428:
107:
138:
420:
447:, smooth surface pottery with globular vessel shape and restricted orifices with everted rims. Some vessels also have strap handles. Decoration (when present) usually consists of vertical or obliquely applied incised lines generally running from the lip to the shoulder. A minority also have punctate decoration, mostly in combination with the trailed lines. Rarely, surfaces are cordmarked or smoothed over
29:
403:, and 5 other metal artifacts thought by the researchers to be early European trade goods. However, when the site was first excavated, there was limited archaeological knowledge of the details of early artifacts from the period of first European contact (c. 1600-1750). Subsequent investigators have determined these objects were intrusive from later time periods.
145:
114:
515:
sites, with Hoxie Farm coming first, Au
Sagaunashke Component second and Huber last. The only exception to this would be with respect to the fine-line incising, which is a very late trait. The reason for this may be bias due to the smaller sample size; the Au Sagaunashke Component was composed of
548:
in the 1600s, based on the presence of
European trade goods at Oak Forest and Palos, but the specific tribal affiliation is unknown. The initial researchers at Knoll Spring believed they had established an association of Huber pottery with early European trade goods, but subsequent investigators
472:
surface finish; wide-trailed decoration; and notched lips. Late Huber pottery has predominately smooth surface finish; fine-line incised decoration; and unnotched lips. A minority also have punctate decoration, mostly in combination with the trailed lines.
467:
The trends in certain pottery traits are very time-sensitive and can be used as indicators of relative age. Based on information on other Huber sites in the area, archaeologists have determined early Huber pottery is more likely to have
703:
Cutler, Hugh C.; Blake, Leonard W. (1971). "Appendix A: Floral
Remains from the Knoll Creek Site, Cook County, Illinois, IN Au Sagaunashke Village: The Upper Mississippian Occupation of the Knoll Spring Site, Cook County, Illinois".
458:
surfaces; fine-to-medium incised line decoration was present on some sherds; 84% of the lips were notched, with wide-notching being the most common. Some of the rims were sharply everted but most were slightly everted.
2503:
439:
to be a very useful tool in analyzing a prehistoric culture. It is usually very plentiful at a site and the details of manufacture and decoration are very sensitive indicators of time, space, and culture.
230:, and the remainder were classified as refuse pits. Feature 26 was noted as a deep roasting pit similar to those found at the Zimmerman site in Illinois. Similar deep roasting pits have been found at the
803:
721:
The Oak Forest Site: Investigations into Oneota
Subsistence-Settlement in the Cal-Sag Area of Cook County, Illinois, IN At the Edge of Prehistory: Huber Phase Archaeology in the Chicago Area
381:, antler flakers, a hoe formed from a mammal pelvis, a piece of worked antler that may have been used as a scraper, and rib bones incised with designs that may have had ceremonial purpose.
3510:
320:– total of over 1,120 sherds, of which 1,015 were assigned to the Au Sagaunashke component (aka Huber or Blue Island). The pottery artifacts will be discussed in more detail below.
3581:
2536:
773:
Charles M. Slaymaker III and
Charles M. Slaymaker Jr. (1971), "Au Sagaunashke Village: The Upper Mississippian Occupation of the Knoll Spring Site, Cook County, Illinois",
585:
Slaymaker, Charles M. III; Slaymaker, Charles M. Jr. (1971). "Au
Sagaunashke Village: The Upper Mississippian Occupation of the Knoll Spring Site, Cook County, Illinois".
956:
1699:
796:
756:
Hoxie Farm and Huber: Two Upper
Mississippian Archaeological Sites in Cook County, Illinois, IN At the Edge of Prehistory: Huber Phase Archaeology in the Chicago Area
410:
fragment – this was the only pipe fragment found at the site. The interior of the bowl is conical and was stained from smoking. It was decorated with incised lines.
684:
Cremin, William M. (1983). "Late
Prehistoric Adaptive Strategies on the Northern Periphery of the Carolinian Biotic Province: A Case Study from Southwest Michigan".
2558:
835:
3079:
1689:
3555:
1732:
789:
622:
Faulkner, Charles H. (1972). "The Late
Prehistoric Occupation of Northwestern Indiana: A Study of the Upper Mississippi Cultures of the Kankakee Valley".
64:
3184:
488:. Fine-line decoration is present on almost all of the Au Sagaunashke Component decorated sherds; the percentage of fine-line incised sherds is 13% at
3612:
3254:
3044:
2529:
1742:
3149:
2944:
1363:
1359:
137:
3019:
2954:
2934:
815:
3159:
1004:
926:
106:
2522:
1203:
3540:
3515:
3495:
2929:
2377:
1381:
1193:
1168:
1100:
946:
285:
The carbonized remains of cultivated plants were recovered at Knoll Spring. Features 8 and 14 each yielded 7 kernels of
Eastern 8-row
3289:
3069:
2894:
1501:
1130:
1105:
1009:
662:
Cremin, William M. (1980). "The Schwerdt Site: A Fifteenth Century Fishing Station on the Lower Kalamazoo River, Southwest Michigan".
537:
3034:
1946:
1183:
3535:
3500:
3465:
3304:
3174:
3024:
2979:
2453:
1291:
1024:
261:
A few post molds were noted, but their presence was random and the excavators could not detect the outline of a house pattern.
3617:
3607:
3445:
3239:
3214:
3134:
2826:
2570:
1966:
1531:
916:
906:
198:
Surface collections took place from 1964 through 1967. Excavations took place in 1966 and results were published in 1971.
2283:
2035:
1911:
1674:
1486:
1034:
971:
951:
3450:
2999:
2314:
2293:
1852:
1812:
1596:
1218:
1173:
1080:
1049:
754:
Herold, Elaine Bluhm; O'Brien, Patricia J.; Wenner, David J. Jr. (1990). Brown, James A.; O'Brien, Patricia J. (eds.).
3545:
3314:
2899:
2884:
2758:
2246:
2220:
2045:
1981:
1931:
1256:
1223:
830:
3154:
2909:
1842:
1727:
1709:
1561:
1496:
3324:
1601:
931:
719:
Brown, James A. (1990). "Chapter 5: Ethnohistoric Connections". In Brown, James A.; O'Brien, Patricia J. (eds.).
1110:
3259:
3114:
3084:
2643:
2005:
1777:
1747:
1481:
602:
The Zimmerman Site, A Report on Investigations at the Grand Village of the Kaskaskia, LaSalle County, Illinois
427:
3550:
3284:
3274:
3234:
3109:
2841:
2776:
2463:
2273:
2153:
2100:
2050:
1961:
1636:
1631:
1591:
364:
artifacts – several fragments of marine shell were present, including one that was possibly used as a spoon.
1286:
507:
This combination of traits indicates that the Au Sagaunashke Component is intermediate in time between the
3219:
2939:
2786:
2729:
2663:
2648:
2446:
2128:
1694:
1426:
1178:
1163:
1090:
207:
3413:
3347:
3294:
3189:
2856:
2821:
2811:
2752:
1679:
1421:
1386:
1029:
819:
328:
171:
44:
40:
3089:
1241:
2984:
2836:
2708:
2493:
2416:
1611:
1446:
976:
921:
332:
270:
1085:
736:
The Fort Ancient Aspect: Its Cultural and Chronological Position in Mississippian Valley Archaeology
648:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers No. 49.
3475:
2771:
2698:
2673:
2638:
2618:
2421:
2382:
2329:
2080:
2030:
2015:
1951:
1936:
1889:
1651:
1541:
1371:
1271:
1158:
477:
469:
455:
448:
419:
239:
223:
214:, plant remains and animal bone (analysis of the animal bone was not included in the site report).
187:
2256:
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3099:
2959:
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2742:
2723:
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1926:
1879:
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1762:
1669:
1586:
1521:
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2678:
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only 1,015 sherds compared with 6,077 sherds from Huber and over 12,000 sherds from Hoxie Farm.
3586:
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2851:
2831:
2613:
2545:
2319:
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2215:
1956:
1921:
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1837:
1802:
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1737:
1719:
1684:
1626:
1576:
1536:
1451:
1246:
1208:
1153:
936:
899:
343:. Of the projectile points, the most numerous category was the small triangular Madison point.
324:
251:
781:
3530:
3367:
3319:
3269:
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3124:
3049:
3039:
3014:
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2351:
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1899:
1817:
1752:
1461:
1308:
1281:
1251:
1054:
1044:
444:
400:
250:. No plant remains were located at Knoll Spring, but at Griesmer the carbonized remains of
3423:
3377:
3129:
3074:
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2924:
2846:
2703:
2633:
2628:
2608:
2575:
2458:
2399:
2356:
2339:
2324:
2085:
2055:
1787:
1551:
1516:
1506:
1466:
1188:
1135:
1095:
1019:
981:
854:
814:
529:
524:
The Knoll Spring site assemblage resembles that of other Huber (Blue Island) sites in the
508:
501:
489:
485:
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2713:
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2431:
2426:
2361:
2143:
2010:
1857:
1581:
1431:
1406:
1396:
911:
269:
Two burials were present, and grave goods were included in each. Burial 1 had a stone
255:
3601:
3362:
3357:
3249:
3199:
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3179:
3169:
3164:
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2261:
2190:
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2105:
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2040:
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1827:
1822:
1792:
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1616:
1526:
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1391:
1328:
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1014:
961:
869:
340:
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231:
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3264:
3244:
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2974:
2889:
2874:
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2565:
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2288:
2251:
2120:
2020:
1971:
1874:
1832:
1606:
1571:
1436:
1411:
1338:
1323:
1313:
1301:
1213:
1198:
1115:
1070:
407:
336:
298:
496:. Only 16% of the Au Sagaunashke Component lips are unnotched, compared to 49% at
28:
3418:
3299:
3279:
3144:
3004:
2994:
2879:
2623:
2389:
2241:
2185:
2133:
1847:
1704:
1491:
1401:
1345:
1296:
1075:
966:
941:
894:
879:
604:. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Museum, Report on Investigations, No. 9.
545:
347:
294:
293:, indicating agriculture took place at the site. In addition, 13 fragments of
290:
175:
549:
have determined these objects were probably intrusive, later period artifacts.
451:. The top of the lip is either plain or decorated with fine to wide notching.
415:
Upper Mississippian Au Sagaunashke component (aka Huber or Blue Island) pottery
3455:
3352:
3224:
3139:
3054:
2964:
2514:
2138:
2090:
2060:
2000:
1807:
1566:
1376:
1318:
1276:
1266:
1120:
999:
533:
512:
497:
493:
481:
378:
79:
66:
3229:
3059:
2210:
2200:
2180:
2075:
1884:
1772:
1664:
1441:
1125:
1039:
646:
The Moccasin Bluff Site and the Woodland Cultures of Southwestern Michigan
431:
Reconstructed Upper Mississippian vessel from the Au Sagaunashke component
3428:
3392:
3342:
3204:
2989:
2436:
2404:
1621:
1546:
889:
884:
361:
254:
tubers were recovered and at Schwert and Elam, the carbonized remains of
247:
227:
179:
122:
52:
463:
Chronology of Au Sagaunashke component pottery within the Huber sequence
222:
A total of 33 features were identified at the site, of which 32 were of
3435:
2919:
2796:
2718:
2411:
2394:
2225:
2205:
1659:
1556:
874:
525:
436:
375:
317:
235:
211:
183:
48:
2781:
1992:
1862:
1511:
1416:
738:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology.
541:
393:
385:
371:
351:
274:
170:(11Ck-19), aka Au Sagaunashke village, is located in the Sag Valley,
3525:
2195:
1941:
1471:
1333:
426:
418:
389:
355:
302:
286:
3485:
397:
367:
2518:
785:
476:
In the Au Sagaunashke component assemblage, 18% of sherds are
454:
Of the Au Sagaunashke component pottery: 18% of the sherds had
630:(1). Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Historical Society: 1–222.
289:, and Features 11 and 14 together yielded 3 fragments of the
758:. Kampsville, Illinois: Center for American Archaeology.
723:. Kampsville, Illinois: Center for American Archaeology.
226:
affiliation. Some of the feature were classified as
186:. It is classified as a late prehistoric site with
3401:
3333:
2865:
2594:
2370:
2302:
2234:
2173:
2166:
2119:
1991:
1980:
1910:
1761:
1718:
1650:
1358:
1232:
1144:
1063:
990:
853:
844:
58:
35:
21:
258:tubers were recovered from similar roasting pits.
644:Bettarel, Robert Louis; Smith, Hale G. (1973).
536:and Anker. This cultural group was one of the
16:Archaeological site in Illinois, United States
2530:
797:
301:shell were recovered, as well as two seed of
8:
313:Artifacts recovered from the site included:
206:Excavations at the site yielded prehistoric
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
2537:
2523:
2515:
2170:
1988:
850:
804:
790:
782:
639:
637:
617:
615:
613:
611:
27:
18:
3045:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
749:
747:
745:
679:
677:
423:Pottery from the Au Sagaunashke component
144:
113:
657:
655:
443:Huber pottery is characterized by shell-
194:History of archaeological investigations
558:
686:Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology
346:Ground stone artifacts – including a
7:
323:Chipped stone artifacts – including
252:white water lily (Nymphaea tuberosa)
3516:Norse colonization of North America
273:, and Burial 2 was interred with a
820:Mississippian and related cultures
14:
3613:Archaeological sites in Illinois
813:
143:
136:
112:
105:
3536:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2454:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
734:Griffin, James Bennett (1943).
836:Timeline of Mississippi valley
775:Illinois Archaeological Survey
706:Illinois Archaeological Survey
587:Illinois Archaeological Survey
1:
2036:Grand Village of the Illinois
600:Brown, James A., ed. (1961).
384:Metal artifacts – included a
155:Show map of the United States
3501:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
3451:Eastern Agricultural Complex
1813:Grand Village of the Natchez
540:tribes first encountered by
246:and Elam sites in southwest
2885:Bandelier National Monument
2759:List of Mississippian sites
2546:Pre-Columbian North America
831:List of Mississippian sites
664:The Wisconsin Archaeologist
3634:
3305:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
2910:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
2619:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
624:Prehistory Research Series
435:Archaeologists often find
3574:
3546:Three Sisters agriculture
2552:
2481:
826:
480:, compared to only 1% at
350:, a ground stone ball, a
297:shell and 2 fragments of
152:Location in United States
99:
95:
26:
3085:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
2644:Buttermilk Creek complex
1748:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
202:Results of data analysis
3285:Town Creek Indian Mound
3255:Sierra de San Francisco
3110:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
2378:Ballgame (Southeastern)
2274:Long-nosed god maskette
2154:SunWatch Indian Village
2101:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
1962:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
528:Area, including Huber,
2940:Coso Rock Art District
2827:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
2730:List of Hopewell sites
2129:Alligator Effigy Mound
1743:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
1695:Leon-Jefferson culture
1091:Caborn-Welborn culture
708:. Bulletin 8: 244–246.
589:. Bulletin 8: 192–250.
432:
424:
3618:Cook County, Illinois
3608:Mississippian culture
3348:Arlington Springs Man
3190:Portsmouth Earthworks
858:and Upper Mississippi
777:(Bulletin 8): 192–250
430:
422:
80:41.75000°N 87.70000°W
3556:Transoceanic contact
3446:Container Revolution
3020:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2985:Etowah Indian Mounds
2417:Earth/fertility cult
2121:Fort Ancient culture
1005:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
991:Lower Ohio River and
977:Steed-Kisker culture
127:Show map of Illinois
3476:Green Corn Ceremony
3290:Turkey River Mounds
3080:Lake Jackson Mounds
2900:Blue Spring Shelter
2422:Green Corn Ceremony
1982:Upper Mississippian
1932:Blue Spring Shelter
1652:Fort Walton culture
1106:Hovey Lake District
224:Upper Mississippian
190:Huber affiliation.
188:Upper Mississippian
182:, near the city of
85:41.75000; -87.70000
76: /
39:in the Sag Valley,
3561:Underwater panther
3235:Rosenstock Village
3105:Marmes Rockshelter
3090:L'Anse aux Meadows
2504:de Soto Expedition
2469:Underwater panther
2315:Central Algonquian
2026:Fisher Mound Group
1670:Apalachee Province
1637:Waddells Mill Pond
433:
425:
3595:
3594:
3587:Pre-Columbian era
3388:Spirit Cave mummy
3185:Plum Bayou Mounds
3095:Lynch Quarry Site
2614:Ancient Beringian
2512:
2511:
2477:
2476:
2162:
2161:
1778:Atchafalaya Basin
1720:Pensacola culture
1685:Fort Walton Mound
1577:Punk Rock Shelter
1537:Mouse Creek phase
1360:South Appalachian
1354:
1353:
1233:Central and Lower
1174:Castalian Springs
1164:Brentwood Library
1064:Middle Ohio River
917:Emerald Acropolis
325:projectile points
168:Knoll Spring site
164:
163:
22:Knoll Spring Site
3625:
3531:Projectile point
3368:Leanderthal Lady
3295:Upward Sun River
3270:Stallings Island
3260:Shell ring sites
3210:Recapture Canyon
3125:Moorehead Circle
2970:El Fin del Mundo
2955:Cueva de la Olla
2761:
2748:Maritime Archaic
2732:
2562:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2516:
2279:Mill Creek chert
2269:Duck River cache
2171:
1989:
1753:Pensacola people
1547:Muscogee (Creek)
1387:Bell Field Mound
1101:Hovey Lake-Klein
1055:Wickliffe Mounds
1030:Rowlandton Mound
947:Lunsford-Pulcher
851:
818:
817:
806:
799:
792:
783:
778:
760:
759:
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739:
731:
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650:
649:
641:
632:
631:
619:
606:
605:
597:
591:
590:
582:
401:projectile point
234:in northwestern
210:, pit features,
156:
147:
146:
140:
128:
116:
115:
109:
91:
90:
88:
87:
86:
81:
77:
74:
73:
72:
69:
31:
19:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3582:Genetic history
3570:
3424:Ceremonial pipe
3397:
3378:Minnesota Woman
3335:
3329:
3150:Ocmulgee Mounds
3130:Morrison Mounds
3075:Kolomoki Mounds
3065:Kimball Village
2925:Candelaria Cave
2867:
2861:
2842:Suwannee Valley
2777:Old Cordilleran
2757:
2728:
2596:
2590:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2513:
2508:
2494:Clarksdale bell
2473:
2459:Stone box grave
2400:Ceremonial pipe
2366:
2325:Mobilian Jargon
2298:
2230:
2158:
2115:
1983:
1976:
1913:
1906:
1764:
1757:
1714:
1646:
1592:Rucker's Bottom
1382:Beaverdam Creek
1362:
1350:
1234:
1228:
1189:Hiwassee Island
1146:
1140:
1131:Welborn Village
1059:
1020:Millstone Bluff
993:Confluence area
992:
986:
982:Sugarloaf Mound
922:Emmons Cemetery
857:
855:American Bottom
846:
840:
822:
812:
810:
772:
769:
767:Further reading
764:
763:
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560:
555:
538:Native American
522:
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5:
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3513:
3508:
3506:Mound Builders
3503:
3498:
3493:
3491:Medicine wheel
3488:
3483:
3481:Horned Serpent
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3220:Roberts Island
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3155:Old Stone Fort
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3120:Moaning Cavern
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Kincaid Mounds
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2950:Cuarenta Casas
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2905:Bluefish Caves
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2866:Archaeological
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2664:Caloosahatchee
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Caborn-Welborn
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2595:Archaeological
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2499:Mound Builders
2496:
2491:
2486:
2485:Related topics
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2447:Village bundle
2439:
2434:
2432:Platform mound
2429:
2427:Horned Serpent
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2294:Stone statuary
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2144:Leo Petroglyph
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2081:Moccasin Bluff
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2031:Gentleman Farm
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:Carcajou Point
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1947:Caddoan Mounds
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1733:Dauphin Island
1730:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1407:Bussell Island
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1159:Beasley Mounds
1156:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1010:Kincaid Mounds
1007:
1002:
996:
994:
988:
987:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
927:Horseshoe Lake
924:
919:
914:
912:Dickson Mounds
909:
904:
903:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
872:
867:
861:
859:
848:
842:
841:
839:
838:
833:
827:
824:
823:
811:
809:
808:
801:
794:
786:
780:
779:
768:
765:
762:
761:
741:
726:
711:
695:
673:
651:
633:
607:
592:
557:
556:
554:
551:
544:explorers and
532:, Oak Forest,
521:
518:
464:
461:
416:
413:
412:
411:
404:
382:
365:
359:
344:
321:
310:
307:
282:
279:
266:
263:
256:American Lotus
240:Moccasin Bluff
219:
216:
203:
200:
195:
192:
162:
161:
151:
142:
141:
135:
134:
133:
132:
120:
111:
110:
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:
60:
56:
55:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3630:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Falcon dancer
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:Miscellaneous
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:Melbourne Man
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:La Brea Woman
3361:
3359:
3358:Kennewick Man
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3250:Serpent Mound
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Pueblo Bonito
3198:
3196:
3195:Poverty Point
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Pinson Mounds
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:Painted Bluff
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Horr's Island
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:Effigy Mounds
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Crystal River
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2857:Weeden Island
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Safety Harbor
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:Poverty Point
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Paleo-Indians
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:Mississippian
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2442:Sacred bundle
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2262:Wulfing cache
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2247:Copper plates
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Three Sisters
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:Little barley
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:Serpent Mound
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2111:Summer Island
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1914:Mississippian
1909:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1765:Mississippian
1760:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Corbin–Tucker
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:Roods Landing
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:Moccasin Bend
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:Hoojah Branch
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1364:Mississippian
1361:
1357:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Menard-Hodges
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1224:Swallow Bluff
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:Tennessee and
1143:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:Marshall Site
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
989:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
860:
856:
852:
849:
847:Mississippian
843:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
825:
821:
816:
807:
802:
800:
795:
793:
788:
787:
784:
776:
771:
770:
766:
757:
750:
748:
746:
742:
737:
730:
727:
722:
715:
712:
707:
699:
696:
691:
687:
680:
678:
674:
669:
665:
658:
656:
652:
647:
640:
638:
634:
629:
625:
618:
616:
614:
612:
608:
603:
596:
593:
588:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
559:
552:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
519:
517:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
484:and 23.5% at
483:
479:
474:
471:
462:
460:
457:
452:
450:
446:
441:
438:
429:
421:
414:
409:
405:
402:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
380:
377:
373:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:
338:
335:, knives and
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
316:
315:
314:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
281:Plant remains
280:
278:
276:
272:
264:
262:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:Griesmer site
229:
225:
217:
215:
213:
209:
201:
199:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
139:
124:
108:
98:
94:
89:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3566:Water glyphs
3521:Oasisamerica
3511:N.A.G.P.R.A.
3471:Folsom point
3461:Effigy mound
3441:Clovis point
3409:Aridoamerica
3310:Wickiup Hill
3265:Spiro Mounds
3245:Salmon Ruins
3240:Russell Cave
3035:Helen Blazes
3030:Grimes Point
3010:Fort Juelson
3000:Fort Ancient
2975:El Vallecito
2935:Chaco Canyon
2875:Angel Mounds
2837:Steed-Kisker
2787:Paleo-Arctic
2709:Glacial Kame
2694:Fort Ancient
2586:Post-Classic
2557:
2489:Chevron bead
2395:Burial mound
2289:Shell gorget
2257:Spiro plates
2252:Rogan plates
2071:Knoll Spring
2070:
2046:Hartley Fort
2006:Beattie Park
1890:Transylvania
1728:Bottle Creek
1690:Lake Jackson
1572:Pisgah phase
1502:Little Egypt
1452:Garden Creek
1437:Dallas phase
1324:Tipton phase
1302:Nodena phase
1199:Mound Bottom
1184:Fewkes Group
1169:Brick Church
1071:Angel Mounds
937:Kuhn Station
932:John Chapman
774:
755:
735:
729:
720:
714:
705:
698:
689:
685:
667:
663:
645:
627:
623:
601:
595:
586:
523:
520:Significance
506:
475:
466:
453:
442:
434:
374:artifacts –
312:
299:black walnut
284:
268:
260:
221:
205:
197:
167:
165:
121:Location in
3551:Thunderbird
3419:Black drink
3383:Peñon woman
3320:Winterville
3300:Velda Mound
3280:Taos Pueblo
3175:Parkin Park
3160:Orwell site
3145:Nodena site
3040:Holly Bluff
3015:Four Mounds
3005:Fort Center
2930:Casa Grande
2880:Anzick site
2772:Monongahela
2699:Fort Walton
2674:Coles Creek
2639:Belle Glade
2624:Anishinaabe
2464:Thunderbird
2390:Black drink
2242:Emmons mask
2186:Chenopodium
2174:Agriculture
2096:Plum Island
2051:Hotel Plaza
1900:Winterville
1880:Scott Place
1818:Holly Bluff
1738:Fort Walton
1492:Lamar phase
1346:Walls phase
1242:Belle Meade
1235:Mississippi
1179:Dunbar Cave
1081:Annis Mound
1076:Angel phase
1050:Ware Mounds
1045:Twin Mounds
895:Ramey state
880:Monks Mound
546:fur traders
500:and 20% at
492:and 45% at
449:cordmarking
354:and pitted
348:hammerstone
295:hickory nut
291:common bean
176:Cook County
172:Palos Hills
83: /
59:Coordinates
45:Cook County
41:Palos Hills
3602:Categories
3496:Metallurgy
3456:Eden point
3353:Buhl Woman
3225:Rock Eagle
3215:River Styx
3140:Mummy Cave
3135:Moundville
3115:Mesa Verde
3100:Marksville
2847:Tchefuncte
2807:Plaquemine
2743:Las Palmas
2659:Calf Creek
2654:Cades Pond
2201:Marshelder
2086:Oak Forest
2056:Hoxie Farm
1870:Pocahontas
1763:Plaquemine
1700:Letchworth
1632:Town Creek
1567:Park Mound
1532:Moundville
1517:Mandeville
1507:Long Swamp
1467:Jere Shine
1319:Quigualtam
1267:Chucalissa
1154:Backusburg
1147:Cumberland
1136:Yankeetown
1121:Slack Farm
1096:Ellerbusch
1000:Adams site
907:Cloverdale
670:: 280–292.
553:References
530:Hoxie Farm
509:Hoxie Farm
502:Hoxie Farm
490:Hoxie Farm
486:Hoxie Farm
478:cordmarked
470:cordmarked
456:cordmarked
277:ornament.
238:, and the
71:87°42′00″W
68:41°45′00″N
3541:Stickball
3230:Rock Hawk
3060:Key Marco
2852:Troyville
2832:St. Johns
2817:Red Ocher
2576:Formative
2330:Muskogean
2303:Languages
2216:Sunflower
2076:Mero site
2011:Blood Run
1665:Apalachee
1612:Summerour
1552:Nacoochee
1309:Owl Creek
1204:Riverview
1194:Link Farm
1086:Bone Bank
1040:Turk Site
1035:Towosahgy
900:Woodhenge
692:: 91–107.
309:Artifacts
228:fire pits
208:artifacts
3429:Chanunpa
3414:Ballgame
3393:Vero man
3343:Anzick-1
3315:Windover
3275:SunWatch
3205:Rassawek
3025:Glenwood
2915:Brewster
2767:Mogollon
2738:La Jolla
2724:Hopewell
2684:Deptford
2597:cultures
2437:Red Horn
2405:Chanunpa
2383:Northern
2371:Religion
2352:Timucuan
2320:Cherokee
2106:Schwerdt
2066:Juntunen
2041:Griesmer
1984:cultures
1937:Bluffton
1823:Jaketown
1788:Fitzhugh
1642:Wilbanks
1622:Tomotley
1597:Savannah
1562:Ocmulgee
1542:Mulberry
1477:Joe Bell
1397:Biltmore
1392:Bessemer
1257:Campbell
1219:Old Town
1025:Orr-Herl
962:Orendorf
957:Mitchell
890:Mound 72
885:Mound 34
870:Big Eddy
542:European
445:tempered
329:scrapers
248:Michigan
244:Schwerdt
218:Features
180:Illinois
123:Illinois
53:Illinois
36:Location
3578:Related
3436:Chunkey
3336:remains
3325:Wupatki
3165:Paquime
3055:Huápoca
2920:Cahokia
2890:Bastian
2797:Patayan
2719:Hohokam
2704:Fremont
2679:Comondú
2634:Baytown
2629:Avonlea
2609:Alachua
2581:Classic
2571:Archaic
2559:Periods
2412:Chunkey
2357:Tunican
2335:Natchez
2310:Caddoan
2284:Pottery
2235:Artwork
2226:Tobacco
2206:Pumpkin
2167:Culture
2021:Fifield
1952:Gahagan
1927:Belcher
1912:Caddoan
1895:Venable
1858:Natchez
1843:Mazique
1798:Fosters
1793:Flowery
1783:Emerald
1660:Anhaica
1617:Taskigi
1582:Rembert
1557:Nikwasi
1522:McMahan
1497:Liddell
1372:Adamson
1282:Janet's
1272:Denmark
1247:Boone's
1209:Sellars
1116:Prather
875:Cahokia
865:Aztalan
526:Chicago
437:pottery
392:strip,
376:scapula
337:punches
333:gravers
318:Pottery
265:Burials
236:Indiana
212:burials
184:Chicago
49:Chicago
2995:Folsom
2960:Cutler
2895:Benson
2782:Oneota
2714:Glades
2689:Folsom
2669:Clovis
2566:Lithic
2347:Siouan
2340:Taensa
2211:Squash
2134:Clover
1993:Oneota
1967:Keller
1957:Hughes
1922:Battle
1863:Taensa
1848:Medora
1838:Mangum
1833:Julice
1828:Jordan
1675:Cayson
1607:Sixtoe
1602:Shiloh
1512:Mabila
1447:Etowah
1427:Citico
1417:Chiaha
1412:Chauga
1329:Tunica
1314:Parkin
1297:Nodena
1292:Murphy
1262:Carson
1111:Murphy
967:Sleeth
952:McCune
942:Larson
845:Middle
396:tube,
394:copper
388:ball,
386:musket
372:antler
356:anvils
352:metate
275:copper
271:graver
3526:Piasa
3334:Human
2965:Eaker
2868:sites
2802:Plano
2604:Adena
2362:Yuchi
2196:Maize
2181:Beans
2139:Dodge
2091:Palos
2061:Huber
2001:Anker
1972:Spiro
1942:Caddo
1875:Routh
1808:Glass
1803:Ghost
1705:Velda
1627:Toqua
1487:Lamar
1472:Joara
1462:Irene
1432:Coosa
1422:Chota
1402:Blair
1377:Avery
1339:Yazoo
1334:Koroa
1277:Eaker
1214:Obion
972:Starr
534:Palos
513:Huber
498:Huber
494:Huber
482:Huber
406:Clay
390:brass
362:Shell
303:Carex
287:maize
174:, in
47:near
43:, in
3486:Kiva
1885:Sims
1853:Mott
1773:Anna
1482:King
1442:Dyar
1252:Boyd
1126:Tolu
511:and
408:pipe
398:iron
379:hoes
370:and
368:Bone
341:awls
305:sp.
166:The
2990:Eva
1710:Yon
3604::
744:^
688:.
676:^
668:61
666:.
654:^
636:^
626:.
610:^
561:^
504:.
331:,
327:,
242:,
178:,
51:,
2538:e
2531:t
2524:v
805:e
798:t
791:v
690:8
628:V
358:.
339:/
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