroplasts of the remaining
Euglenophyceae. Cells of
1684:"How does temperature affect functional kleptoplasty? Comparing populations of the solar-powered sister-species Elysia timida Risso, 1818 and Elysa cornigera Nuttall, 1989 (Gastopoda: Sacoglossa)"
1094:
Johnson, Matthew D.; Oldach, David; Charles, F. Delwiche; Stoecker, Diane K. (Jan 2007). "Retention of transcriptionally active cryptophyte nuclei by the ciliate
Myrionecta rubra".
766:
practise kleptoplasty. Several species of
Sacoglossan sea slugs capture intact, functional chloroplasts from algal food sources, retaining them within specialized cells lining the
728:, in a process not yet discovered, extract plastids from their prey, incorporating them subepidermally, while separating and digesting the frustule and remainder of the diatom. In
173:, are sequestered by the host. The alga is eaten normally and partially digested, leaving the plastid intact. The plastids are maintained within the host, temporarily continuing
593:
can be stable for 2 months. In other dinoflagellates, kleptoplasty has been hypothesized to represent either a mechanism permitting functional flexibility, or perhaps an early
717:
make use of kleptoplasty. The group was previously classified as having algal endosymbionts, though it was already discovered that the endosymbionts did not contain nuclei.
688:
Kleptoplasty is considered the mode of nutrition of the euglenophycean common ancestor. It is hypothesized that kleptoplasty allowed for various events of
96:. The alga is eaten normally and partially digested, leaving the plastid intact. The plastids are maintained within the host, temporarily continuing
1006:
Bernhard, Joan M.; Bowser, Samuel S. (1999). "Benthic foraminifera of dysoxic sediments: chloroplast sequestration and functional morphology".
639:
participates in additional endosymbiosis by transferring its plastids to its predators, the dinoflagellate planktons belonging to the genus
1147:
Nishitani, G.; Nagai, S.; Baba, K.; Kiyokawa, S.; Kosaka, Y.; Miyamura, K.; Nishikawa, T.; Sakurada, K.; Shinada, A.; Kamiyama, T. (2010).
1041:
Gast RJ, Moran DM, Dennett MR, Caron DA (January 2007). "Kleptoplasty in an
Antarctic dinoflagellate: caught in evolutionary transition?".
1506:
1479:
1366:
Van
Steenkiste, Niels W. L.; Stephenson, India; Herranz, María; Husnik, Filip; Keeling, Patrick J.; Leander, Brian S. (2019).
649:
is a related process in which the nucleus of the prey cell is kept by the host as well. This was first described in 2007 in
1786:
1781:
1735:
Host-Zooxanthella
Interactions in Four Temperate Marine Symbioses; Assessment of Effect of Host Extract on Symbionts
860:
Minnhagen, Susanna; Carvalho, Wanderson F.; Salomon, Paulo S.; Janson, Sven (2008). "Chloroplast DNA content in
830:
746:
689:
977:"Survey for Functional Kleptoplasty Among West Atlantic Ascoglossa (=Sacoglossa) (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia)"
1531:
de Vries, Jan; Christa, Gregor; Gould, Sven B. (2014). "Plastid survival in the cytosol of animal cells".
1058:
751:
813:
30:
1627:"Comparison of sister species identifies factors underpinning plastid compatibility in green sea slugs"
1625:
de Vries, J.; Woehle, C.; Christa, G.; Wagele, H.; Tielens, A. G. M.; Jahns, P.; Gould, S. B. (2015).
1540:
1431:
1379:
1231:
1168:
1105:
1050:
1015:
877:
692:
that eventually allowed the establishment of permanent chloroplasts in the remaining
Euglenophyceae.
631:
1157:
species plastid identities as revealed by genetic analyses of isolates from
Japanese coastal waters"
54:
1063:
554:
542:
1737:; The Biological bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, Mass.). v. 178 (1990) p. 175
1255:
1129:
988:
951:
935:
570:
The stability of transient plastids varies considerably across plastid-retaining species. In the
1368:"A new case of kleptoplasty in animals: Marine flatworms steal functional plastids from diatoms"
536:
524:
1715:
1664:
1646:
1607:
1556:
1460:
1407:
1324:
1306:
1247:
1213:
1194:
1121:
1076:
943:
893:
795:
carbon dioxide-fixing kleptoplasts as a result of elevated levels of reactive oxygen species.
782:
776:
618:
610:
1510:
548:
1705:
1695:
1654:
1638:
1597:
1587:
1548:
1450:
1440:
1397:
1387:
1332:
1314:
1298:
1239:
1222:
1184:
1176:
1113:
1096:
1068:
1023:
927:
885:
774:. The longest known kleptoplastic association, which can last up to ten months, is found in
586:, kleptoplastids are photosynthetically active for only a few days, while kleptoplastids in
530:
1427:"Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells - a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life"
385:
1752:
1544:
1383:
1319:
1284:
1235:
1172:
1109:
1054:
1019:
915:
881:
177:
and benefiting the host. The term was coined in 1990 to describe chloroplast symbiosis.
1776:
1710:
1683:
1659:
1626:
1455:
1426:
1402:
1367:
1189:
1148:
755:, a Sacoglossan sea slug which uses kleptoplasty to create complex patterns on its body
672:
667:
571:
269:
225:
197:
174:
97:
89:
1027:
1770:
1484:
1072:
889:
835:
818:
190:
109:
36:
992:
976:
1732:
1259:
1133:
955:
787:
507:
242:
49:
1552:
916:"Horizontal Transfer of Functional Nuclear Genes Between Multicellular Organisms"
1285:"Euglenozoan kleptoplasty illuminates the early evolution of photoendosymbiosis"
771:
706:
677:
646:
627:
587:
574:
392:
166:
77:
43:
1290:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
605:
1700:
808:
763:
662:
436:
419:
405:
327:
201:
1650:
1611:
1310:
1336:
1302:
821:
within their digestive diverticula, and thus are similarly "solar-powered".
594:
582:
518:
255:
215:
186:
158:
69:
1719:
1668:
1642:
1560:
1464:
1445:
1411:
1392:
1328:
1251:
1198:
1125:
1080:
947:
897:
17:
1592:
1575:
1283:
Anna
Karnkowska; Naoji Yubuki; Moe Maruyama; et al. (16 March 2023).
1214:"Retention of transcriptionally active cryptophyte nuclei by the ciliate
1180:
759:
512:
374:
335:
235:
193:
1243:
1117:
1602:
939:
914:
S. K. Pierce; S. E. Massey; J. J. Hanten; N. E. Curtis (June 1, 2003).
767:
623:
317:
286:
162:
146:
145:), originally meaning formed or moulded, and used in biology to mean a
73:
1574:
De Vries, Jan; Rauch, Cessa; Christa, Gregor; Gould, Sven B. (2014).
868:) from different cell cycle stages is consistent with kleptoplasty".
559:
357:
205:
140:
118:
931:
1212:
Johnson, Matthew D.; Oldach, David; et al. (25 January 2007).
1425:
Händeler, K.; Grzymbowski, Y. P.; Krug, P. J.; Wägele, H. (2009).
745:
604:
170:
93:
81:
29:
185:
Kleptoplasty has been acquired in various independent clades of
675:. This microorganism requires a constant supply of a strain of
134:
112:
855:
853:
851:
84:, are sequestered by the host. The word is derived from
1631:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
685:
can survive for up to 35 days with these kleptoplasts.
1480:"Solar-powered sea slug harnesses stolen plant genes"
597:
stage in the permanent acquisition of chloroplasts.
975:Clark, K. B.; Jensen, K. R.; Strits, H. M. (1990).
40:, packed with chloroplasts taken from green algae.
1278:
1276:
780:, which acquires chloroplasts by eating the alga
909:
907:
661:The first and only case of kleptoplasty within
8:
807:Some species of another group of sea slugs,
1709:
1699:
1658:
1601:
1591:
1576:"A sea slug's guide to plastid symbiosis"
1454:
1444:
1401:
1391:
1351:Bol. Fac. Fil. Ci. Letras Univ. São Paulo
1318:
1188:
1062:
1349:E. Marcus, Turbellaria Brasileiros (9).
34:A digestive tubule cell of the sea slug
847:
799:between different species of sea slug.
1161:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
108:The word kleptoplasty is derived from
1509:. University of Maine. Archived from
1478:Catherine Brahic (24 November 2008).
204:phylum, and some marine invertebrate
7:
1682:Laetz, Elise; Wagele, Heike (2018).
1580:Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
671:, the earliest diverging lineage of
1507:"SymBio: Introduction-Kleptoplasty"
817:, sequester whole living symbiotic
411:
381:
370:
363:
323:
261:
231:
221:
211:
626:that steals chloroplasts from the
25:
1073:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01109.x
890:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01666.x
1755:. ABC Science Online. June 2007
1:
1733:Sutton & Hoegh-Guldberg,
1553:10.1016/j.tplants.2014.03.010
1028:10.1016/s0012-8252(99)00017-3
157:Kleptoplasty is a process in
141:
119:
1803:
1149:"High-level congruence of
870:Environmental Microbiology
135:
113:
1753:"Solar Powered Sea Slugs"
1701:10.1186/s12983-018-0264-y
720:While consuming diatoms,
433:
416:
409:
389:
379:
368:
361:
332:
321:
283:
266:
259:
239:
229:
219:
100:and benefiting the host.
57:: scale bar is 3 μm.
831:Horizontal gene transfer
690:horizontal gene transfer
1533:Trends in Plant Science
1303:10.1073/PNAS.2220100120
876:(9). Wiley: 2411–2417.
665:belongs to the species
27:Form of algae symbiosis
1643:10.1098/rspb.2014.2519
1446:10.1186/1742-9994-6-28
1393:10.1126/sciadv.aaw4337
756:
752:Costasiella kuroshimae
737:Sea slugs (gastropods)
614:
161:relationships whereby
72:relationships whereby
58:
1593:10.5586/asbp.2014.042
1008:Earth-Science Reviews
814:Pteraeolidia ianthina
749:
715:Pogaina paranygulgus,
608:
33:
1787:Endosymbiotic events
1688:Frontiers in Zoology
1432:Frontiers in Zoology
1181:10.1128/AEM.02566-09
701:Rhabdocoel flatworms
632:Geminigera cryophila
506:Some species of the
1782:Ecology terminology
1545:2014TPS....19..347D
1384:2019SciA....5.4337V
1297:(12): e2220100120.
1244:10.1038/nature05496
1236:2007Natur.445..426J
1173:2010ApEnM..76.2791N
1118:10.1038/nature05496
1110:2007Natur.445..426J
1055:2007EnvMi...9...39G
1020:1999ESRv...46..149B
882:2008EnvMi..10.2411M
711:Baicalellia solaris
583:Pfisteria piscicida
226:SAR supergroup
88:(κλέπτης) which is
55:Electron micrograph
1637:(1802): 20142519.
1043:Environ. Microbiol
757:
709:marine flatworms,
615:
59:
1230:(7126): 426–428.
783:Vaucheria litorea
777:Elysia chlorotica
619:Mesodinium rubrum
611:Mesodinium rubrum
493:
492:
484:
483:
475:
474:
466:
465:
457:
456:
448:
447:
347:
346:
307:
306:
298:
297:
16:(Redirected from
1794:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1595:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1448:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1372:Science Advances
1363:
1357:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1322:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1216:Myrionecta rubra
1209:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1167:(9): 2791–2798.
1151:Myrionecta rubra
1144:
1138:
1137:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1066:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1014:(1–4): 149–165.
1003:
997:
996:
972:
966:
965:
963:
962:
911:
902:
901:
857:
412:
382:
371:
364:
324:
262:
232:
222:
212:
144:
138:
137:
132:
129:
126:
122:
116:
115:
68:is a process in
21:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1731:
1727:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1378:(7): eaaw4337.
1365:
1364:
1360:
1356:, 5–215 (1951).
1348:
1344:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1104:(7126): 426–8.
1093:
1092:
1088:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1005:
1004:
1000:
974:
973:
969:
960:
958:
932:10.2307/1543594
913:
912:
905:
859:
858:
849:
844:
827:
805:
744:
739:
705:Two species of
703:
698:
659:
603:
572:dinoflagellates
568:
566:Dinoflagellates
504:
499:
494:
485:
476:
467:
458:
449:
386:Platyhelminthes
348:
308:
299:
183:
155:
130:
127:
124:
106:
53:
47:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1800:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1747:
1746:External links
1744:
1741:
1740:
1725:
1674:
1617:
1586:(4): 415–421.
1566:
1539:(6): 347–350.
1523:
1498:
1470:
1417:
1358:
1342:
1272:
1204:
1139:
1086:
1033:
998:
967:
926:(3): 237–240.
903:
846:
845:
843:
840:
839:
838:
833:
826:
823:
804:
801:
743:
740:
738:
735:
726:P. paranygulus
702:
699:
697:
694:
683:Rapaza viridis
673:Euglenophyceae
668:Rapaza viridis
658:
655:
602:
599:
567:
564:
562:chloroplasts.
503:
500:
498:
495:
491:
490:
487:
486:
482:
481:
478:
477:
473:
472:
469:
468:
464:
463:
460:
459:
455:
454:
451:
450:
446:
445:
442:
441:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
415:
410:
408:
402:
401:
398:
397:
388:
380:
378:
369:
367:
362:
360:
354:
353:
350:
349:
345:
344:
341:
340:
331:
322:
320:
314:
313:
310:
309:
305:
304:
301:
300:
296:
295:
292:
291:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
270:Dinoflagellata
265:
260:
258:
252:
251:
248:
247:
238:
230:
228:
220:
218:
210:
198:SAR supergroup
182:
179:
175:photosynthesis
154:
151:
105:
102:
98:photosynthesis
66:kleptoplastidy
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1799:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1513:on 2008-12-02
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1487:
1486:
1485:New Scientist
1481:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1064:10.1.1.490.54
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
968:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
908:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
856:
854:
852:
848:
841:
837:
836:Kleptoprotein
834:
832:
829:
828:
824:
822:
820:
819:zooxanthellae
816:
815:
810:
802:
800:
796:
792:
789:
785:
784:
779:
778:
773:
770:'s digestive
769:
765:
762:in the clade
761:
754:
753:
748:
741:
736:
734:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
700:
695:
693:
691:
686:
684:
680:
679:
674:
670:
669:
664:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
642:
638:
634:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:
613:
612:
607:
600:
598:
596:
592:
590:
585:
584:
579:
577:
573:
565:
563:
561:
557:
556:
551:
550:
545:
544:
539:
538:
533:
532:
527:
526:
521:
520:
515:
514:
509:
508:foraminiferan
501:
496:
489:
488:
480:
479:
471:
470:
462:
461:
453:
452:
444:
443:
440:
439:
438:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
421:
414:
413:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
394:
387:
384:
383:
377:
376:
373:
372:
366:
365:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
343:
342:
339:
338:
337:
330:
329:
326:
325:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
303:
302:
294:
293:
290:
289:
288:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
271:
264:
263:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
244:
237:
234:
233:
227:
224:
223:
217:
214:
213:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
191:single-celled
188:
180:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
152:
150:
148:
143:
121:
111:
110:Ancient Greek
103:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
56:
51:
45:
39:
38:
37:Elysia clarki
32:
19:
1757:. Retrieved
1734:
1728:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:the original
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1483:
1473:
1436:
1430:
1420:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1294:
1288:
1263:. Retrieved
1227:
1221:
1215:
1207:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1049:(1): 39–45.
1046:
1042:
1036:
1011:
1007:
1001:
984:
980:
970:
959:. Retrieved
923:
919:
873:
869:
865:
861:
812:
806:
803:Nudibranchia
797:
793:
788:phagocytosed
781:
775:
758:
750:
729:
725:
721:
719:
714:
710:
704:
687:
682:
676:
666:
660:
650:
645:
640:
636:
630:
617:
616:
609:
595:evolutionary
588:
581:
575:
569:
555:Stainforthia
553:
547:
543:Nonionellina
541:
535:
529:
523:
517:
511:
505:
502:Foraminifera
437:Nudibranchia
435:
434:
418:
417:
391:
390:
334:
333:
285:
284:
268:
267:
243:Foraminifera
241:
240:
184:
167:chloroplasts
156:
107:
85:
78:chloroplasts
65:
62:Kleptoplasty
61:
60:
50:cell nucleus
35:
1603:10773/21103
1491:24 November
987:: 339–345.
981:The Veliger
866:Dinophyceae
809:nudibranchs
772:diverticula
678:Tetraselmis
647:Karyoklepty
628:cryptomonad
576:Gymnodinium
497:In protists
393:Rhabdocoela
123:), meaning
44:chloroplast
18:Kleptoplast
1771:Categories
1759:2008-11-24
1517:2008-11-24
1337:Q125824653
1265:4 February
1155:Dinophysis
961:2008-11-24
920:Biol. Bull
862:Dinophysis
842:References
764:Sacoglossa
742:Sacoglossa
730:B. solaris
722:B. solaris
707:rhabdocoel
663:Euglenozoa
657:Euglenozoa
641:Dinophysis
589:Dinophysis
558:sequester
537:Nonionella
420:Sacoglossa
406:Gastropoda
328:Euglenozoa
202:Euglenozoa
187:eukaryotes
181:Occurrence
165:, notably
76:, notably
1651:0962-8452
1612:2083-9480
1311:0027-8424
1153:prey and
1059:CiteSeerX
760:Sea slugs
651:M. rubrum
637:M. rubrum
525:Haynesina
519:Elphidium
256:Alveolata
216:Eukaryota
189:, namely
159:symbiotic
104:Etymology
70:symbiotic
1720:29760759
1669:25652835
1561:24767983
1465:19951407
1412:31328166
1333:Wikidata
1329:36927158
1320:10041101
1252:17251979
1199:20305031
1126:17251979
1081:17227410
993:87182226
948:12807700
898:18518896
825:See also
811:such as
601:Ciliates
513:Bulimina
375:Spiralia
358:Animalia
336:Rapazida
236:Rhizaria
200:and the
194:protists
163:plastids
74:plastids
1711:5937827
1660:4344150
1541:Bibcode
1456:2790442
1403:6636991
1380:Bibcode
1260:4410812
1232:Bibcode
1190:2863437
1169:Bibcode
1134:4410812
1106:Bibcode
1051:Bibcode
1016:Bibcode
956:9671982
940:1543594
878:Bibcode
768:mollusc
696:Animals
624:ciliate
549:Reophax
510:genera
318:Discoba
287:Ciliata
206:animals
196:of the
153:Process
147:plastid
142:plastós
136:πλαστός
120:kléptēs
114:κλέπτης
86:Kleptes
1718:
1708:
1694:: 17.
1667:
1657:
1649:
1610:
1559:
1463:
1453:
1439:: 28.
1410:
1400:
1335:
1327:
1317:
1309:
1258:
1250:
1223:Nature
1197:
1187:
1132:
1124:
1097:Nature
1079:
1061:
991:
954:
946:
938:
896:
733:taxa.
560:diatom
552:, and
531:Nonion
133:, and
1777:Algae
1256:S2CID
1130:S2CID
989:S2CID
952:S2CID
936:JSTOR
622:is a
171:algae
169:from
128:thief
94:thief
90:Greek
82:algae
80:from
1716:PMID
1665:PMID
1647:ISSN
1608:ISSN
1557:PMID
1493:2008
1461:PMID
1408:PMID
1325:PMID
1307:ISSN
1267:2015
1248:PMID
1195:PMID
1122:PMID
1077:PMID
944:PMID
894:PMID
724:and
713:and
591:spp.
580:and
578:spp.
92:for
48:N =
42:C =
1706:PMC
1696:doi
1655:PMC
1639:doi
1635:282
1598:hdl
1588:doi
1549:doi
1451:PMC
1441:doi
1398:PMC
1388:doi
1315:PMC
1299:doi
1295:120
1240:doi
1228:445
1185:PMC
1177:doi
1114:doi
1102:445
1069:doi
1024:doi
928:doi
924:204
886:doi
64:or
1773::
1714:.
1704:.
1692:15
1690:.
1686:.
1663:.
1653:.
1645:.
1633:.
1629:.
1606:.
1596:.
1584:83
1582:.
1578:.
1555:.
1547:.
1537:19
1535:.
1482:.
1459:.
1449:.
1435:.
1429:.
1406:.
1396:.
1386:.
1374:.
1370:.
1354:16
1331:.
1323:.
1313:.
1305:.
1293:.
1287:.
1275:^
1254:.
1246:.
1238:.
1226:.
1220:.
1193:.
1183:.
1175:.
1165:76
1163:.
1159:.
1128:.
1120:.
1112:.
1100:.
1075:.
1067:.
1057:.
1045:.
1022:.
1012:46
1010:.
985:33
983:.
979:.
950:.
942:.
934:.
922:.
918:.
906:^
892:.
884:.
874:10
872:.
850:^
653:.
643:.
635:.
546:,
540:,
534:,
528:,
522:,
516:,
208:.
149:.
1762:.
1722:.
1698::
1671:.
1641::
1614:.
1600::
1590::
1563:.
1551::
1543::
1520:.
1495:.
1467:.
1443::
1437:6
1414:.
1390::
1382::
1376:5
1339:.
1301::
1269:.
1242::
1234::
1218:"
1201:.
1179::
1171::
1136:.
1116::
1108::
1083:.
1071::
1053::
1047:9
1030:.
1026::
1018::
995:.
964:.
930::
900:.
888::
880::
864:(
139:(
131:'
125:'
117:(
52:.
46:,
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
