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335:. Its long arms, fingers, feet, and toes were specialized for grasping trees, and its legs were splayed for vertical climbing. The hands and feet were curved and the ankles and wrists did not have the usual stability needed to travel on the ground that most other lemurids have. Its pedal morphology suggests
506:
which indicates a decrease in megafaunal biomass. Charcoal microparticles being found in surveys of various areas in
Madagascar give evidence to the fact that human habitat modification only occurred after this decline in megafaunal biomass. Charcoal deposits provide evidence to the fact that humans
869:
Marciniak, Stephanie; Mughal, Mehreen R.; Godfrey, Laurie R.; Bankoff, Richard J.; Randrianatoandro, Heritiana; Crowley, Brooke E.; Bergey, Christina M.; Muldoon, Kathleen M.; Randrianasy, Jeannot; Raharivololona, Brigitte M.; Schuster, Stephan C.; Malhi, Ripan S.; Yoder, Anne D.; Louis, Edward E.;
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by humans was also deemed a major contributor to the extinction of "giant" lemurs. Minor droughts are frequent in
Madagascar, but a major drought approximately 1000 years ago significantly lowered lake levels, caused a severe vegetation transition, and caused fires to spark in fire-prone grasslands
339:
evolved to live in an arboreal environment. Its foot had a large hallux and lateral abductor musculature that helped it to grasp vertically on trees, features shared by other arboreal species. Its head was unlike that of any other primate; most strikingly, its eyes were on the sides of its skull,
453:
has been calculated to be about 250 mm (9.8 in), about from three to four times that of a domestic cat. Based on the wear on the teeth, the obliteration of most of the sutures of the very thick bones, and the strongly developed crests, it is believed to have been an elderly individual.
418:
Some exterior scratches and incisions were found on both its metatarsus and its mandibula. The cuts on the metatarsus are comparable to those found in caves and are thought to have been produced by humans, while those on the mandibula seem to have been produced by some instrument engineered for
363:, using a leaf-cropping foraging method. These patterns found no permanent upper incisors or the presence of an expanded articular facet on the posterior face of the mandibular condyle. This diet and similar phenotypic traits of the teeth are the basis for concluding a shared ancestry with the
392:
of its skull showed that it had a brain capacity of about 250 cc, about 3 to 4 times the size of a domestic cat's, which is small for its size when compared to other lemurs. Compared to the size of the skull, the diameter of the orbits protrudes outwards and forwards in a tabular form,
537:
were slow-moving, bulky creatures that were diurnal, or active during the day. Lemurs in general also had small group sizes and were highly seasonal breeders (they breed for about one to two weeks a year). These features already put them at an evolutionary disadvantage;
511:
once lived in were very well adapted to be turned into grasslands, which provided little to no cover from outside forces for these creatures. Thus, the scientific conclusion arrived upon is one that hypothesizes that "giant" lemur populations, like the
876:
448:
Details about the anterior parts of the dentition, the canines and incisors, are difficult to determine. The bulle osseve are broken away. The foremost facial portion and base of the skull is also wanting. The total length of the skull of
369:. The diet, however, might be the factor that influences the dental development. Species with a larger brain, later initiation of molar crowns, and longer formation of crown are considered to have more of an omnivorous diet. In contrast,
441:
molars forms a nearly straight line, almost parallel with the long axis of the skull, and the outer side is slightly concave inwards. The antero-internal cingulum is missing in the molars of
388:, a feature that probably combined with an enlarged upper lip for grasping leaves. It had the largest body size of any lemur, with double the body mass of the next largest extinct lemur. An
546:
due to these traits. The low breeding rates also made recovery from devastating loss of life among the species very difficult to recover from, as evidenced by the eventual extinction of
502:. The landscape in which giant lemurs were found were largely forested areas with dense vegetation. Almost directly after human arrival, there was a rapid decline in the spores of
3011:
376:
Its body weight reached 140 kg (310 lb). Other estimates suggest 46.5–85.1 kg (103–188 lb) but its still much larger than any extant lemur. The shape of its
3006:
1296:
Virah-Sawmy, Malika; Willis, Katherine J.; Gillson, Lindsey (2010). "Evidence for drought and forest declines during the recent megafaunal extinctions in
Madagascar".
855:
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and savannas. Crop failures due to these conditions would drive inhabitants to hunt for bushmeat to survive, and these giant lemurs were an easy source of said meat.
2909:
1253:
Muldoon, Kathleen M. (2010-04-01). "Paleoenvironment of
Ankilitelo Cave (late Holocene, southwestern Madagascar): implications for the extinction of giant lemurs".
1425:
2922:
944:
Schwartz, G.T (2007). "Inferring primate growth, development and life history from dental microstructure: The case of the extinct
Malagasy lemur, Megaladapis".
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872:"Evolutionary and phylogenetic insights from a nuclear genome sequence of the extinct, giant, "subfossil" koala lemur Megaladapis edwardsi"
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When humans arrived on
Madagascar 2,300 years ago, in addition to the species alive today, there were at least 17 species of now-extinct
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542:(along with the other species of giant lemur) were more susceptible to predators (humans more specifically), forest fires, and
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lived on a folivorous diet, despite having a smaller brain, early initiation of molar crowns, and fast crown formation.
355:. Its jaw muscles were powerful for chewing the tough native vegetation. Based on the microwear patterns of its teeth,
38:
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1445:
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Scott, Rob. "The Lost Lemurs: Extinction in
Madagascar." Rutgers University. Hickman Hall, New Brunswick, NJ.
128:
572:
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1024:, an Extinct Gigantic Lemuroid from Madagascar; with Remarks on the Associated Fauna, and on Its Geological Age"
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Simons, E. L. (2003). "Chapter 6: Lemurs: Old and New". In
Goodman, S. M.; Benstead, J. P. (eds.).
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103:
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480:, but the details of these tales, notably the "human-like" face of the animal, match the related
123:
524:" techniques) were the final push to extinction for these lemurs between 500 and 600 years ago.
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was quite different from any living lemur. Its body was squat and built like that of the modern
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Dental
Perspectives on Human Evolution: State of the Art Research in Dental Paleoanthropology
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There are several well-preserved fragments of the upper and lower jaw. The upper molars of
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2005:
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948:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Netherlands: Springer. pp. 147–162.
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is that with an increase in size, the body's forelimbs will also increase proportionally.
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was specialized within its own niche. The general expectations of tree climbers such as
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was at some point in direct contact with the anatomically-modern humans of its time.
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Spoor, F; Garland Jr, T; Krovitz, G; Ryan, T. M.; Silcox, M. T.; Walker, A (2007).
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gestation period is thought to have been at least 198 days, but was likely longer.
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73:
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Culotta, Elizabeth (1995). "Many
Suspects to Blame in Madagascar Extinctions".
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Perry, G.H., Orlando, L. (1 February 2015). "Ancient DNA and human evolution".
86:
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1980:
1959:
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Jungers, W. L. (1980). "Adaptive diversity in subfossil Malagasy prosimians".
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320:. The largest measured between 1.3 to 1.5 m (4 to 5 ft) in length.
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10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199605)100:1<115::AID-AJPA11>3.0.CO;2-3
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434:. The main difference between the two is that the outer crown-surface of
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used fire to clear large pieces of land very rapidly. The habitats that
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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1214:
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1005:". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 490. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20817
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773:"New pedal remains of Megaladapis and their functional significance"
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The island's topography was always changing, and like other lemurs,
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1181:"Extinct Mammalia from Madagascar. I. Megaladapis insignis, sp. N"
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316:, consisting of three species that once inhabited the island of
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Strontium Isotopes Support Small Home Ranges for Extinct Lemurs
520:, and human activities (for example, clearing of land through "
348:
771:
Wunderlich, R. E.; Simons, E. L.; Jungers, W. L. (May 1996).
658:(2nd ed.). Conservation International. pp. 46–49.
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was diurnal. Based on when molar crown initiation occurred,
1084:"Extinct Mammalia from Madagascar. I. Megaladapis insignis"
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instead of forward on the skull as in all other primates.
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714:"The primate semicircular canal system and locomotion"
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1232:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 142–166.
870:Kistler, Logan; Perry, George H. (29 June 2021).
1091:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
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718:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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1230:Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar
1135:Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie
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654:Mittermeier, Russell A.; et al. (2006).
384:region which showed similarities to those of
8:
3012:Taxa named by Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major
1001:Crowley, B.E., & Godfrey, L.R. (2019). "
854:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
380:was unique among all known primates, with a
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687:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
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777:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
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32:This is an accepted version of this page
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624:Inaccurate 1902 life restoration of
430:are very close in shape to those of
1082:Major, Forsyth (January 1, 1900).
57:
2992:Prehistoric animals of Madagascar
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1318:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02203.x
979:Primate Adaptation and Evolution
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586:
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419:cutting – indications that the
683:Walker's Primates of the World
476:, an extinct animal, refer to
1:
3002:Fossil taxa described in 1894
1377:10.1126/science.268.5217.1568
516:, were on the decline due to
1275:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.01.005
1022:Megaladapis madagascariensis
981:. New York: Academic Press.
954:10.1007/978-1-4020-5845-5_10
834:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.12.002
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2987:Prehistoric primate genera
1255:Journal of Human Evolution
814:Journal of Human Evolution
462:It is often believed that
304:, informally known as the
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679:Nowak, Ronald M. (1999).
359:is believed to have been
308:, is an extinct genus of
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124:Scientific classification
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1421:: Scientific information
1179:Major, C. I. F. (1900).
1018:Major, C. I. F. (1894).
312:belonging to the family
39:latest accepted revision
1298:Journal of Biogeography
1147:10.1127/zma/71/1980/177
1058:2027/hvd.32044107356206
899:10.1073/pnas.2022117118
739:10.1073/pnas.0704250104
59:Extinct genus of lemurs
1206:10.1098/rstb.1900.0009
1112:10.1098/rstb.1900.0009
1049:10.1098/rstb.1894.0002
977:Fleagle, J.G. (1988).
2949:Paleobiology Database
518:habitat fragmentation
2997:Holocene extinctions
1419:Megaladapis edwardsi
656:Lemurs of Madagascar
580:Megaladapis edwardsi
115: (1280–1420 CE)
95:Megaladapis edwardsi
2736:Palaeopropithecidae
1410:Paleontology portal
1369:1995Sci...268.1568C
1363:(5217): 1568–1569.
1310:2010JBiog..37..506V
1267:2010JHumE..58..338M
1197:1900RSPTB.193...47F
1103:1900RSPTB.193...47F
1040:1894RSPTB.185...15F
890:2021PNAS..11822117M
826:2015JHumE..79....1P
730:2007PNAS..10410808S
626:M. madagascariensis
595:M. madagascariensis
544:habitat destruction
458:Cultural references
451:M. madagascariensis
282:M. madagascariensis
104:Conservation status
29:Page version status
1619:Ekgmowechashalidae
1191:(185–193): 47–50.
1097:(185–193): 47–50.
351:formed a tapering
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2936:Open Tree of Life
2824:Taxon identifiers
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963:978-1-4020-5844-8
698:978-0-8018-6251-9
665:978-1-881173-88-5
483:Palaeopropithecus
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724:(26): 10808–12.
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72:Temporal range:
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2116:Algeripithecus
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496:"giant" lemur
489:
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486:much better.
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241:Forsyth Major
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219:Forsyth Major
215:
214:Megaladapidae
209:
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197:Superfamily:
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48:
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33:
19:
2982:Lemur genera
2831:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2686:
2681:Archaeolemur
2679:
2656:
2649:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2586:Cheirogaleus
2584:
2577:
2557:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2519:
2485:
2480:Perodicticus
2478:
2471:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2427:
2407:
2397:
2370:
2360:
2354:Saharagalago
2352:
2342:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2308:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2266:Saharagalago
2264:
2253:
2225:Lemuriformes
2179:Lemuriformes
2166:
2159:
2151:
2144:
2121:
2114:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1899:Yunnanadapis
1897:
1890:
1883:
1878:Kyitchaungia
1876:
1871:Guangxilemur
1869:
1862:
1835:
1828:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1707:Donrussellia
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1654:
1647:
1642:Gatanthropus
1640:
1633:
1626:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1584:Hesperolemur
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:Notharctidae
1545:
1535:
1418:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1342:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1229:
1223:
1188:
1184:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1094:
1090:
1031:
1027:
1021:
997:
978:
972:
945:
881:
875:
864:
850:cite journal
817:
813:
807:
780:
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766:
721:
717:
707:
682:
674:
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625:
609:
594:
579:
561:
547:
539:
534:
533:
528:Over-hunting
526:
513:
508:
504:Sporormiella
499:
498:, including
493:
481:
477:
474:tratratratra
473:
469:tretretretre
467:
461:
450:
447:
442:
435:
431:
427:
425:
420:
417:
412:
408:
406:
398:
394:
375:
370:
364:
356:
345:canine teeth
342:
336:
328:
327:
313:
305:
300:
299:
298:
289:
281:
272:
270:
265:
257:Peloriadapis
256:
254:
234:
233:
213:
94:
67:
61:
46:
37:This is the
31:
2862:Megaladapis
2856:Wikispecies
2832:Megaladapis
2802:Adapiformes
2722:Propithecus
2538:Megaladapis
2521:Daubentonia
2487:Pseudopotto
2399:Mioeuoticus
2050:Europolemur
1988:Sivaladapis
1974:Siamoadapis
1919:Hoanghonius
1892:Paukkaungia
1864:Anthradapis
1821:Asiadapidae
1807:Palaeolemur
1800:Microadapis
1779:Cryptadapis
1749:Protoadapis
1735:Periconodon
1605:Smilodectes
1547:Sulaimanius
1118:October 26,
562:Megaladapis
548:Megaladapis
540:Megaladapis
535:Megaladapis
514:Megaladapis
509:Megaladapis
500:Megaladapis
478:Megaladapis
432:Megaladapis
421:Megalapadis
413:Megaladapis
409:Megaladapis
399:Megaladapis
395:Megaladapis
371:Megaladapis
357:Megaladapis
337:Megaladapis
329:Megaladapis
324:Adaptations
306:koala lemur
301:Megaladapis
273:Megaladapis
266:M. edwardsi
235:Megaladapis
74:Pleistocene
68:Megaladapis
18:Koala lemur
2971:Categories
2800:See also:
2651:Pachylemur
2593:Microcebus
2507:Lemuroidea
2473:Arctocebus
2446:Nycticebus
2334:Paragalago
2300:Galagoides
2238:Lorisoidea
2188:see below↓
2168:Shizarodon
2146:Djebelemur
2071:Masradapis
2029:Aframonius
1981:Sinoadapis
1960:Indraloris
1793:Magnadapis
1786:Leptadapis
1686:Anchomomys
1628:Bugtilemur
1591:Notharctus
636:References
560:Images of
490:Extinction
386:rhinoceros
361:folivorous
318:Madagascar
201:Lemuroidea
187:Suborder:
2752:Babakotia
2699:Indriidae
2634:Hapalemur
2618:Lemuridae
2579:Allocebus
2528:Lepilemur
2420:Lorisinae
2409:Namaloris
2383:Lorisidae
2372:Wadilemur
2344:Progalago
2277:Galagidae
2255:Karanisia
2153:Notnamaia
2107:Azibiidae
2092:Notnamaia
2085:Namadapis
2064:Mahgarita
2057:Godinotia
2043:Darwinius
2022:Afradapis
2015:Adapoides
1967:Ramadapis
1933:Rencunius
1830:Asiadapis
1598:Pelycodus
1577:Copelemur
1472:Kingdom:
1034:: 15–38.
908:0027-8424
593:Skull of
443:Lepilemur
436:Lepilemur
428:Lepilemur
366:Lepilemur
343:Its long
271:Subgenus
255:Subgenus
147:Kingdom:
141:Eukaryota
97:skeleton
2841:Wikidata
2559:Propotto
2327:Otolemur
2320:Laetolia
2286:Euoticus
2161:Omanodon
1940:Wailekia
1763:Adapidae
1728:Panobius
1721:Nievesia
1693:Barnesia
1679:Agerinia
1492:Primates
1486:Mammalia
1480:Chordata
1478:Phylum:
1474:Animalia
1385:17754597
1345:Lecture.
1326:84382916
1283:20226497
1155:25756477
926:34162703
842:25619123
758:17576932
612:skeleton
464:Malagasy
390:endocast
249:Species
207:Family:
181:Primates
171:Mammalia
161:Chordata
157:Phylum:
151:Animalia
137:Domain:
78:Holocene
43:reviewed
2915:1288948
2902:4827197
2889:4454375
2847:Q137557
2658:Varecia
2627:Eulemur
2123:Azibius
1926:Lushius
1885:Laomaki
1700:Buxella
1570:Cantius
1490:Order:
1484:Class:
1365:Bibcode
1357:Science
1306:Bibcode
1263:Bibcode
1193:Bibcode
1163:6776705
1099:Bibcode
1036:Bibcode
917:8255780
886:Bibcode
822:Bibcode
820:: 1–3.
799:8859959
749:1892787
726:Bibcode
554:Gallery
227:Genus:
177:Order:
167:Class:
113:Extinct
2941:663303
2928:126593
2876:751540
2607:Phaner
2293:Galago
1772:Adapis
1383:
1324:
1281:
1236:
1213:
1161:
1153:
1064:
985:
960:
924:
914:
906:
884:(26).
840:
797:
756:
746:
695:
662:
439:'s
402:'s
310:lemurs
243:, 1894
221:, 1894
2954:40775
2910:IRMNG
2715:Indri
2708:Avahi
2641:Lemur
2600:Mirza
2429:Loris
2310:Komba
1322:S2CID
1215:91919
1211:JSTOR
1151:JSTOR
1087:(PDF)
1066:91769
1062:JSTOR
382:nasal
378:skull
353:snout
333:koala
2923:NCBI
2897:GBIF
2871:BOLD
1381:PMID
1343:n.d.
1279:PMID
1234:ISBN
1159:PMID
1120:2015
1020:"On
983:ISBN
958:ISBN
922:PMID
904:ISSN
856:link
838:PMID
795:PMID
754:PMID
693:ISBN
660:ISBN
2884:EoL
1373:doi
1361:268
1314:doi
1271:doi
1201:doi
1189:193
1143:doi
1107:doi
1095:193
1054:hdl
1044:doi
1032:185
950:doi
912:PMC
894:doi
882:118
830:doi
785:doi
781:100
744:PMC
734:doi
722:104
472:or
349:jaw
45:on
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