Knossos - Knowledge (XXG)

1724: 1304: 884: 1600:, rocks, vegetation, and marine life. The earliest imitated pottery motifs. Most have been reconstructed from various numbers of flakes fallen to the floor. Evans had various technicians and artists work on the project, some artists, some chemists, and restorers. The symmetry and use of templates made possible a degree of reconstruction beyond what was warranted by only the flakes. For example, if evidence of the use of a certain template existed scantily in one place, the motif could be supplied from the template found somewhere else. Like the contemporary murals in the funerary art of the Egyptians, certain conventions were used that also assisted prediction. For example, male figures are shown with darker or redder skin than female figures. 1130:, the basis for the name of the Greek sea (the Aegean Sea), sailed to Crete, where he was forced to fight a terrible creature called the Minotaur. The Minotaur was a half man, half bull, and was kept in the Labyrinth – a building like a maze – by King Minos, the ruler of Crete. The king's daughter, Ariadne, fell in love with Theseus. Before he entered the Labyrinth to fight the Minotaur, Ariadne gave him a ball of thread which he unwound as he went into the Labyrinth so that he could find his way back by following it. Theseus killed the Minotaur, and then he and Ariadne fled from Crete, escaping her angry father. 797:

brightened by light-wells and columns of wood, many fluted, were used to lend both support and dignity. The chambers and corridors were decorated with frescoes showing scenes from everyday life and scenes of processions. Warfare is conspicuously absent. The fashions of the time may be seen in depictions of women in various poses. They had elaborately dressed hair and wore long dresses with flounced skirts and puffed sleeves. Their bodices were tightly drawn in round their waists and their breasts were exposed.

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strong Minoan connections with Rhodes, Miletus, and Samos. Cretan influence may be seen in the earliest scripts found in Cyprus. The main market for Cretan wares was the Cyclades where there was a demand for pottery, especially the stone vases. It is not known whether the islands were subject to Crete or just trading partners, but there certainly was strong Cretan influence.

743:. These palaces, which were to set the pattern of organisation in Crete and Greece through the second millennium, were a sharp break from the Neolithic village system that had prevailed thus far. The building of the palaces implies greater wealth and a concentration of authority, both political and religious. It is suggested that they followed eastern models such as those at 1359: 1351: 2947:. Vol. IV Part II: Camp-stool Fresco, long-robed priests and beneficent genii, Chryselephantine Boy-God and ritual hair-offering, Intaglio Types, M.M. III – L. M. II, late hoards of sealings, deposits of inscribed tablets and the palace stores, Linear Script B and its mainland extension, Closing Palatial Phase, Room of Throne and final catastrophe. 1647:

The room was accessed from an anteroom through double doors. The anteroom was connected to the central court, which was four steps up through four doors. The anteroom had gypsum benches also, with carbonized remains between two of them thought possibly to be a wooden throne. Both rooms are located in

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The prosperity of Knossos was primarily based upon the development of native Cretan resources such as oil, wine, and wool. Another factor was the expansion of trade, evidenced by Minoan pottery found in Egypt, Syria, Anatolia, Rhodes, the Cyclades, Sicily, and mainland Greece. There seem to have been

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contained eight rooms and covered 50 m (540 sq ft). The walls were at right angles. The door was centered. Large stones were used for support under points of greater stress. The fact that distinct sleeping cubicles for individuals was not the custom suggests storage units of some sort.

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of stone, either field stone or recycled stone artifacts. The inner walls were lined with mud-plaster. The roofs were flat, composed of mud over branches. The residents dug hearths at various locations in the center of the main room. This village had an unusual feature: one house under the West Court

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Around 1350 BC, the palace was destroyed and not rebuilt. The building was ravaged by a fire which triggered the collapse of the upper stories. It is not known whether this final destruction was intentional or the result of a natural disaster such as an earthquake. While parts of the palace may have

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The palace of Knossos was by far the largest, covering three acres with its main building alone and five acres when separate out-buildings are considered. It had a monumental staircase leading to state rooms on an upper floor. A ritual cult centre was on the ground floor. The palace stores occupied

779:) marks the height of Minoan prosperity. All the palaces had large central courtyards which may have been used for public ceremonies and spectacles. Living quarters, storage rooms and administrative centres were positioned around the court and there were also working quarters for skilled craftsmen. 514:

and other raised features (cabinets, beds) occupied the perimeter. Under the palace was the Great House, a 100 m (1,100 sq ft) area stone house divided into five rooms with meter-thick walls suggesting a second story was present. The presence of the house, which is unlikely to have

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As the hill was periodically drenched by torrential rains, a runoff system was a necessity. It began with channels in the flat surfaces, which were zigzag and contained catchment basins to control the water velocity. Probably the upper system was open. Manholes provided access to parts that were

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The palace had extensive storage magazines which were used for agricultural commodities as well as tableware. Enormous sets of high quality tableware were stored in the palaces, often produced elsewhere in Crete. Pottery at Knossos is prolific, heavily-decorated and uniquely-styled by period. In

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Building techniques at Knossos were typical. The foundations and lower course were stonework with the whole built on a timber framework of beams and pillars. The main structure was built of large, unbaked bricks. The roof was flat with a thick layer of clay over brushwood. Internal rooms were

793:. The palace had bathrooms, toilets, and a drainage system. A theatre was found at Knossos that would have held 400 spectators (an earlier one has been found at Phaestos). The orchestral area was rectangular, unlike later Athenian models, and they were probably used for religious dances. 1294:

The palace at Knossos was continuously renovated and modified throughout its existence. The currently visible palace is an accumulation of features from various periods, alongside modern reconstructions which are often inaccurate. Thus, the palace was never exactly as it appears today.

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The palace at Knossos was a place of high color, as were Greek buildings in the classical period, and as are Greek buildings today. In the EM Period, the walls and pavements were coated with a pale red derived from red ochre. In addition to the background coloring, the walls displayed

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adjoining the bathroom. This toilet was a seat over a drain that was flushed by pouring water from a jug. The bathtub located in the adjoining bathroom similarly had to be filled by someone heating, carrying, and pouring water, and must have been drained by overturning into a

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Additional speculation is, since the indentation of the seat seems to be shaped for a woman's buttocks, that the throne was made specifically for a female individual. Also, the extensive use of curved edges and the crescent moon carved at its base both symbolize femininity.

1145:: its presence on an object would prevent it from being "killed". Axes were scratched on many of the stones of the palace. It appears in pottery decoration and is a motif of the Shrine of the Double Axes at the palace, as well as of many shrines throughout Crete and the 2803:. Vol. I: The Hieroglyphic and Primitive Linear Classes: with an account of the discovery of the pre-Phoenician scripts, their place in the Minoan story and their Mediterranean relatives: with plates, tables and figures in the text. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2936:. Vol. IV Part I: Emergence of outer western enceinte, with new illustrations, artistic and religious, of the Middle Minoan Phase, Chryselephantine "Lady of Sports", "Snake Room" and full story of the cult Late Minoan ceramic evolution and "Palace Style". 482:

huts, kept animals, grew crops, and, in the event of tragedy, buried their children under the floor. Remains from this period are concentrated in the area which would later become the central court of the palace, suggesting continuity in ritual activity.

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Like other Minoan palaces, Knossos was arranged around a rectangular central court. This court was twice as long north-south as it was east-west, an orientation that would have maximized sunlight, and positioned important rooms towards the rising sun.

510:(5000–4000 BC), housed 500–1000 people in more substantial and presumably more family-private homes. Construction was the same, except the windows and doors were timbered, a fixed, raised hearth occupied the center of the main room, and 804:

Around 1450 BC, the palaces at Malia, Phaestos, and Zakros were destroyed, leaving Knossos as the sole surviving palace on Crete. In this final period, Knossos seems to have been influenced or perhaps ruled by people from the mainland.

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would have taken place in the courts, though others have argued that the paving would not have been optimal for the animals or the people, and that the restricted access points would have kept the spectacle too far out of public view.

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also present. From the layering of the palace, Evans developed an archaeological concept of the civilization that used it, which he called Minoan, following the pre-existing custom of labelling all objects from the location Minoan.

1376:, which would have provided drinking water to the ancient inhabitants. Looming over the right bank of the Vlychia, on the opposite shore from Knossos, is Gypsades Hill, on whose eastern side the Minoans quarried their gypsum. 433:, this building served as a combination religious and administrative center rather than a royal residence. The earliest parts of the palace were built around 1900 BC in an area that had been used for ritual feasting since the 1386:

The Royal Road is the last vestige of a Minoan road that connected the port to the palace complex. Today a modern road, Leoforos Knosou, built over or replacing the ancient roadway, serves that function and continues south.

1007:, elevation 85 m (279 ft) from current sea level. Many of them were inscribed with Knosion or Knos on the obverse and an image of a Minotaur or Labyrinth on the reverse. The coins came from the Roman settlement of 1122:) on the massive walls partly uncovered by Kalokairinos, first associated the complex with the labyrinth of legend, calling the ruins "labyrinthine." Evans agreed with Stillman. The myth of the Minotaur tells that 1603:

Some archaeological authors have objected that Evans and his restorers were not discovering the palace and civilization as it was, but were creating a modern artifact based on contemporary art and architecture.

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tablets. While Evans is often credited for discovering the Minoan Civilization, his work is controversial in particular for his inaccurate and irreversible reconstructions of architectural remains at the site.

1577:, entirely of red. In the subsequent MM Period, with the development of the art, white and black were added, and then blue, green, and yellow. The pigments were derived from natural materials, such as ground 1303: 498:(6000–5000 BC), a village of 200–600 persons occupied most of the area of the later palace and the slopes to the north and west. Residents lived in one- or two-room square houses of mud-brick walls set on 4605: 1237:

Since their discovery, the ruins have been the centre of excavation, tourism, and occupation as a headquarters by governments warring over the control of the eastern Mediterranean in two world wars.

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would have held court in this room, as they came to power in Knossos at about 1,450. The "lustral basin" and the location of the room in a sanctuary complex cannot be ignored; hence, "priest-king".

2900:. Vol. II Part I: Fresh lights on origins and external relations: the restoration in town and palace after seismic catastrophe towards close of M. M. III and the beginnings of the New Era. 1003:

The identification of Knossos with the Bronze Age site is supported by the Roman coins that were scattered over the fields surrounding the pre-excavation site, then a large mound named

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aid, this time they managed to liberate Crete from the Macedonian influence. With Roman aid, Knossos became once more the first city of Crete, but, in 67 BC, the Roman Senate chose

2925:. Vol. III: The great transitional age in the northern and eastern sections of the Palace: the most brilliant record of Minoan art and the evidences of an advanced religion. 789:

that were large storage jars up to five feet tall. They were mainly used for storage of oil, wool, wine, and grain. Smaller and more valuable objects were stored in lead-lined

1814:, p. 5, an official guide book in use in past years, gives the dimensions of the palace as 150 m (490 ft) square, about 20,000 m (220,000 sq ft). 1522:), the Minoan columns are smaller at the bottom and wider at the top, a result of inverting the cypress trunk to prevent sprouting once in place. The columns at the Palace of 894:

After the Bronze Age, the town of Knossos continued to be occupied. By 1000 BC, it had reemerged as one of the most important centers of Crete. The city had two ports, one at

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Reception courtyard in the palace of Knossos, the royal family would entertain guests here, members of the court would stand on the tiered platforms in the background

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river, in the valley in which Kephala is located. The aqueduct branched to the palace and to the town. Water was distributed at the palace by gravity feed through

2971:. Vol. II: The Archives of Knossos: clay tablets inscribed in linear script B: edited from notes, and supplemented by John L. Myres. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1180:

accepted the tradition and added that Minos cleared the sea of pirates, increased the flow of trade and colonised many Aegean islands. Other literature describes

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As far as is currently known, it was William Stillman, the American consul who published Kalokairinos' discoveries, who, seeing the sign of the double axe (

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been used for later ceremonies and the town of Knossos saw a resurgence around 1200 BC, the building and its associated institutions were never restored.

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Whitelaw, Todd (2000). "Beyond the palace: A century of investigation at Europe's oldest city". Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies: 223, 226.

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tree, which is common to the Mediterranean. While Greek columns are smaller at the top and wider at the bottom to create the illusion of greater height (

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The prehistoric tombs of Knossos: I. The cemetery of Zapher Papoura, with a comparative note on a chamber-tomb at Milatos. II. The Royal Tomb at Isopata

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were not able to unify the warring city states. In the third century BC Knossos expanded its power to dominate almost the entire island, but during the

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The Palace of Minos (PM): a comparative account of the successive stages of the early Cretan civilization as illustrated by the discoveries at Knossos

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An early destruction in the Mycenaean palace at Knossos: a new interpretation of the excavation field-notes of the south-east area of the west wing

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The palace had at least three separate water-management systems: one for supply, one for drainage of runoff, and one for drainage of waste water.

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The 6 acres (24,000 m) of the palace included a theater, a main entrance on each of its four cardinal faces, and extensive storerooms.

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arrangement" of the griffins, meaning that they are more formal and monumental than previous Minoan decorative styles. In this theory, the

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been a private residence like the others, suggests a communal or public use; i.e., it may have been the predecessor of a palace. In the

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or Final Neolithic (two different but overlapping classification systems, around 4000–3000 BC), the population increased dramatically.

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View to the south, the hill in the background is Gypsades, between it and Knossos is the Vlychia and the South Entrance is on the left

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The central court is believed to have been used for rituals and festivals. One of these festivals is believed to be depicted in the

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Bowl with fork handles, pottery. Knossos, Early Neolithic, 6500–5800 BC. Also a ladle, and a three-legged vessel from later periods

1514:. Unlike the stone columns that are characteristic of Greek architecture, the Minoan column was constructed from the trunk of a 4127: 4117: 3712: 3674: 3669: 3597: 2851:"The 'Tomb of the Double Axes' and Associated Group, and the Pillar Rooms and Ritual Vessels of the 'Little Palace' at Knossos" 1655:

couchant (lying down) facing the throne, one on either side. Griffins were important mythological creatures, also appearing on

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Essai de classification des Époques de la civilization minoenne: résumé d'un discours fait au Congrès d'Archéologie à Athènes

2135: 1243:(no relation to Arthur Evans) undertook further excavations in pits and trenches over the palace, focusing on the Neolithic. 453: 437:. The palace was continually renovated and expanded over the next five centuries until its final destruction around 1350 BC. 4550: 4540: 4203: 1669:

The seat of a priest-king or a queen. This is the older theory, originating with Evans. In that regard Matz speaks of the "

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with the motif in relief; indoor, on fresh, pure plaster, softer than the plaster with additives ordinarily used on walls.

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undertook more extensive excavations which unearthed most of the palace as well as many now-famous artifacts including the

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pipes to fountains and spigots. The pipes were tapered at one end to make a pressure fit, with rope for sealing. Unlike

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Sweetman, Rebecca J. (10 June 2011). "Roman Knossos: Discovering the City through the Evidence of Rescue Excavations".

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in the Greek sense. It had no steep heights, remained unfortified, and was not very high off the surrounding ground.

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continued to call themselves bishops of Knossos until the nineteenth century. The diocese was abolished in 1831.

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Its size far exceeded his original expectations, as did the discovery of two ancient scripts, which he termed

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Scripta Minoa: The Written Documents of Minoan Crete: with special reference to the archives of Knossos

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Scripta Minoa: The Written Documents of Minoan Crete: with Special Reference to the Archives of Knossos

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Total inhabited area: 10 km (3.9 sq mi). Palace: 14,000 m (150,000 sq ft)

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Begg, D.J. Ian (2004), "An Archaeology of Palatial Mason's Marks on Crete", in Chapin, Ann P. (ed.),

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in the early 20th century, and Evans' residence at the site served as a military headquarters during

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or by bailing. This toilet and bathtub were exceptional structures within the 1,300-room complex.

1000:, was situated within the vicinity of the palace, but only a small part of it has been excavated. 486: 4630: 4081: 3835: 3633: 3592: 3562: 3340: 2837: 2829: 2747: 2739: 2499: 2077: 1593: 1214:, who excavated parts of the West Wing in the winter of 1878-1879. The British archaeologist Sir 1211: 1137:, whatever its etymology, with ancient Crete. The sign of the double axe was used throughout the 441: 215: 27: 1218:(1851–1941) and his team began long-term evacuations from 1900 to 1913, and from 1922 to 1930. 4577: 4506: 4369: 4300: 3963: 3906: 3855: 3787: 3577: 3345: 3201: 3075: 3052: 3048: 2981: 2686: 2617: 2530: 2526: 2377: 2373: 2341: 2337: 2290: 2250: 2153: 2131: 1829: 1623: 1414: 1251: 1240: 946: 536: 243: 1421:

is largely based on pottery styles and is thus used to assign dates to layers of the palace.

1056:, the name Knossos is used only for the archaeological site. It was extensively excavated by 4600: 4496: 4471: 4466: 4446: 4244: 4168: 3998: 3845: 3830: 3825: 3807: 3231: 3044: 2862: 2821: 2731: 2522: 2489: 2369: 2333: 2069: 1990: 1674: 1498:

Due to its placement on the hill, the palace received sea breezes during the summer. It had

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During the ninth century AD the local population shifted to the new town of Chandax (modern

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A room reserved for the epiphany of a goddess, who would have sat in the throne, either in

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The Palace at Knossos was organized around an open central court, labeled (1) in this map.

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View to the east from the northwest corner, in the foreground is the west wall of the

731:, in the early part of the Middle Minoan period, at Knossos and other sites including 4594: 4530: 4479: 4361: 4295: 4290: 4285: 3993: 3873: 3815: 3772: 3638: 3602: 3582: 3567: 3532: 3381: 3068: 2920: 2841: 2751: 2637:, Volume 72 of Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, 1988, the University of Michigan 2081: 1959: 1780: 1656: 1640: 1510:

The palace also includes the Minoan column, a structure notably different from Greek

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Some links to photographs of parts of the water-collection-management system follow.

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The North Entrance, shown before and after Evans's controversial reconstruction work.

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The prehistory of Asia Minor: from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies

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became the administrative language and the material culture shows parallels with

768:, they had been rebuilt on a grander scale and the period of the second palaces ( 4383: 4374: 4310: 4188: 4091: 3542: 3462: 3437: 2996:

The People of Knossos: prosopographical studies in the Knossos Linear B archives

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From Minoan farmers to Roman traders: sidelights on the economy of ancient Crete

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were plastered, painted red and mounted on stone bases with round, pillow-like

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Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age

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Architecture of Minoan Crete: constructing identity in the Aegean Bronze Age

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Architecture of Minoan Crete: constructing identity in the Aegean Bronze Age

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Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age

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Architecture of Minoan Crete: constructing identity in the Aegean Bronze Age

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Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age

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benches. On the south side of the throne room there is a feature called a

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The early palaces were destroyed during Middle Minoan II, sometime before

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Knossos and the Herakleion Museum: Brief Illustrated Archaeological Guide

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styles, for instance in the architecture of tombs and styles of pottery.

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The throne from which the room was named, not the only throne at Knossos

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Though it was surrounded by the town of Knossos, this hill was never an

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appears to show a ceremony taking place in the Central Court at Knossos.

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Hitchcock, Louise (2012). "Minoan Architecture". In Cline, Eric (ed.).

1519: 1515: 1499: 1467: 1463: 1452: 1444: 1367: 1123: 1110: 1028: 1020: 1004: 958: 895: 411: 3151: 3104:"Beyond the palace:A century of investigation at Europe's oldest city" 2833: 2743: 1157:-ri-to-jo po-ti-ni-ja, which probably represents the Mycenaean Greek, 4331: 4101: 4041: 3947: 3927: 3416: 3335: 3325: 3269: 2704:. Translated by Doumas, Alexandra. Athens: Hannibal Publishing House. 2494: 1978: 1681: 1635: 1631: 1597: 1582: 1570: 1511: 1406: 1127: 1126:, a prince from Athens, whose father was an ancient Greek king named 1118: 1083: 1040: 981: 977: 972:, the Knossians were once more among Philip's opponents and, through 930: 926: 918: 906: 785: 744: 740: 2469: 4415: 3103: 2825: 2735: 724:

It is believed that the first Cretan palaces were built soon after

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North central coast, 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Heraklion

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A handbook to the palace of Minos at Knossos with its dependencies

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Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth

2720:"Primitive Pictographs and Script from Crete and the Peloponnese" 1064:. Knossos is now situated in the expanding suburbs of Heraklion. 26:"Knossos palace" redirects here. For the Minoan Lines ferry, see 4071: 941:

influence, but despite considerable military efforts during the

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As it turns out, there probably was an association of the word

1113:. The name "Knossos" was subsequently adopted by Arthur Evans. 937:

against the Knossians. In Hellenistic times Knossos came under

2889:. Vol. I: The Neolithic and Early and Middle Minoan Ages. 1466:

contained an example of the first known water-flushing system

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Sanitation drainage was through a closed system leading to a

1443:, about 10 km away. Springs there are the source of the 2792:. Archaeologia 59 (1905) pages 391–562. London: B. Quaritch. 1965:

Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Crete and the Aegean Islands

1634:" built into the north wall. On three sides of the room are 1486:

Runoff system. Sloped channels lead from a catchment basin.

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MacDonald, Colin (2012). "Knossos". In Cline, Eric (ed.).

3006:. Lost Cities of the Ancient World. London: Folio Society. 320: 2552:. minoancrete.com, Ian Swindale. Retrieved on 2013-05-12. 1648:

the ceremonial complex on the west of the central court.

1618:

The centerpiece of the "Minoan" palace was the so-called

1489:

Runoff system. Note the zig-zags and the catchment basin.

3690: 3074:. New York: Hill and Wang (Farrar, Straus and Giroux). 1164:

Knossos appears in other later legends and literature.

1662:

The actual use of the room and the throne is unclear.

1651:

The throne is flanked by the Griffin Fresco, with two

1588:

The decorative motifs were generally bordered scenes:

261:

23rd Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities

158:

Settlement around 7000 BC; first palace around 1900 BC

4606:

Populated places established in the 7th millennium BC

2364:

Lupack, Susan (2012). "Crete". In Cline, Eric (ed.).

383: 341: 335: 329: 323: 317: 305: 16:

Bronze Age archaeological site on the island of Crete

2663:, Volume 1 (Prentice Hall. New Jersey, 1998), 64–70. 2517:

Schoep, Ilse (2012). "Crete". In Cline, Eric (ed.).

2401:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 84–85. 2323: 2321: 2274:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 12–17. 1892:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 12–17. 1877:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 126. 1105:, a very large maze in which to retain his son, the 4349: 4319: 4263: 4212: 4146: 4110: 4019: 4012: 3956: 3915: 3806: 3728: 3657: 3616: 3495: 3430: 3364: 3283: 3247: 3240: 3189: 2810:"The Minoan and Mycenaean Element in Hellenic Life" 2661:

Arts and Culture: An introduction to the Humanities

953:in 220 BC it was checked by a coalition led by the 783:sixteen rooms, the main feature in these being the 314: 273: 265: 257: 249: 211: 203: 198: 184: 170: 162: 154: 149: 141: 131: 94: 86: 71: 3067: 2603:, Chapter Four: The Concrete Labyrinth: 1914–1935. 2359: 2357: 2152:. Manchester University Press. pp. 94, 104. 2314:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 79. 2234:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 50. 1808:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 50. 1109:. Daedalus also built a dancing floor for Queen 2055: 2053: 1172:, the legendary king of Knossos, established a 166:Palace abandoned Late Minoan IIIC, 1380–1100 BC 3108:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 2761:"Minoan Civilization at the Palace of Knosses" 2249:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–26. 1039:, 14 km to the southwest. The bishops of 474:Knossos was settled around 7000 BC during the 4431: 3706: 3167: 3043:. Oxford University Press. pp. 529–542. 2521:. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–125. 2424:(3). Athena Publications, Inc. Archived from 2368:. Oxford University Press. pp. 251–262. 2332:. Oxford University Press. pp. 189–199. 1758:(fifth century BC), expatriate Olympic runner 1752:(sixth century BC), seer and philosopher-poet 984:as the capital of the newly created province 913:in Italy. In 343 BC, Knossos was allied with 8: 3041:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean 2980:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 2685:(Fourth ed.). London: MacMillan Press. 2519:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean 2366:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean 2330:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean 2285:Preziosi, Donald; Hitchcock, Louise (1999). 1828:. Bristol Classical Press. pp. 71, 50. 35: 2653:ΧΑΡΙΣ: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr 2289:. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–93. 4438: 4424: 4416: 4016: 3713: 3699: 3691: 3244: 3174: 3160: 3152: 2670:(New York, Barnes and Noble, 1998), 30–35. 2659:Benton, Janetta Rebold and Robert DiYanni. 2217: 2148:Oliver Rackham and Jennifer Moody (1996). 2062:The Annual of the British School at Athens 1946: 1934: 1922: 1907: 1455:, no hidden springs have been discovered. 1188:attributes to him the tradition of Cretan 540: 406:and is known for its association with the 48: 34: 4138:St. Mark Basilica (Museum of Visual Arts) 2958:. Vol. Index to the Palace of Minos. 2564:. Dartmouth.edu. Retrieved on 2012-01-02. 2493: 2203:Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John (1973). 1860: 1740:(first century BC), sceptical philosopher 1435:brought fresh water to Kephala hill from 871:Learn how and when to remove this message 2781:(Revised ed.). London: B. Quaritch. 1968:. Order of the Trustees. pp. xxxiv. 1302: 1285: 1229:, to distinguish their writing from the 287:Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism 3066:MacGillivray, Joseph Alexander (2000). 3049:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0040 2655:, Hesperia Supplement 33, pp. 1–28 2527:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0008 2374:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0019 2338:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0014 2111:. Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 280–282. 1856: 1854: 1811: 1796: 1717:The throne room prior to reconstruction 1695: 1581:. Outdoor panels were painted on fresh 1184:as the mythological lawgiver of Crete. 425:Knossos is dominated by the monumental 253:Restored and maintained for visitation. 19:For the modern history of Knossos, see 2450: 2439: 2122: 2120: 2118: 1918: 1916: 1665:The two main theories are as follows: 1210:The site of Knossos was identified by 851:Please improve this section by adding 3133:"Minoan Crete website: Knossos Pages" 2978:Knossos and the Prophets of Modernism 2588: 2190: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1097:dwelt in a palace at Knossos. He had 402:. The site was a major center of the 373: 7: 2600: 2470:"The Mycenaean Discoveries in Crete" 2094: 1323:. Some scholars have suggested that 996:. The colony, which was built using 909:the Knossians colonized the city of 905:According to the ancient geographer 418:. It is located on the outskirts of 1630:seat which Evans referred to as a " 4204:St. Peter of Dominicans, Heraklion 3573:Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Dab'a 3145:Odyssey: Adventures in Archaeology 3124:"Knossos Tourist Information Page" 2150:The Making of the Cretan Landscape 1770:(mythical), father of the Minotaur 14: 4646:Populated places in ancient Crete 4626:Former populated places in Greece 2616:Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2010, 2614:The Art of Crete and Early Greece 2414:"The Palaces of Minos at Knossos" 1462:apart from the hill. The queen's 925:against their enemy, the city of 4616:Aegean palaces of the Bronze Age 4472:Classical and Hellenistic period 3831:Classical and Hellenistic period 3089:Pendlebury, JDS; Evans, Arthur ( 3013:"The Palace of Minos at Knossos" 2635:Minoan Religion as Ritual Action 1722: 1710: 1698: 1622:or Little Throne Room, dated to 1259: 1250: 1153:on Knossos Tablet Gg702 as da-pu 829: 440:The site was first excavated by 301: 60: 4611:1878 archaeological discoveries 4128:Heraklion Archaeological Museum 4118:Archaeological Museum of Chania 3675:Archaeological Museum of Chania 3670:Heraklion Archaeological Museum 3598:Papoura Hill Circular Structure 2814:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 2724:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 1554:Heraklion Archaeological Museum 1552:Bull-leaping fresco now in the 968:Twenty years later, during the 929:. The Lyttians appealed to the 887:A coin of Knossos, depicting a 4651:Neolithic settlements in Crete 3680:Archaeological Museum of Sitia 2468:Hall, HR (November 20, 1902). 1405:A storage magazine with giant 1192:and common meals in Book I of 1: 3147:. odysseyadventures.ca. 2012. 2247:Minoan Crete: An Introduction 1746:(sixth century BC), architect 1688:rather than a heraldic motif. 1149:. And finally, it appears in 1009:Colonia Julia Nobilis Cnossus 988:. In 36 BC, Knossos became a 853:secondary or tertiary sources 769: 762: 755: 725: 3588:Minoan Moulds of Palaikastro 2412:Macdonald, Colin F. (2003). 2205:Documents in Mycenaean Greek 1035:, the see of Knossos was in 365: 54:Reconstructed North Entrance 2994:Landenius Enegren, Hedvig. 2878:. London: MacMillan and Co. 2718:Evans, Arthur John (1894). 2579:, Modern Antiquarian (2007) 2128:The Ecumenical Patriarchate 2107:Chaniotis, Angelos (1999). 1764:(6th century BC), architect 4669: 2245:Watrous, L. Vance (2021). 1611: 1537: 1394: 1279: 1203: 1071: 821:Classical and Roman period 526: 384: 354: 25: 18: 4457: 3879:Greek War of Independence 3002:MacDonald, Colin (2005). 2867:10.1017/s0261340900010833 2775:—— (1906A) . 2644:General and cited sources 2397:McEnroe, John C. (2010). 2230:McEnroe, John C. (2010). 2074:10.1017/S0068245400000459 1826:Linear B: An Introduction 1804:McEnroe, John C. (2010). 1093:In Greek mythology, King 1019:In 325, Knossos became a 681: 642: 615: 564: 549: 59: 47: 40: 4199:St. Catherine, Heraklion 4184:Küçük Hasan Pasha Mosque 4133:Nautical Museum of Crete 3513:Hagia Triada Sarcophagus 2941:—— (1935B). 2930:—— (1935A). 2905:—— (1928B). 2894:—— (1928A). 2786:—— (1906B). 2700:Davaras, Costos (1957). 2310:McEnroe, John C (2010). 2270:McEnroe, John C (2010). 1888:McEnroe, John C (2010). 1873:Düring, Bleda S (2011). 1366:The palace was built on 1206:Knossos (modern history) 998:Roman-style architecture 751:on the upper Euphrates. 747:on the Syrian coast and 280:British School at Athens 21:Knossos (modern history) 4541:Great Cretan Revolution 4502:Second Byzantine period 3851:Second Byzantine period 3608:Wall Paintings of Thera 3523:Snake goddess figurines 3141:"The Palace of Knossos" 3102:Whitelaw, Todd (2000). 3011:—— (2003). 2965:—— (1952). 2919:—— (1930). 2883:—— (1921). 2849:—— (1914). 2808:—— (1912). 2797:—— (1909). 2759:—— (1901). 970:Cretan War (205–200 BC) 454:snake goddess figurines 4492:First Byzantine period 4164:Agios Titos, Heraklion 3841:First Byzantine period 3528:La Parisienne (fresco) 2709:Driessen, Jan (1990). 2218:Bury & Meiggs 1975 2022:Theocharis Detorakis, 1947:Bury & Meiggs 1975 1935:Bury & Meiggs 1975 1923:Bury & Meiggs 1975 1908:Bury & Meiggs 1975 1824:Hooker, J. T. (1991). 1626:. This chamber has an 1565: 1557: 1540:List of Aegean frescos 1409: 1363: 1355: 1347: 1312: 1291: 1090: 917:. The city employed a 891: 840:relies excessively on 506:The settlement of the 491: 4636:Minoan sites in Crete 4512:Revolt of Saint Titus 4159:Agios Minas Cathedral 4154:Agia Triada Monastery 3861:Revolt of Saint Titus 3783:Eleftherios Venizelos 3518:Horns of Consecration 3508:Akrotiri Boxer Fresco 1563: 1551: 1404: 1361: 1353: 1342: 1306: 1289: 1280:Further information: 1081: 1054:In its modern history 994:Colonia Iulia Nobilis 886: 489: 476:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 204:Excavation dates 116:35.29806°N 25.16306°E 4357:Cretan Greek dialect 4230:Fortezza of Rethymno 4179:Gouverneto Monastery 4174:Assumption Cathedral 3538:Prince of the Lilies 3496:Art and Architecture 2976:Gere, Cathy (2009). 2952:Evans, Joan (1936). 1614:Throne Room, Knossos 1159:Daburinthoio potniai 933:who sent their king 915:Philip II of Macedon 224:David George Hogarth 4641:Minoan civilization 4485:Crete and Cyrenaica 3984:Kourtaliotiko Gorge 3778:Dimitrios Kallergis 3758:Vitsentzos Kornaros 3753:Georgios Chortatzis 3183:Minoan civilization 3023:(3). Archived from 2683:A History of Greece 2591:, pp. 532–536. 2486:1902Natur..67...57H 2126:Demetrius Kiminas, 1756:Ergoteles of Himera 1594:legendary creatures 1419:relative chronology 1023:, suffragan of the 543: 529:Minoan civilization 450:Bull-Leaping Fresco 404:Minoan civilization 396:archaeological site 112: / 37: 4621:Cretan city-states 3836:Creta et Cyrenaica 3644:Arkalochori script 3634:Cretan hieroglyphs 3593:Minoan Bull-leaper 3563:Knossos board game 2668:Lost Civilizations 2576:Knossos fieldnotes 2573:C. Michael Hogan, 2449:Unknown parameter 2026:, Heraklion, 1994. 2024:A History of Crete 1566: 1558: 1410: 1364: 1356: 1348: 1313: 1292: 1212:Minos Kalokairinos 1200:Excavation history 1091: 1015:Post-Roman history 945:(267–261 BC), the 892: 542:Minoan chronology 541: 492: 444:in 1877. In 1900, 442:Minos Kalokairinos 375:[knɔː.sós] 266:Public access 216:Minos Kalokairinos 121:35.29806; 25.16306 28:HSF Knossos Palace 4588: 4587: 4413: 4412: 4370:Cretan literature 4345: 4344: 3964:Agia Eirini Gorge 3907:Cretan resistance 3856:Kingdom of Candia 3788:Nikos Kazantzakis 3688: 3687: 3578:Malia altar stone 3491: 3490: 3202:Minoan chronology 3126:. Knossos-Palace. 2624:, uses this term. 1835:978-0-906515-62-4 1732:Notable residents 1415:Minoan chronology 1321:Grandstand Fresco 1309:Grandstand Fresco 1241:John Davies Evans 1186:Cleinias of Crete 881: 880: 873: 722: 721: 537:Minoan chronology 363: 292: 291: 244:John Davies Evans 4658: 4551:1897–1898 revolt 4440: 4433: 4426: 4417: 4365: 4169:Arkadi Monastery 4017: 3887: 3869: 3846:Emirate of Crete 3826:Mycenaean period 3715: 3708: 3701: 3692: 3245: 3232:Peak sanctuaries 3176: 3169: 3162: 3153: 3148: 3136: 3127: 3111: 3098: 3085: 3073: 3062: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3007: 2991: 2972: 2959: 2948: 2937: 2926: 2915: 2913: 2901: 2890: 2879: 2874:——. 2870: 2845: 2804: 2793: 2782: 2771: 2765: 2755: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2656: 2638: 2631: 2625: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2497: 2495:10.1038/067057a0 2465: 2459: 2458: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2361: 2352: 2351: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2227: 2221: 2220:, pp. 11–12 2215: 2209: 2208: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2145: 2139: 2124: 2113: 2112: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2057: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2044: 2033: 2027: 2020: 2014: 2000: 1994: 1991:Diodorus Siculus 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1956: 1950: 1949:, pp. 17–18 1944: 1938: 1937:, pp. 11–12 1932: 1926: 1920: 1911: 1905: 1894: 1893: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1801: 1726: 1714: 1702: 1502:and air shafts. 1425:Water management 1263: 1254: 1025:metropolitan see 943:Chremonidean War 921:mercenary named 876: 869: 865: 862: 856: 833: 825: 778: 774: 771: 767: 764: 760: 757: 730: 727: 714: 702: 690: 675: 663: 651: 636: 624: 609: 597: 585: 573: 558: 544: 508:Middle Neolithic 470:Neolithic period 387: 386: 377: 372: 368: 358: 356: 348: 347: 344: 343: 340: 337: 332: 331: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 311: 310: 307: 228:Duncan Mackenzie 127: 126: 124: 123: 122: 117: 113: 110: 109: 108: 105: 64: 52: 38: 4668: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4573:Battle of Crete 4524:Siege of Candia 4507:Venetian period 4467:Mycenean period 4453: 4444: 4414: 4409: 4364:(icon painting) 4363: 4341: 4315: 4276:Lasithi Plateau 4259: 4208: 4142: 4106: 4008: 3952: 3911: 3902:Battle of Crete 3885: 3867: 3802: 3724: 3719: 3689: 3684: 3653: 3612: 3503:Aegina Treasure 3487: 3426: 3360: 3279: 3236: 3227:Minoan eruption 3222:Minoan religion 3185: 3180: 3139: 3131:Swindale, Ian. 3130: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3101: 3088: 3082: 3065: 3059: 3038: 3030: 3028: 3010: 3001: 2988: 2975: 2964: 2951: 2940: 2929: 2918: 2911: 2904: 2893: 2882: 2873: 2848: 2807: 2796: 2785: 2774: 2763: 2758: 2717: 2708: 2699: 2693: 2679:Meiggs, Russell 2673: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2632: 2628: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2448: 2438: 2431: 2429: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2363: 2362: 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595: 583: 571: 556: 539: 525: 496:Early Neolithic 480:wattle and daub 472: 467: 456:, and numerous 427:Palace of Minos 370: 334: 313: 304: 300: 294: 293: 179:Late Bronze Age 120: 118: 114: 111: 106: 103: 101: 99: 98: 67: 55: 43: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4593: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4563:Theriso revolt 4555: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4531:Ottoman period 4528: 4527: 4526: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4420: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362:Cretan School 4359: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4235:Frangokastello 4232: 4227: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4194:Neradje Mosque 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4021: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4004:Sarakina Gorge 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3979:Kotsifos Gorge 3976: 3971: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3923:Agios Nikolaos 3919: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3897:Theriso revolt 3894: 3889: 3884:Cretan Revolt 3881: 3876: 3871: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3763:Marcus Musurus 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3734: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3710: 3703: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3611: 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2768:Monthly Review 2756: 2736:10.2307/623973 2715: 2706: 2697: 2691: 2671: 2664: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2633:Peter Warren: 2626: 2605: 2593: 2581: 2566: 2554: 2542: 2536:978-0199873609 2535: 2509: 2460: 2428:on 24 May 2011 2404: 2389: 2383:978-0199873609 2382: 2353: 2347:978-0199873609 2346: 2317: 2302: 2295: 2277: 2262: 2255: 2237: 2222: 2210: 2195: 2193:, p. 281. 2183: 2165: 2158: 2140: 2114: 2099: 2087: 2049: 2028: 2015: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1960:Wroth, Warwick 1951: 1939: 1927: 1912: 1895: 1880: 1865: 1861:MacDonald 2012 1850: 1841: 1834: 1816: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1697: 1690: 1689: 1678: 1612:Main article: 1609: 1606: 1535: 1532: 1507: 1506:Minoan columns 1504: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1426: 1423: 1397:Minoan pottery 1395:Main article: 1392: 1389: 1336: 1333: 1300: 1297: 1282:Minoan palaces 1277: 1276:Palace complex 1274: 1268: 1267: 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UNRV.com 1750:Epimenides 1675:Mycenaeans 1657:seal rings 1449:terracotta 1178:Thucydides 959:Macedonian 911:Brundisium 842:references 775: – c. 527:See also: 523:Bronze Age 408:Greek myth 393:Bronze Age 371:pronounced 258:Management 199:Site notes 104:35°17′53″N 4631:Heraklion 4395:Mantinada 4301:Mount Ida 4281:Lefka Ori 4240:Gramvousa 4147:Religious 4013:Landmarks 3938:Ierapetra 3933:Heraklion 3886:(1866–69) 3868:(1645–69) 3453:Atsipades 3402:Odigitria 3377:Apesokari 3356:Zominthos 2842:163279561 2752:163720432 2601:Gere 2009 2453:ignored ( 2181:18.590-2. 2095:Gere 2009 2082:191885145 2007:Histories 1810:However, 1792:Citations 1762:Metagenes 1628:alabaster 1500:porticoes 1479:covered. 1433:Aqueducts 1381:acropolis 1166:Herodotus 1139:Mycenaean 1135:labyrinth 1103:labyrinth 1074:Labyrinth 1048:Heraklion 947:Ptolemies 923:Phalaikos 900:Heraklion 889:Labyrinth 811:Mycenaean 711:1200–1075 699:1330–1200 687:1420–1330 672:1470–1420 660:1625–1470 648:1700–1625 633:1750–1700 621:1875–1750 606:1925–1875 594:2100–1925 582:2200–2100 570:2650–2200 555:3100–2650 512:pilasters 435:Neolithic 420:Heraklion 360:romanized 250:Condition 193:Mycenaean 175:Neolithic 163:Abandoned 107:25°9′47″E 76:Heraklion 4400:Minotaur 4097:Tylissos 4087:Phaistos 4027:Archanes 3969:Ha Gorge 3943:Rethymno 3793:Sfakians 3768:El Greco 3748:Nearchus 3658:See also 3629:Linear B 3624:Linear A 3558:Kouloura 3483:Vrysinas 3473:Petsofas 3387:Kamilari 3346:Vasiliki 3316:Troullos 3260:Phaistos 2861:: 1–94. 2681:(1975). 2138:, p. 122 2130:, 2009, 2011:IV 53–55 2003:Polybius 1981:, 6,3,6. 1962:(1886). 1775:See also 1686:divinity 1671:heraldic 1653:griffins 1579:hematite 1534:Frescoes 1528:capitals 1445:Kairatos 1441:Archanes 1374:Kairatos 1335:Location 1227:Linear B 1223:Linear A 1190:gymnasia 1151:Linear B 1107:Minotaur 1099:Daedalus 963:Philip V 957:and the 939:Egyptian 931:Spartans 737:Phaestos 718:LM IIIC 706:LM IIIB 694:LM IIIA 547:Timespan 458:Linear B 416:minotaur 414:and the 389:Ko-no-so 380:Linear B 185:Cultures 82:, Greece 72:Location 4601:Knossos 4447:History 4390:Kri-kri 4380:Cuisine 4350:Culture 4327:Elounda 4264:Natural 4245:Kazarma 4111:Museums 4067:Kydonia 4062:Knossos 4047:Gournia 4032:Armenoi 4020:Ancient 3808:History 3617:Writing 3443:Kamares 3412:Phylaki 3407:Phourni 3392:Koumasa 3331:Amnisos 3321:Trypiti 3311:Gournia 3306:Kydonia 3275:Galatas 3255:Knossos 3248:Palaces 3091:Forward 3004:Knossos 2504:4005358 2482:Bibcode 2432:25 July 2037:"Crete" 1786:Trapeza 1598:animals 1520:entasis 1516:cypress 1512:columns 1468:latrine 1464:megaron 1453:Mycenae 1437:springs 1391:Storage 1124:Theseus 1111:Ariadne 1068:Legends 1029:Gortyna 1021:diocese 978:Rhodian 919:Phocian 896:Amnisos 640:MM III 589:EM III 550:Period 494:In the 465:History 412:Theseus 391:) is a 366:Knōssós 362:: 355:Κνωσσός 297:Knossos 274:Website 171:Periods 155:Founded 150:History 42:Κνωσσός 36:Knossos 4332:Sfakia 4286:Matala 4250:Koules 4225:Firkas 4220:Aptera 4102:Zakros 4057:Kommos 4042:Gortyn 3957:Gorges 3948:Siteia 3928:Chania 3730:People 3417:Stylos 3372:Armeni 3336:Petras 3326:Lakkos 3296:Kommos 3270:Zakros 3190:Topics 3078: 3055: 2984: 2840: 2834:624176 2832: 2750: 2744:623973 2742: 2689: 2620: 2612:Matz, 2533: 2502: 2474:Nature 2380: 2344: 2293: 2287:Aegean 2253: 2156: 2134: 2080: 1979:Strabo 1832: 1781:Magasa 1682:effigy 1636:gypsum 1632:throne 1590:humans 1583:stucco 1575:murals 1573:panel 1571:fresco 1407:pithoi 1299:Layout 1147:Aegean 1128:Aegeus 1119:labrys 1084:labrys 1041:Gortyn 992:named 982:Gortys 927:Lyttus 907:Strabo 786:pithoi 745:Ugarit 713: 701: 689: 679:LM II 674: 667:LM IB 662: 655:LM IA 650: 635: 628:MM II 623: 613:MM IB 608: 601:MM IA 596: 584: 577:EM II 572: 557: 535:, and 500:socles 452:, the 385:𐀒𐀜𐀰 189:Minoan 87:Region 4451:Crete 4405:Music 4337:Souda 4320:Other 4077:Malia 3738:Minos 3722:Crete 3458:Karfi 3365:Tombs 3265:Malia 3241:Sites 2912:(PDF) 2838:S2CID 2830:JSTOR 2764:(PDF) 2748:S2CID 2740:JSTOR 2500:S2CID 2178:Iliad 2173:Homer 2078:S2CID 1768:Minos 1624:LM II 1524:Minos 1460:sewer 1170:Minos 1095:Minos 1086:from 1031:. 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