854:
The legislature set up the state's first reform school for juvenile delinquents while trying to block the importation of supposedly subversive government documents and academic books from Europe. It upgraded the legal status of wives, giving them more property rights and more rights in divorce courts. It passed harsh penalties on speakeasies, gambling houses and bordellos. It passed prohibition legislation with penalties that were so stiff—such as six months in prison for serving one glass of beer—that juries refused to convict defendants. Many of the reforms were quite expensive; state spending rose 45% on top of a 50% hike in annual taxes on cities and towns. This extravagance angered the taxpayers, and few Know
Nothings were reelected. These successes at enacting reform legislation came at the expense of the traditional nativist priorities of the party, causing some national Know Nothing leaders, like Samuel Morse, to question the Massachusetts party's aims.
858:
transform the
Catholic children). The governor disbanded the Irish militias and replaced Irish holding state jobs with Protestants. However, Know Nothing lawmakers failed to reach the two-thirds majority needed to pass a state constitutional amendment to restrict voting and office holding to men who had resided in Massachusetts for at least 21 years. The legislature then called on Congress to raise the requirement for naturalization from five years to 21 years, but Congress never acted. The most dramatic move by the Know Nothing legislature was to appoint an investigating committee designed to prove widespread sexual immorality underway in Catholic convents. The press had a field day following the story, especially when it was discovered that the key reformer was using committee funds to pay for a prostitute. The legislature shut down its committee, ejected the reformer, and saw its investigation become a laughing stock.
870:, and 79% of the Whigs, plus 15% of Democrats and 24% of those who abstained in the previous election for governor the year before. In full control of the legislature, the Know Nothings enacted their entire agenda. According to Lex Renda, they battled traditionalism and promoted rapid modernization. They extended the waiting period for citizenship to slow down the growth of Irish power; they reformed the state courts. They expanded the number and power of banks; they strengthened corporations; they defeated a proposed 10-hour workday law. They reformed the tax system; increased state spending on public schools; set up a system to build high schools; prohibited the sale of liquor; and they denounced the expansion of slavery in the western territories.
1758:
1717:
298:
767:
especially
Catholics. The new party's voters were concentrated in the rapidly growing industrial towns, where Yankee workers faced direct competition with new Irish immigrants. Whereas the Whig Party was strongest in high income districts, the Know Nothing electorate was strongest in the poor districts. They expelled the traditional upper-class, closed, political leadership, especially the lawyers and merchants. In their stead, they elected working-class men, farmers and a large number of teachers and ministers. Replacing the moneyed elite were men who seldom owned $ 10,000 in property.
924:, by the 1850s about 60 percent of the population was Protestant and open to the Know Nothing's anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant appeal. On August 18, 1853, the party held its first rally in Baltimore with about 5,000 in attendance, calling for secularization of public schools, complete separation of church and state, freedom of speech, and regulating immigration. The first Know-Nothing candidate elected into office in Baltimore was Mayor Samuel Hinks in 1855. The following year, ethnic and secular conflicts fueled
982:
555:
739:
the only state where the party gained strength in 1855. Their Ohio success seems to have come from winning over immigrants, especially German-American
Lutherans and Scots-Irish Presbyterians, both hostile to Catholicism. In Alabama, Know Nothings were a mix of former Whigs, discontented Democrats and other political outsiders who favored state aid to build more railroads. Virginia attracted national attention in its tempestuous 1855 gubernatorial election. Democrat
6270:
1769:
1878:, and disproportionately male and older, Tea Party advocates express a visceral anger at the cultural and, to some extent, political eclipse of an America in which people who looked and thought like them were dominant (an echo, in its own way, of the anguish of the Know-Nothings). A black President, a female speaker of the house, and a gay head of the House Financial Services Committee are evidently almost too much to bear. Though the
904:
her hard-earned gains in the South and integration into its society. Immigrants fears were unjustified, however, because the national debate over slavery and its expansion, not nativism or anti-Catholicism, was the major reason for Know-Nothing success in the South. The southerners who supported the Know-Nothings did so, for the most part, because they thought the
Democrats who favored the expansion of slavery might break up the Union.
969:
Louisiana Know
Nothings were pro-slavery and anti-immigrant, but, in contrast to the national party, refused to include a religious test for membership. Instead, the Louisiana Know Nothings insisted that "loyalty to a church should not supersede loyalty to the Union." Similarly, the broader Know Nothing movement viewed Louisiana Catholics, and in particular the Creole elite who supported the American Party, as adhering to a
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1599:
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1528:
1351:
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1280:
1227:
1179:
1152:
460:
which the
Republic puts on the intrusion of religious influence on the political arena. These influences have brought vast multitudes of foreign-born citizens to the polls, ignorant of American interests, without American feelings, influenced by foreign sympathies, to vote on American affairs; and those votes have, in point of fact, accomplished the present result.
936:, former governor of Tennessee, who wrote in January 1855: "I have been astonished at the widespread feeling in favor of their principles—to wit, Native Americanism and anti-Catholicism—it takes everywhere". Despite this, in Louisiana and Maryland, prominent Know Nothings remained loyal to the Union. In Maryland, American Party's former governor and later senator
1838:, the spirit which actuated the "Know-nothing" party, the spirit which is forever carping about the foreign-born citizen and trying to abridge his privileges, is too deeply seated in the party. The aristocratic and know-nothing principle has been circulating in its system so long that it will require more than one somersault to shake the poison out of its bones.
1741:
1502:
1476:
1450:
1429:
1403:
1254:
1201:
771:
They enlisted few farmers, but on the other hand they included many merchants and factory owners. The party's voters were by no means all native-born
Americans, for it won more than a fourth of the German and British Protestants in numerous state elections. It especially appealed to Protestants such as the Lutherans, Dutch Reformed and Presbyterians.
896:
whole, the
American Party was strongest among former Unionist Whigs. States-rightist Whigs shunned it, enabling the Democrats to win most of the South. Whigs supported the American Party because of their desire to defeat the Democrats, their unionist sentiment, their anti-immigrant attitudes and the Know Nothing neutrality on the slavery issue.
717:
850:, looking to redirect the focus of the party. Historian Stephen Taylor says that in addition to nativist legislation, "the party also distinguished itself by its opposition to slavery, support for an expansion of the rights of women, regulation of industry, and support of measures designed to improve the status of working people".
431:, the American Party served as a vehicle for politicians who opposed the Democrats. Many of the American Party's members and supporters also hoped that it would stake out a middle ground between the pro-slavery positions of Democratic politicians and the radical anti-slavery positions of the rapidly emerging
857:
The
Massachusetts Know Nothings did advance attacks on the civil rights of Irish Catholic immigrants. After this, state courts lost the power to process applications for citizenship and public schools had to require compulsory daily reading of the Protestant Bible (which the nativists were sure would
845:
The most aggressive and innovative legislation came out of Massachusetts, where the new party controlled all but three of the 400 seats—only 35 had any previous legislative experience. The Massachusetts legislature in 1855 passed a series of reforms that "burst the dam against change erected by party
364:
in defense of their traditional religious and political values. The Know Nothing movement is remembered for this theme because Protestants feared that Catholic priests and bishops would control a large bloc of voters. In most places, the ideology and influence of the Know Nothing movement lasted only
766:
Historian John Mulkern has examined the party's success in sweeping to almost complete control of the Massachusetts legislature after its 1854 landslide victory. He finds the new party was populist and highly democratic, hostile to wealth, elites and to expertise, and deeply suspicious of outsiders,
746:
Know Nothings scored victories in Northern state elections in 1854, winning control of the legislature in Massachusetts and polling 40% of the vote in Pennsylvania. Although most of the new immigrants lived in the North, resentment and anger against them was national and the American Party initially
738:
was elected mayor of Chicago and barred all immigrants from city jobs. Abraham Lincoln was strongly opposed to the principles of the Know Nothing movement, but did not denounce it publicly because he needed the votes of its membership to form a successful anti-slavery coalition in Illinois. Ohio was
578:
Immigration during the first five years of the 1850s reached a level five times greater than a decade earlier. Most of the new arrivals were poor Catholic peasants or laborers from Ireland and Germany who crowded the tenements of large cities. Crime and welfare costs soared. Cincinnati's crime rate,
853:
It passed legislation to regulate railroads, insurance companies and public utilities. It funded free textbooks for the public schools and raised the appropriations for local libraries and for the school for the blind. Purification of Massachusetts against divisive social evils was a high priority.
648:
came in third in a four-way race for governor by gathering 26% of the vote. After the 1854 elections, they exerted a large amount of political influence in Maine, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and California, but historians are unsure about the accuracy of this information due to the secrecy of the party,
903:
The southern Irish, who had seen the dangers of Protestant bigotry in Ireland, had the distinct feeling that the Know-Nothings were an American manifestation of that phenomenon. Every migrant, no matter how settled or prosperous, also worried that this virulent strain of nativism threatened his or
873:
The Whigs and Free Soil parties both collapsed in New Hampshire in 1854–55. In the 1855 fall elections the Know Nothings again swept New Hampshire against the Democrats and the small new Republican party. When the Know Nothing "American Party" collapsed in 1856 and merged with the Republicans, New
684:
The results of the 1854 elections were so favorable to the Know Nothings, up to then an informal movement with no centralized organization, that they formed officially as a political party called the American Party, which attracted many members of the by then nearly defunct Whig party as well as a
525:
originated in the semi-secret organization of the party. When a member of the party was asked about his activities, he was supposed to say, "I know nothing." Outsiders derisively called the party's members "Know Nothings", and the name stuck. In 1855, the Know Nothings first entered politics under
459:
The recent election has developed in an aggravated form every evil against which the American party protested. Foreign allies have decided the government of the country – men naturalized in thousands on the eve of the election. Again in the fierce struggle for supremacy, men have forgotten the ban
770:
Nationally, the new party leadership showed incomes, occupation, and social status that were about average. Few were wealthy, according to detailed historical studies of once-secret membership rosters. Fewer than 10% were unskilled workers who might come in direct competition with Irish laborers.
704:
and nativism, also contributed to the disintegration of the party system. The collapsing second party system gave the Know Nothings a much larger pool of potential converts than was available to previous nativist organizations, allowing the Order to succeed where older nativist groups had failed.
908:
In 1855, the American Party challenged the Democrats' dominance. In Alabama, the Know Nothings were a mix of former Whigs, malcontented Democrats and other political misfits; they favored state aid to build more railroads. In the fierce campaign, the Democrats argued that Know Nothings could not
895:
In the Southern United States, the American Party was composed chiefly of ex-Whigs looking for a vehicle to fight the dominant Democratic Party and worried about both the pro-slavery extremism of the Democrats and the emergence of the anti-slavery Republican party in the North. In the South as a
968:
Despite the national American Party's anti-Catholicism, the Know Nothings found strong support in Louisiana, including in largely Catholic New Orleans. The Whig Party in Louisiana had a strong anti-immigrant bent, making the Native American Party the natural home for Louisiana's former Whigs.
1076:
However, Fillmore had sent a letter for publication in 1855 that explicitly denounced immigrant influence in elections and Fillmore stated that the American Party was the "only hope of forming a truly national party, which shall ignore this constant and distracting agitation of slavery."
534:
The immigration of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics to the United States in the period between 1830 and 1860 made religious differences between Catholics and Protestants a political issue. Violence occasionally erupted at the polls. Protestants alleged that Pope
846:
politics, and released a flood of reforms." The period from 1854 to 1857 saw among Massachusetts Know Nothings a decline in the traditional nativist wing of the party and the rise of the group of abolitionists and reformers, including former Massachusetts Senate President
1068:, writing about the turmoil preceding the American Civil War, states that Millard Fillmore was never a Know Nothing nor a nativist. Fillmore was out of the country when the presidential nomination came and had not been consulted about running. Nevins further states:
1031:
I am not a Know-Nothing– That is certain– How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes, be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid– As a nation, we began by declaring that
5533:
786:
5201:
505:, but it played a minor role in American politics until the arrival of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics started in the 1840s. It then emerged in nativist attacks. It appeared in New York City politics as early as 1843 under the banner of the
931:
Historian Michael F. Holt argues that "Know Nothingism originally grew in the South for the same reasons it spread in the North—nativism, anti-Catholicism, and animosity toward unresponsive politicos—not because of conservative Unionism". Holt cites
3893:
That while we resist all encroachments of spiritual power upon our political rights, we disclaim the calumnious charge of our own opponents that we require a religious test to qualify native born citizens to hold office or enjoy the full rights of
509:. The movement quickly spread to nearby states using that name or Native American Party or variants of it. They succeeded in a number of local and Congressional elections, notably in 1844 in Philadelphia, where the anti-Catholic orator
6432:
624:, was soon revealed as a Know Nothing as he promised to crack down on crime, close saloons on Sundays and only appoint native-born Americans to office—he won the election by a landslide. In Washington, D.C., Know Nothing candidate
5194:
1012:, so the ticket was designed to appeal to loyalists from both major parties, winning 23% of the popular vote and carrying one state, Maryland, with eight electoral votes. Fillmore did not win enough votes to block Democrat
517:
came to be the most important. They emerged in New York in the early 1850s as a secret order that quickly spread across the North, reaching non-Catholics, particularly those who were lower middle class or skilled workers.
570:, was founded by Charles B. Allen in New York City. At its inception, the Order of the Star Spangled Banner only had about 36 members. Fear of Catholic immigration caused some Protestants to become dissatisfied with the
5187:
713:, a Know Nothing chapter was founded in 1854 to oppose Chinese immigration—members included a judge of the state supreme court, who ruled that no Chinese person could testify as a witness against a white man in court.
5736:
912:
In Virginia, the Know Nothing movement came under sharp attack from both established parties. Democrats published a 12,000-word, point-by-point denunciation of Know Nothingism. The Democrats nominated ex-Whig
6999:
574:, whose leaders included Catholics of Irish descent in many cities. Activists formed secret groups, coordinating their votes and throwing their weight behind candidates who were sympathetic to their cause:
451:, an active Know-Nothing, was elected on the American Party ticket to Congress from Maryland. He told Congress that "un-American" Irish Catholic immigrants were to blame for the recent election of Democrat
5108:
615:
In the spring of 1854, the Know Nothings carried Boston and Salem, Massachusetts, and other New England cities. They swept the state of Massachusetts in the fall 1854 elections, their biggest victory. The
6282:
547:. One Boston minister described Catholicism as "the ally of tyranny, the opponent of material prosperity, the foe of thrift, the enemy of the railroad, the caucus, and the school". These fears encouraged
5571:
6273:
6984:
3998:
558:
1850s political cartoon by John H. Goater: Irish and German caricatures "stealing an election" with chaos at the "Election Day Polls" site, fueling fears of immigrant political power
6578:
1987:
1337:
1315:
1288:
1266:
1240:
1213:
1187:
1165:
1138:
678:
551:
regarding papal intentions of subjugating the United States through a continuing influx of Catholics controlled by Irish bishops obedient to and personally selected by the Pope.
673:
was elected to Congress as a Know Nothing candidate, but after a few months he aligned with Republicans. A coalition of Know Nothings, Republicans and other members of Congress
6944:
6329:
685:
significant number of Democrats. Membership in the American Party increased dramatically, from 50,000 to an estimated one million plus in a matter of months during that year.
6979:
2414:
7014:
6954:
6939:
4614:
Alsan, Marcella, Katherine Eriksson, and Gregory Niemesh. "Understanding the Success of the Know-nothing Party" (No. w28078. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020)
365:
one or two years before it disintegrated due to weak and inexperienced local leaders, a lack of publicly proclaimed national leaders, and a deep split over the issue of
345:. Members of the movement were required to say "I know nothing" whenever they were asked about its specifics by outsiders, providing the group with its colloquial name.
6123:
696:, brought about primarily by the demise of the Whig Party. The Whig Party, weakened for years by internal dissent and chronic factionalism, was nearly destroyed by the
474:
further galvanized opposition to slavery in the North, causing many former Know Nothings to join the Republicans. The remnants of the American Party largely joined the
6278:
1818:
of the 1920s. In the late 19th century, Democrats called the Republicans "Know Nothings" in order to secure the votes of Germans which is exactly what they did in the
7009:
4845:
571:
432:
374:
4389:
6969:
6949:
5590:
750:
The party name gained wide, but brief, popularity: Know Nothing candy, tea, and toothpicks appeared, and the name was given to stagecoaches, buses, and ships. In
743:
won by convincing state voters that Know Nothings were in bed with Northern abolitionists. With the victory by Wise, the movement began to collapse in the South.
4333:
6994:
5564:
2198:
1087:
579:
for example, tripled between 1846 and 1853 and its murder rate increased sevenfold. Boston's expenditures for poor relief rose threefold during the same period.
513:
was elected Representative from Pennsylvania's 1st district. In the early 1850s, numerous secret orders grew up, of which the Order of United Americans and the
415:
left an opening for the emergence of a new major political party in opposition to the Democratic Party. The Know Nothing movement managed to elect congressman
5164:
1072:
was not a member of the party; he had never attended an American gathering. By no spoken or written word had he indicated a subscription to American tenets.
6455:
5771:
5538:
2172:
2155:
1926:
1843:
780:
3054:
5963:
2547:
2309:
899:
David T. Gleeson notes that many Irish Catholics in the South feared that the arrival of the Know-Nothing movement portended a serious threat. He argues:
7019:
6375:
6048:
5973:
5258:
1095:
595:
or Judaism. Prioritizing a zealous disdain for Irish Catholic immigrants, the Know Nothing Party "had nothing to say about Jews", according to historian
475:
313:
155:
4878:
Maizlish, Stephen E. "The Meaning of Nativism and the Crisis of the Union: The Know-Nothing Movement in the Antebellum North." in William Gienapp, ed.
1901:
wrote that politicians who "encourage Americans to fear foreigners" were becoming "modern incarnations of the Know-Nothings". In 2006, an editorial in
599:, reportedly because its backers believed Jews, unlike Catholics, did not allow "their religious feelings to interfere with their political views." In
5993:
5285:
2235:
were commonly referred to as "Native Americans". The membership of the party chiefly consisted of the descendants of colonists and the descendants of
6468:
6442:
6322:
6208:
6033:
5968:
5816:
5557:
5471:
5461:
5447:
5420:
5410:
5396:
5382:
5355:
5328:
5301:
5274:
5247:
4608:
4305:
1937:
1751:
1699:
1677:
440:
401:
160:
793:
Fearful that Catholics were flooding the polls with non-citizens, local activists threatened to stop them. On August 6, 1855, rioting broke out in
6883:
6681:
6138:
6128:
5821:
5761:
3589:
2048:
1882:
and Tea Party movements so far have remained largely distinct (even with growing ties), they share an emotional grammar: the fear of displacement.
881:
held the governorship and five out of every seven votes went to the party, which dominated the Rhode Island legislature. Local newspapers such as
6098:
5756:
2965:
Carey, Anthony Gene (1995). "Too Southern to Be Americans: Proslavery Politics and the Failure of the Know-Nothing Party in Georgia, 1854–1856".
1911:
accused populist Republicans of "turning the GOP into an anti-immigration, Know-Nothing party". The lead editorial of the May 20, 2007, issue of
917:
for governor. He denounced the "lousy, godless, Christless" Know Nothings and instead he advocated an expanded program of internal improvements.
373:
as frequently as it emphasized it in the North and it stressed a neutral position on slavery, but it became the main alternative to the dominant
5721:
5581:
1023:
never publicly attacked the Know Nothings, whose votes he needed, he expressed his own disgust with the political party in a private letter to
825:
789:
An 1855 Ohio Know Nothing Party ticket naming party candidates for state and county offices. At the bottom of the page are voting instructions.
400:, the regulation of industry, and support of measures which were designed to improve the status of working people." It was a forerunner of the
6959:
5801:
4589:
4118:
4087:
4047:
3917:
3773:
3756:
3729:
3572:
3255:
3095:
2871:
2836:
2751:
2388:
2277:
2240:
2232:
2188:
2093:
945:
502:
6974:
6380:
6113:
5893:
5520:
5431:
4203:
2178:
357:
6920:
447:. Fillmore received 21.5% of the popular vote in the 1856 presidential election, finishing behind the Democratic and Republican nominees.
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5661:
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1536:
1514:
1488:
1462:
1436:
1415:
1389:
1054:] of loving liberty– to Russia, for instance, where despotism can be taken pure, and without the base alloy of hypocracy– [
4733:
Dash, Mark. "New Light on the Dark Lantern: the Initiation Rites and Ceremonies of a Know-Nothing Lodge in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania"
960:, was the only member of the Louisiana congressional delegation who refused to resign his seat after the state seceded from the Union.
443:, but he kept quiet about his membership in it, and he personally refrained from supporting the Know Nothing movement's activities and
6173:
6008:
6003:
5978:
5953:
5781:
5696:
4361:
2342:
2228:
2193:
1757:
989:
The party declined rapidly in the North after 1855, in part due to the party's rejection of a clear anti-slavery platform. During the
544:
471:
389:
334:
240:
6397:
6363:
6203:
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6028:
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5210:
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4513:
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3132:
3019:
2701:
2671:
2609:
2183:
1855:
1687:
650:
584:
567:
514:
185:
6103:
2364:
3355:
2934:
Bladek, John David (1998). "'Virginia Is Middle Ground': The Know Nothing Party and the Virginia Gubernatorial Election of 1855".
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6600:
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6088:
6058:
6023:
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5701:
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5510:
5266:
2011:
674:
641:
506:
141:
123:
110:
5037:
4703:
4639:
3808:
1090:. The pro-slavery wing of the American Party remained strong on the local and state levels in a few southern states, but by the
6897:
6799:
6402:
6353:
2203:
1811:
1091:
990:
2489:
1716:
928:
around municipal and federal elections in Maryland with Know-Nothing–affiliated gangs clashing with Democratic-aligned gangs.
297:
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6791:
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6422:
6043:
5958:
5666:
5169:
5113:
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751:
866:
The Know Nothings scored a landslide in New Hampshire in 1855. They won 51% of the vote, including 94% of the anti-slavery
407:
The Know Nothing movement briefly emerged as a major political party in the form of the American Party. The collapse of the
4688:
Bladek, John David. "'Virginia Is Middle Ground': the Know Nothing Party and the Virginia Gubernatorial Election of 1855."
809:
of 1856, 1857, and 1858 were all marred by violence and well-founded accusations of ballot-rigging. In the coastal town of
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6560:
6547:
6534:
6521:
6508:
6288:
6018:
6013:
5716:
5494:
4629:
2562:
Levine, Bruce (2001). "Conservatism, Nativism, and Slavery: Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know-Nothing Party".
1692:
731:
4067:
2828:
Transforming America: Perspectives on U.S. Immigration. Volume 1, The Making of a Nation of Nations: The Founding to 1865
7024:
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6623:
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424:
366:
192:
1933:
was not a natural-born United States citizen, which is a requirement for the office of president of the United States.
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6233:
6213:
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5873:
5640:
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909:
protect slavery from Northern abolitionists. The Know Nothing American Party disintegrated soon after losing in 1855.
427:, and it subsequently coalesced into a new political party which was known as the American Party. Particularly in the
4258:
3425:
1810:
The nativist, anti-Catholic spirit of the Know Nothing movement was revived by later political movements such as the
4922:
Ramet, Sabrina P., and Christine M. Hassenstab. "The Know Nothing Party: Three Theories about its Rise and Demise."
4651:
Baum, Dale. "Know-Nothingism and the Republican Majority in Massachusetts: The Political Realignment of the 1850s."
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5751:
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925:
617:
408:
318:
128:
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Levine, Bruce. "Conservatism, Nativism, and Slavery: Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know-nothing Party"
6338:
6248:
6198:
6073:
5943:
5883:
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4718:
Cheathem, Mark R. "'I Shall Persevere in the Cause of Truth': Andrew Jackson Donelson and the Election of 1856".
1879:
1710:
806:
308:
283:
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6555:
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1858:
as a similarity". Historians Steve Fraser and Joshue B. Freeman lend their opinion on the Know Nothing and the
637:
5179:
697:
412:
5157:
4855:
993:, the party was bitterly divided over slavery. The main faction supported the ticket of presidential nominee
6860:
6606:
6568:
6168:
5711:
5681:
5243:
4774:
Gienapp, William E. "Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North before the Civil War,"
2038:
1835:
1773:
998:
957:
724:
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797:, during a hotly contested race for the office of governor. Twenty-two were killed and many injured. This "
6529:
6512:
6472:
6407:
5841:
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5786:
5776:
5671:
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1971:
1082:
1048:". When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretence [
949:
883:
814:
662:
654:
466:
428:
4972:
4795:
Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 2012. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 4 Dec. 2014.
4445:
American Gothic: the story of America's legendary theatrical family, Junius, Edwin, and John Wilkes Booth
1094:
they were no longer a serious national political movement. Most of their remaining members supported the
758:
The party was occasionally referred to, contemporaneously, in a slightly pejorative shortening, "Knism".
6934:
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6762:
6707:
6108:
6093:
5938:
5933:
5811:
5515:
5297:
5129:
3035:
2065:
937:
225:
220:
3536:
Broussard, James H. (1966). "Some Determinants of Know-Nothing Electoral Strength in the South, 1856".
4757:
Farrell, Robert. "No Foreign Despots on Southern Soil: The Know-Nothing Party in Alabama, 1850-1857."
1917:
on a proposed immigration bill referred to "this generation's Know-Nothings". An editorial written by
981:
6848:
6811:
6768:
5746:
5324:
4615:
2896:
2145:
2081:
2020:
953:
921:
802:
794:
740:
658:
215:
200:
4390:"Former NY Governor George Pataki: Donald Trump is the 'Know Nothing' candidate of the 21st Century"
6719:
6594:
6392:
6228:
5948:
5928:
5846:
5836:
5826:
5791:
5691:
4821:
Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln
4449:
3388:
Oates, Mary J. (1988). "'Lowell': An Account of Convent Life in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1852–1890".
2105:
2099:
1903:
1871:
933:
701:
693:
548:
540:
510:
353:
230:
64:
5549:
3943:"Conservatism, Nativism, and Slavery: Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know-Nothing Party"
3942:
3782:
2541:
2227:
The Know Nothings used the name "Native American Party" generations before the descendants of the
1008:
Fillmore, a former president, had been a Whig and Donelson was the nephew of Democratic President
6842:
6823:
6805:
6774:
6750:
6612:
6370:
6068:
5923:
5351:
4501:
4482:
4170:
3962:
3669:
3642:
3545:
3405:
3288:
3195:
3157:
2990:
2943:
2783:
2687:
2579:
2128:
2053:
2032:
2026:
1983:
1913:
1859:
1847:
1827:
941:
670:
479:
448:
416:
4805:
Haebler, Peter. "Nativist Riots in Manchester: An Episode of Know-Nothingism in New Hampshire."
4742:
4727:
4079:
3748:
The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War
3247:
2338:
No Foreign Despots on Southern Soil: The American Party in Alabama and South Carolina, 1850-1857
1040:." When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read "all men are created equal, except negroes,
1002:
554:
6481:
6446:
6243:
5766:
5731:
5504:
5142:
5054:
5032:
Boissoneault, Lorraine. "How the 19th-Century Know Nothing Party Reshaped American Politics."
5002:
4738:
4723:
4698:
Boissoneault, Lorraine. "How the 19th-Century Know Nothing Party Reshaped American Politics."
4585:
4579:
4558:
4509:
4453:
4141:
4133:
4114:
4083:
4043:
3923:
3913:
3752:
3725:
3692:
3568:
3516:
3464:
3454:
3280:
3251:
3214:
3187:
3128:
3091:
3015:
3009:
2982:
2877:
2867:
2842:
2832:
2826:
2747:
2707:
2697:
2667:
2615:
2605:
2283:
2273:
2267:
2071:
2041:, Washington D.C. newspaper editor, diplomat to Texas and Prussia, and Andrew Jackson's nephew
2007:
2003:
1954:
1867:
1768:
878:
629:
397:
4826:
Holt, Michael F. "The Antimasonic and Know Nothing Parties", in Arthur Schlesinger Jr., ed.,
3907:
3085:
2861:
6564:
6542:
6499:
6218:
6148:
6143:
6118:
5878:
5741:
5239:
5118:
4366:
4075:
3954:
3848:
3717:
3397:
2974:
2571:
2369:
2133:
2087:
2044:
1959:
1762:
1481:
1233:
994:
810:
720:
666:
621:
600:
436:
370:
210:
205:
3660:
Rice, Philip Morrison (1947). "The Know-Nothing Party in Virginia, 1854–1856 (Concluded)".
1889:
has become a provocative slur, suggesting that the opponent is both nativist and ignorant.
920:
In Maryland, growing anti-immigrant sentiment fueled the party's rise. Despite the state's
6872:
6817:
6658:
6494:
6476:
6293:
6158:
6083:
6078:
5998:
5988:
5918:
5443:
5388:
4581:
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War
4394:
4029:
2639:. Chicago, Illinois: Quadrangle Books. pp. 337, 380–406 – via Internet Archive.
2015:
1908:
1875:
1605:
1507:
1357:
1259:
1020:
867:
633:
396:
and the need for more government spending" and furnished "support for an expansion of the
5026:
The Sons of the Sires: A History of the Rise, Progress, and Destiny of the American Party
4443:
4236:
2525:(PhD). New York, New York: Columbia University. p. 267 – via Internet Archive.
1952:
The fictional "Confederation of American Natives" party was represented in the 2002 film
5534:
List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections
5137:
4961:
3988:
3042:. Vol. I, no. 2. November 1854. p. 140 – via Smithsonian Libraries.
2774:
Rabinowitz, Howard N. (March 1988). "Nativism, Bigotry and Anti-Semitism in the South".
2520:
2447:. New York City: The American News Company. pp. 72–73 – via Internet Archive.
6854:
6713:
6701:
6670:
6664:
6652:
6646:
6551:
6538:
6490:
6417:
6307:
6223:
5499:
5374:
5347:
5270:
5024:
4683:
4621:
4530:
4282:
4106:
4063:
3888:
3594:
3453:. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. pp. 54, 211, Table 15.
3427:
History of the Archdiocese of Boston in the Various Stages of Development, 1604 to 1943
3240:
2634:
2419:
2263:
1898:
1890:
1721:
1683:
1556:
1455:
1308:
1206:
1013:
1009:
821:
625:
563:
452:
180:
5060:
The Great American Battle: Or, The Contest Between Christianity and Political Romanism
4793:
Challengers To Duopoly : Why Third Parties Matter in American Two-Party Politics.
4762:
2127:, politician and a founder and leader of the New York City criminal Nativist gang the
1705:
6928:
6744:
6725:
5402:
5320:
4752:
4673:
4552:
2994:
2536:
2236:
2124:
2023:, congressman from Louisiana; refused to resign when Louisiana seceded from the Union
1963:
1851:
1408:
1158:
914:
801:" riot was not the only violent riot between Know Nothings and Catholics in 1855. In
798:
710:
645:
604:
420:
253:
173:
17:
4989:
Beyond Party: Cultures of Antipartisanship in Northern Politics before the Civil War
4473:
Cantrell, Gregg (January 1993). "Sam Houston and the Know-Nothings: A Reappraisal".
2604:(1st ed.). New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 681–2, 693.
874:
Hampshire now had a two party system with the Republicans edging out the Democrats.
490:
6891:
6695:
6689:
6450:
6163:
5457:
5439:
5406:
5378:
4994:
4902:
4310:
4254:
4011:
2597:
2151:
2139:
2111:
2059:
1941:
1930:
1918:
1815:
1065:
1024:
847:
785:
393:
4910:
1925:
on August 27, 2010, and titled "Building a Nation of Know-Nothings" discussed the
1086:
ruling in 1857, most of the anti-slavery members of the American Party joined the
5084:
5067:
5058:
5046:
4897:
4894:
The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts: The Rise and Fall of a People's Movement
4033:
3781:(Speech). Speech in the House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. Archived from
3746:
3590:"Unintended Consequences: The Rise and Fall of the Know-Nothing Party in Alabama"
3087:
The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts: The Rise and Fall of a People's Movement
657:
issues overlapped with nativism in complex and confusing ways. They helped elect
632:, triggering opposition of such a high proportion that the Democrats, Whigs, and
5598:
5416:
4982:
4967:
Taylor, Steven. "Progressive Nativism: The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts"
4887:
Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, 1854–1860
4548:
3714:
Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, 1854–1860
2666:. New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 22–5, 34 (quotation).
2490:"The Rise and Fall of the American Republican Party in New York City, 1843–1845"
2077:
1823:
1819:
970:
952:, all supported the Union in a border state. Louisiana Know Nothing congressman
829:
596:
4670:
The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History
3633:
Rice, Philip Morrison (1947). "The Know-Nothing Party in Virginia, 1854–1856".
3567:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 78.
3011:
The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History
1966:. The Know Nothings also play a prominent role in the historical fiction novel
543:
in Europe and they also alleged that he was an enemy of liberty, democracy and
464:
The party entered a period of rapid decline after Fillmore's loss. In 1857 the
6640:
6525:
6516:
6503:
6485:
6459:
5453:
5150:
4708:
Carriere, Marius. "Political Leadership of the Louisiana Know-Nothing Party."
4680:
The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism
4626:
Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the politics of the 1850s
4557:(Norton Library ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Inc. p. 122.
3927:
3356:"Scandal Behind the Convent Walls: The Know-Nothing Nunnery Committee of 1855"
3055:"Salmon P. Chase, Nativism, and the Formation of the Republican Party in Ohio"
2636:
The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism
2269:
Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s
2115:
1997:
1991:
747:
polled well in the South, attracting the votes of many former southern Whigs.
735:
588:
381:
361:
337:
political movement in the United States in the 1850s, officially known as the
5124:
4018:. Vol. 2. New York City, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 467.
3284:
3191:
2986:
2881:
2846:
2287:
1001:. In Massachusetts, for example, the American Party ran Republican candidate
6188:
5339:
4306:"Donald Trump is an immigration Know-Nothing, and dangerous for Republicans"
3468:
2711:
2619:
2336:
2119:
700:. Growing anti-party sentiment, fueled by anti-slavery sentiment as well as
3721:
3242:
The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s
3090:. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. pp. 74–89.
636:
in the capital united as the "Anti-Know-Nothing Party". In New York, where
4140:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 108, 147, 160.
4068:"Fillmore, Millard (1800–1874), thirteenth president of the United States"
3148:
Deusner, Charles E. (April 1963). "The Know Nothing Riots in Louisville".
2978:
2866:. Jefferson, North Carolina: Mcfarland & Company Inc. pp. 63–64.
5467:
5029:. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1855. Work by K–N activist.
4338:
4161:
Kellogg, Louise Phelps (September 1918). "The Bennett Law in Wisconsin".
3995:, p. 8. Springfield, Illinois: Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library.
3424:
Lord, Robert Howard; Harrington, Edward T. & Sexton, John E. (1945).
2540:
877:
The Know Nothings also dominated politics in Rhode Island, where in 1855
444:
385:
349:
235:
4936:
Rice, Philip Morrison. "The Know-Nothing Party in Virginia, 1854–1856."
4833:
Hurt, Payton. "The Rise and Fall of the 'Know Nothings' in California,"
4486:
3292:
3199:
3161:
2787:
2551:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 877.
4951:
4941:
4866:
4779:
4730:
Donelson was Andrew Jackson's nephew and K–N nominee for Vice President
4713:
4693:
4656:
4174:
3966:
3673:
3549:
2947:
2583:
985:
Results by county indicating the percentage for Fillmore in each county
536:
4840:
Kadir, Djelal. "Agnotology and the Know-Nothing Party: Then and Now."
4628:(1992). online at ACLS History e-Book;, the standard scholarly study'
4362:"Donald Trump Isn't The First Know Nothing to Capture American Hearts"
3992:
3850:
A Rhetorical Analysis of Selected Ante-Bellum Speeches by Randell Hunt
3810:
A Glorious Assemblage: The Rise of the Know-Nothing Party in Louisiana
3646:
3538:
Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association
3409:
716:
4508:. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. p. 75.
3912:. Jackson, Mississippi: University of Mississippi Press. p. 46.
3178:
Tuska, Benjamin R. (1925). "Know-Nothingism in Baltimore 1854–1860".
818:
3958:
3716:. Baltimore, Maryland: The Maryland Center for History and Culture.
3515:. New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 141–142.
2863:
Lincoln and His World. Vol. 4, The Path to the Presidency, 1854–1860
2575:
2310:"How the 19th-Century Know Nothing Party Reshaped American Politics"
591:
and religious bigotry, the Know Nothings did not focus their ire on
4852:
America for Americans: A history of xenophobia in the United States
3401:
4138:
The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–96
3219:. Vol. 1. New York, New York: The American Historical Society
715:
553:
489:
348:
Supporters of the Know Nothing movement believed that an alleged "
272:
4634:
Anbinder, Tyler. "Nativism and prejudice against immigrants," in
3127:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 538–542.
2475:
No King, No Popery: Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England
4663:
The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876
4616:
statistical analysis of anti-Irish vote in Massachuesetts online
4113:, New York, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 375–76,
973:
and therefore opposed to papal authority over matters of state.
692:
The key to Know Nothing success in 1854 was the collapse of the
592:
278:
6311:
5553:
5183:
4278:"Donald Trump Isn't a Fascist; He's a Media-Savvy Know-Nothing"
3430:. Vol. 2. Boston: The Pilot Publishing Co. pp. 686–99
2901:
Lincoln Home National Historic Site, U.S. National Park Service
2897:"Lincoln on the Know Nothing Party (Letter to Joshua F. Speed)"
2389:"Progressive Nativism: The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts"
1842:
Some historians and journalists "have found parallels with the
3451:
Running on the Record: Civil War-Era Politics in New Hampshire
2831:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Publishers. p. 150.
1962:), the fictionalized version of real-life Know Nothing leader
1940:, a number of commentators and politicians compared candidate
1056:
1050:
266:
4946:
Roseboom, Eugene H. "Salmon P. Chase and the Know Nothings."
4221:
Shirley, Craig (April 22, 2006). "How the GOP Lost Its Way".
3040:
The Monthly Nautical Magazine and Quarterly Commercial Review
360:. Therefore, they sought to politically organize native-born
4929:
Parmet, Robert D. "Connecticut's Know-Nothings: A Profile,"
4609:
Nativism (politics) in the United States § Bibliography
4584:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 113.
3751:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 856.
3014:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: UNC Press Books. p. 15.
2272:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 121.
1111:
5211:
Historical right-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets
4977:
Tuska, Benjamin. "Know-Nothingism in Baltimore 1854-1860."
4418:"Trump: A throwback to the Know-Nothing Party of the 1850s"
1944:
to the Know Nothings due to his anti-immigration policies.
388:
appeals. At the state level, the party was, in some cases,
3271:
Ruchames, Louis (1952). "The Abolitionists and the Jews".
2723:
2721:
1866:
Tea Party populism should also be thought of as a kind of
6274:
State and local political parties (without national body)
4646:
Ambivalent Americans: The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland
4334:"Is Trump Turning the GOP Into the 'Know Nothing' Party?"
4035:
The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore
3853:(PhD). Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University
2456:
2454:
1036:" We now practically read it "all men are created equal,
677:
to the Democratic Party elected Banks to the position of
7000:
Defunct far-right political parties in the United States
3813:(MA). Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University
3689:
Ambivalent Americans: The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland
4198:
4196:
2444:
The Life and Times of John Kelly, Tribune of the People
603:, the party supported a Jewish candidate for governor,
4802:
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
3273:
Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society
2415:"'Know Nothings' Opposed Immigration in Lincoln's Day"
754:, Maine, a shipowner dubbed his new 700-ton freighter
5036:(2017), heavily illustrated with editorial cartoons.
4702:(2017), heavily illustrated with editorial cartoons.
3879:. Shreveport, Louisiana. September 5, 1855. p. 1
3414:(Discusses the actual behavior of the Catholic nuns.)
1988:
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
369:. In parts of the South, the party did not emphasize
6921:
Political parties of minorities in the United States
2602:
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
6882:
6833:
6790:
6735:
6680:
6631:
6622:
6577:
6431:
5906:
5866:
5859:
5654:
5633:
5624:
5597:
5485:
5430:
5365:
5338:
5311:
5284:
5257:
5230:
5217:
5066:Fillmore, Millard; Frank H. Severance (ed.)(1907).
644:almost a decade before, the Know Nothing candidate
290:
259:
249:
191:
179:
169:
148:
137:
116:
106:
88:
70:
60:
43:
34:
5093:The Wide-Awake Gift: A Know Nothing Token for 1855
5077:The Wide-Awake Gift: A Know Nothing Token for 1855
4889:. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society (2005).
4788:(1978), detailed statistical study, state-by-state
3239:
3036:"Launches in the United States for the Past Month"
2696:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 131.
813:, in 1854, Know Nothings were associated with the
4880:Essays on American Antebellum Politics, 1840–1860
1644:Know Nothing Candidates in Presidential Elections
423:and several other individuals into office in the
4907:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing, 1852–1857
4778:, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Dec., 1985), pp. 529–559
948:, along with his brother, former Representative
435:. The American Party nominated former President
4016:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing 1852–1857
2922:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing 1852–1857
2746:. University of California Press. p. 158.
1832:
1826:took place in Illinois in 1892, where Democrat
1107:Know Nothing Winners in Congressional Elections
1070:
1029:
1019:Many were appalled by the Know Nothings. While
887:fueled anti-Irish and anti-Catholic sentiment.
690:
576:
6985:Anti-immigration politics in the United States
5591:List of political parties in the United States
5095:. New York: J. C. Derby, 1855; pp. 54–63.
4786:The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856
4735:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
640:had been elected mayor of New York City as an
539:had contributed to the failure of the liberal
495:Uncle Sam's youngest son, Citizen Know Nothing
6323:
5565:
5195:
3842:
3840:
3506:
3504:
3502:
2382:
2380:
2199:Religious discrimination in the United States
1958:, led by William "Bill the Butcher" Cutting (
8:
5539:History of conservatism in the United States
4814:The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party
3173:
3171:
2960:
2958:
2173:Know-Nothing Riots in United States politics
781:Know-Nothing Riots in United States politics
649:because all parties were in turmoil and the
620:candidate for mayor of Philadelphia, editor
6945:1860 disestablishments in the United States
4873:Catholicism and American Freedom: A History
4638:, ed. by Reed Ueda (2006) pp. 177–201
3150:Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
2743:The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000
2664:Catholicism and American Freedom: A History
1897:to be under the "neo-Know Nothing banner".
6980:Anti-German sentiment in the United States
6628:
6330:
6316:
6308:
5903:
5863:
5630:
5572:
5558:
5550:
5227:
5202:
5188:
5180:
5109:Nativism in the 1856 Presidential Election
4938:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
4828:History of United States Political Parties
4690:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
4001:held by Massachusetts Historical Society.)
3989:Letter to Joshua F. Speed, August 24, 1855
3772:Bouligny, John Edward (February 5, 1861).
3662:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
3635:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
2936:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
2649:
1893:'s 1968 presidential campaign was said by
1647:
356:in the United States was being hatched by
296:
31:
4388:Kaufman, Scott Eric (December 16, 2015).
4101:
4099:
4080:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400374
3993:Papers of Abraham Lincoln Digital Library
3125:Origins of the Republican Party 1852–1856
2477:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1822:campaign in Wisconsin in 1890. A similar
7015:Right-wing populism in the United States
6955:Political parties disestablished in 1860
6940:1844 establishments in the United States
4909:(1947), overall political survey of era
4842:Review of International American Studies
4074:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
3831:
3341:
3317:
3110:
2812:
2800:
2727:
2693:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
2460:
2239:European immigrants; it did not include
2156:18th vice president of the United States
1938:2016 United States presidential election
1366:
1115:
1080:After the Supreme Court's controversial
980:
784:
688:The historian Tyler Anbinder concluded:
478:in 1860 and they disappeared during the
402:temperance movement in the United States
341:before 1855, and afterwards simply the
5048:Immigration: Its Evils and Consequences
4931:Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin
4835:California Historical Society Quarterly
3329:
2255:
2220:
1117:United States House of Representatives
585:antisemitic nativist groups in the U.S.
7010:Political parties in the United States
5722:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party
5582:political parties in the United States
4769:Anti-Catholicism in America, 1620–1860
4554:Thaddeus Stevens: Scourge of the South
4187:
3620:
3305:
2363:Kierdorf, Douglas (January 10, 2016).
2229:aboriginal populations of the Americas
2114:, politician, painter and inventor of
6970:Anti-Catholicism in the United States
6950:Political parties established in 1844
4475:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly
4416:Kiedrowski, Jay (September 9, 2016).
4332:Raleigh, Helen (September 19, 2015).
3493:
3481:
2494:New-York Historical Society Quarterly
2233:Native Americans in the United States
2189:Anti-Catholicism in the United States
380:The Know Nothings supplemented their
7:
6995:Defunct American political movements
6408:Presidency of William Henry Harrison
6381:1860 Constitutional Union Convention
4958:Political Nativism in New York State
4948:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
4771:(Cambridge University Press, 2017) .
4259:"Building a Nation of Know-Nothings"
3775:Feb. 5, 1861: Secession of Louisiana
2895:Lincoln, Abraham (August 24, 1855).
2522:Political Nativism in New York State
2179:Baltimore Know-Nothing riots of 1856
1852:prejudices against Latino immigrants
5707:Freedom Road Socialist Organization
4969:Historical Journal of Massachusetts
4917:The Know-Nothing Party in the South
4682:(1938), standard scholarly survey;
4636:A companion to American immigration
4276:Cassidy, John (December 28, 2015).
3363:Historical Journal of Massachusetts
3246:. Oxford University Press. p.
2396:Historical Journal of Massachusetts
2365:"Getting to know the Know-Nothings"
2049:13th president of the United States
501:Anti-Catholicism was widespread in
50:Native American Party (before 1855)
6279:Presidential nominating convention
4204:"Library Exhibits | Know Nothings"
3691:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
3213:Hatch, Louis Clinton, ed. (1919).
2441:McLaughlin, James Fairfax (1885).
2343:University of Southern Mississippi
2194:Nativism in United States politics
472:Supreme Court of the United States
352:" conspiracy to subvert civil and
25:
7020:Conservatism in the United States
6364:1856 American National Convention
4896:. Boston: Northeastern UP, 1990.
4800:The Irish in the South, 1815–1877
4304:Nevius, James (August 15, 2015).
3565:The Irish in the South, 1815–1877
2860:Miller, Richard Lawrence (2012).
2184:71st Infantry Regiment (New York)
2056:, lieutenant governor of Kentucky
1691:after Taylor's nomination at the
1688:Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn
568:Order of the Star Spangled Banner
515:Order of the Star Spangled Banner
186:Order of the Star Spangled Banner
27:1850s US nativist political party
6269:
6268:
5149:
5114:Nativism By Michael F. Holt, PhD
3906:Carriere, Marius M. Jr. (2018).
2341:(MA). Hattiesburg, Mississippi:
2102:, politician and social activist
1792:
1791:
1767:
1756:
1739:
1715:
1704:
1598:
1597:
1576:
1575:
1549:
1548:
1527:
1526:
1500:
1474:
1448:
1427:
1401:
1350:
1349:
1328:
1327:
1301:
1300:
1279:
1278:
1252:
1226:
1225:
1199:
1178:
1177:
1151:
1150:
6403:Presidency of John Quincy Adams
5340:States' Rights Democratic Party
4999:The Rise of American Democracy.
4360:Reston, Laura (July 30, 2015).
3947:The Journal of American History
3511:McLoughlin, William G. (1986).
2564:The Journal of American History
2413:Kemp, Bill (January 17, 2016).
2204:Xenophobia in the United States
2136:, congressman from Pennsylvania
1812:American Protective Association
6423:Presidency of Millard Fillmore
5170:New International Encyclopedia
5080:. New York: J.C. Derby, 1855.
4720:Tennessee Historical Quarterly
4529:Billington, Ray Allen (1959).
4208:exhibits.library.villanova.edu
3909:The Know Nothings in Louisiana
3712:Melton, Tracy Matthew (2005).
3180:The Catholic Historical Review
2488:Leonard, Ira M. (April 1966).
1740:
1501:
1475:
1449:
1428:
1402:
1253:
1200:
997:and vice presidential nominee
862:New Hampshire and Rhode Island
1:
6289:Politics of the United States
5511:National States' Rights Party
5495:Straight-Out Democratic Party
5119:Lager Beer Riot, Chicago 1855
4933:(1966), 31 #3, pp. 84–90
4567:– via Internet Archive.
4462:– via Internet Archive.
4163:Wisconsin Magazine of History
4111:Safire's Political Dictionary
3238:Formisano, Ronald P. (1983).
3008:Bennett, David Harry (1988).
2473:Cogliano, Francis D. (1995).
1929:, which falsely claimed that
1834:The spirit which enacted the
1693:1848 Whig National Convention
1005:as its presidential nominee.
991:presidential election of 1856
826:burned down a Catholic church
392:in its stances on "issues of
6960:American nationalist parties
6418:Presidency of Zachary Taylor
5979:Democratic-Republican (1844)
5807:South Carolina Workers Party
4648:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.
3123:Gienapp, William E. (1987).
1814:of the 1890s and the Second
1780:
1777:
1728:
1725:
587:, and despite their zealous
470:pro-slavery decision of the
94:; 164 years ago
76:; 180 years ago
6975:Anti-Catholic organizations
5021:Anspach, Frederick Rinehart
4863:Journal of American History
4776:Journal of American History
4653:Journal of American History
4537:. Vol. 10, no. 2.
4072:American National Biography
4038:. The American Presidency.
2662:McGreevey, John T. (2003).
2633:Billington, Ray A. (1938).
2335:Farrell, Robert N. (2017).
2168:Philadelphia Nativist Riots
2035:, congressman from Maryland
1830:denounced the Republicans:
1027:, written August 24, 1855:
669:as governor of California.
665:and they also helped elect
53:American Party (after 1855)
7041:
7005:1850s in the United States
5737:National Progressive Party
5662:African People's Socialist
5367:American Independent Party
5259:Constitutional Union Party
5158:Know Nothing Platform 1856
4979:Catholic Historical Review
4606:
4040:University Press of Kansas
3563:Gleeson, David T. (2001).
2825:LeMay, Michael C. (2012).
2542:"Know Nothing Party"
2519:Scisco, Louis Dow (1901).
2074:, governor of Rhode Island
1798:
1790:
1783:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1096:Constitutional Union Party
778:
762:Leadership and legislation
526:the American Party label.
476:Constitutional Union Party
441:1856 presidential election
156:Constitutional Union Party
6349:
6261:
6189:States Rights (Dixiecrat)
5588:
5529:
5286:National Democratic Party
4531:"The Know-Nothing Uproar"
4500:Ramage, James A. (2004).
3930:– via Google Books.
3847:Tarver, Jerry L. (1964).
3745:Holt, Michael F. (1999).
3354:Mulkern, John R. (1983).
3227:– via Google Books.
3084:Mulkern, John R. (1990).
2763:– via Google Books.
2316:. Smithsonian Institution
2290:– via Google Books.
1681:
1604:
1555:
1506:
1480:
1454:
1407:
1356:
1307:
1258:
1232:
1205:
1157:
1034:all men are created equal
734:, Know Nothing candidate
628:defeated incumbent Mayor
507:American Republican Party
411:after the passage of the
309:Politics of United States
304:
295:
124:American Republican Party
111:American Republican Party
6413:Presidency of John Tyler
5782:Socialism and Liberation
4885:Melton, Tracy Matthew.
4837:9 (March and June 1930).
4807:Historical New Hampshire
3588:Frederick, Jeff (2002).
3438:– via Hathi Trust.
2740:Diner, Hasia R. (2006).
2387:Taylor, Stephen (2000).
2308:Boissoneault, Lorraine.
2148:, mayor of San Francisco
2090:, governor of California
1682:Withdrew endorsement of
1637:
1630:
1623:
6059:National States' Rights
5914:American (Know Nothing)
5762:Progressive Labor Party
5244:Andrew Jackson Donelson
5069:Millard Fillmore Papers
4644:Baker, Jean H. (1977),
4210:. Villanova University.
3687:Baker, Jean H. (1977).
3513:Rhode Island: A History
3496:, pp. 55, 58, 212.
2776:American Jewish History
2548:Encyclopædia Britannica
2096:, senator from Maryland
2039:Andrew Jackson Donelson
1990:from Massachusetts and
1856:hostility towards Islam
1836:Alien and Sedition laws
1774:Andrew Jackson Donelson
999:Andrew Jackson Donelson
562:In 1849, an oath-bound
6904:Alexander H. H. Stuart
5787:Serve America Movement
5777:Renew America Movement
4981:11.2 (1925): 217–251.
4950:25.3 (1938): 335–350.
4915:Overdyke, W. Darrell.
4882:(1982) pp. 166–98
4844:10.1 (2017): 117–131.
4767:Farrelly, Maura Jane.
4749:The Know-Nothing Party
4655:64 (1977–78): 959–86.
4237:"The Immigration Deal"
3941:Levine, Bruce (2001).
3807:Hall, Ryan M. (2015).
3722:10.56021/9780938420941
2108:, governor of Kentucky
2068:, governor of Maryland
2029:, senator for Kentucky
1884:
1840:
1639: Republican Party
1625: Democratic Party
1083:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1074:
1062:
1016:from the White House.
986:
950:John Pendleton Kennedy
906:
884:The Providence Journal
817:of a Catholic priest,
815:tarring and feathering
790:
728:
707:
663:mayor of San Francisco
581:
559:
498:
467:Dred Scott v. Sandford
462:
455:as president, stating:
6965:American nationalists
6898:Thomas M. T. McKennan
6194:Traditionalist Worker
5874:Democratic-Republican
5812:Social Democrats, USA
5802:Socialist Alternative
5298:Simon Bolivar Buckner
5224:national popular vote
5154:Texts on Wikisource:
5130:Catholic Encyclopedia
5043:Busey, Samuel Clagett
4924:Politics and Religion
4865:2001 88(2): 455–488.
4791:Gillespie, J. David.
4761:72.2 (2019): 99–122.
4747:Desmond, Humphrey J.
4737:2003 127(1): 89–100.
4722:2003 62(3): 218–237.
4607:Further information:
3873:"American Convention"
3390:New England Quarterly
2979:10.1353/cwh.1995.0023
2066:Thomas Holliday Hicks
1978:Notable Know Nothings
1864:
1368:United States Senate
984:
938:Thomas Holliday Hicks
901:
788:
732:In the spring of 1855
719:
557:
493:
457:
339:Native American Party
226:Cultural assimilation
221:Anti-German sentiment
18:Know Nothing Movement
6990:Anti-Irish sentiment
6376:Constitutional Union
6049:National Renaissance
5974:Constitutional Union
5218:Presidential tickets
5034:Smithsonian Magazine
4987:Voss-Hubbard, Mark.
4926:6.3 (2013): 570–595.
4875:(W. W. Norton, 2003)
4854:(Basic Books, 2019)
4784:Gienapp, William E.
4700:Smithsonian Magazine
4692:1998 106(1): 35–70.
4578:Foner, Eric (1995).
4506:Kentucky's Governors
4450:Simon & Schuster
4442:Smith, Gene (1992).
4042:. pp. 252–253.
3053:Gienapp, William E.
2314:Smithsonian Magazine
2241:Indigenous Americans
2146:Stephen Palfrey Webb
2142:, mayor of Baltimore
2062:, mayor of Baltimore
2021:John Edward Bouligny
1672:Outcome of election
971:Gallican Catholicism
954:John Edward Bouligny
795:Louisville, Kentucky
741:Henry Alexander Wise
679:Speaker of the House
659:Stephen Palfrey Webb
216:Anti-Irish sentiment
201:American nationalism
161:North American Party
7025:Nativism (politics)
6720:William M. Meredith
6535:1848 (Philadelphia)
6393:Second Party System
6339:National Republican
6249:Youth International
6199:Unconditional Union
6104:Populist (People's)
6014:Independence (2007)
6009:Independence (1906)
5969:Constitution (1952)
5944:American Vegetarian
5884:National Republican
5727:Legal Marijuana Now
5677:American Solidarity
5085:"The 'Know Nothings
4956:Scisco, Louis Dow.
4871:McGreevey, John T.
4830:(1973), I, 575–620.
4678:Billington, Ray A.
4257:(August 27, 2010).
4223:The Washington Post
3999:Original manuscript
3987:Lincoln, Abraham. "
3788:on February 2, 2017
3449:Renda, Lex (1997).
3332:, pp. 101–102.
3308:, pp. 171–172.
2688:McPherson, James M.
2106:Charles S. Morehead
2100:Lewis Charles Levin
1907:by neoconservative
1904:The Weekly Standard
1860:Tea Party movements
1848:Tea Party movements
1799:Democratic victory
1746:Democratic victory
1369:
1118:
934:William B. Campbell
698:Kansas–Nebraska Act
694:second party system
642:American Republican
549:conspiracy theories
541:Revolutions of 1848
511:Lewis Charles Levin
413:Kansas–Nebraska Act
65:Lewis Charles Levin
6861:William B. Preston
6843:Samuel L. Southard
6824:John J. Crittenden
6806:John J. Crittenden
6775:George W. Crawford
6371:Anti-Masonic Party
6129:Progressive (1948)
6124:Progressive (1924)
6119:Progressive (1912)
6054:National Socialist
6034:Liberal Republican
6004:Human Rights Party
5964:Communist Workers'
5817:Socialist Equality
5505:Unpledged electors
5488:right-wing parties
5393:Thomas J. Anderson
5352:Fielding L. Wright
5222:one percent of the
5055:Carroll, Anna Ella
4809:39 (1985): 121–37.
4798:Gleeson, David T.
4668:Bennett, David H.
4502:Lowell H. Harrison
4263:The New York Times
4241:The New York Times
4134:Jensen, Richard J.
2803:, pp. 75–102.
2054:James Greene Hardy
2033:Henry Winter Davis
2027:John J. Crittenden
2000:, mayor of Chicago
1984:Nathaniel P. Banks
1948:In popular culture
1923:The New York Times
1914:The New York Times
1874:. Almost entirely
1828:John Peter Altgeld
1378:overall seats won
1367:
1127:overall seats won
1116:
987:
942:Henry Winter Davis
791:
729:
671:Nathaniel P. Banks
560:
499:
480:American Civil War
449:Henry Winter Davis
417:Nathaniel P. Banks
6917:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6867:William A. Graham
6781:Charles M. Conrad
6509:1839 (Harrisburg)
6305:
6304:
6257:
6256:
6174:Social Democratic
6169:Silver Republican
6139:Radical Democracy
6134:Proletarian Party
5902:
5901:
5855:
5854:
5822:Socialist Workers
5712:Freedom Socialist
5682:Christian Liberty
5547:
5546:
5481:
5480:
5419:/Eileen Shearer (
5325:Thomas C. O'Brien
5220:that won at least
5143:Handbook of Texas
4964:, pp. 84–202
4892:Mulkern, John R.
4819:Holt, Michael F.
4812:Holt, Michael F.
4712:(1980): 183–195.
4710:Louisiana History
4591:978-0-1997-6226-2
4535:American Heritage
4120:978-0-19-534061-7
4089:978-0-19-860669-7
4049:978-0-7006-0362-6
3919:978-1-4968-1688-7
3877:The South-Western
3758:978-0-19-516104-5
3731:978-0-938420-94-1
3574:978-0-8078-4968-2
3484:, pp. 33–57.
3257:978-0-19-503124-9
3113:, pp. 34–43.
3097:978-1-55553-071-6
2967:Civil War History
2873:978-0-7864-8812-4
2838:978-0-313-39644-1
2753:978-0-520-24848-9
2650:Billington (1938)
2279:978-0-19-507233-4
2072:William W. Hoppin
2004:John Wilkes Booth
1955:Gangs of New York
1868:identity politics
1803:
1802:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1363:
1362:
1102:Electoral results
940:, Representative
879:William W. Hoppin
807:mayoral elections
630:John Walker Maury
530:Underlying issues
354:religious liberty
327:
326:
314:Political parties
149:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
7032:
6849:George E. Badger
6792:Attorney General
6629:
6561:1856 (Baltimore)
6548:1852 (Baltimore)
6522:1844 (Baltimore)
6456:1831 (Baltimore)
6388:Opposition Party
6332:
6325:
6318:
6309:
6272:
6271:
6184:Socialist (1901)
5904:
5864:
5842:Working Families
5797:Socialist Action
5792:Socialist (1973)
5742:Progressive Dane
5672:American Freedom
5631:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5551:
5470:/Cyril Minnett (
5240:Millard Fillmore
5228:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5181:
5174:
5153:
5134:
5125:"Knownothingism"
5088:
5083:Bond, Thomas E.
4962:full text online
4596:
4595:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4452:. p. 60 ].
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4367:The New Republic
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4273:
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4266:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4200:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4103:
4094:
4093:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4030:Smith, Elbert B.
4026:
4020:
4019:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3991:" (1855-08-24).
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3938:
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3903:
3897:
3896:
3886:
3884:
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3435:
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3376:
3374:
3360:
3351:
3345:
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3333:
3327:
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3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3245:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3216:Maine: A History
3210:
3204:
3203:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
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3081:
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2370:The Boston Globe
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2305:
2292:
2291:
2260:
2244:
2225:
2134:Thaddeus Stevens
2088:J. Neely Johnson
2045:Millard Fillmore
1960:Daniel Day-Lewis
1927:birther movement
1880:anti-immigration
1795:
1794:
1787:
1771:
1763:Millard Fillmore
1760:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1719:
1708:
1666:Electoral votes
1648:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1632: Whig Party
1631:
1626:
1624:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1552:
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1544:
1530:
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1496:
1482:Millard Fillmore
1478:
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1234:Millard Fillmore
1229:
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1181:
1180:
1173:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1119:
1112:
1088:Republican Party
995:Millard Fillmore
811:Ellsworth, Maine
667:J. Neely Johnson
622:Robert T. Conrad
572:Democratic Party
503:colonial America
437:Millard Fillmore
433:Republican Party
375:Democratic Party
371:anti-Catholicism
300:
277:
271:
265:
211:Anti-Catholicism
206:Anti-immigration
142:Republican Party
138:Merged into
117:Preceded by
102:
100:
95:
84:
82:
77:
32:
21:
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7035:
7034:
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7030:
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6925:
6924:
6918:
6909:
6878:
6873:John P. Kennedy
6829:
6818:Reverdy Johnson
6786:
6769:James M. Porter
6763:John C. Spencer
6751:Peter B. Porter
6731:
6708:John C. Spencer
6676:
6659:John M. Clayton
6618:
6580:
6573:
6434:
6427:
6354:American System
6345:
6336:
6306:
6301:
6298:
6294:Politics portal
6253:
6179:Socialist Labor
6159:Red Guard Party
6109:Personal Choice
6044:National (1917)
5939:American (1969)
5934:American (1924)
5919:Americans Elect
5898:
5860:Defunct parties
5851:
5650:
5620:
5593:
5584:
5578:
5548:
5543:
5525:
5487:
5477:
5444:Maureen Salaman
5426:
5389:John G. Schmitz
5361:
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5105:
5100:
5086:
5016:
5014:Primary sources
5011:
4940:(1947): 61–75.
4622:Anbinder, Tyler
4611:
4604:
4599:
4592:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4516:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4460:
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4436:
4426:
4424:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4344:
4342:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4286:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4243:. May 20, 2007.
4235:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4202:
4201:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4107:Safire, William
4105:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4064:Anbinder, Tyler
4062:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3959:10.2307/2675102
3940:
3939:
3935:
3920:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3882:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3832:Anbinder (1992)
3830:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3510:
3509:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3461:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3342:Anbinder (1992)
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3318:Ruchames (1952)
3316:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3111:Anbinder (1992)
3109:
3105:
3098:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2924:(1947) 2:396–8.
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2874:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2839:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2813:Anbinder (1992)
2811:
2807:
2801:Anbinder (1992)
2799:
2795:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2728:Anbinder (1992)
2726:
2719:
2704:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2632:
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2596:
2595:
2591:
2576:10.2307/2675102
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2530:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2487:
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2461:Anbinder (1992)
2459:
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2440:
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2264:Anbinder, Tyler
2262:
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2247:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2164:
2094:Anthony Kennedy
2016:Abraham Lincoln
1980:
1950:
1909:William Kristol
1808:
1788:
1785:
1772:
1761:
1736:
1733:
1720:
1709:
1690:
1646:
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1622:
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1619:
1606:Abraham Lincoln
1594:
1591:
1572:
1569:
1545:
1542:
1523:
1520:
1508:Franklin Pierce
1497:
1494:
1471:
1468:
1445:
1442:
1424:
1421:
1398:
1395:
1377:
1358:Abraham Lincoln
1346:
1343:
1324:
1321:
1297:
1294:
1275:
1272:
1260:Franklin Pierce
1249:
1246:
1222:
1219:
1196:
1193:
1174:
1171:
1147:
1144:
1126:
1109:
1104:
1021:Abraham Lincoln
1003:John C. Frémont
979:
966:
946:Anthony Kennedy
893:
864:
843:
838:
783:
777:
764:
727:campaign poster
613:
532:
497:, an 1854 print
488:
398:rights of women
323:
281:
275:
269:
263:
245:
165:
144:(Northern U.S.)
133:
98:
96:
93:
80:
78:
75:
56:
39:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7038:
7036:
7028:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
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6947:
6942:
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6927:
6926:
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6907:
6901:
6895:
6888:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6855:Abel P. Upshur
6852:
6846:
6839:
6837:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6821:
6815:
6809:
6803:
6796:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6778:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6754:
6748:
6741:
6739:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6714:George M. Bibb
6711:
6705:
6702:Walter Forward
6699:
6693:
6686:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6671:Edward Everett
6668:
6665:Daniel Webster
6662:
6656:
6653:Abel P. Upshur
6650:
6647:Daniel Webster
6644:
6637:
6635:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6610:
6604:
6598:
6592:
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6519:
6506:
6497:
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6479:
6466:
6453:
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6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6373:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6359:American Party
6356:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6327:
6320:
6312:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6297:
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6291:
6286:
6276:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6234:Young Patriots
6231:
6226:
6224:White Panthers
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6099:People's Party
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6039:Liberty (1840)
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5994:Gold Democrats
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5910:
5908:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5894:National Union
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5637:
5635:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5611:
5603:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5554:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5521:Populist Party
5518:
5516:American Party
5513:
5508:
5502:
5500:Texas Regulars
5497:
5491:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5465:
5451:
5436:
5434:
5432:Populist Party
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5414:
5400:
5386:
5375:George Wallace
5371:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5348:Strom Thurmond
5344:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5294:John M. Palmer
5290:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5271:Edward Everett
5263:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5236:
5234:
5232:American Party
5225:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5160:
5147:
5138:American Party
5135:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5104:
5103:External links
5101:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5072:
5064:
5052:
5040:
5030:
5017:
5015:
5012:
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5009:
4992:
4985:
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4890:
4883:
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4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4772:
4765:
4759:Alabama Review
4755:
4745:
4731:
4716:
4706:
4696:
4686:
4676:
4666:
4659:
4649:
4642:
4640:online excerpt
4632:
4619:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4590:
4570:
4563:
4540:
4521:
4514:
4492:
4481:(3): 327–343.
4465:
4458:
4434:
4408:
4380:
4352:
4324:
4296:
4283:The New Yorker
4268:
4246:
4228:
4225:. p. A21.
4213:
4192:
4190:, p. 220.
4180:
4153:
4146:
4125:
4119:
4095:
4088:
4055:
4048:
4021:
4003:
3979:
3933:
3918:
3898:
3889:Newspapers.com
3864:
3836:
3834:, p. 167.
3824:
3799:
3764:
3757:
3737:
3730:
3704:
3697:
3679:
3668:(2): 159–167.
3652:
3625:
3613:
3595:Alabama Review
3580:
3573:
3555:
3528:
3521:
3498:
3486:
3474:
3459:
3441:
3416:
3402:10.2307/365222
3380:
3346:
3344:, p. 137.
3334:
3330:Mulkern (1990)
3322:
3320:, p. 139.
3310:
3298:
3263:
3256:
3230:
3205:
3186:(2): 217–251.
3167:
3140:
3133:
3115:
3103:
3096:
3076:
3045:
3027:
3020:
3000:
2954:
2926:
2920:Allan Nevins,
2913:
2887:
2872:
2852:
2837:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2782:(3): 437–451.
2766:
2752:
2732:
2730:, p. 120.
2717:
2702:
2679:
2672:
2654:
2652:, p. 242.
2642:
2625:
2610:
2589:
2570:(2): 455–488.
2554:
2539:, ed. (1911).
2537:Chisholm, Hugh
2528:
2511:
2480:
2465:
2463:, p. 270.
2450:
2433:
2420:The Pantagraph
2405:
2376:
2355:
2327:
2293:
2278:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2246:
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2201:
2196:
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2158:
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2143:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2008:Ford's Theatre
2001:
1995:
1979:
1976:
1949:
1946:
1899:Fareed Zakaria
1891:George Wallace
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1765:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1722:Reynell Coates
1713:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1684:Zachary Taylor
1680:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1616:
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1608:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1582:
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1573:
1568:
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1560:
1559:
1557:James Buchanan
1554:
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1498:
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1456:Zachary Taylor
1453:
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1412:
1411:
1406:
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1373:Election year
1364:
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1360:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1312:
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1309:James Buchanan
1306:
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1257:
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1207:Zachary Taylor
1204:
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1128:
1123:
1122:Election year
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1042:and foreigners
1038:except negroes
1014:James Buchanan
1010:Andrew Jackson
978:
975:
965:
962:
944:, and Senator
922:Catholic roots
892:
889:
863:
860:
842:
839:
837:
834:
822:Johannes Bapst
779:Main article:
776:
773:
763:
760:
626:John T. Towers
612:
609:
564:secret society
531:
528:
487:
484:
453:James Buchanan
425:1854 elections
343:American Party
325:
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107:Merger of
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86:
85:
72:
68:
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62:
58:
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55:
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47:
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37:American Party
36:
35:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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6758:
6755:
6752:
6749:
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6745:James Barbour
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6726:Thomas Corwin
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6627:
6625:
6621:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6576:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6530:Frelinghuysen
6527:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6333:
6328:
6326:
6321:
6319:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6229:White Patriot
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6094:Patriot Party
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5949:Black Panther
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5929:American Nazi
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:Third parties
5905:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:Major parties
5865:
5862:
5858:
5848:
5847:Workers World
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5837:Working Class
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5827:Transhumanist
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5717:Forward Party
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5702:Freedom Party
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5626:Third parties
5623:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5599:Major parties
5596:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5575:
5570:
5568:
5563:
5561:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5486:Other notable
5484:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5403:Lester Maddox
5401:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5321:William Lemke
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5200:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5165:Know-Nothings
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5094:
5090:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5074:One of Them.
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5007:0-393-05820-4
5004:
5000:
4996:
4995:Wilentz, Sean
4993:
4990:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4903:Nevins, Allan
4901:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4601:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4574:
4571:
4566:
4564:0-393-00331-0
4560:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4522:
4517:
4515:0-8131-2326-7
4511:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4459:0-671-76713-5
4455:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4438:
4435:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4409:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4384:
4381:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4356:
4353:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4328:
4325:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4300:
4297:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4255:Egan, Timothy
4250:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4224:
4217:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4188:Jensen (1971)
4184:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4147:0-226-39825-0
4143:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4012:Nevins, Allan
4007:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3980:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3852:
3851:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3825:
3812:
3811:
3803:
3800:
3784:
3777:
3776:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3700:
3698:0-8018-1906-7
3694:
3690:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3626:
3623:, p. 45.
3622:
3621:Bladek (1998)
3617:
3614:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3522:0-393-30271-7
3518:
3514:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3460:0-8139-1722-0
3456:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3429:
3428:
3420:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:(1): 101–18.
3395:
3391:
3384:
3381:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3306:Taylor (2000)
3302:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3234:
3231:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3156:(2): 122–47.
3155:
3151:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3134:0-19-504100-3
3130:
3126:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3077:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3021:0-8078-1772-4
3017:
3013:
3012:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2818:
2815:, p. 95.
2814:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2703:0-19-503863-0
2699:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2673:0-393-04760-1
2669:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2611:0-393-05820-4
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:Wilentz, Sean
2593:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2515:
2512:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2437:
2434:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2328:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:William Poole
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:William Poole
1961:
1957:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:, seeing the
1849:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1657:Running mate
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1614:
1607:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:James K. Polk
1400:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:James K. Polk
1149:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:1860 election
1089:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1046:and catholics
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
983:
976:
974:
972:
963:
961:
959:
956:, a Catholic
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
929:
927:
923:
918:
916:
915:Henry A. Wise
910:
905:
900:
897:
890:
888:
886:
885:
880:
875:
871:
869:
861:
859:
855:
851:
849:
841:Massachusetts
840:
835:
833:
831:
827:
823:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:Bloody Monday
796:
787:
782:
774:
772:
768:
761:
759:
757:
756:Know-Nothing.
753:
748:
744:
742:
737:
733:
726:
722:
718:
714:
712:
711:San Francisco
706:
703:
699:
695:
689:
686:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
646:Daniel Ullman
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
610:
608:
606:
605:Daniel Ullman
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
583:Unlike later
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
556:
552:
550:
546:
545:republicanism
542:
538:
529:
527:
524:
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383:
378:
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372:
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363:
359:
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346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Know Nothings
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
303:
299:
294:
289:
285:
284:American flag
280:
274:
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254:Protestantism
252:
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241:Republicanism
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42:
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6935:Know Nothing
6919:
6892:Thomas Ewing
6800:William Wirt
6696:Thomas Ewing
6690:Richard Rush
6624:U.S. Cabinet
6433:Presidential
6358:
6343:Whig Parties
6214:Union (1936)
6209:Union (1861)
6204:Union (1850)
6069:New Alliance
6029:Labor (1996)
6024:Labor (1919)
5984:Farmer–Labor
5924:Anti-Masonic
5913:
5697:Constitution
5613:
5606:
5458:Floyd Parker
5440:Bob Richards
5407:William Dyke
5379:Curtis LeMay
5231:
5168:
5141:
5128:
5092:
5076:
5068:
5059:
5047:
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5025:
4998:
4988:
4978:
4971:(2000) 28#2
4968:
4957:
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4923:
4916:
4906:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4862:
4851:
4850:Lee, Erika.
4841:
4834:
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4709:
4699:
4689:
4679:
4669:
4662:
4661:Baum, Dale.
4652:
4645:
4635:
4625:
4602:Bibliography
4580:
4573:
4553:
4549:Brodie, Fawn
4543:
4534:
4524:
4505:
4495:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4448:. New York:
4444:
4437:
4427:November 15,
4425:. Retrieved
4421:
4411:
4399:. Retrieved
4393:
4383:
4371:. Retrieved
4365:
4355:
4343:. Retrieved
4337:
4327:
4315:. Retrieved
4311:The Guardian
4309:
4299:
4287:. Retrieved
4281:
4271:
4262:
4249:
4240:
4231:
4222:
4216:
4207:
4183:
4166:
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4156:
4137:
4128:
4110:
4071:
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4034:
4024:
4015:
4006:
3982:
3970:. Retrieved
3950:
3946:
3936:
3908:
3901:
3894:citizenship.
3892:
3887:– via
3881:. Retrieved
3876:
3867:
3855:. Retrieved
3849:
3827:
3815:. Retrieved
3809:
3802:
3790:. Retrieved
3783:the original
3774:
3767:
3747:
3740:
3713:
3707:
3688:
3682:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
3599:
3593:
3583:
3564:
3558:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3512:
3494:Renda (1997)
3489:
3482:Renda (1997)
3477:
3450:
3444:
3432:. Retrieved
3426:
3419:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3371:. Retrieved
3366:
3362:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3241:
3233:
3221:. Retrieved
3215:
3208:
3183:
3179:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3124:
3118:
3106:
3086:
3079:
3067:. Retrieved
3062:
3059:Ohio History
3058:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3010:
3003:
2973:(1): 22–40.
2970:
2966:
2942:(1): 35–70.
2939:
2935:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2906:December 17,
2904:. Retrieved
2900:
2890:
2862:
2855:
2827:
2820:
2808:
2796:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2757:. Retrieved
2742:
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2682:
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2657:
2645:
2635:
2628:
2601:
2592:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2546:
2531:
2521:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2497:
2493:
2483:
2474:
2468:
2443:
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2418:
2408:
2402:(2): 167–84.
2399:
2395:
2368:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2337:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2313:
2268:
2258:
2223:
2152:Henry Wilson
2140:Thomas Swann
2112:Samuel Morse
2060:Samuel Hinks
2012:assassinated
1970:by novelist
1967:
1953:
1951:
1942:Donald Trump
1935:
1931:Barack Obama
1922:
1919:Timothy Egan
1912:
1902:
1894:
1887:Know Nothing
1886:
1885:
1865:
1841:
1833:
1816:Ku Klux Klan
1809:
1663:Vote %
1634:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:Allan Nevins
1063:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1025:Joshua Speed
1018:
1007:
988:
967:
930:
919:
911:
907:
902:
898:
894:
882:
876:
872:
868:Free Soilers
865:
856:
852:
848:Henry Wilson
844:
824:. They also
792:
769:
765:
755:
749:
745:
730:
708:
691:
687:
683:
651:anti-slavery
638:James Harper
614:
582:
577:
561:
533:
523:Know Nothing
522:
520:
500:
494:
465:
463:
458:
406:
394:labor rights
379:
347:
342:
338:
330:
328:
170:Headquarters
61:First Leader
29:
6906:(1850–1853)
6894:(1849–1850)
6875:(1852–1853)
6869:(1850–1852)
6863:(1849–1850)
6857:(1841–1843)
6845:(1825–1829)
6826:(1850–1853)
6820:(1849–1850)
6814:(1843–1845)
6812:John Nelson
6802:(1825–1829)
6783:(1850–1853)
6777:(1849–1850)
6771:(1843–1844)
6765:(1841–1843)
6753:(1828–1829)
6747:(1825–1828)
6728:(1850–1853)
6722:(1849–1850)
6716:(1844–1845)
6710:(1843–1844)
6704:(1841–1843)
6692:(1825–1829)
6673:(1852–1853)
6667:(1850–1852)
6661:(1849–1850)
6655:(1843–1844)
6649:(1841–1843)
6643:(1825–1829)
6615:(1856–1857)
6609:(1847–1849)
6603:(1841–1843)
6597:(1839–1841)
6591:(1825–1827)
6469:1836 (None)
6443:1828 (None)
6398:Union Party
6244:Young Lords
6064:Natural Law
5767:Prohibition
5646:Libertarian
5417:John Rarick
4401:January 16,
4373:January 16,
4345:January 16,
4317:January 16,
4289:January 16,
3883:October 20,
3857:October 20,
3792:January 23,
3606:January 23,
3544:(1): 5–20.
2759:February 9,
2500:(2): 151–92
2320:January 13,
2237:Evangelical
2175:(1844–1858)
2129:Bowery Boys
2078:Sam Houston
2006:, actor at
1972:Noah Gordon
1862:, arguing:
1824:culture war
1820:Bennett Law
1711:Jacob Broom
1384:Presidency
1133:Presidency
836:New England
830:Bath, Maine
655:prohibition
634:Freesoilers
607:, in 1854.
597:Hasia Diner
390:progressive
384:views with
362:Protestants
181:Secret wing
6929:Categories
6641:Henry Clay
6579:U.S. House
6219:U.S. Labor
6154:Red Guards
6149:Readjuster
6144:Raza Unida
6089:Opposition
5954:Boston Tea
5879:Federalist
5615:Republican
5608:Democratic
5454:David Duke
3953:(2): 484.
3928:1021063970
3369:(1): 22–34
3279:(2): 138.
2348:October 1,
2210:References
2116:morse code
2084:from Texas
2014:President
1998:Levi Boone
1992:Union Army
1654:Candidate
1064:Historian
736:Levi Boone
702:temperance
589:xenophobia
409:Whig Party
382:xenophobic
291:Party flag
129:Whig Party
44:Other name
6757:John Bell
6589:J. Taylor
6539:Z. Taylor
6084:Nullifier
6079:New Union
6074:New Party
5999:Greenback
5989:Free Soil
5747:Marijuana
5692:Communist
5580:National
5267:John Bell
5140:from the
4743:0031-4587
4728:0040-3261
4551:(1966) .
4169:(1): 13.
3817:August 4,
3641:(1): 66.
3602:(1): 3–33
3434:April 25,
3373:April 25,
3285:0146-5511
3223:April 25,
3192:0008-8080
3069:April 25,
2995:144295708
2987:1533-6271
2882:775680836
2847:828743108
2504:April 25,
2426:April 11,
2288:925224120
2251:Citations
2120:telegraph
1651:Election
1098:in 1860.
964:Louisiana
803:Baltimore
521:The name
358:Catholics
319:Elections
89:Dissolved
6884:Interior
6682:Treasury
6607:Winthrop
6581:Speakers
6569:Donelson
6565:Fillmore
6543:Fillmore
6513:Harrison
6473:Harrison
6464:Sergeant
6114:Populist
5959:Citizens
5757:People's
5687:Citizens
5667:Alliance
5507:movement
5468:Bo Gritz
5057:(1856).
5045:(1856).
5001:(2005);
4942:in JSTOR
4867:in JSTOR
4780:in JSTOR
4694:in JSTOR
4657:in JSTOR
4487:30237138
4422:MinnPost
4339:Townhall
4136:(1971).
4109:(2008),
4066:(2000).
4032:(1988).
4014:(1947).
3972:April 5,
3469:36065963
3293:43057515
3200:25012185
3162:23375884
3065:: 22, 24
2788:23883316
2712:15550774
2690:(1988).
2620:57414581
2600:(2005).
2266:(1992).
2162:See also
2118:and the
1778:873,053
1295:14 / 237
1273:52 / 234
775:Violence
752:Trescott
725:Donelson
721:Fillmore
601:New York
445:ideology
386:populist
350:Romanist
335:nativist
250:Religion
236:Populism
231:Nativism
193:Ideology
6495:Granger
6491:Webster
6477:Granger
6435:tickets
6239:Workers
6019:Justice
5732:Liberal
5655:Smaller
5173:. 1905.
5091:, from
4960:(1901)
4898:excerpt
4763:extract
4751:(1905)
4672:(1988)
4630:summary
4504:(ed.).
4175:4630124
3997:(Note:
3967:2675102
3674:4245471
3550:4230880
2948:4249690
2584:2675102
2082:senator
1994:general
1936:In the
1870:of the
1844:Birther
1786:8 / 294
1734:0 / 294
1344:0 / 239
1322:6 / 238
1247:0 / 234
1220:0 / 233
1194:1 / 233
1172:1 / 230
1145:6 / 227
977:Decline
675:opposed
537:Pius IX
486:History
439:in the
367:slavery
333:were a
286:colors)
97: (
79: (
71:Founded
6900:(1850)
6851:(1841)
6808:(1841)
6759:(1841)
6698:(1841)
6595:Hunter
6556:Graham
6500:Mangum
6164:Silver
5772:Reform
5752:Pirate
5634:Larger
5145:Online
5038:online
5005:
4991:(2002)
4983:online
4973:online
4952:online
4919:(1950)
4911:online
4856:online
4846:online
4823:(1992)
4816:(1999)
4753:online
4741:
4726:
4714:online
4704:online
4684:online
4674:online
4665:(1984)
4588:
4561:
4512:
4485:
4456:
4173:
4144:
4117:
4086:
4046:
3965:
3926:
3916:
3755:
3728:
3695:
3672:
3647:245457
3645:
3571:
3548:
3519:
3467:
3457:
3410:365222
3408:
3291:
3283:
3254:
3198:
3190:
3160:
3131:
3094:
3018:
2993:
2985:
2946:
2880:
2870:
2845:
2835:
2786:
2750:
2710:
2700:
2670:
2618:
2608:
2582:
2286:
2276:
1968:Shaman
1806:Legacy
1726:2,566
1660:Votes
1613:
1592:0 / 68
1570:2 / 66
1543:5 / 66
1521:1 / 62
1495:0 / 62
1469:0 / 62
1443:0 / 62
1422:0 / 60
1396:0 / 58
1376:No. of
1125:No. of
958:Creole
819:Jesuit
805:, the
566:, the
276:
270:
264:
260:Colors
6633:State
6613:Banks
6601:White
6552:Scott
6517:Tyler
6504:Tyler
6486:Tyler
6482:White
6447:Adams
5832:Unity
5641:Green
5313:Union
4483:JSTOR
4395:Salon
4171:JSTOR
3963:JSTOR
3786:(PDF)
3779:(PDF)
3670:JSTOR
3643:JSTOR
3546:JSTOR
3406:JSTOR
3359:(PDF)
3289:JSTOR
3196:JSTOR
3158:JSTOR
2991:S2CID
2944:JSTOR
2784:JSTOR
2580:JSTOR
2392:(PDF)
2215:Notes
1876:white
1872:right
1781:21.5
1060:]
926:riots
891:South
429:South
273:White
6835:Navy
6526:Clay
6460:Clay
6451:Rush
6341:and
6283:List
5889:Whig
5472:1992
5462:1988
5448:1984
5421:1980
5411:1976
5397:1972
5383:1968
5356:1948
5329:1936
5302:1896
5275:1860
5248:1856
5003:ISBN
4739:ISSN
4724:ISSN
4586:ISBN
4559:ISBN
4510:ISBN
4454:ISBN
4429:2017
4403:2016
4375:2016
4347:2016
4319:2016
4291:2016
4142:ISBN
4115:ISBN
4084:ISBN
4044:ISBN
3974:2023
3924:OCLC
3914:ISBN
3885:2020
3859:2020
3819:2020
3794:2017
3753:ISBN
3726:ISBN
3693:ISBN
3608:2017
3569:ISBN
3517:ISBN
3465:OCLC
3455:ISBN
3436:2023
3375:2023
3281:ISSN
3252:ISBN
3225:2023
3188:ISSN
3129:ISBN
3092:ISBN
3071:2023
3016:ISBN
2983:ISSN
2908:2019
2878:OCLC
2868:ISBN
2843:OCLC
2833:ISBN
2761:2022
2748:ISBN
2708:OCLC
2698:ISBN
2668:ISBN
2616:OCLC
2606:ISBN
2506:2023
2428:2016
2350:2020
2322:2020
2284:OCLC
2274:ISBN
2231:and
2010:who
1895:Time
1854:and
1846:and
1752:1856
1729:0.1
1700:1852
1686:and
1678:1848
1669:+/-
1586:1860
1564:1858
1537:1856
1515:1854
1489:1852
1463:1850
1437:1848
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1390:1844
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1241:1852
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1130:+/–
653:and
618:Whig
611:Rise
593:Jews
329:The
279:Blue
99:1860
92:1860
81:1844
74:1844
6737:War
5167:".
4076:doi
3955:doi
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3398:doi
3248:332
2975:doi
2940:106
2572:doi
1921:in
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1283:52
1057:sic
1051:sic
828:in
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661:as
419:of
267:Red
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83:)
20:)
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